Chapter 18

Texas and the Civil

War

Growing Divisions
Slavery divided the nation along
regional lines.
The Northern population increased
because of factory work and the
industrial economy.
The backbone of the southern
economy was agriculture
(farming).
Slave labor fueled the southern
economy.

Growing Divisions
The Northern states
wanted to use tariffs (tax
on trade) to protect their
industries.
The Southern states
opposed tariffs and
believed they would
increase the cost of items
imported to the U.S.

Growing Divisions
Federal Power vs. States Rights
Another debate was raging in the U.S.
Congress.
Should states and territories be able
to decide whether or not to allow
slavery?
OR...
Should the federal government decide
for the states and territories?

Growing Divisions
The Fugitive Slave Act was passed as
a part of a series of laws incorporated
in Henry Clays Compromise of 1850.
In exchange for allowing California to
be admitted as a free state and the
prohibition of the slave trade in
Washington D.C., the slave trade was
protected in slave states like Texas.
The Fugitive Slave Act stated that
aiding a runaway slave was a crime.

Growing Divisions
In support of
the abolitionist
movement,
Harriet Beecher
Stowe wrote the
controversial
novel Uncle
Toms Cabin.

Growing Divisions
The Kansas Nebraska
Act allowed the western
territories to decide
whether to become free
or slave states.
In 1857 the Dred Scott
Decision ruled that
African Americans were
not considered citizens
but property and could
not sue in federal court.

Growing Divisions
John Brown led a raid
on the armory in
Harpers Ferry,
Virginia to start a
slave revolt.
The raid failed.
John Brown and other
raiders were executed
for their actions.

Texas Joins the

Confederacy

In 1860 Abraham Lincoln won

the U.S. presidential election.
As a result of Lincolns victory,
South Carolina, Alabama,
Florida, Georgia, and Louisiana
seceded from the Union.
Secede- formally withdraw
from the Union.

Texas Joins the

Confederacy
Unionists were people who
wanted to remain in the
Union (U.S.). One in four
Texans were Unionists,
including Sam Houston and
Elisha Pease.

Texas Joins the

Confederacy

On February 23, 1861, a vote

was held in Texas to determine
whether or not it would join the
Confederate States of America
(C.S.A.).
The vote was 46,133 (for) to
14,747 (against) secession.
Texas became 7th state to secede
(withdraw) from the Union.

The Confederacy
Representatives from
seceding states formed
the Confederate States
of America.
The Confederate
Constitution stressed
the importance of
states rights and
slavery to the south.
Jefferson Davis was
elected the C.S.A.
President.

Jefferson Davis

A Civil War
is a war
between
opposing
groups in
the same
country.

 April, 1861 marked the

beginning of the Civil War.
Fighting began when
Confederate soldiers attacked
Fort Sumter (Charleston, South
Carolina).
Many Texas Unionists decided
to support the Confederacy
once the war started.

A Call to Arms
President Lincoln
called for 75,000 Union
volunteers.
Virginia, Arkansas,
Tennessee, and North
Carolina seceded.
Many Texans joined
Confederate regiments
(units of 1,000
soldiers).

Texas Readies for

War
Texas Troops were not

equipped for war.

New war industries were
established such as...
gunpowder mills and
cannon and ammunition plants.

Resources and
Strategies

Northern Advantages
1. The larger population
provided more soldiers.
2. More railroads moved
supplies faster.
3. More factories = more
supplies.
4. The North had more wealth
to fund the war.

Resources and
Strategies

Southern Advantages
1. Experienced military leaders
like Robert E. Lee, Stonewall
Jackson, P.G.T. Beauregard,
Albert Sidney Johnston and
J.E.B. Stuart.
2. Much of the Civil War was
fought on Confederate turf.

Resources and
Strategies
The Confederacy planned to
wear down the Union.
They also used cotton
diplomacy (getting war
supplies from Europe in
exchange for cotton).
Ultimately, cotton
diplomacy failed the south.

Resources and
Strategies
The Union Navy
blockaded
seaports to
prevent the import
of war supplies.
The Union wanted
to divide the
Confederacy by
controlling the
Mississippi River.

