Professional Documents
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Jacking Pipe Design
Jacking Pipe Design
Jacking Pipe Design
Jacking Design
Guidelines
Jacking Design
Guidelines
First edition 1990
Revised 2013
Contents
1. INTRODUCTION
2. SCOPE
3. JACKING PIPES
3.1 The forces involved
3.2 Barrel Design
3.3 Joint Design
7. REFERENCES
Fig. 1.1.
CONCRETE PIPE ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALASIA
CTIONS
UE
1.
nstallation by jacking is a technique applicable to pipes of concrete and other rigid materials. Its use has become increasingly common in locations where open trenches would
seriously interfere with existing installations or with the traffic.
The pipes are positioned one by one in a pit or pits excavated at intervals along the line, and
from here the pipes are driven through the ground by hydraulic jacks. The excavation is carried out at the first pipe, which is equipped with a shield, and - from here the spoil is carried
back to the jacking pit for disposal. The procedure is shown diagrammatically in Fig. 1.1.
Since this construction method was first introduced in the USA at the end of last century the
technique has become generally accepted throughout the world and considerable development of plant and procedures has taken place, particularly in the last two decades.
tralasia
2. Scope
3. Jacking Pipes
auger.
the pipes.
The effect
of the jacking force on the pipe barrel
The desire in recent years to jack long lengths of
is mostly small on account of the high compresin recent
yearstotothe
jack development
long lengths ofof
800 and
800 The
and desire
smaller
has lead
The effectof
of the
the jacking
forceThe
on joint,
the pipe
barrel is mostly
sive strength
concrete.
however,
has lead
to the development
of jacking
very elaborate
very smaller
elaborate
excavation,
control and
small
on
account
of
the
high
compressive
strength
of the
excavation, control and jacking equipment with excavation,
must be considered because the joint cross-section
equipment with excavation, spoil removal, grade
concrete.
The
joint,
however,
must
be
considered
because
spoil removal, grade and bearing control all performed by
is smaller,
as across-section
rule, than isthat
of the
and the
the joint
smaller,
as barrel
a rule, than
that of the
and remote
bearing
control all performed by remote
control.
jacking
force
is
transferred
eccentrically
across
the
barrel
and
the
jacking
force
is
transferred
eccentrically
across
control.
the
joint.
joint.
Locations where jacking is most commonly used is under
Locations
where jacking is most commonly used
roads, railways, waterways or developed areas where
The external
earth
load
barrelisisequal
equal
to smaller
The external
earth
loadon
onthe
the barrel
to or
is under
roads,would
railways,
or developed
excavation
causewaterways
major disruption.
or
smaller
than
the
trench
load
on
a
pipe
bedded
than
the
trench
load
on
a
pipe
bedded
in
a
trench
of same
areas where excavation would cause major disruption.
width
as
the
excavation
(i.e.
the
outside
diameter
in a trench of same width as the excavation (i.e. of the
Length of pipe strings jacked range up to at least 250 m and
pipe plusdiameter
a margin of
for the
over-excavation).
Length
of
pipe
strings
jacked
range
up
to
at
the outside
pipe plus a margin for
longer lengths are readily achievable, but most economical
least range
250 appears
m and
longer
lengths
are
readily
to be 100-120 m.
over-excavation).
The jacking method of installation, therefore, is very efficient
achievable with intermediate jacking stations, but
from an external
of view since
the external
The jacking
methodload
of point
installation,
therefore,
is earth
forcesrange
usuallyappears
range between
1.5 and m.
4 MN but up
most Jacking
economical
to be 100-120
load
is
smaller
than
both
trench
and
embankment
very efficient from an external load point of viewload on
to 30 MN have been used.
pipes of the same diameter under the same height of fill.
Jacking forces usually range between 1200 and
since the external earth load is smaller than both
jacking
straightkN
lines
of even
7000Whilst
kN but
up toin30,000
have
beengrade
used.is the most
trench and embankment load on pipes of the same
common, horizontal as well as vertical curves have also
diameter under the same height of fill.
Whilst jacking in straight lines of even grade is the
been jacked.
The ground
best(peaty)
suitedground
for pipeline
and swampy
is poorlyconstruction
suited as control of
line and
gradeconsists
is extremely
difficult, and
jacking through
through
jacking
of granular
or cohesive
re- quires and
special
excavation
equipment
or the
soils.rock
Quicksand
swampy
(peaty)
ground
is use of
explosives.
poorly suited as control of line and grade is extremely difficult, and jacking through rock requires
special excavation equipment or the use of explosives.
