dce

2012

Khoa KH & KTMT

B mn K Thut My Tnh
BK
TP.HCM

2012, CE Department

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2012

Gii thiu mn hc
Cn b ging dy
Nguyn Quang Huy
huynguyen@cse.hcmut.edu.vn

Trang web mn hc
Sakai
http://www.cse.hcmut.edu.vn/~huynguyen

nh gi: trc nghim/t lun

Gia k: 30%
Cui k: 70%
Bonus
2012, CE Department

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2012

Ti liu tham kho

Digital Systems, Principles and Applications,
8th/5th Edition, R.J. Tocci, Prentice Hall
Digital Logic Design Principles, N.
Balabanian & B. Carlson John Wiley &
Sons Inc., 2004

2012, CE Department

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2012

Tng quan

2012, CE Department

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2012

Hardware

2012, CE Department

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2012

Software

2012, CE Department

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2012

Ni dung mn hc

Cc h thng s m v m
i s Boole v cc cng lun l
Thit k v phn tch mch t hp
Thit k v phn tch mch tun t

2012, CE Department

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2012

BK
TP.HCM

Biu din s m, m
v bin i m
2012, CE Department

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2012

Gii thiu
H s (Digital system) l i tng kho st chnh ca mn
hc
H s ang dn dn thay th cc h tng t (Analog
system) vn tn ti trc y
H s xut hin trong nhiu lnh vc ca cng ngh hin i

Tn hiu giao thng

Dng ha cht
Nhit
ng c xe hi
Kim tra thi gian
My phn phi, kim sot

Thit b in t m thanh, video

My y t
Mng in thoi
H iu khin khng lu, x l tn
hiu radar
Dng c in t: dao ng k
(oscilloscope) s, my phn tch
lun l (logic analyzer)
2012, CE Department

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2012

S (Digital) v tng t (Analog)

Trong khoa hc v k thut nhng qu trnh nh lng trong
t nhin (p sut, vn tc, in p, dng in, ) c biu
din qua trung gian cc bin
Quan h gia cc bin c din t bi cc nh lut, cng
thc
Trong h thng, cc bin c hin thc di dng cc tn
hiu (signal) vt l u vo v u ra
Theo thc nghim, cc tn hiu vt l dng nh bin i mt
cch lin tc (continously), VD. nhit trong ngy, dng
in, v.v
H tng t l h m cc tn hiu thay i theo cch
lin tc (tn hiu tng t - analog signal)

2012, CE Department

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2012

Analog

Digital

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2012

H s v h tng t
Hnh v bn minh ha vic xp
x mt ng cong lin tc bt
k bng mt hm bao gm nhiu
bc thang ri rc (discrete)
Tn hiu lin tc cng c th
c ri rc ha (discretized)
hay lng t ha (digitized)
tn hiu s (digital signal)
C th chuyn i gia tn hiu
s v tn hiu tng t

H s l h m cc tn hiu thay i theo cch ri

rc (tn hiu s)
Cc bin c x l trong h s u dng ri rc
cc gii thut xp x gn ng
2012, CE Department

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2012

u im ca h s
D thit k (Design) Mch chuyn mch
(Switching circuits)
Thng tin c lu d dng (Information
storage)
chnh xc cao (Accuracy and presicion)
Cc hot ng c th c lp trnh
(Programmed)
t b nh hng nhiu (Noise)
C nhiu mch s c ch to thnh chip
chuyn dng(IC).
2012, CE Department

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2012

Hn ch ca h s
Th gii thc phn ln l tng t
VD: Nhit , p sut, vn tc, tc dng
chy,
Cc bc x l vn
Chuyn i t tn hiu nhp vo tng t
(Analog Input) sang tn hiu s (Digital)
X l trn d liu s
Chuyn i tn hiu s ra tn hiu tng t
(Analog output)

2012, CE Department

14

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2012

H thng iu khin nhit

Nhit
(Analog)

Thit b o
nhit

Analog

ADC

Digital

X l

Digital

DAC

Analog

B iu khin

iu chnh
nhit

ADC : Analog to Digital Converter

DAC : Digital to Analog Converter
2012, CE Department

15

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2012

H thng s m
H thng s m (h m) quen thuc nht vi con
ngi l h thp phn (decimal number system)
H thp phn s dng 10 k s (digit) t 0 n 9 v biu
din gi tr s di dng vit tt ca a thc c s
(base) 10
3 7 5 6 = 3 x 103 + 7 x 102 + 5 x 101 + 6 x 100
Gi tr s c biu din khng ch ph thuc vo cc
k s m cn ph thuc vo v tr xut hin ca cc k
s
h s m theo v tr (positional number system)
2012, CE Department

