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Chapter 1-8 Worksheet Solutions
Chapter 1-8 Worksheet Solutions
1: Solutions
Answer
aN
Averaging a set of results reduces the effects of random errors associated with taking
measurements.
a3
a 1.407 102
a 7.80
a 6 103
b 6.000 103
a 6.7 102
a 44.6
b 358.2
10
722
= 60.2 g (The answer should be given to 3 significant figures. The 12 is an exact
12
number, and is therefore not relevant to the significant figure count.)
bP
cB
b4
c3
d4
b 5.005 103
b 6.01 102
c 9.800 102
c 9.83 101
c 2.0
d 7.5 103
d 6.00 10-4
d 4.4 102
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Answer
m 5.00
=
mol
M 180.0
5.00
n(O) = 6 n(C6H12O6) = 6
= 0.167 mol
180.0
m 8.36
b n(H2O2) =
=
mol
M 34.0
n(atoms) = 4 n(H2O2)
8.36
N(atoms) = n NA = 4
6.02 1023 = 5.92 1023
34.0
a n(C6H12O6) =
c1 V1 0.30 35.0
=
= 117 mL
c2
0.090
V(H2O) added = 117 35 = 82 mL
c1 V1 = c2 V2, V2 =
pV = nRT p =
V T
V
600 325
V
V
= constant 1 = 2 V2 = 1 2 =
= 750 mL
T1
T2
T1
T
260
pV = nRT and n =
m
m
mRT
62.0 8.31 397
pV =
=
= 22.1 L
RT V =
pM
210 44.0
M
M
n
m
70.2
=
=
= 1.2 M
V M V 58.5 1.0
c V 1.2 1.0
V2 = 1 1 =
= 1.79 L
c2
0.67
0.79 L of water must be added.
c(NaCl) =
m
m
mRT
2.06 8.31 300
= 16 g mol1
pV =
RT M =
=
20 16
pV
M
M
The gas is methane.
pV = nRT and n =
c2 V2 1.50 250
=
= 75 mL
c1
5.00
b 1.50% m/v means 1.5 g of ammonia in 100 mL of solution
We require x g of ammonia in 150 mL.
150
= 2.25 g
x = 1.50
100
a V1 =
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Answer
10
11
12
13
14
15
p1 V1 143.8 687
=
= 496 mL
p2
199
mRT
mRT
0.778 8.31 299
M=
=
= 159 g mol1
3
pV
M
99.8 122 10
The halogen must be bromine (Br2).
pV =
600 ppm = 600 mg in 1.0 L = 600 000 g in 1.0 L = 600 000 ppb
3.5
m
= 0.0106 mol
=
M 331.2
n 0.0106
c(Pb(NO3)2) = =
= 0.177 M
V
0.060
0.177 10
c V
= 0.059 M
c2 = 1 1 =
V2
30
n(Pb(NO3)2) =
0.108 300
c2 V2
=
= 1.08 M
V1
30
n(Na2CO3) = c V = 1.08 0.030 = 0.0324 mol
m(Na2CO3) = n M = 0.0324 106.0 = 3.4 g
c1 =
16
17
18
4.0
100 = 1.3% m/v
300
c2 =
100
in 100 mL = 0.585% m/v
398
m
2.33
=
mol
169.9
M
n
2.33
c(AgNO3) =
=
= 3.45 102 M
169.9 0.398
V
b n(AgNO3) =
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Stoichiometry
No.
Answer
V
50.0
=
= 2.04 mol
VM 24.5
n(H2SO4) = n(SO2)
m(H2SO4) = n M = 2.04 98.1 = 2.00 102 g
m 1000
=
= 10.2 mol
M 98.0
n(NO2) = 5 n(H3PO4) = 51.0 mol
m(NO2) = n M = 51.0 46.0 = 2.35 103 g
n(SO2) =
n(H3PO4) =
m 19.56
=
= 0.1994 mol
M
98.1
n(NH3) = 2 n(H2SO4) = 2 0.1994 = 0.3988 mol
nRT
0.3988 8.31 360
= 3.94 L
V(NH3) =
=
2.99 101.3
p
n(H2SO4) =
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Stoichiometry
No.
