DISCRETE MATHEMATICAL

STRUCTURES
BERNARD KOLMAN
ROBERT C. BUSBY
SHARON CULTER ROSS

SET THEORY
A SET is an well-defined collection of objects, called the
elements or the members of the set.
ex A={1,2,3,4,5}
The method of representing a finite number of elements in
a set is called the Roster method or tabulation method.
ex: A={a,b,c,d,e}
The method of representing an infinite number of elements
in a set is called Rule method or set builder notation.
ex: B={x/x e Z and x^2<=16}
B={-4,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,4}

SET THEORY
Cardinality of the set
It is the number of distinct elements present in the set.
It is represented as |C|.
ex: C={a,e,i,o,u,a,e,i}
|C|=5
Equal sets
Two sets are said to be equal if they have sane number of
elements and same elements.
ex: A={1,2,3,4,5}
B={5,4,2,3,1}
A=B

SET THEORY
Venn diagram
The diagram which shows the relation ships between sets
are called as Venn diagram.
Subset of a set
If every element of A is also an element of B, that is, if
whenever x e A then x e B, we say that A is a subset of B or
that A is contained in B.
ex: B={1,2,3,4,5}
A
A={2,3}
A is a subset of B
B
Venn diagram

SET THEORY
Finite set
If a set has finite number of elements then the set is called
as finite set.
ex: A={1,2,3,4}
Infinite set
If a set has infinite number of elements then the set is called
as infinite set.
ex: A={1,2,3,4,5,---------------}
Universal set
A set which contains all the elements which are in
discussion is called the universal set.
All the sets under discussion will be considered to be the
subset of the universal set.

SET THEORY
Power set
It is a set which is a collection of subsets of a particular set.
ex: A={1,2,3}
P(A)={{},{1},{2},{3},{1,2},{2,3},{3,1},{1,2,3}}
Disjoint set
Two sets are said to be disjoint sets when they have no
common elements
ex: A={1,2,3}
B={4,5,6}
Venn diagram
A
B

SET THEORY
Basic operations on sets
Union, Intersection, Compliment, Symmetry difference.
Union set
It is a combination of two sets.
ex: A={1,2,3,4}
B={4,5,6,7}
AUB
AUB={1,2,3,4,5,6,7}
Venn diagram

SET THEORY
Intersection of 2 sets
It is a set of common elements present in 2 sets.
ex: A={1,2,3,4,5}
B={3,4,5.6.7.8}
AnB={3,4,5}
A
Venn diagram
AnB

Symmetric difference
It is denoted as A + B
ex: A={1,2,3,4}
B={3,4,5,6}
A + B=(A-B)U(B-A)
= {1,2,5,6}

SET THEORY
Compliment of a set
If A and B are two sets we define the compliment of B with
respect to A
as the set of all elements that belong to A but not to B. But
compliment
is always with respect to Universal set. It is represented as
A .
ex: U={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
A={1,2,3,4,5}
A
U
A={6,7,8,9,10}
Venn diagram
U-A