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BSHF 101.Pmd
BSHF 101.Pmd
B.S.H.F.-101
ekufodh vkSj lkekftd foKku esa vk/kj ikB~;e
(Foundation Course in Humanities
& Social Sciences)
Disclaimer/Special Note: These are just the sample of the Answers/Solutions to some of the Questions given in the
Assignments. These Sample Answers/Solutions are prepared by Private Teacher/Tutors/Authors for the help and guidance
of the student to get an idea of how he/she can answer the Questions of the Assignments. We do not claim 100% Accuracy
of these sample answers as these are based on the knowledge and capability of Private Teacher/Tutor. Sample answers
may be seen as the Guide/Help Book for the reference to prepare the answers of the Questions given in the Assignment.
As these solutions/answers are prepared by the private teacher/tutor so that the chances of error or mistake cannot be
denied. Any Omission or Error is highly regretted though every care has been taken while preparing these Sample Answers/
Solutions. Please consult your own Teacher/Tutor before you prepare a Particular Answer & for uptodate and exact
information, data and solution. Student should must read and is referred the official study material provided by the university.
iz'u 1- D;k ge ;g dg ldrs gSa fd ^mkj&vkS|kfxd lekt* lsok {ks=k vkSj lwpuk&lapkj izkS|ksfxdh dh vksj
LFkkukarfjr gks jgk gS\
mkjmkj&vkS|ksfxd lektifjorZu (Post-Industrial SocietyChanges)1- mkj&vkS|ksfxd lekt dh ladYiuk eas
lSkfUrd Kku dh osQUnzh;rk dks ego fn;k tkrk gSA blosQ pkjksa vksj fuEu gSa
(i) ubZ kS|ksfxdh]
(ii) vkFkd fodkl vkSj
(iii) lkekftd Lrjhdj.k
bl dkj vkS|ksfxdrk lkekftd <kps esa ,d ifjorZu dh igpku dk ;kl gSA
2- vkS|ksfxd lekt dh Lrjhdj.k O;oLFkk esa ,sfrgkfld 'kfDr dk vkkkj lEifk rFkk oa'kkuqxr lk/u FksA mkj&vkS|ksfxd lekt
esa lEifk ,d egoiw.kZ vk/kj cuh gqbZ gSA blosQ lkFk gh rduhdh dkS'ky ,d vk/kj cu x;k gSA dHkh&dHkh ;g rduhdh dkS'ky
dh kfIr osQ ek;e osQ :i esa f'k{kk osQ lkFk ,d frLi/hZ vk/kj cu tkrk gSA mkj&vkS|ksfxd lekt esa ,sfrgkfld n`f"Vdks.k ls
vkS|ksfxd lekt dh ijEijk dks ns[kk tkrk gSA
3- mkj&vkS|ksfxd lekt dh eq[k leL;k, fuEu dh LFkkiuk djuk gS
(i) foKku vkSj kFkfed laLFkk,
(ii) fo'ofo|ky; ;k vuqla/ku laLFkk
mUuhloha 'krkCnh vkSj chloha 'krkCnh osQ kjaHk esa fdlh jk"V dh 'kfDr mldh vkS|ksfxd {kerk FkhA mldk lwpd bLikr dk mRiknu
FkkA nwljs fo'o ;q osQ i'pkr oSKkfud {kerk bldh {kerk vkSj 'kfDr dh fu.kkZ;d gks xbZA vuqlakku ,oa fodkl us bldh 'kfDr dh
eki osQ :i esa bLikr dk LFkku xzg.k dj fy;k gSA
4- vkS|ksfxd Jethoh oxZ osQ yksxksa dh la[;k esa deh gqbZA vkS|ksfxd lekt esa nsgkr ls fudys Jfed iSQDVjh&('kgjksa) esa Hkkjh