Answer
m 6.57
= 0.0877 mol
=
M 74.9
n(NaOH) = c V = 0.779 0.250 = 0.195 mol
1 As: 3 NaOH, 0.0877 mol of arsenic would react with 0.263 mol of sodium hydroxide
NaOH is the limiting reagent.
1
n(H2) produced = n(NaOH) = 0.0975 mol
2
m(H2) = n M = 0.0975 2.0 = 0.195 g
10
n(As) =
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Answer
Na : B :
22.8
21.5
Mole ratio
:
:
23
10.8
0.99 : 1.99 :
1
: 2 :
2
: 4 :
Empirical formula is Na2B4O7.
O
55.7
16.0
3.48
3.5
7
H :
O
0.112 9.57 10 21
:
Mole ratio
0.0556 :
1.0
6.02 10 23
0.0556 : 0.111 : 0.0159
3.5 : 7 : 1
7
: 14 : 2
Empirical formula is C7H14O2.
As : O
75.7
24.3
Mole ratio
:
74.9
16.0
1.01 : 1.52
2 : 3
Empirical formula is As2O3.
EFM = 197.8 MF is (As2O3)a, where a =
395.6
RMM
=2
=
EFM
197.8
C: H :O
40.0 6.67 53.3
Mole ratio
:
:
12.0 1.0 16.0
3.33 : 6.67 : 3.33
1 : 2 : 1
Empirical formula is CH2O.
EFM = 30
MF is (CH2O)a, where a =
RMM 60
=
=2
EFM
30
It absorbs water and so allows the mass of hydrogen in the sample to be determined.
It absorbs carbon dioxide and so allows the mass of carbon in the sample to be determined.
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Answer
12.0
43.54 = 11.9 g
44.0
2.0
m(H) in sample =
22.26 = 2.47 g
18.0
C:H
11.9 2.47
Mole ratio
:
12.0 1.0
0.99 : 2.47
1 : 2.5
2:5
Empirical formula is C2H5.
The sample must vaporise at a temperature below that of the steam (below 100C).
m(C) in sample =
M=
mRT
0.16 8.31 373
=
= 106 g mol1
3
pV
101.3 46 10
10
12.0
27.83 = 7.590 g
44.0
2.0
m(H) in sample =
11.38 = 1.264 g
18.0
m(O) in sample = 18.99 7.590 1.264 = 10.14 g
C : H : O
7.590 1.264 10.14
Mole ratio
:
:
12.0 1.0 16.0
0.633 : 1.264 : 0.634
1 : 2 : 1
Empirical formula is CH2O.
mRT
6.21 8.31 473
M=
=
= 89.99 g mol1
2
pV
1.25 10 2.17
RMM 90
EFM = 30 MF is (CH2O)a, where a =
=
=3
EFM
30
Molecular formula is C3H6O3.
11
Mass spectrometry
m(C) in sample =
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Gravimetric analysis
No.
Answer
It was necessary to dry it so that water did not add any mass to the compound. Grinding it
helped it to dissolve.
n((NH4)2SO4) =
m 1.00
=
= 7.57 103 mol
M 132.1
Between steps 5 and 6, additional filtration with washing of the residue would have been
required to remove the insoluble components.
The supernatant liquid was tested with BaCl2 solution. No precipitate was observed.
Heat helps larger crystals of BaSO4 form so it is better to wash it in hot water than cold.
Washing removes any ions adsorbed onto the surface of the precipitate.
This means that the precipitate was dried, weighed, then dried and weighed again. If the
masses are the same then constant mass has been achieved and there is no more water
present.
10
m
1.63
=
= 6.98 103 mol
M 233.4
m((NH4)2SO4) = n M = 6.98 103 132.1 = 0.923 g
0.923
% m/m ((NH4)2SO4) =
100 = 92.3%
1.00
n((NH4)2SO4) = n(BaSO4) =
Errors in weighing
Incomplete dissolution of fertiliser
Incomplete precipitation
Losses due to filtration
Not completely drying the precipitate
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Answer
Water for rinsing should be used sparingly. The more water used, the more precipitate that
will dissolve and be lost.
Barium sulfate can form very fine particles. These particles will pass through normal filter
paper.
