SS6HI- Describe the impact of European contact on Latin America. ‘a; Describe the encounter and consequences ofthe conffict betiveen the Spanish and the Aztecs anc ‘Incas and the roles of Gortés, Montezuma, Pizarro,and Atahwalpa. 1 Fipain te inpactofthe Columban Echangeon Latin America and Feapeinomsof te dete | of the indigenous population, agricultural change, aiid thie introduction of the horse. as The Aztec Rule! The Aztec civilization lived in central Mexico| from about the year 1200 until it was taken over in the 16th century by the Spanish. ‘They were a society of fierce warriors viho conquered many of the peoples surrounding them and offered human sacrifices to please their gods. In 1325, the Aztec built their capital city ona swampy island in the middle of Lake Texcoco and named it ‘Tenochtitlén. The city’s location, helped protect the Aztec from enemy attacks. ‘This magnificent city, with a royal palace, thousands of homes, and even a zoo, was the most modern city of ts time. Atits peak, the Aztec empire included more than 5 million people. The Aztec were an ingenious people who built J causeway: a raised floating gardens called chinaimpas to grow crops on Lake Toadway across a swamp or body Texcoco's surface. They also built causeways to travel in and \ of water out of Tenochtitlin. They learned valuable skills like INR neemetalworking and pottery-making from peoples they conquered, and used advanced concepts like a calendar based on the movement of the earth around the sun. This calendar helped them time planting, harvesting, and religious rituals. Think About It 1. The Aztec civilization lived in central. 2. The Aztecmen were fierce 3. The Aztec capital city was built in the middle of. 4, Tenochtitlans location protected it from, 5. Chinampas were floating, 6 ‘were built for travel in and out of Tenochtitlan, 7. The Aztec used a, Hard-To-Believe-But-True! The Incredible Incas! While the Aztec influence grew in Mexico, another powerful empire was taking shape in South America, By 1400, the Inca numbered almost 12 million people and stretched along the western coast of South ‘America. Its capital was Cuzco, a majestic city known as the “City of the Sun.” The sun god was the most, important Inca god. ‘The Inca came up with innovative methods to fann on the steep mountainsides of the Andes Mountains. They built stone terraces so they had flat land to farm, and irrigation canals to bring water to their crops. They kept extra food in storehouses and distributed it to villages when crops failed. The Inca were also tremendous builders! They created a system of stone roads that are still used LF AP LENSES ELLE TEE Fillin the blanks below using words from the word bank. Bee Ks Lake Texcaco ‘warriors calendar gardens byenemies. causeways Mexico to time planting and harvesting of crops. Oe ee Mexico got its name from one of the Aztec tribes called the Mexica. e Irhd thea Einpir:today. Since they did not have a written language, Inca runners carried messages in a relay system. When canyons or rivers got in the way, the Inca built swinging bridges made of rope. Messages could travel 150 miles in a day! Inca stone buildings still amaze scientists today! Massive stones fit perfectly together without the use of mortar. One example is the city of Machu Picchu, a city 8,000 feet above sea level that many tourists visit today. The Inca also miade many beautiful ornaments out of the gold found in the region, Backaround Check ‘The Inca kept records by tying knots on colored strings called quipu, Knots stood for numbers, while colors represented people or items. AF ASIII I> Think About It ‘WriteT for True andF for False. _____1 The Inca Emyire stretched along the western coast of South America 2 The capital of the Inca Empire was Machu Picchu. ____.3 The Inca people farmed on flat, fertile grasslands. 4. The Inca used irrigation canals to water their crops. ___ 5. Inca runners carried messages over stone wads and rope bridges. 6 Inca buildings have crumbled because they were not built well 7. The Inca kept records on colored strings called quipu LP ME ECT RET Math Experience 1. The Inca runners delivered messages throughout the empire. Iffive Inca messengers covered 25 miles in one day, how many miles did each runnerrun? miles 2. If eight Inoa messengers ran for four hours each at five miles per hour, how many total miles did the group cover in one day? miles The ook neersHere Come the Spaniards! In the early 1500s, Spanish explorers arrived in Central America and South America in search of gold, silver, and new lands to conquer for Spain. In 1519, Hernén Cortés entered Mexico with an army of about 600 soldiers, When he first encountered Cortés, Aztec ruler Montezuma II thought he was a god. He welcomed the Spanish in Tenochtitlén and even let them stay in one of his palaces. The Aztec were frightened by the Spanish horses, guns, and booming cannons, Many of them thought the soldicr A and his horse were actually one creature! ‘The Spanish also Word Definition brought something else with them—the disease called epidemic: a widespread smalipox. The Aztec people had never been exposed to this | outbreak ofinfectious disease disease. In 1520, thousands died in a massive smallpox epidemic that spread throughout southern Mexico, Montezuma soon realized that the Spanish were after gold. Battles began, and Montezuma was killed. Cortés eventually conquered the Aztec by 1521. The Spanish destroyed Tenochtitlan and established their capital of Mexico City in its place. They used the city as a base for further conquests in the Americas. PF RE EERE TTT Answer the questions below. LWhoconqueredtheAztecempireforspatn? 