la[;k eas LFkkfir gq,A mkj&vkS|ksfxd lekt esa vkS|ksfxd etnwj oxZ dh tula[;k dkexkjksa dh tula[;k dk osQoy 15 fr'kr gSA
blesa yxkrkj deh gksrh tk jgh gSA f"k dk;ks esa layXu yksxksa dh la[;k 5 fr'kr vFkok mlls de gSA
5- yksxksa dk lsok lewgksa esa lfEefyr gksuk ,d fu.kkZ;d fLFkfr gSA ;s ekuoh lsok, vFkok LokLF;] f'k{kk vkSj lkekftd lsok vkfn
O;kolkf;d lsok, tula[;k dh {kerk dks foLr`r dj nsrh gSaA
bl f;k osQ fuEu nks ifj.kke fudys
Fke] yksx nh?kkZ;q gksus yxsA
2
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2- jkstxkj iznkrk osQ :i esa lwpuk vkSj lapkj izkS|ksfxdhlwpuk vkSj lapkj izkS|ksfxdh osQ dkj.k yksxksa osQ fy, ;g lEHko
gks ldk gS fd fo'o osQ ,d Hkkx ls nwljs Hkkxksa esa fLFkr vius fu;ksDrkvksa osQ fy, dk;Z dj losQA ^dkWy lsaVj* esa yksx nsj jkr osQ
le; dke djuk vkjEHk djrs gSaA ;s dk;kZy; ckgjh ns'kksa ls dke ysrs gSa vkSj fons'kksa osQ fy, dke djrs gSaA oqQN dk;kZy; fpfdRldksa
}kjk fy[ks x;s uqL[kksa dks fy[kdj nsus esa vLirkyksa rFkk fDyfudksa dks lgk;rk iznku djrs gSaA
3- f'k{kk iznkrk osQ :i esa lwpuk vkSj lapkj izk|
S ksfxdhlwpuk vkSj lapkj izk|
S ksfxdh osQ eq[; izHkko f'k{kk txr esa n`f"Vxkspj gksrs
gSAa vc f'k{kkFk;ksa us ikB~;e ^vkWu ykbu* ysus izkjEHk dj fn;s gSAa nwljs 'kCnksa es]a ikB~;e dh fo"k;&oLrq baVjusV ij j[kh tkrh gS vkSj
fo|kFkhZ lkbV dk vfHkxe djrs gSa vkSj Lo;a ikB~;e lkexzh dk v;;u djrs gSAa izo's k ij laLFkk f'k{kkFk;ksa dks ,d ikloMZ nsrh gSA
f'k{kkFkhZ lkbV dk vfHkxe dj ldrk gS rFkk fo"k;&oLrq dks i<+ ldrk gSA dfBukbZ gksus ij ;g ijke'kZnkrk dks viuh dfBukbZ ;k leL;k
bZ&esy ij Hkst nsrk gSA ijke'kZnkrk bZ&esy osQ }kjk mldh leL;k dk lekkku ,oa mi;ksxh fn'kk&funs'Z k nsrk gSA tc f'k{kkFkhZ dks ;g fo'okl
gks tkrk gS fd mlus fo"k; dks le> fy;k gS rks og ijh{kk esa cSB ldrk gSA dHkh&dHkh ijh{kk Hkh vkWu&ykbu gksrh gSA ewY;kadu Hkh
vkWu&ykbu fd;k tkrk gSA izek.k&i=k LFkkuh; Mkd }kjk laLFkkvksa osQ ikl Hkst fn;s tkrs gSAa f'k{kkFk;ksa dh ml laLFkk dk Nk=k ekuk tkrk
gSA blesas laLFkk nsus dk dksbZ vFkZ u gksdj lkbV fodflr djuk gSA izR;sd dk;Z Lor% fd;k tk ldrk gSA
iz'u 2- jk"Vh; vkanksyu esa egkRek xka/h dh Hkwfedk ij fVIi.kh dhft,A
mkjxkkhth osQ Hkko (Influence of Gandhiji)
ifjfLFkfr;k
1- Lons'kh vkUnksyu 1907 rd {kh.k gks pqdk FkkA
2- 1907 esa dkaxzsl dk foHkktu gks x;k FkkA
3- fryd dks tsy Hkst fn;k x;k vkSj 1908 esa fuokZflr dj fn;k x;kA
4- vjfcUnks ?kks"k vkSj fofiupUnz iky us jktuhfr ls laU;kl ys fy;kA
5- ykyk yktirjk; oqQN le; osQ fy, fons'k pys x,A
mi;qZDr ?kVukvksa us jk"Vh; vkUnksyu dks detksj dj fn;kA Fke fo'o;q osQ nkSjku fLFkfr esa lqkkj gqvkA
1- ,suh cslsaV vkSj fryd us gkse:y yhx vkjEHk dhA