Jacking Pit
Laser
Track
Hydraulic Jacks
Jacking Shield
Jacking
Jacking Design
Design Guidelines
Guidelines
Minimum
Minimum
TestTest
LoadLoad
Minimum
Test
Load
(seeAustralian
AustralianStandard
StandardAS 4058-1992)
(see
(see
Australian
Standard AS 4058-1992)
AS/NZS
4058-2007)
jacking pipes.
on the
the pipes
pipes isis calculated
calculatedfrom
fromthe
The
load We
We on
The earth
earth load
The
earth
load
We
on
the
pipes
is
calculated
from
the
the
following
formula:
following formula:
following formula:
2
We CWe
2cCt-B 2cCtB
where
- CtwB2
twB
We - CtwB2 - 2cCtB
where
where
is the
width
of the
BB is
themaximum
maximum
width
of excavation
the excavation
B isis the
the unit
maximum
width
ofsoil
theabove
excavation
w
weight
of
the
the pipe
ww isisthe
unit
weightofofthethe
soil
above
the pipe
the
unit
weight
soil
above
thevalues
pipe
c is the soil cohesion for which indicative
are given
c c isisthe
soil
cohesion
for
which
indicative
values
the soil
cohesion for which indicative values
are given
in Table
3.1
Ct are
given
in
Table
3.1
in
Table
3.1
is the trench load coefficient graphed in Fig. 3.1
thetrench
trench load
load coefficient
in Fig.
3.1 3.1
the
coefficientgraphed
graphed
in Fig.
CCt
t is is
Type of Soil
Type
Typeof
ofSoil
Soil
CLAY
CLAY
Values of C
Values
of c kPa
Values
kPa of C
kPa
2
2
15
15
50
50
0
0
5
5
15
15
5
5
SOFT
SOFT
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
HARD
HARD
LOOSE
LOOSE
SILTY
SILTY
DENSE
DENSE
SATURATED
SATURATED
SAND
SAND
TOP SOIL
TOP SOIL
Theminimum
minimumtest
testload
load(T.L.)
(T.L.) required
required is:
The
is:
The minimum test load (T.L.) required is:
T.L.
T.L.== W
Wee
T.L. = W
FF e
F
factor which
assumed
to to
F Fisisaa factor
whichcan
canbebe
assumed
F be
is between
a factor 2which
can be assumed
to
and
3
depending
on
the
be between 2 and 3 depending on the
bedegree
between
2 and 3 depending
the
of over-excavation,
withwith
theon the
degree
of
over-excavation,
degree
of over-excavation,
with
the
smaller
value
corresponding
to
the
larger
smaller value corresponding to the larger
smaller
value corresponding
thethe
larger
space between
the excavationtoand
space
between the
excavation and
the
space
between
the excavation and the
outside
of the pipes.
outside of the pipes.
outside of the pipes.
(Refer clause 9.3.3 AS/NZS 3725-2007).
Table
(c)(C)
Table3.1
3.1- -Soil
SoilCohesion
Cohesion
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
ValuesofofC
Values
CttCt
4
4
A - Saturated Clay
Saturated
BA- -Wet
Clay Clay
Wet Clay
CB--Sandy
Clay
Sandy Sand
Clay
DC--Clayey
Clayey
Sand Material
ED- -Loose
Granular
E - Loose Granular Material
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
A
A
20
20
19
19
18
18
17
17
16
16
B
B
C
C
D
D
E
E
3
3
Natural Surface
Natural Surface
2
2
H
H
B
B
1
1
Figure
3.1 -- Trench
Trench LoadCoefficient
Coefficient(C(Ct)
Figure
)
t(Ct)
Figure3.1
3.1 - TrenchLoad
Load Coefficient
Values of H/B
Values of H/B
18
18
Packer
Fig.
3.2special jacking joints have been developed to cater
Many
joint pipesSome
have typical
been successfully
for Normal
various flush
applications.
joints are jacked
shownand
in
Normal
flush joint pipes have been successfully jacked and
Fig.are
3.2suitable for moderate jacking forces.
are suitable
moderate
jacking
forces.
A packer for
must
be applied
as shown
in Fig. 3.2a. It extends
a)
Packer
b)
Packer
Rubber
ring joints
joints are
are included
included where
where watertightness
watertightness
Rubber
ring
3.2c-e).
is
essential
which
is
mainly
in
sewer
and
access tunnel
tunnel
is essential which is mainly in sewer
applications.