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2012

H thng s m
Dng tng qut ca mt h s c s b c
biu din:
an-1an-2 a2a1a0.a-1a-2a-3a-m+1a-m
trong 0 a < b
Tng qut ha cho h m c s (base) b
Nb = an-1 x bn-1 + an-2 x bn-2 + + a0 x b0 + a-1 x b-1 + + a-m x b-m

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2012

Example
(7,239)10 = 7 x 10 3 + 2 x 10 2 + 3 x 10 1 + 9 x 10 0
(4103.2)5 = 4 x 53 + 1 x 52 + 0 x 51 + 3 x 50 + 2 x 5-1
= 4 x 125 + 1 x 25 + 0 x 5 + 3 x 1 + 2 x 5-1
= (528.4)10
(11011)2

= 1 x 24 + 1 x 23 + 0 x 22 + 1 x 21 + 1 x 20
= (27)10

(B65F)16 = 11 x 163 + 6 x 162 + 5 x 161 + 15 x 160

2012, CE Department

18

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2012

H nh phn
Ch c 2 k s: 0 v 1
Mi k s trong h nh phn (binary number
system) gi l bit (binary digit) vn chuyn
mt thng tin ti thiu,
Vd. sng/ti, tt/m,
Msb (most significant bit) l bit c trng s
ln nht
Lsb (least significant bit) l bit c trng s
nh nht
2012, CE Department

19

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2012

H nh phn
4

2
0

2
.

LSB

MSB

(11011.101)2 1 * 2 0 1 * 2 1 0 * 2 2 1 * 2 3 1 * 2 4
3
1 * 2 1 0 * 22 1*2

2012, CE Department

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2012

Biu din i lng nh phn

Bng n (sng v tt)
Diode (dn v khng dn)
Transistor (tt v bo ho)

2012, CE Department

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2012

Cc h m khc
Cc h m khc c s dng
trong nhng h thng s l
H bt phn (Octal system): c
s 8
H thp lc phn (Hexadecimal
system): c s 16

Cc h m thng dng
Decimal

Binary

Octal

Hexa

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001
1010
1011
1100
1101
1110
1111

00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
A
B
C
D
E
F

2012, CE Department

22

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2012

Chuyn i gia cc h m
S thp
lc phn
(Hexadecimal
Number)

H c s b
(B bases Number)

S
nh phn
(Binary
Number)

S
bt phn
(Octal Number)

S thp phn
(Decimal Number)

2012, CE Department

23

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2012

T thp phn sang h c s b

N10 = (anan-1an-2 a2a1a0) b
= an x bn + an-1 x bn-1 + an-2 x bn-2 + + a0 x b0

N
an * b n 1 an 1 * b n 2 an 2 * b n 3 .... a1 Q1
b

a0

Q1
n2
n3
n4
an *b an1 *b an2 *b ....a2 Q2
b

a1

Q2
an *bn3 an1 *bn4 an2 *bn5 ....a3 Q3
b

a2

2012, CE Department

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2012

T thp phn chuyn qua nh phn

Chuyn s 41 sang h nh phn

41
20
2
20
10
2
10
5
2

a0 1

a1 0
a2 0

5
2
2
2
1
2
1
0
2

a3 1
a4 0

a5 1

2012, CE Department

25

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2012

Cc vn khc

Chuyn i t h thp phn sang h bt phn.

Chuyn i t h thp phn sang h thp lc phn.
Chuyn i t h nh phn sang h bt phn
Chuyn i t h bt phn sang h nh phn
Chuyn i t h nh phn sang h thp lc phn
Chuyn i t h thp lc phn sang h nh phn

2012, CE Department

26

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2012

Mt s vn khc
Chuyn i gia cc h m
Chuyn i cc h khc sang h thp phn
Chuyn i t h thp phn sang cc h khc
Chuyn i t h bt phn hay thp lc phn sang h nh phn
S hc nh phn
Cng nh phn
Tr nh phn
Nhn nh phn
Chia nh phn
B 1 (1s complement) v b 2 (2s complement)
Khi nim b 1 v b 2
Biu din cc s nguyn nh phn
Cng/tr cc s nguyn nh phn

2012, CE Department

27

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2012

M & bin i m
Thng tin con ngi trao i vi nhau c din t qua
trung gian nhng tp hp (set) cc k hiu (symbol)
Mi tp hp k hiu to thnh 1 bng mu t (alphabet)
Trong ting Anh, ta c bng mu t cc ch ci t A
n Z. to ra 1 t trong ting Anh, ch cn ghp cc
ch ci trong bng mu t li vi nhau
Ting Anh c th c xem nh 1 b m (code) v mi
t ca ting Anh c xem l 1 t m (code word)
M Morse s dng du chm (.) v du (-)
H nh phn c th c s dng nh 1 bng mu t
vi 2 ch ci (ni chnh xc hn l con s - digit) 0 v 1
S lng bit b dng trong mi t m ph thuc vo tng
s t m N cn din t N 2 b