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Answer
a 2FeCl3(aq) + Fe2O3 +
m 0.644
b n(Fe2O3) =
=
= 0.0040 mol
M 159.6
n(FeCl3) = 2 n(Fe2O3) = 0.0080 mol
m(FeCl3) = n M = 0.0080 162.3 = 1.3 g
1.3
% purity FeCl3 =
100 = 65%
2.0
10
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Answer
2+
2O
a Ca(OH)2(s) H
a S2 and O2
b H2SO4 and H3PO4
Different acid strengths (e.g. one strong, one weak) or different acid types (e.g. one
monoprotic, one diprotic)
a Methanoic acid is a weak acid that only partially ionises in water, producing few ions and
so having low conductivity. Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid that ionises completely in
water, producing many ions and so having high conductivity.
b Only the OH bond has sufficient polarity to make the hydrogen atom acidic. The three
CH bonds are only slightly polar, so these hydrogen atoms are not acidic.
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Answer
10
11
c1V1 = c2V2
c1 = [H3O+] = 10pH = 102.0 and c2 = [H3O+] = 10pH = 102.5
102.0 50.0 = 102.5 V2
V2 = 158 mL, therefore 108 mL must be added.
12
[OH ] = =
= 5.00 10 4 mol
3
V 40.00 10
+
[H 3 O ] [OH ] = 10 14
5.00 10 4 [H 3 O + ] = 10 14
[H 3 O + ] = 2.00 10 11 M
pH = log10 [H 3 O + ] = log10 (2.00 10 11 ) = 10.7
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Acid-base titrations
No.
Answer
The ratio of volumes is 20:5 or 1:4. This means the sodium hydroxide is four times more
concentrated than the nitric acid. Therefore the concentration is 0.4 M.
This ratio only works if the molar ratio in the balanced equation is 1:1.
100
= 0.00881 mol
20.0
n 0.00881
=
= 0.352 M
V
0.0250
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Acid-base titrations
No.
Answer
b CH3COO is present at the equivalence point. This weak base will mean that the pH will
be above 7 at the equivalence point.
c An indicator such as methyl red would be a poor choice because it does not change colour
until pH 3, long after the equivalence point has been reached.
9
a i Water
ii Solution going into ithydrochloric acid
iii Solution going into itsodium carbonate
iv Water
One method to try with this style of question is to picture a very exaggerated amount of
water in the piece of glassware and to ask whether this will affect the experiment in any way.
b 2HCl(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
n(Na2CO3) = c V = 0.100 0.0183 = 0.00183 mol
n(HCl) = 2 n(Na2CO3) = 2 0.00183 = 0.00366 mol
250.0
250.0
= 0.00366
= 0.0458 mol
n(HCl) in original 10.0 mL = n(HCl) in aliquot
20.00
20.00
n 0.0458
= 4.58 M
c(HCl) = =
V 0.0100
10
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A back titration
No.
Answer
a
b
c
d
Solid sodium hydroxide absorbs water from the atmosphere. Solid samples may therefore be
damp and therefore impure. Sodium hydroxide solutions react with carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere, decreasing the concentration of the solution.
2NaOH(aq) + CO2(g) Na2CO3(aq) + H2O(l)
CO2 is an acidic oxide. It reacts with NaOH. If the CO2 was not removed, more NaOH
would be required for the titration, leading to an increased value for the unreacted HCl, and
hence a decreased value for the CaCO3 percentage.
a This would dilute the acid. More would be required to react with the marble, giving an
increased percentage for the carbonate.
b This would dilute the NaOH. More would be required to react with the HCl, giving an
increased value for the unreacted HCl. This, in turn, would give a decreased value for the
reacting HCl, and so a decreased percentage for the carbonate.
c This has no effect. Flasks should be rinsed with water.
% CaCO3 in marble =
m(marble)
0.411
1
1
Small amounts of gas may have been lost in the collection process.
Some carbon dioxide may remain dissolved in the reaction solution.
g % CaCO3 in marble =
=
= 97.13%
m(marble)
1.740
1
1
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Answer
Examples: a NF3
a +6
a
b
c
d
e
f
a +6
C = 0 H = +1 O = 2
b +6
c +4
b N2O5
c N2
d NH3
d 1
Not redox
Oxidant = I2O5, reductant = CO
Not redox
Oxidant = Hg2+, reductant = N2H4
Oxidant = NO3, reductant = H2S
Oxidant = NO2, reductant = NO2
b +2
c +7
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Answer
a AgNO3 solution
b NaCl solution
c deionised water
There is uncertainty in the pipette and burette volumes, and in the judging of the endpoint.