2- 1916 esa dkaxzsl osQ nksuksa Hkkx fiQj ls ,d gks x,A
3- bl ;q osQ nkSjku oqQN Hkkjrh; kafrdkfj;ksa us tks fczfV'k 'kklu dk Hkkjr ls mUewyu djuk pkgrs Fks vesfjdk esa xnj vkUnksyu
vkjEHk fd;kA
xkkhth dk vkxeueksgu nkl deZpUn xkkh tks fd ckn esa egkRek xkkh osQ uke ls pfyr gks x,] nf{k.k vhdk ls Hkkjr
vk,A mUgksaus nf{k.k vhdk esa uLyh; ljdkj osQ fo# Hkkjrh;ksa osQ vfkdkjksa osQ fy, la?k"kZ fd;k FkkA os o"kZ 1919 ls 1947 rd
Hkkjr dh LorU=krk kfIr rd jk"Vh; vkanksyu dk usr`Ro djrs jgsA
xkkhth 9 tuojh] 1915 dks Hkkjr vk, FksA mUgksaus ,d o"kZ rd Hkkjr osQ fofHkUu {ks=kksa dk nkSjk fd;kA mudh jktuhfrd xfrfofk;k
1917&18 esa vkjEHk gqbA mUgksaus pEikju osQ uhy dh [ksrh djus okys fdlkuksa dh leL;kvksa osQ eqs osQ vfrfjDr vgenkckn dh lwrh
diM+k feyksa osQ etnwjksa vkSj [ksM+k osQ fdlkuksa dh leL;kvksa dks l'kDr rjhosQ ls mBk;kA ;g la?k"kZ muosQ lR;kxzg vkUnksyu uke ls
tkuk tkrk gSA
pEikju] mkjh fcgkj esa fLFkr gSA ;gk uhy osQ ckxkuksa osQ ekfyd fdlkuksa dks uhy dh [ksrh djus osQ fy, ck; djrs FksA uhy
dh [ksrh ls fdlkuksa dks Hkkjh gkfu mBkuh iM+rh FkhA fdlkuksa us xkkhth dks ckxkuksa osQ ekfydksa osQ lkFk py jgs vius la?k"kZ esa 'kkfey
djus osQ fy, vkeaf=kr fd;kA ;s ckxku ekfyd vaxzstksa osQ leFkZd FksA xkkhth fdlkuksa osQ vkUnksyu dk usr`Ro djus osQ fy, ogk pys
x,A os fdlkuksa dks fdlh lhek rd jkgr igqpkus esa liQy Hkh jgsA
xqtjkr osQ [ksM+k ftys esa Hkkjh o"kkZ osQ dkj.k yxHkx lkjh iQly u"V gks xbZ FkhA blfy, [ksM+k osQ fdlku ljdkj ls ml o"kZ jktLo
u ysus dh ekx dj jgs FksA ljdkj us muosQ bl vkosnu dks vLohdkj dj fn;kA xkkhth us 22 ekpZ] 1918 dks lR;kxzg vkUnksyu vkjEHk
dj fdlkuksa dks jktLo dk Hkqxrku u djus dh lykg nhA vusd fdlkuksa us bl vkanksyu esa fgLlk fy;kA ljdkj us bl ekx dks vLohdkj
dj fn;kA vkUnksyu oqQN le; rd yxkrkj pyrk jgkA xkkhth us eglwl fd;k fd fdlkuksa osQ bl vkanksyu dks yEcs le; rd pykrs
jguk lEHko ugha gSA blh le; ljdkj us oqQN xjhc fdlkuksa dks oqQN NwV nsuk Lohdkj dj fy;k] vr% vkUnksyu okil ys fy;k x;kA
vgenkckn esa xkkhth us etnwjksa dk osru c<+kus osQ fy, mudk usr`Ro fd;kA la?k"kZ osQ i'pkr ljdkj us etnwjksa osQ osru esa 35
fr'kr dh o`f ns nhA
N
4
mi;qZDr la?k"kks osQ ek;e ls xkkhth dks viuh jktuhfrd la?k"kZ dh ifr rFkk vglk vkSj vlg;ksx osQ flkUrksa dks Hkkjrh;ksa
osQ le{k n'kr djus dk volj feykA
iz'u 6- ^ekuo lqj{kk* ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ la{ksi esa ppkZ dhft,A
mkjekuo lqj{kk % cqfu;knh fopkjijEijkxr :i ls lkekftd lqj{kk 'kCn dk vFkZ lhfer gSA ;g laxfBr m|ksxksas esa
dkexkjksa ;k lEiw.kZ laxfBr {ks=k osQ fy, j{kkRed mik;ksa dk leqPp; gS] tks dkexkjksa dks vk; ls oafpr ugha gksrs nsrs gSaA bu mik;ksa
