Elements of Surveying

(CEL271)
Gazala Habib
Dept. of Civil Engg.
Contact:
Room No. 303, Block-4
E-mail: gazalahabib@gmail.com
Phone: 1192 (Office)

Books

Surveying by S K Duggal, Tata McGraw Hill, Vol 1

Surveying: Theory and practices, S. S Bhavikatti
Surveying and levelling by N. N Basak
Plane surveying A M Chandra
Surveying (Vol-1) by B. C. Punmia, Ashok K. Jain
and Arun K. Jain

Laboratory
Lab timing for all group: 2-4 pm
(Monday-Friday)
Room Number: Block IV, 335
Contact: Mr. Rajeev Sharma (Phone:
6442)

Attendance policy

All students must attend all classes. Attendance record will

be maintained and will be periodically uploaded through the
UG web-site.

Lectures: 70 marks for attendance, surprise quizzes,

homework, assignments and exams

Laboratory: 30 marks for attendance, surprise quizzes,

notebook, viva

If attendance of the student is greater than 90%, result of

the best three quizzes will be considered else average of all
quizzes will be considered.

If a students attendance is less than 75%, the student will

be awarded one grade less than the actual grade that
he(she) has earned. For example, a student who has got A

Marks, Exam, Assignment

Lectures

Lab

Minor 1

10

Viva

10

Minor 2

10

Surprise quiz

10

Major

30

Notebook

Surprise Quiz (any number) + Assignments

+ Homework

10

Attendance
>= 90%

Attendance (>=90%) + class participation

(>=80% of time) means out of 10 question
asked in class at least 8 should be correct

10

Attendance Policy

Contd.
If a student has a valid medical certificate (from IITD hospital or
a registered medical practitioner) because of which he/she has
missed an evaluation component the compensation will be
decided and put on notice board.

If a student has missed any of the minors due to medical

reasons or family emergency alternatives will be arranged. For
example if a person misses minor-1 because of health
problem he/she should produce the medical certificate
immediately after re-joining the class and the re-minor
will be conducted last working day of next week after
minor-1.

If a student misses Major examination he should apply for an Igrade or an extended-I grade. HOD will approve I-grade based
on his/her assessment of the situation. In that case
examination must be conducted within 10 days of completion
of the majors. Dean, UGS will award the extended-I grade and

Marks policy
Full marks will be awarded for correct procedure and correct answer. 3/4 marks for
correct procedure but wrong answer. Zero marks for wrong procedure and correct
answer.
All evaluation components including Minor and Major scripts will be shown to the
students. Within 7-15 days after exam along with the model answer.
The date and time for showing script will be displayed in the notice board. The
schedule will be group wise.
Grading of a course will be finalized and displayed after following the process of
moderation.
THEREFORE, NO INFORMATION WILL BE GIVEN ABOUT GRADING BEFORE
THE MODERATION COMMITTEES MEETING, AND NO CHANGES WILL BE DONE
ONCE THE GRADE IS DISPLAYED AFTER IMPLEMENTATION OF MODERATION
COMMITTEES SUGGESTIONS. [PLEASE DO NOT BEG TO CHANGE THE GRADE
ONCE IT IS FINILIZED AFTER MODERATION COMMITTEES MEETING]

Surveying
What is surveying?
Surveying may be defined as the science of
determining the position, in three dimensions, of
natural and man-made features on or beneath the
surface of the Earth. These features may then be
represented in analog form as a contoured map,
plan or chart, or in digital form as a three
dimensional mathematical model stored in the
computer.

Objective of course
To understand the basic concept of surveying
Apply the surveying concept and equipments in
real life
You should be able to use a set of tools to solve
the problems in an optimal way
You should be able to understand the pitfalls
(sources of error) to avoid them

Application of surveying in civil

Engineering

The planning and design of all Civil Engineering projects

such as construction of highways, bridges, tunnels, dams
etc are based upon surveying measurements.
Project of any magnitude is constructed along the lines and
points established by surveying. Thus, surveying is a basic
requirement for all Civil Engineering projects.
Other principal works in which surveying is primarily utilized
are
to fix the national and state boundaries;
to chart coastlines, navigable streams and lakes;
to establish control points
to execute hydrographic and oceanographic charting and
mapping; and
to prepare topographic map of land surface of the earth.