Dry and weigh the sample until the mass was constant.
Reaction between the Ag+ ions in solution and the Cu spiral was incomplete.
Some silver remained adhering to the copper spiral.
Small amounts of silver were lost in the transfer and filtering process.
10
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Redox titrations
No.
Answer
a I2(aq) + 2e 2I(aq)
b If iodine is present a blue colour will be present. When the iodine has all reacted (i.e. the
endpoint has been reached), the blue colour will disappear.
a Fe2+(aq) Fe3+(aq) + e
MnO4(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5e Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l)
b MnO4(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5Fe2+(aq) Mn2+ + 4H2O(l) + 5Fe3+(aq)
c The pink colour of the MnO4 persists when the endpoint has been reached.
d n(MnO4) = c V = 0.110 0.0128 = 0.00141 mol
n(Fe2+) = 5 n(MnO4) = 5 0.00141 = 0.00704 mol
n 0.00704
c(Fe2+) = =
= 0.352 M
V
0.020
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Redox titrations
No.
Answer
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Answer
An absorbance spectrum would be created by testing the absorbance of the complex ion
solution at various wavelengths. The wavelength of maximum absorbance would be chosen
(provided this wavelength was not also absorbed by other components in the ore solution).
The determined value would be lower, because less permanganate solution would be
required for titration (since it will only react with the Fe2+, not the Fe3+).
10
Precipitates other than iron hydroxide may have formed, leading to a larger precipitate mass.
11
a Spectroscopic
12
Atomic absorption spectroscopy of a solution prepared by dissolving ore in acid can be used.
b Gravimetric
c Gravimetric
d Spectroscopic
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Colorimetric determination of
manganese in steel
No
Answer
m 2.56 10 3
=
mol
M
118.9
n(Mn) = n(MnO4)
2.56 10 3
m(Mn) = n M =
54.9 = 1.18 10 3 g
118.9
1.18 103
m(Mn )
% Mn m/m =
100 =
100 = 0.0409%
2.890
m(sample)
Steel is mostly composed of iron. Step 1 oxidised the iron to iron(II) then to iron(III).
118.9
0.8 103
118.9
1.1 103 g of KMnO4
Everything added to the sample (nitric acid, potassium persulfate, periodate and phosphoric
acid) should be added in the same proportions, in case any of these substances absorb light
in the region being analysed.
400 nm is in the blueviolet region, which is close to the colour of MnO4 and therefore will
not be absorbed strongly. 520 nm is closer to green, and will be more strongly absorbed.
If all absorbances were shifted by the same quantity, it would not have made a difference.
10
n(MnO4) =
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Question
Answer
a The vaporised sample is bombarded with high-energy electrons to produce positive ions
by knocking electrons off the sample atoms or molecules.
b Positive ions moving in a magnetic field are deflected to varying degrees depending on
their charge to mass ratio. The greater the charge, the greater the deflection; the greater
the mass, the smaller the deflection. Thus ions are separated by mass.
Peak at mass 20 is
Peak at mass 36 is
a
b
c
d
Compound I. The spectrum shows prominent peaks at mass-to-charge ratios of 57 and 29.
These would correspond to the masses of fragments CH3CH2CO+ and CH3CH2+. These
fragments are likely to form from compound I. Compound II would be expected to form
fragments at mass-to-charge ratios of 71 (CH3CH2CH2CO+), 43 (CH3CH2CH2+) and 15
(CH3+).
Comparison of the mass spectrum of an unknown substance with computer files of mass
spectra of many compounds allows the unknown substance to be identified. The
fragmentation pattern can be used for fingerprinting a substance (in much the same as the
fingerprint region of the infrared spectrum is used).
20
10
36
20
Ne + , 21 is
Ar + , 38 is
21
10
38
20
Ne + and 22 is
Ar + and 40 is
22
10
40
20
Ne +
Ar +
M = CH3CH2CH2CH(OH)CH3+
M 1 = CH3CH2CH2C(OH)CH3+
M 15 = CH3CH2CH2CH(OH)+
M 43 = CH(OH)CH3+
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Spectroscopic analysis of
organic compounds I
No.
