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Frequency Manipulation

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Summary

Introduction
QPSK Modulation
QPSK Demodulation
Modulation QAM
Up-down conversion
Conclusion

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1. Introduction

GSM modulation

BS Base Station

MS Mobile Station
Downlink (Rx)

Uplink (Tx)

GMSK

GMSK

GSM : Gaussian-Modulated-Shift-Keying
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1. Introduction

UMTS modulation
UE

NodeB

QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

Downlink (Rx)

Uplink (Tx)

QPSK
QPSK : Quadrature-Phase-Shift-Keying
QAM : Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
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2. QPSK Modulation

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

Two sinusoidal waves at same frequency, but different phases

S(t) = I(t)+Q(t)
I(t) = si*cos(t)
Q(t) = sq*sin( t)

time

Data

si

sq

00

-1

-1

01

-1

10

-1

11

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2. QPSK Modulation

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)

Amplitude
sq
time
si

Frequency

time
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2. QPSK Modulation
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)

Serial data

Digital signal processor

I

sinus
QPSK

QPSK codeur
00 01 10 11

Addition
cosinus

90

Clock

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2. QPSK Modulation

GSM: Gaussian Modulated Shift Keying (GMSK)

Soft phase transitions required to limit the spread in frequency

QPSK

GSMK
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3. QPSK Demodulation
Gives its secret by multiplying by SIN and COS

19xx MHz

Antenna

cos
LNA

sin

Select channel

VCO 19xx
MHz

LNA=low noise amplifier

VCO=Voltage contr. oscillator

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3. QPSK Demodulation
Ideal case
Multiplication by sin (wt)
time

Multiplication by cos (wt)

time

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3. QPSK Demodulation
Little mismatch between emitter and receiver
Multiplication by sin (wt)
time

Multiplication by cos (wt)

time

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3. QPSK Demodulation

Antenna

100KHz
I

20xx MHz
cos

LPF

A/D 8bits
DSP

Q
LPF

A/D 8bits

sin

LNA
VCO 19xx
MHz

The DSP is in charge of reconstruction the original

digital information
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4. QAM Modulation

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM): both phase and

amplitude
QAMn = 2n [phase,amplitude] solutions
Can code n bits
Sq
16-QAM (24 -> 4-bit)
Used for HSDPA downlink
Si

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4. QAM Modulation
Hello in QAM16

Data

Phase

H=0x48

Si

e=0x65

Sq

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4. QAM Modulation
Hello in QAM64 Used for
HSPA+ (or HSPA enhanced)
7,6

Si

5,4

3,2

Data

1,0

7,6

5,4

Phase

3,2

1,0

Si

7,6

5,4

3,2

1,0

Sq

Sq

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5. Up-down conversion
Up/Down Frequency converter
Authorized
band for Tx

Amplitude

Desired
band for Rx

Up-converter

Base-band

f0

UMTS

Frequency

Down-converter
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5. Up-down conversion
Frequency Multiplication

S(t) = cos(m t).cos(p t)

Modulation m
time

time

time
Frequency
Carrier p

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5. Up-down conversion
How do we multiply signals?

0.45 GHz

2 GHz
2.45 GHz

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5. Up-down conversion
Down-converter in practice
Filter 100 MHz

Low noise
amplifier

modulation

Local
oscillator f0
Rx

2010 2025

Rx

2110

Rx

2170

f(MHz)

2200
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5. Up-down conversion

UMTS

15.36 MHz

Quartz

240 kHz

1/__

19__, 19__ MHz

Phase lock
loop

Power
amplifier

N from ___ to ____

GSM
Quartz

13 MHz

935, 960 MHz

200 kHz

1/65

Phase lock
loop

Power
amplifier

N from ___ to ____

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Conclusion
Basis of QPSK modulation described
QPSK demodulation uses high precision sin/cos
multiplication
Frequency multiplication is the base for up/down conversion
Phase/amplitude combination enhances bit rate
16QAM and 64QAM illustrated
Bases for GSM and UMTS telecommunication systems

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