esa izlo vodk'k] Hkfo"; fufk vkSj minku bR;kfn 'kkfey gSa] ijUrq gky gh esa ;g vuqHko fd;k x;k gS fd fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa dkexkjksa
dh cgqr de la[;k gh laxfBr {kss=k esa gS pwfd vk; vkSj miHkksx vfuf'prrkvksa osQ ckjs esa xjhc vkSj misf{kr yksx vfuf'pr vkthfodk
fodYiksa rFkk lkekU; laosnu'khyrk dk lkeuk djrs gSaA blfy, lkekftd lqj{kk dh vokkj.kk osQ {ks=k dk foLrkj djuk vko';d gSA
fodflr ns'kksa esa oqQN mik;] tSlscsjkstxkjh Hkkk] o`koLFkk issa'ku vkSj v'kDrrk ykHk egoiw.kZ ik, x, gSaA ;g n`f"Vdks.k ml
le; iwjh rjg ls mi;ksxh vkSj mi;qDr ugha gks ldrk gS] tc ge fodkl'khy ns'kksa dk v;;u djrs gSaA ljdkjsa lkekftd lqj{kk mik;ksa
osQ fy, nks n`f"Vdks.k viuk ldrh gSa
izFke n`f"Vdks.k] lkekU; vkFkd lao`f dks izksRlkgu nsus osQ fy, tula[;k osQ laosnu'khy oxks dh lqj{kk djus osQ fy, lao`f
ls izkIr gksus okyh vk; dks mu yksxksa osQ lkekU; ykHkksa osQ fy, iz;ksx djuk gSA
f}rh; n`f"Vdks.k] lkekftd {ks=kksa] tSlsf'k{kk vkSj LokLF; osQ vuqlkj izR;{k :i ls lkoZtfud dk;Zokgh osQ mik; djuk rFkk csgrj
vk; forj.k osQ e dks Hkh izksRlkfgr djuk vkSj lcosQ jkstxkj osQ fy, volj l`tu djuk gSA
iz'u 7- Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk osQ lanHkZ esa HkweaMyhdj.k dk D;k vFkZ gS\ fVIi.kh dhft,
mkjHkwe.Myhdj.k ls Hkkjr dks ykHk (Advantages of Globalisation to India)Hkwe.Myhdj.k Hkkjr tSls fodkl'khy
vFkZO;oLFkk osQ fy, cgqr ykHkdkjh gSA buesa vfkd egoiw.kZ ykHk fuEu izdkj gSa
1- Hkwe.Myhdj.k voqQ'kyrk gVkus esa lgk;rk djrk gSA Hkwe.Myhdj.k osQ u gksus ij fuEu ifj.kke fudyrs gSa
(i) ?kjsyw m|ksxksa osQ yEcs le; rd laj{k.k esa ykxr lajpuk ij xEHkhj gkfudkjd izHkko iM+rk gSA
(ii) j{kkRed ifjos'kksa osQ vkhu m|ksx lqLr gks tkrs gSaA
(iii) dBksj ifjJe ls cprs jgrs gSaA
(iv) dEifu;k ykxr osQ ckjs esa ykijokg gks tkrh gSaA
2- Hkwe.Myhdj.k fuEu f;k }kjk yEcs le; rd o`f nj c<+kus esa lgk;d gksrk gS
(i) lalkkuksa dh vkoaVukRed n{krk esa lqkkj }kjk
(ii) iwthxr mRiknu ?kVkdj
(iii) Je dh mRikndrk esas o`f djA
3- Hkwe.Myhdj.k Je izkku eky vkSj Je izkku rduhdksa osQ i{k esa mRiknu vkSj O;kikj osQ izk:i dh iqulpuk esa lgk;rk iznku
djrk gSA
4- O;kolkf;d fu;kZr voljksa dk nksgu djus osQ fy, fons'kh iwth vkd"kr dh tkrh gS vkSj ns'k esa fuos'k Hkh dh tkrh gSA
5- fons'kh izfrLikkZ osQ izos'k vkSj vk;kr gVdj ckkkvksa dh lekfIr gksus ij ?kjsyw m|ksx ?kjsyw vFkZO;oLFkk esa ewY; de dj losaQxs
vkSj xq.kokk lqkkj losaQxsA
6- vykHkdj vk;kr izfrLFkkiu dkykUrj esa yqIr gks tk;saxs] vfkd lLrs vk;kr] fo'ks"kdj iwthxr eky fofuekZ.k esa iwth mRiknu
dk vuqikr ?kVsxkA fofuer eky dh dher de gksxh rFkk O;kikj dh 'krks dks f"k osQ i{k esa djsxhA