2. Who was the Aztecrulerwhen the Spanish arrived? 3. True or False? The Aztec were happy to see the Spanish horses and guns, 4. What disease killed thousands of people in Mexico in 15202, 5. What capital city did the Spanish build after destroying Tenochtitlan? Think About It The smallpox epidemic had a significant effect on the Spanish success in conquering the Aztec and neighboring peoples. How do you think it affected the outcome of the battles?& EET gr SRNR Hard-To-Believe-But-Truel ‘The European explorers were usually out for the ‘three GS: Gold, God and Glory! On to South America! In 1532, Spanish explorer Francisco Pizarro arrived on the shores of South America with about 180 men. Looking to conquer the land and sail home with a ship full of gold and silver, Pizarro captured the Inca emperor Atahualpa. Atahualpa attempted to make a deal with the Spanish to buy his freedom. He offered Pizarro roomns full of gold and silver. Pizarro accepted the treasure, but promptly broke the deal and had Atahualpa killed. After his death, Pizarro and his men " captured the capital city of Cuzco and moved into other Inca Jands. By 1535, the Inca empire had been crushed. Asin Mexico, the Inca army vastly outnumbered the Spanish invaders. How did the Spanish ‘overtake them once again? Again, smallpox and weapons brought by the Spanish played an important role in Pizarro's conquest. In addition, the Spanish had convinced other tribes under Inca rule to join them in defeating the Inca Empire. (eesee| Essential Sis Name three reasons why the Spanish were able to overthrow the Inca army. FF EINES LP I EEE AIOE EE Quick Quiz Answer the questions below. 1 Who was the Spanish explorer who invaded the Inca empire in 1532? 2, Who was the Inca emperor when the Spanish arrived in 1532?The Consequences of Conquest ‘There were many consequences of the Spanish conflict with the Aztec and Inca civilizations. The major consequence was the creation of a new Spanish empire by Word Definition the end of the 16th century, stretching from today’s California-Mexico border southward to near the tip of South consequences: the America. Thousands of colonists moved from Spain to settle | Positive or negative outcomes of in the New World. Their influence is still felt today, from decisions or events Spanish place-names to religion to customs. The Columbian Exchange Another major consequence of the Spanish conquest of Central and South America was a trading of culture called the Columbian Exchange. Named after Christopher Columbus, the Columbian Exchange describes the exchange of crops, goods, animals, and diseases between Europe and its colonies in the Americas after Columbus’ voyage in 1492 The Columbian Exchange impacted Latin America and Europe in these major ways: + Decline of indigenous population: New diseases were introduced into Latin America by European explorers. These diseases included smailpox, measles, whooping cough, and influenza. Native Americans had no immunities to these diseases, and died by the millions. Experts estimate that between 1492 and 1650, more than 80 percent of Native Americans died of disease brought by Europeans! Word Definition indigenous: nativetoa \paretar area or region * Agricultural change: ‘The Columbian Exchange also brought new foods to both Europe and Latin America, Europe welcomed new vegetables like corn, tomatoes, peppers, pumpkins, squash, and cacao beans—for chocolate! The Americas were introduced to wheat, barley, Sugarcane, and livestock like cattle, pigs, and sheep. Many of these products—tike sugarcane — later became mainstays of some Latin American economies! + Introduction of the horse: Brought from Europe, the horse changed life forever in the Americas. Horses were used for transportation and forlabor. Horses changed the lives of Native Americans on the plains, allowing them to hunt buffalo, an important source of food and other. items. Horses remained the foremost means of transportation for man til the early 20th century. Even today, we measure the power of engines in terms of “horsepower.”Quick Review 1, Listitems that traveled in the Columbian Exchange. 2. Next to each item, puta plus sign (+) fit was a good thing, oraminus sign () if twas a bad thing. PP LEDER, Things that traveled from Furope to Americas ‘Things that traveled Europe and Africa from Americas to Europe PF EERE TEETER TENET List three reasons why the Columbian Exchange was important. LP SF SEER COTES TE Look-it-Up! Potatoes and com were probably the most important crops to travel from the Americas to Europe. In the 1840s, a potato famine in this country forced many people to move to the United States. Whatis that country? a