Resources and
Strategies

The Unions
primary strategy
was to capture
Richmond,
Virginia, one of
the capitols of
the
Confederacy.

Major Battles
Confederate forces stopped
Union advances at the first
battle of Bull Run.
Confederate General Robert
E. Lee fought Union forces
in Maryland.
The Battle of Antietam was
an important Union Victory.

Robert E. Lee

Major Battles

At the Battle of Gettysburg

(July 1-3, 1863), the
Confederacy suffered major
losses and retreated on July 4.
The Confederacy remained on
the defensive for the
remainder of the war.
Gettysburg is known as the
turning point in the Civil War.

Photo of Lincoln at
Gettysburg,
Pennsylvania

The New Mexico

Campaign

Confederate Texas forces, led

by Colonel John Baylor, claimed
the New Mexico Territory.
Their aim was to seize the gold
and silver rich southwest
territories for the Confederacy.
They captured Albuquerque
and Santa Fe.

The New Mexico

Campaign

The Battle of Glorieta Pass

occured near Santa Fe on
March 28, 1862.
The lack of supplies forced the
Confederate Army to retreat.
The Union Army controlled the
southwest region for the
remainder of the war.

Fighting at Galveston
Island
Galveston was
vital to the
Confederacy.
If the Union captured
Galveston, it could easily
take Texas.
Confederate General
Magruder converted
steamboats into gunboats
and attacked Union ships in
the harbor.

Fighting at Galveston
Island
General Magruder attacked
Union troops on the mainland
on January 1, 1863.

The Confederacy won the

battles and gained control of
Galveston Island and its port.

The Battle of Sabine

Pass

Union forces attacked on

Sept 8, 1863.
They bombarded the fort for
more than an hour but the
Confederates drove away the
Union forces.
The victory at Sabine Pass
restored confidence in the
Confederate Armies.

The Red River

Campaign
The Unions strategy was to

invade Texas from Louisiana

along the Red River.
In March, 1864, General Banks
and 27,000 Union soldiers began
to venture up the Red River.
Confederate forces defeated the
Union at Poison Springs,
Arkansas.

War-Time Economics
Texas hardships included a
scarcity of goods like newspapers
(due to lack of paper) and
medicines that were sent to the
war front.
Farmers replaced cotton crops
with corn and wheat.
Women began working in
factories and at home to help
create war-time necessities.

The Draft
In April, 1862 the Confederate
congress passed a draft
requirement for military service.

White males between the ages of

17 and 50 were required to
register.

The Draft
Loopholes...
1. People with key jobs were
exempt from the draft.
2. Many bought their way out of
service or found a
replacement.

Unionists in Texas
Germans and Mexican
Americans remained neutral
during the Civil War.
Officials placed Texas
unionists under martial law
(rule by armed forces).
Forty Unionists (Union
supporters) were hung in
Gainesville, Texas.

The War Draws to a

Close
Union General Ulysses S. Grant met
Confederate General Robert E.
Lees forces in a series of battles.
Decisive Union victories put Lee
and the Confederacy on the
defensive.
Union General William Tecumseh
Shermans March to the Sea
divided the south.

Ulysses S. Grant

The War Draws to a

Close

Union General Sherman led his army

from Tennessee to Atlanta in what
was known as Shermans March to
the Sea.
Dividing the South, he captured
Atlanta, Georgia in September 1864.
From there he set out toward
Savannah, Georgia destroying
everything in his path (crops,
livestock, bridges & railroads).

Consequences of
the
War
The Civil War was the bloodiest
war in American History.

620,000 Americans lost their

lives in the war.
90,000 Texans fought in the
war.

Consequences of
the
War
The Texas economy was greatly

depressed by the end of the

war.
1. The cotton trade virtually
ended.
2. War casualties placed hardships
on families, businesses, farms
and plantations.
3. The government collapsed.

Consequences of
the War

In 1863, President Lincoln

issued the Emancipation
Proclamation, which freed
all slaves living in the
Confederate states.
A total of 250,000 slaves
were affected.

Lincolns Emancipation
Proclamation