7- Hkwe.Myhdj.k osQ eq[; izHkko dk vuqHko miHkksDrk eky m|ksxksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA bu oLrqvksa dh cgqr Hkkjh ekx gSA vr,o
jkstxkj osQ voljksa esa o`f gksxh rFkk xjhch dh js[kk osQ uhps yksxksa dh la[;k ?kVsxhA
8- fons'kh iwth rFkk fons'kh cSadksa osQ fy, uohu {ks=k [kqyus osQ lkFk gh cSafoaQx vkSj fok {ks=k dh n{krk esa o`f gksxhA
iz'u 8- vkiosQ fopkj esa vkt vk/qfud f'k{kk osQ le{k dkSu&dkSu lh pqukSfr;k gSa\
mkjf'k{kk dh vokkj.kk vkSj ms';f'k{kk mruh gh izkphu gS] ftruh ekuo lH;rkA bldk fo"k;&{ks=k bruk O;kid gS fd
;g fooknkLin gS fd D;k dksbZ ,sls iSjkehVj vFkok iSekus fuf'pr fd, tk ldrs gSa] ftuosQ vUrxZr f'k{kk vokkj.kk xfr'khy gSA
vkn'kZoknh vuqHko dgrs gSa fd f'k{kk iw.kZr% ewY;ksa vkSj vkn'kks ij vkkkfjr gksuh pkfg,A O;qRifk osQ vuqlkj 'kCn ^f'k{kk* nks ySfVu
'kCnksa Educare vkSj Educere ls fudys gSaA Educare dk vFkZ gS cPps dk ikyu&iks"k.k] ykyu&ikyu Educere dk vFkZ O;fDr
dh var%'kfDr dks vkxs ykukA
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izkphu Hkkjr esa f'k{kk dk KkuktZu] lnkpkj O;fDr vkSj var esa eqfDr dk ek;e le>k tkrk FkkA Lokeh foosdkuUn us ekuk fd f'k{kk
ls ekuo izk.kh esa igys ls gh fo|eku nSoh var%'kfDr dh vfHkO;fDr gksrh gSA IysVks osQ vuqlkj f'k{kk O;fDr osQ 'kjhj vkSj vkRek esa
lHkh lqUnjrk vkSj iw.kZrk dks fodflr djrh gS] ftuosQ fy, og l{ke gS] tcfd vjLrq us ;g vuqHko fd;k fd f'k{kk O;fDr dh ;ksX;rk
dks fodflr djrh gS rkfd og tUe] lqUnjrk vkSj vPNkbZ dk voyksdu dj losQA f'k{kk dh vkkqfud vokkj.kk dks O;fDr vkSj lekt
osQ pgqeq[kh fodkl osQ lkku osQ :i esa ekuk tkrk gSA
Hkkjr osQ f'k{kk vk;ksx] 1964&66 (Indian Education CommissionIEC) osQ vuqlkj f'k{kk lkekftd] vkFkd vkSj lkaLfrd
ifjorZu dk 'kfDr'kkyh lkku gSA MsykslZ osQ vuqlkj blosQ pkj LrEHk gSa] ftu ij f'k{kk vkkkfjr gS
1- O;fDrRo fuekZ.k osQ fy, f'k{kk]
2- Kku vtZu osQ fy, f'k{kk]
3- dkZO; dkS'ky osQ fy, f'k{kk]
4- eS=khiw.kZ Hkko ls lkFk jgus dh f'k{kkA
vktdy vkthou f'k{kk dh vokkj.kk dks yksdfiz;rk fey jgh gSA vukSipkfjd f'k{kk lkekU;r% nwjLFk f'k{kk }kjk nh tkrh gS vkSj
v;s;rkvksa osQ fy, vfkd eqDr vkSj yphysiu ls foHksn dh tk ldrh gSA
f'k{kk dh lelkef;d leL;k, vkSj pqukSfr;k
(i) f'k{kk vkSj lqfokkoafpr oxZlekt dk dY;k.k izR;sd ukxfjd osQ dY;k.k ij fuHkZj djrk gSA lkekftd vkSj vkFkd n`f"V
ls lqfokkoafpr oxks osQ fy, iz;kl fd;k tkuk vkSj f'k{kk miyCk djkuk vko';d gSA jkT; osQ uhfr funsZ'kd flkUrksa dk vuqPNsn
jkT; ls 14 o"kZ rd dh vk;q osQ cPpksa dks fu%'kqYd vkSj vfuok;Z f'k{kk nsus dk vkxzg djrk gSA lkoZHkkSfed izkjfEHkd f'k{kk iznku djus
osQ jkLrs esa dbZ ckkk, vkbZ gSaA buesa nwjorhZ LFkkuksa esa jgus okys yksxksa dk HkkSfrd vyxko vkfn tula[;k foLiQksV] vkFkd :i ls fiNM+s