Answer
a i 5
ii 2
b i 3:2:2:2:1
ii 9:1
c 2,2-dimethylpropanal (peaks in the ratio 9:1)
d The fingerprint regions of the infrared spectra of the unknown could be compared with
that of 2,2-dimethylpropanal.
a i Infrared radiation is absorbed by molecules that move from ground state to excited
vibrational energy states. The energy is absorbed as bonds within the molecules bend
and stretch.
ii The peak at 1710 cm1 suggests a C=O bond, present in both structures. The OH
group in compound II would be expected to produce a peak in the 25003000 cm1
range. The absence of this peak suggests that the unknown is compound I.
b i Radio waves
ii Compound I would produce a spectrum with two peaks with the area ratio 1:1.
Compound II would produce a spectrum with three peaks with the area ratio 3:2:1.
The unknown is therefore likely to be compound I (methyl ethanoate).
Compound I would produce a spectrum with four peaks with the area ratio 3:2:2:3.
Compound II would produce a spectrum with two peaks with the area ratio 6:4 or 3:2.
The unknown is therefore compound II, 3-pentanone.
Notice that the peak at chemical shift 1.2 ppm, caused by the CH3 nuclei, is split into three
peaks, called a triplet. The peak at chemical shift 2.5, caused by the CH2 nuclei, is split into
four peaks, called a quartet.
The splitting follows an n + 1 rule. A peak will be split n + 1 times by n adjacent nuclei. In
the case of the peak at 1.2 ppm, the CH3 nuclei have two neighbouring protons (CH2), so the
peak is split 3 (i.e. 2 + 1) times (a triplet). For the peak at 2.5 ppm, the CH2 nuclei have three
neighbouring protons (CH3), so the peak is split 4 (i.e. 3 + 1) times (a quartet).
a i 3
ii 3
b i 3:2:3
ii 3:2:3
c i One single, one triple and one quartet
ii One single, one triple and one quartet
d The chemical shift values could be used to distinguish between them. For example, the
CH3CO group (shift 2.1) and the RCOOCH2R group (shift 4.1).
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Answer
Some components may not separate in a given solvent. Using a second solvent makes it
more likely that separation can be achieved. The double development also allows for a
longer development time, increasing the chance of resolution of component spots.
If the spot is below the solvent level, the amino acids will dissolve into the solvent, rather
than travel up the filter paper.
The amino acids are colourless, and the spots developed using ninhydrin fade quickly in
light. It is therefore necessary to mark their positions quickly.
Perspiration on the skin contains amino acids. These could interfere with the analysis if they
were transferred to the plate.
Separation of the components occurs because the components adsorb (stick) to the stationary
phase with different strengths. The stronger the adsorption, the more slowly the component
moves as the mobile phase (the solvent) sweeps over the stationary phase (the plate).
Components undergo continuous adsorption and desorption (unsticking) to differing
degrees. The components move at different rates depending on their strength of adsorption
and the tendency to desorb.
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Answer
It must constantly be heated so that the mixture being analysed remains gaseous at all times.
It means that the sample is heated very quickly so that it enters the column as vapour.
This shows whether or not the machine has exactly the same parameters for each analysis. If
the 1-hexanol peak occurs at the same retention time and the same height each time, the
machine is properly calibrated.
The 1-hexanol peak was constant in terms of height and retention time.
Oxygen is too reactive and with the heat could have oxidised the alkanol mixture.
They are not easily vaporised and are more susceptible to decomposing with heat.
Dispersion forces
Ethanol is a smaller molecule. Hence, the dispersion forces formed between ethanol and the
stationary phase are weaker than the bonds formed between 1-butanol and the stationary
phase. Ethanol will spend less time adsorbed to the stationary phase and will pass through
the column more quickly.
10
11
12
13
14
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2OH
15
Due to its branched structure 2-propanol would have slightly weaker dispersion forces than
1-propanol and so would have been marginally more weakly adsorbed. It would therefore
have had a retention time slightly less than 2.43 min.
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A summary of analytical
techniques
No.
Question
Answer
Procedure
3
3
Determination of Rf or Rt values
Analysis required
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
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3
3
A summary of analytical
techniques
No.
Question
Answer
Procedure
Radiation is absorbed by
electrons.