Instruments
Tilting Level

Levelling Staf

Dumpy Level

Telescope is fixed cannot be tilted

or moved

Digital level

Telescope can be tilted

slightly about its horizontal
axis with the help of tilting
screw.
The line of collimation is
made horizontal for each
observation with the help of
tilting screw
Instrument can be levelled
automatically within a certain tilt
range

Levelling staf

Sewer Projects
1. Firm under contract
2. Preliminary studies
1.
2.
3.
4.

General layout map

Buildings located on general layout
Treatment site search
Preliminary paper layout
1. Make sure every building and potential
building site can be served
2. Manhole system placed on general layout

Sewer Projects
5. Preliminary filed work
1. Preliminary profiles
1.
2.
3.
4.

BM system established
Manholes set
Profiles run
Basement elevations acquired

2. Design mapping
1. Final plans

3. Treatment area
4. Boundary survey
5. Complete topo of area

Sewer Projects
3. Design process
1. Sewer line design
1. Preliminary profiles drawn
1. Basement elevations plotted

2. Manholes placed on profiles

3. Slope between manholes computed
4. Problem areas alternate service routes selected
1. Manholes set in field
2. Profiles run
3. Revert to 3A

Sewer Projects
2. Treatment plant design
1. Topo map prepared
2. Type system verified
3. Treatment system sized based on existing
and projected population
4. System designed

3. Plans drafted
1. Sewer plans normally prepared on
plan/profile sheets

Sewer Projects
2. Treatment plant drawn using plan sheets
and cross sections
3. Quantities computed
4. Specifications
1. Written instructions on how every item to be
built
2. Include contract documents and bid proposal

4. Bidding procedure
1. Notice of bid advertised on local paper
2. Pre-bid meeting

Sewer Projects
3. Bidding
1.
2.
3.
4.

Each contractor submits sealed bid

Bids opened and tabulated
Engineer reviews proposals
Engineer recommends which bid to accept

4. Contract awarded

Sewer Projects
5. Construction
1. Surveying
1. Contractor required to hire surveyor for
stakeout
2. Manholes referenced
3. Staking methods
1. Batter board method
2. Laser method

4. Measurement of quantities

6. As Built

Water distribution systems

1. Put under contract water district
formed
2. Preliminary studies
1.
2.
3.
4.

General layout prepared

Water district signs up users
Water source located
Waterlines placed on general layout
1. Hydraulic gradient plotted from USGS topo

Water distribution systems

5. Pump station and water storage sites
1. Property acquired by perpetual easement or
purchased
2. Boundary survey performed for each site
3. Topo each site

3. Field work
1. Plan preparation
1. Normally photogrammetrically
1. Flight plan sent on general layout
2. Take photos and post measure horizontal control
3. Plan sheets marked on photos using template

Water distribution systems

2. Waterlines placed on plan sheets

2. Crossings and easements

1. Every location where waterline crosses
paved road, railroad has to be topo, cross
sectioned, and tied to nearest stationing or
milepost
2. Crossings plotted and permits applied for
railroads, state DOT, township and county
roads
3. Easement descriptions prepared

Water distribution systems

4. Final design
1. All waterlines and appurtenances on
plans, easements, acquired and in
docket form, rock excavation on plans
1. Quantities computed
2. System driven to make sure nothing
missed

2. Tanks and P.S.

1. Designed and sized
2. Quantities computed

Water distribution systems

5. Bidding
6. Construction

1. Water distribution system

1. Waterline stakeout

1. Each easement plotted on plans

2. Crossings as permitted staked

2. Quantities

2. Tanks and PS

1. Foundation staked
2. Must be checked for plumb

7. As built

Architectural Projects
1. Firm Under contract
2. Preliminary fieldwork
1. Boundary survey
1. Description provided
2. Fieldwork
1. Monument search, traverse site
2. Compute data and analysis
3. Final stakeout