Details
incorporating
concrete
sockets
as
InfluencingDetails
these details
are:
applications.
incorporating
concrete socketswell
as
i)
The
magnitude
of
the
jacking
force.
as
stainless
steel
socket-sleeves
have
been
used.
(See
Fig.
well as stainless steel socket-sleeves have been used. (See
ii)
The joint deflection required.
3.2c-e).
Fig.
3.2c-e).
Thejoint
joint deflection
deflection required.
ii)ii)The
required.
The
which tolerances
and of
grade
are
Both
of ease
these with
parameters
depend onon
theline
degree
control
achieved
depends
on the
squareness
the ends
of the
the
Both
of these
parameters
depend
onagain
theof
degree
of control
exercised
over
the operation,
which
depends
on
pipes
as
well
as
the
equipment.
In
this
context
reference
exercised
over of
thethe
operation,
which
again depends on the
sophistication
equipment
available.
should be made
the relevantavailable.
clauses on end squareness
sophistication
of thetoequipment
in Australian Standard AS 4058-1992.
The ease with which tolerances on line and grade are
The
ease depends
with which
tolerances
on line
andends
grade
are
achieved
on the
squareness
of the
of the
achieved
depends
on
the
squareness
of
the
ends
of
the
pipes as well as the equipment. In this context reference
pipes
well
as the
equipment.
In
this on
context
reference
Diameter
Max.
Jacking
Force
shouldasbe
made
to the
relevant clauses
end squareness
should
be
made
to
the
relevant
clauses
on
end
squareness
in Australian Standard
(mm) AS 4058-1992.
(kN)
in Australian Standard AS/NZS 4058-2007.
900
1200
Diameter
Packer
c)
Packer
Packer
Rubber Ring
Rubber Ring
d)
1200
Rubber Ring
1800 Force
Max. Jacking
Diameter
(mm)
1500
(mm)
Max. Jacking
Force (kN)
2200
(kN)
1800
900
2100
1200
3100
1200
7000
1800
1500
2200
1800
3100
2100
7000
Packer
Packer
Steel
Locating Band
Rubber Ring
e)
Packer
When
the operation
jacking operation
the resist6. Whether
is continuousis orstopped
not
7. Lubrication
ance
builds up very quickly in some soils. Jacking
force increases of 20-50% are reported following
When the jacking operation is stopped the resistance builds
delays of as little as 8 hours. Under such circumup very quickly in some soils. Jacking force increases of
stances
pipe
jacking
should
be of
carried
as a
20-50% are
reported
following
delays
as little out
as 8 hours.
continuous
operation whenever
Under such circumstances
pipe jackingpossible.
should be carried out
as a continuous operation whenever possible.
Ground Condition
Jacking Resistance
(kPa)
Ground Condition
Rock
2-3
Boulder Clay
5-18
Firm Clay
5-20
Wet Clay
10-15
Silt
5-20
25-45
In stressing
order to avoid
damage
to the
jointsitdue
to importance
over- stressingto
by the
jacking
force
is of
by the jacking force it is of importance to estimate the stress
estimate the stress concentrations resulting from
concentrations resulting from the angular joint deflections.
angular
joint deflections.
Asthe
a first
approximation
it can be assumed that stress
concentrations about 3 times the joint stress resulting from
As a first approximation it can be assumed that
completely uniform application of the jacking force must be
stress concentrations about 3 times the joint stress
expected.
Without
makingforce
any allowance
forexpected.
margins to cover variations
the jacking
must be
in concrete strength, which is irrelevant having regard to the
approximate
nature ofany
thisallowance
analysis, a uniform
joint stress
of
Without making
for margins
to cover
around
35/3
to
45/3
MPa
or
12
to
15
MPa
can
be
allowed
variations in concrete strength, which is irrelevant
for cast and spun pipes respectively. A more detailed analysis
having regard to the approximate nature of this
has been carried out by Lenz and Moller (Ref. 18) and the
analysis,
a uniform
jointon
stress
around 35/3 to 45/3
following
approach
is based
theirof
development.
It made
is here assumed
that the pipes
pipes are
separated byAelastic
and wet-cast
respectively.
more
packers
of
wood
or
hardboard.
Materials
a high
detailed analysis has been carried out with
by Lenz
and
Poissons ratio like rubber and plastic are not suitable, as
Moller (Ref. 18) and the following approach is
they cause spalling of the joint edges.
Concrete Pipe
Association
of Australasia
JACKING
PIPE GUIDELINES
Figure
5.2
Figure 5.2
Pipe length: L
a = a + L
Where represents the dimensional change.