Spectral information is given in
chemical shift values.
The sample for analysis is in a
vaporised state.
Radiation is absorbed by nuclei.
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
Procedure
3
3
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Answer
a
b
c
d
e
2-fluoropropene
propane
3-methylbutanoic acid
2-methyl-1-propanol
trichlorofluoromethane
a
b
c
d
CnH2n + 2
CnH2n
CnH2n + 1OH
Cn 1H2n 1COOH
b Butane has the higher boiling point, because the more linear molecule means that
molecules pack well together, giving greater contact between adjacent molecules and
hence stronger dispersion forces. Stronger forces mean a higher boiling point. The
branched molecules of 2-methylpropane do not pack together very well.
5
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Answer
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Answer
Test with bromine solution. Compound A (unsaturated) will decolourise bromine, while D
(saturated) will not.
C is acidic and will produce a solution with pH less than 7. G is neither acidic nor basic; its
solution will be neutral.
B and F belong to the primary alkanol homologous series. F is larger than B and so will have
larger dispersion forces between molecules, leading to a higher boiling point.
Isomers
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Spectroscopic analysis of
organic compounds II
No.
Answer
12.0
1.32 = 0.36 g
44.0
2.00
m(H) in sample = m(H) in H2O produced =
0.72 = 0.080 g
18.0
m(O) in sample = m(sample) m(C) m(H) = 0.60 0.36 0.080 = 0.16 g
0.36 0.080 0.16
:
:
= 0.03 : 0.08 : 0.01 = 3 : 8 : 1
C:H:O =
12.0 1.0 16.0
The empirical formula (EF) of the compound is C3H8O.
m(C) in sample = m(C) in the CO2 produced =
From the mass spectrum, RMM is 60. EFM = 60. The molecular formula of the compound is
also C3H8O.
A peak at M 15 is often due to the loss of a methyl group. The molecule probably contains
a methyl group or groups.
I CH3CH(OH)CH3
II CH3CH2CH2OH
III CH3CH2OCH3
Compound I would have 2 peaks only (the CH3 nuclei and the CH(OH) nucleus). The other
two compounds would each produce three peaks.
Compare the fingerprint regions of the infrared spectra of the unknown and 2-propanol, or
compare the fragmentation patterns of the mass spectra of the unknown and 2-propanol.
12.0
2.78 = 0.758 g
44.0
2.00
1.14 = 0.127 g
m(H) in sample = m(H) in H2O produced =
18.0
m(O) in sample = m(sample) m(C) m(H) = 1.560 0.758 0.127 = 0.675 g
0.758 0.127 0.675
:
:
= 0.063:0.127:0.042 = 1.5:3.0:1.0 = 3:6:2
C:H:O =
12.0 1.0 16.0
The empirical formula of the compound is C3H6O2.
m(C) in sample = m(C) in the CO2 produced =
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Spectroscopic analysis of
organic compounds II
No.
Answer
From the mass spectrum, RMM is 74. EFM = 74, so the molecular formula of the compound
is also C3H6O2.
10
Isomer I
Isomer II
Isomer III
CH3COOCH3
HCOOCH2CH3
CH3CH2COOH
Structural formula
Number of peaks
on the 1H NMR
spectrum
Pattern of peak
splitting on the 1H
NMR spectrum
11
12
The chemical shift values would be needed to identify the types of 1H nuclei present.
For example, if the single peak has a shift of 1112 (due to the 1H of the OH), isomer III
would be correct. If the single peak has a shift of 89 (due to the 1H of the COOH), then
isomer II would be correct.
13
The peak in the 17001750 cm1 region is typical of the C=O group, present in both isomers
II and III. The peak in 25003000 cm1 region is probably due to the OH of the carboxylic
acid group, suggesting that isomer III is the correct structure.
14
Isomer III is acidic, and so would be expected to produce a solution with pH less than 7, and
react with a solution of Na2CO3 to produce carbon dioxide gas. Isomers I and II are esters
and are not acidic. They may have a distinctive fruity smell.