oxks ls cPps dk Jfed cy osQ lkFk cky etnwj] ckfydk f'k'kq osQ izfr mnklhurk] tkfrokn lfEefyr gSAa
(ii) f'k{kk vkSj ekuo lalkku fodklf'kf{kr dkexkj u osQoy oqQ'ky gksrs gS]a cfYd dke osQ izfr lgh joS;k Hkh viukrs gSAa os ubZ
izk|
S ksfxdh osQ fy, vfkd vuqoQw y'khy gksrs gSAa blfy, f'k{kk esa fuos'k djus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA f'k{kk osQ fy, vkoafVr ctV vko';drk
ls de iM+ tkrk gSA ns'k dh ekuo iwt
h fodflr djus osQ fy, f'k{kk esa lgh izdkj dk fuos'k vko';d gSA
(iii) f'k{kk vkSj vkkqfudhdj.kvkt Hkh gekjk lekt vfu"Vdj izFkkvksa] tSlstkfrokn] fyax iwokZxzg] innfyr dk 'kks"k.k vkfn
ls xzLr gSA kked] dV~Vjoknh] lEiznk;okn Hkh gekjs lekt esa cgqr xgjs :i ls O;kIr gSA f'k{kk gh osQoy ,d ,slk rjhdk gS] tks
lekt dks bu cqjkb;ksa ls eqfDr ns ldrk gSA
(iv) f'k{kk vkSj yksdrU=kyksdrU=k 'kklu O;oLFkk fuEure Lrj ls lgh yksxksa dks 'kkfey djrh gSA ;g izR;sd ukxfjd dks o;Ld
erkfkdkj iznku dj lekt dks lekurkoknh cukrh gSA cjLVy jLly us fopkj O;Dr fd;k fd yksdrU=k cpkus vkSj lqn<` + djus osQ fy, f'k{kk
vko';d gSA yksdrU=k vius vkkqfud :i esa ml ns'k esa liQy ugha gks ldrk gS] tgk yksx f'kf{kr ugha gSAa
(v) f'k{kk vkSj jk"Vh;rkvkt vusd ns'k fo?kVu osQ ladV dk lkeuk dj jgs gSaA ;wxksLykfo;k vkSj lksfo;r la?k tSls ns'kksa dk
fo?kVu gqvk gSA u`tkrh; vfroknh] la?k"kZ] kked dV~Vjrk vkfn dkjd jk"V osQ fo?kVu dks izsfjr djrs gSaA Hkkjr osQ f'k{kk vk;ksx
(1964&66) osQ vuqlkj f'k{kk jk"Vh; ,drk fodflr djus esa egoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA
(vi) f'k{kk vkSj vUrjkZ"Vh; ikjLifjd le>vkt ;g vuqHko fd;k tk jgk gS fd Kku lfgr fo'o osQ lalkku ekuork dh
mHk;fu"B lEifk gSA johUukFk VSxksj vkSj MkW- jkkk".ku us dgk gS fd vUrjkZ"Vh; Kku bl izdkj dk gks] ftlesa vUrjkZ"Vh; ikjLifjd
le> vkSj fo'o 'kkfUr rFkk ,d nwljs dh fpUrkvksa vkSj Hk; dk vkHkkl vfuok;Z gks] f'k{kk jk"Vksa osQ e; 'kkfUr] lgvfLrRo vkSj lg;ksx
fodflr djrh gSA
(vii) f'k{kk vkSj i;kZoj.krsth ls vkS|ksfxdhdj.k] 'kgjhdj.k vkSj jk"Vh; lalkkuksa osQ vUkkkqUk nksgu us i;kZoj.k dk fouk'k
fd;k gSA i`Foh dk rkieku c<+us] vkstksu ijr dh {kh.krk] oU; thoksa dk foyksiu] ijek.kq fc[kjko dk ladV] fuoZuhdj.k vkfn osQ ckjs
esa yksxksa esa tkx:drk mRiUu djus dh bDdhloha 'krkCnh osQ f'k{kkfonksa osQ fy, cM+h pqukSrh gSA
(viii) f'k{kk vkSj uSfrd ewY;fo'oHkj esa uSfrd ewY;ksa dk lkekU; {kj.k gqvk gSA izR;sd {ks=klkekftd] jktuhfrd vkSj vkFkd {ks=s k esa
uSfrd ewY;ksa dk kl gks jgk gSA O;kolkf;d laof` osQ fy, mi;qDr lsok&iwoZ vkSj lsokdkyhu f'k{kk vko';d gSA
(ix) f'k{kk vkSj csjkstxkjhfodflr ns'k Hkh csjkstxkjh dh leL;k dk lkeuk dj jgs gSaA f'k{kk osQ yksdrU=khdj.k ls f'kf{kr