3. Easement and encroachment search

4. Plat of survey

Architectural Projects
2. Topo grid method most common
1. Grid pattern 25 100
2. BM USGS
3. Entire tract topo and adjacent areas to
access
4. Utilities nearest tied in
5. Include all objects above, on or below,
ground
6. Prepare topo map
7. Field check map

Architectural Projects
3. Construction
1. Control
1. If large building you may want to
establish TBMs on control Mon.

2. Stakeout
1. Convert architects dimensions to
engineering
2. Layout clearing and excavation limits
3. Layout underground piping

Architectural Projects
4.
5.
6.
7.

Layout footings and foundations

Layout building corners and supports
Locate roads and parking areas
Locate lighting and other project extras

3. As built

Structure and Terrain

Movement

Used to monitor:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Movement of buildings ( x, y, and z)

Movement of bridges
Movement of dams
Landslides and earthquakes
Amusement park rides

Structure and Terrain

Movement

Description error within system

must be less than smallest
movement to be observed
2 groups of monuments installed
1. Reference or control monuments
2. Deformation or movement monuments

Structure and Terrain

Movement
Control generally concrete pillars
extending 3-4 feet out of ground with
tribrach permanently attached
Movement monuments for
earthquake or landslide may be
similar deep monuments

Structure and Terrain

Movement

Equipment:
1.
2.
3.
4.

GPS
Turned angles
Angle/Distance
Leveling

Classification of surveying: Based

on function

Primary division based on shape of the earth

Geodic survey: if the area surveyed is more than 1000 km 2

geodic surveying must be employed
Plane survey

Classification based on function of survey

Control surveying: establishing the horizontal and vertical
positions of widely spaced control points using geodic method.
Land surveying: to determine the boundaries and areas of parcel
of land.
City surveying: urban planning
Topographic surveys: depiction of topography of a region.
Including natural and man made features
Engineering survey: for laying out engineering projects.
Route survey: planning designing and execution of highways,
railways, canals, pipelines etc.
Construction surveys: required to establish points lines, grades
and for staking out engineering works after the plans have been
prepared and the structural design has n=been done.

Classification of surveying: Based

on function
Astronomic survey: are conducted for the
determination of latitudes, longitudes, azimuths,
local time etc. for various places by observing
heavenly bodies such as suns and stars.
Geological survey: to determine the strata of the
earths crust for geological studies.
Archaeological surveys: unearthing relics of
antiquity
Mine surveys: exploration of mineral deposits,
and to guide tunnelling and other operations
associated with mining.
Satellite surveys: to establish intercontinental,
interdatum and interisland geodic ties over the

Classification of surveying: Based

on instruments

Chain survey: only linear measurements are made with chain or

tape no angular measurements are taken
Compass survey: horizontal angles are measured with the help of
magnetic compass
Plane table survey: The map is prepared in the field itself by
determining the directions of various lines making linear
measurements, and plotting the details on paper using a plane
table
Levelling survey: this type of survey is used to determine the
elevations and relative heights of the points with the help of
instrument known as level.
Theodolite survey: theodolite survey is primarily used in
traversing and triangulation for providing controls. The horizontal
and vertical angles are measured with the help of theodolite.
Tacheometric survey: a special type of theodolite known as
tacheometer, is used to determine horizontal and vertical
distances directly.

Principles of surveying
Fixing the points in relation to points
already fixed http
://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/Webcou
rse-contents/IIT-ROORKEE/SURVEYING
/modules/module1/htmlpage/9.htm#

Principle of surveying
Working from whole to part:
to localize the errors and
to control the accumulation of errors.
Establish primary control points with high
precision
Establish secondary and tertiary control points
within the system boundary and form
triangle/rectangle may be with less precision.
This will help in localizing the error and to control
the propagation of error.

Working from whole to part

Errors