L
j E = j E + E
j
p
c
a
Ej
Ej =
and:
tj
= j
a
Ep
+ j
tj L
t
Ec
a t Ec
+ Ltj. Ep
jo and
max j
z r
j
jo
jo
2
1
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Figure 5.1
Figure
5.1
a max j
where:
hence:
or in radians:
a jo max j jo
Ej r
z r
and degrees:
180 a jo max j jo
Ej r
z r
a
Ej
Ej
max j
ri r = 0.8
ri r = 0.8
ri r = 0.8
max
tg =
a t Ep Ec
max j
r
ri
r
ri
hence:
max j
= j
packer
jo
j
z r
max
jo
Hence:
and:
ri r = 0.90
max j = 40 MPa
Ej =
Ec = 40 000 MPa
Ep = 150 M Pa
(2000 + 110)110 x
max j
and:
max
8750 x 103
jo
j jo
z r
Ej =
40.0
12.0
85.7 x 1110
16.7
= 1.5
= 97.1 MPa
= 3.2
15 x 12
40.0
= 16.7 MPa
= 12.0 MPa
(2000 +80)80 x
max j
z r
8750 x 103
jo
max j jo
Hence:
jo
= 85.7 MPa
Ej =
= 117.9 MPa
5 x 16.7
117.9 x 1080
would be 0
1000
1080
= 0.93
Ej =
Ec = 40 000 MPa
Ep = 150 MPa
= 132.0 MPa
deflection by 80%.
The preparation of a pipe jacking operation commences with the excavation of the jacking pit -if
is required.
6such
.2 The
JackingThe
Pitpit wall must be reinforced to
withstand the maximum jacking force envisaged.
6.
THEDevelopment
PIPE JACKING TECHNIQUE
6.1
6.1 he
Development
mechanisation in the last couple of decades,
and in later years the automation of pipe jack-
The
mechanisation
in the lastaims:
couple of decades, and in
ing has
had the following
later years the automation of pipe jacking has had the following
i) To aims:
reduce the labour content of the operation.
i)ii)To To
reduce
the labour
content over
of thethe
operation.
increase
the control
operations.
ii) To increase the control over the operations.
iii) To allow the jacking of pipes 800 mm and less
iii) To allow the
of pipes
800 mm
and less in diam6.jacking
THE PIPE
JACKING
TECHNIQUE
in diameters.
eters.
While
it iseffort
relatively
design will
bearing
the jack
andeasy
ramto travel
be areas,
lost ingrillages,
overpiles, or ground anchors to resist the jacking loads, defleccoming become
elastic deformations.
Deflections can cause
tion 6can
a major
problem. If insufficient rigidity is
.2 Theloads
Jacking
Pit jack
eccentric
to
the
base
head
with
available, some of the jack effort and or
ramram
travel
will be
lost
subsequent
seal
failure,
fracture
of
the
jack
body
in
overcoming
elastic
deformations.
Deflections
can
cause
The
preparation
of
a
pipe
jacking
operation
commences
6.1 Development
Reports of operations
carried out 40 or more years
with the
excavation
ofjack
the base
jacking
pitram
-if such
is required.
eccentric
loads
theram.
head
with subseor bending
ofto
the
(Ref or
1).
Reports of operations carried out 40 or more years ago refer
Theseal
pit wall
mustfracture
be reinforced
to withstand
theor
maximum
ago
refer
to
advances
per
shift
around
1.5
m.
Toquent
failure,
of
the
jack
body
bending of
The
mechanisation
in
the
last
couple
of
decades,
and
in
to advances per shift around 1.5 m. Today with a 3-4 man
jacking
force
envisaged.
laterman
years crew
the automation
of pipe jacking
has
had the folWhere
the
jacking
operation
is
under
an
embankthe
ram.
(Ref
1).
day
with
a
3-4
of
experienced
men
2.5-5
crew of experienced men 2.5-5 m/shift are achieved on avlowing aims:
ment
a pitit isisrelatively
not required
and bearing
the reaction
may be
While
easy to design
areas, grillages,
erage
with
of content
10-15,
even
higher
m/shift
arepeak
achieved
average
with
peak
perfori) Toperformance
reduce on
the labour
ofand
the
operation.
outputs
diameters
ii) smaller
To increase
the control
over the
operations.
mance for
of the
10-15,
and
even
higher
outputs
for the
Where
the
jacking
operation
is under
an embankment
a pit
ground anchors
resist
the jacking
loads,
piles,
taken
byoranchors
sunktointo
the
ground
or deflecthrough
is
not
required
and
the
reaction
may
be
taken
by
anchors
tion
can
become
a
major
problem.