2012, CE Department

28

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2012

M BCD (Binary-Coded Decimal)

Mc d tt c cc h thng s
u hot ng vi h nh phn.
Tuy nhin vic hin th kt qu
tnh ton di dng thp phn l
khng th trnh khi.
Vic chuyn i gia s nh phn
v thp phn s phc tp v mt
thi gian vi nhng s ln.

b m BCD
B m BCD c tt c 10 t m

Decimal

BCD

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001

di mi t m l 4 bit
trong s 16 t m, ch c 10
t m l hp l (valid)
M c trng s l 8 4 2 1

2012, CE Department

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2012

M BCD (Binary-Coded Decimal)

S thp phn
5 7 3
S BCD

S thp phn

S BCD

0101 0111 0011

9 8 4
1001 1000 0100

Decimal

BCD

0000

0001

0010

0011

0100

0101

0110

0111

1000

1001

2012, CE Department

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2012

M BCD (Binary-Coded Decimal)

Cho s BCD:
11001011000

0110 0101 1000

6 5 8
Cho s BCD:

0111 1100 1000

011111001000

7 E 8

Decimal

BCD

0000

0001

0010

0011

0100

0101

0110

0111

1000

1001

2012, CE Department

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2012

Mt s m khc
M c trng s
8421 (BCD) 2421
84-2-1
Excess-3

M vng (cyclic) l m m 2 t
m k tip nhau ch khc nhau
1 bit
M Gray

M ch s (alphanumeric
code)
M ASCII

1 bit

2 bit

3 bit

4 bit

00

000

0000

01

001

0001

11

011

0011

10

010

0010

110

0110

111

0111

101

0101

100

0100
1100
1101

M 7-on (seven-segment
code)
a

f g b
e d c

1111
1110
1010
1011
1001
1000

2012, CE Department

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2012

Pht hin sai Sa sai

Qu trnh sinh ra cc t m nhm biu din thng tin gi
l qu trnh m ha (coding hay encoding)
Cc thng tin m ha c truyn/nhn thng qua cc
knh truyn (transmission channel), trong qu trnh lu
tr, truy xut, v.v
Xut hin kh nng tn hiu b thay i do nhiu, giao thoa
vi cc tn hiu khc, mch in hot ng sai, v.v
i vi tn hiu s (digital signal), sai xy ra khi mt hay
nhiu bit b thay i gi tr (0 thnh 1 hay 1 thnh 0)
Mc d xc sut xy ra sai 1 bit l rt thp, nhng
xc sut ny l ln hn 0 (xc sut 2 hay nhiu bit sai
ng thi li cng nh hn !).

2012, CE Department

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2012

M pht hin sai (Error-Detecting Codes)

Xt m BCD
Truyn i t m 0 0 0 1, gi s xy ra sai 1 bit.
Thng tin nhn c s l 1 trong cc t m 1 0
0 1, 0 1 0 1, 0 0 1 1, 0 0 0 0
Pha thu khng c kh nng pht hin sai
M BCD khng phi l m pht hin sai

B m no khi xy ra sai mt bit bt k

trong t m lm bin i t m t hp l
thnh khng hp l th gi l m pht hin
sai
Bit chn l (parity bit)
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2012

Parity

Transmitter

Receiver

Parity bit
Bit ph (thm vo): gi tr ph thuc vo s bit 1
trong m truyn i
Even-parity v odd-parity
Pht hin sai 1 bit (single-bit error)

2012, CE Department

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2012

Parity
Even-parity
ch C:
ch A:
Odd-parity
ch C:
ch A:

1000011 1 1000011
1000001 0 1000001
1000011 0 1000011
1000001 1 1000001

2012, CE Department

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2012

Tng kt (1)
Biu din tng t (analog): in p, cng
dng in, dng biu din c trng.
Biu din s (digital): k hiu (symbol - digits).
Thi quen s ho

H thng s: thp phn, nh phn, thp lc

phn, bt phn

2012, CE Department

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2012

Tng kt (2)
Biu din cc i lng nh phn
Mch s (digital circuit) / Mch lun l (logic
circuit)
Mch s tch hp (digital integrated circuit - IC)
Truyn song song (parallel) v ni tip (serial)
B nh (memory)

2012, CE Department

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2012

Mch s

Mch nh

2012, CE Department

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2012

c thm
Phn 1.6, 1.7, 1.8 v 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 2.10 trong
sch Digital System ca Ronal Tocci

2012, CE Department

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2012

Bi tp
Tt c bi tp trong sch

Thy

Nguyn Quang Huy

Email

huynguyen@cse.hcmut.edu.vn
2012, CE Department

41