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Answer
a Refer to figure 8.2.1 on page 171 of the coursebook. Note that the COOH and NH2
groups are attached to the same carbon atom.
b Refer to the diagrams of the twenty amino acids shown on the examination data booklet.
a
b
c
d
1
2
4
999 (in general n 1)
a i NHCH2CONHCH2CONHCH2CO
ii NH(CH2)3CONH(CH2)3CONH(CH2)3CO
iii CH2CH2CH2
b i Condensation
ii Condensation
iii Addition
c A protein has a complex sequence of many different amino acids. It does not use a single
monomer like this.
The oppositely charged dipole ends along the chain align, as the chain forms a helix.
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Answer
Inhibitors or blockers can act by either filling the active site on the enzyme, thus making it
no longer a catalyst, or by changing the shape of the active site so that it no longer performs
its usual function.
10
Strong base, ultraviolet light and other organic molecules can all cause denaturation.
11
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Answer
a
b
c
d
a A sequence of three nitrogenous bases on the DNA strand. This sequence usually codes
for a particular amino acid.
b The specific bonding that occurs between certain base pairs on opposing strands of DNA
in the double-stranded molecule. These pairs are A and T, and C and G.
c The copying of a double-stranded DNA molecule to produce another identical, doublestranded DNA molecule.
d The combination of a deoxyribose sugar (in DNA) or ribose sugar (in RNA) molecule
with a nitrogenous base and a phosphate molecule. A nucleotide is the basic building
block of nucleic acid polymers.
The section contains 400 bases. 40 adenine molecules must base pair with 40 thymine
molecules, leaving 320 molecules. Since each cytosine must pair with a guanine molecule,
there must be 160 of each molecule present.
a Translation
b Transcription
c Replication
a 18 (9 per strand)
b 4 (note that 5 sugar-phosphate bonds already exist within the nucleotides)
c 66 (3 per amino acid. In practice, more are needed for the stop and start of the
translation process.)
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Ribonucleic acid
The nitrogenous bases, adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine and uracil
Polymerase chain reactionthe laboratory process in which a DNA fragment is
replicated many times (amplified)
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Biochemical fuels
No.
Generation/source
Chemical structure
Ethanol
It is produced by
fermentation, the action
of yeast enzymes on
glucose under anaerobic
conditions.
CH3CH2OH
Biogas
It is formed when
organic matter decays in
an oxygen-free
(anaerobic) environment.
The biogas is generated
by the action of microorganisms on organic
molecules.
It is formed when
triglycerides are reacted
with concentrated
sodium hydroxide and
methanol. The sodium
hydroxide breaks the
ester bond in the
triglyceride, allowing the
methanol to form an ester
with the long fatty acid
molecule.
CH4
Biodiesel
Energy production
biodiesel + O2(g)
CO2(g) + H2O(g)
Brazil has used ethanol blends for many years. Sugarcane is often their source of ethanol.
The energy from the ethanol needs to outweigh the cost of producing the crops. Corn is a
common starting point in the US. There are several steps to purifying the ethanol. Purdue
yeast offers the possibility of using cellulose (cheap forest waste) to get glucose to get
ethanol.
The Sunshine tip and Windermere piggery are examples of biogas production. The main
product is methane, which can be burnt to produce energy.
There are several Australian recipes for biodiesel. Biodiesel can be used in normal diesel
engines. Unrefined vegetable oil can only be used in blends with normal diesel.
Rapeseed (also known as canola) is a common oil chosen. Waste oil from fish and chip
shops can be used also.
European countries actually sell blends of biodiesel and diesel.
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Answer
Used by the ancient Greeks and by the American Indians, who chewed the leaves.
a Carboxylic acid
b Hydroxy
c Ester
a It is a catalyst.
b It is used in many ester-forming reactions.
a The binder holds the tablet together so that it is a single, solid tablet.
b The binder must be harmless, stable and ediblestarch is suitable for this.
Stomach bleeding may occur. In addition, the blood is thinned too much, making it unlikely
to congeal and so interfering with the clotting process.
10
Methyl salicylate (oil of wintergreen) is produced. See figure 8.5.2 on page 189 of the
coursebook.
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A biomolecules glossary
No.
Answer
a Glucose molecules
b Amino acids
c Nucleotides
It will have a different number of beads, different types of beads and a different sequence of
beads.
a Covalent
b Hydrogen bonding
a
b
c
d
10
Refer to the Chem Snippet on page 173 of the coursebook for examples.
Hydrogen bond
Ionic
Covalent (disulfide)
Dispersion forces
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