csjkstxkjksa dh la[;k c<+ jgh gSA fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ fy, u osQoy f'k{kk nsuk leL;k gS cfYd f'k{kk osQ ckn jkstxkj nsuk Hkh leL;k
gSA
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xkakhth us dgk Fkk fd f'k{kk csjkstxkjh osQ fo# jkstxkj lqfuf'pr gksuk pkfg,A jk"Vh; leh{kk lfefr] 1978 us ^yux Vw Mw* uke
dh fjiksVZ esa f'k{kk osQ nks izeq[k ?kVdksa ^lkekU;* vkSj ^O;kolkf;d* dk lq>ko fn;k FkkA
(x) f'k{kk vkSj f'k{kd dh Hkwfedkf'k{kd f'k{kk dh fdlh Hkh iz.kkyh dk es#n.M gSA Hkkjrh; f'k{kk vk;ksx (1964&66) us dgk fd
Hkkjr osQ HkkX; dk fuekZ.k d{kkvksa esa gks jgk gSA ;g lR; gS fd f'k{kk dh xq.kokk f'k{kd dh dksfV ;k xq.kksa ij fuHkZj djrh gSA
(xi) f'k{kk vkSj ikB~;egekjs fo|ky;ksa esa viuk;s x;s ikB~; fooj.k dh vkykspuk eqnfy;j vk;ksx }kjk vkSj Hkkjrh; f'k{kk
vk;ksx (1964-66) }kjk Hkh dh xbZ gSA ikB~; fooj.k vuE; gS] ;g fdrkch Kku ij tksj nsrk gS] pgqeq[kh fodkl ugha djrk gS rFkk
rduhdh vkSj O;kolkf;d f'k{kk dh mis{kk djrk gSA ;g ijh{kkeq[kh] vfrlaoqQy vkSj vi;kZIr gSA
(xii) vkthou f'k{kkvkt f'k{kk thouHkj dh izf;k le>h tkrh gSA thou dh fofHkUu voLFkkvksa ij gekjh #fp;k vkSj
vko';drk, fHkUu&fHkUu gksrh gSAa bl izdkj dh vko';drkvksa vkSj #fp;ksa dks iwjk djus osQ fy, f'k{kk dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
iz'u 12- gekjs lafo/ku esa mfYyf[kr ^ewy vf/dkj* ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\
mkjekSfyd vfkdkj (Fundamental Right)ekSfyd vfkdkj gekjs lafokku dh vf}rh; fo'ks"krk gSA lafokku fuekZrkvksa us
fczfV'k ijkkhurk osQ fofHkUu pj.kksa osQ nkSjku LorU=krk neu dk R;{k vuqHko fd;k FkkA mudk fu.kZ; Fkk fd LorU=k Hkkjr osQ ukxfjd
dks iqu% ,slk vuqHko u djuk iM+sA vr,o ekSfyd vfkdkjksa ij mudk vR;fkd tksj FkkA lafokku vius ukxfjdksa osQ fy, oqQN ,sls
vfkdkj lqfuf'pr djrk gS] tks muosQ dY;k.k osQ fy, ewyHkwr vko';drk, le>s x,A ;s Hkkjrh; ukxfjdksa osQ thou] LorU=krk vkSj
lEifk osQ vkkkj ro gaSA fofHkUu ekSfyd vfkdkj fuEu dkj gSa
(i) lekurk dk vfkdkj]
(ii) LorU=krk dk vfkdkj]
(iii) 'kks"k.k osQ fo# vfkdkj]
(iv) kked LorU=krk dk vfkdkj]
(v) lkaLfrd ,oa f'k{kk dk vfkdkj]
(vi) laoSkkfud mik;ksa dk vfkdkj]
laifk dk vfkdkj igys ekSfyd vfkdkj FksA ysfdu 44osa lafokku la'kksku osQ }kjk bls dkuwuh vfkdkj cuk fn;k x;kA bldk
vFkZ ;g gS fd vc fdlh O;fDr dh laaifk dks mfpr {kfriwr osQ }kjk gh vfkxzg.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA flok; vkikr~ fLFkfr osQ] ekSfyd
vfkdkjksa dks jn~n ugha fd;k tk ldrkA ,slh fLFkfr esa Hkh vuqPNsn 20 vkSj 21 ykxw jgrs gSaA bu vuqPNsn osQ vuqlkj fdlh Hkh O;fDr
dks vijkk gksus osQ ckn ykxw gksus okys dkuwuksa osQ vkkkj ij (dk;ksZkj dkuwu ls lqj{kk)] nf.Mr ugha fd;k tk,xk] ,d gh vijkk osQ
fy, ,d ckj ls vfkd ltk nsus dh lqj{kk (nksgjs n.M ls lqj{kk) vkSj Lo;a osQ fo# vfHk;ksx ls lqj{kk (Lo;a ij vfHk;ksx yxkus
ls lqj{kk) nku djrk gSA vuqPNsn 21 O;fDrxr thou vkSj LorU=krk dh lqj{kk dks lqfuf'pr djrk gSA jkT; dks dkuwu osQ }kjk LFkkfir
f;k dk ikyu djuss osQ vfrfjDr fdlh O;fDr osQ thou dks lekIr djus dk vfkdkj ugha gSA
iz'u 13- (i) jkT; uhfr osQ funs'kd ro
mkjjkT; osQ uhfr funsZ'kd ro (Directive Principles of State)uhfr funsZ'kd flkUr ljdkj osQ fy, U;k;iw.kZ o
Hkko'kkyh 'kklu osQ lapkyu osQ fy, ekxZn'kZd gSaA lafokku esa budh ,d lwph gS] tSls
1- leku dk;Z osQ fy, leku osruA
2- lHkh eknd nzO;ksa fo'ks"kr% 'kjkc dk fu"ksk djukA
3- y?kq vkSj oqQVhj m|ksxksa dks c<+kok nsukA
;|fi funsZ'kd flkUrksa dks dkuwu osQ }kjk ykxw ugha fd;k tk ldrk rFkkfi ;s fdlh Hkh :i esa de egoiw.kZ ugha gSaA ljdkj
us fofHkUu funsZ'kd flkUrksa osQ vkkkj ij mi;qDr dkuwu cuk, gSaA bu funsZ'kd flkUrksa esa ls vusd dkuwuh :i esa orZuh; gks x,A
jkT; osQ uhfr funsZ'kd flkUr vk;jyS.M osQ lafokku ls Hkkfor gSaA bl dkj ;s gekjs lafokku dh ewyHkwr fo'ks"krk, gSaA ;s lafokku
osQ fu"d"kZ osQ ckjs esa i;kZIr fopkj Lrqr djrs gSaA
(iv) fMftVy foHkktu
mkjfMftVy fMokbM (Digital Divide)lwpuk vkSj lapkj izkS|ksfxdh us fo'o dks nks Hkkxksa esa foHkDr fd;k gS
izFke] og Hkkx gS ftuosQ ikl lEifk gS vkSj tks lwwpuk vkSj izkS|ksfxdh xSftV~l (tqxy) vkSj lsokvksa ij O;; dj ldrs gSaA
f}rh;] os] ftuosQ ikl xSftV~l vkSj lsok, izkIr djus o j[kus osQ fy, visf{kr kujkf'k ugha gSA
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/uh ns'k vkSj xjhc ns'kkssa osQ kuh yksx Hkh lwpuk vkSj lapkj izkS|ksfxdh dk iz;ksx djus osQ fy, O;; dj ldrs gSa vkSj
izkS|ksfxdh ;qx esa fVosQ jg ldrs gSaA blosQ foijhr os tks O;; ugha dj ldrs khjs&khjs fodkl dh nkSM+ esa fiNM+ tkrs gSa A
bl izdkj] tks kuh gSa os vf/d kuh gks tk,xs vkSj tks xjhc gSa vfkd xjhc gks tk,xsA bldk izHkko izeq[k O;fDr;ksa]
ifjokjksa lektksa vkSj ;gk rd fd jk"Vksa ij Hkh iM+sxkA lkekU; fo'okl ;g gS fd lwpuk vkSj lapkj izkS|ksfxdh esa ,d Lrj ij
lwpuk xjhch esa jgus okys ns'kksa dh ubZ Js.kh cu ldrh gSA nwljs Lrj ij mPp izkS|ksfxdh m|fe;ksa dh ubZ Js.kh gks ldrh gSA
fo'o vkFkd eap (2002) dh fjiksVZ osQ vuqlkj Hkkjr essa lcls vfkd O;kid vadh; foHkktu gSA ;|fi baVjusV fujUrj
yksdfiz; gks jgk gS] ijUrq baVjusV iz;ksDrk osQoy 45 yk[k Fks vkSj 43 yk[k baVjusV iznkrk FksA 'kgjh {ks=k lwpuk vkSj lapkj izkS|ksfxdh
ls ykHkkfUor gq, gSaA Hkkjr osQ baVjusV dusD'kuksa osQ 70 izfr'kr ls Hkh vfkd ubZ fnYyh esa gSaA
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