If
insufficient
rigidity
is
iii) To allow the jacking of pipes 800 mm and less in diam-rods anchored at the far side of the embankment.
smaller diameters
of theor
jack
effort and
ramanchored
travel will be
sunkavailable,
into thesome
ground
through
rods
atlost
the far
Similarly layingeters.
tolerances have improved. Acceptable tolerLaunching
pad
or
guide
rails
are
constructed
alin
overcoming
elastic
deformations.
Deflections
can
cause
side
of
the
embankment.
Launching
pad
or
guide
rails
are
ance
specifications
range from 30-100
mm in both
vertical
Similarly
laying
tolerances
have
improved.
Accepteccentric
loads
tobe
theaccurately
jack base or ram
head with
subselowing
pipes
to
aligned
in
direction
Reports
of operations
carried
out 40 or more
years ago refer
constructed
allowing
pipes
to
be
accurately
aligned
in
direcand
directions,
and tolerances
actually
achieved
quent seal failure, fracture of the jack body or bending of
ablehorizontal
tolerance
specifications
range
30-100
to advances
per shift around
1.5from
m. Today
with a 3-4 man
andthe
grade.
tion
and
grade.
ram.
(Ref 1).
range from 10-20 mm.
of experienced
men 2.5-5 m/shift
are achieved
mm in both crew
vertical
and horizontal
directions,
and on av-
latter
can
be further
byshield
providing
one or
pipe
is equipped
with enhanced
a sharp edged
which serves
Depending
on the
typetop
soil
andthethe
of pipe
groundmore
in
the
segment
ofpresence
the opening.
thebaffles
two-fold
purpose
ofofreducing
resistance
to the
conveyors
steering devices has resulted.
steering devices
hasand
resulted.
water
thesethe
precautions
may betheinadequate
andspilling
chemical
entering
soil and minimizing
quantity of soil
into the pipe.
latter
can
be
bypresence
providstabilization,
freezing
and
compressed
air atthe
the
face of the
Depending
onThethe
type
offurther
soil enhanced
and
ing one or
more
in
the top
segment unscheduled
of the opening.entry
excavation
have
allbaffles
been
used
to prevent
of groundwater
these
precautions
may be inadof
soil
into
the
work
area.
equate
and onchemical
stabilization,
freezing
Depending
the type of soil
and the presence
of ground-and
The shield
may also
be equipped
with individual
jacks which
water these
precautions
and chemical
compressed
air
at the may
facebeofinadequate
the excavation
have
allowstabilization,
it to be tilted
andand
thereby
making
to the
freezing
compressed
air atadjustment
the face of the
all been
used
toallprevent
entryentry
of soil
excavation
have
been Fig.
usedunscheduled
to prevent unscheduled
direction
of
jacking.
(See
6.1).
soil into
thearea.
work area.
intoofthe
work
it to may
be tilted
and be
thereby
making adjustment
to the
Theallow
shield
also
equipped
with individual
direction of jacking. (See Fig. 6.1).
jacks which allow it to be tilted and thereby making
10
6.5 Excavation
the rear pipe section acts as anchor for the reaction tojacking
the jacking
force
pressing
the(e.g.
front
Although
rates are
relatively
slow
0.3section
m/hr.)
forward.
power
operated jacks should be used to avoid the uneven
(1) a handcart
(2) conveyor belt
(3) small machines
Removal of spoil is usually with
Handcarts are commonly used in the smaller pipes.
(1) a handcart
Providing the pipe slope is not severe and the pipe
(2) conveyor belt
is kept
reasonably clean quite heavy loads (1-2
(3)
small machines
Conveyor
arelengths.
an excellent
means
adjustingbelts
flight
(Ref
1). of transferring material. As the pipe-line is continually increasing the conveyors
Where
is adjusting
a seriousflight
problem
commust
havegroundwater
quick means of
lengths.
(Ref
1).
pressed air has been used to counterbalance the
Where
groundwater
is a behind
serious problem
compressed
chamber
immediately
the cutting
face orair
has been used to counterbalance the water pressure either
for smaller diameters by pressurizing the whole
by creating a compression chamber immediately behind
pipeline.
also
rotatingbycutting
headsthe
the
cutting Here
face or
foraugers
smaller or
diameters
pressurizing
are
used.
In
the
latter
case
the
pressure
on
the
whole pipeline. Here also augers or rotating cuttingcutheads
ting
head
may
be case
applied
by the on
grout
pressure
are
used.
In the
latter
the pressure
the cutting
head
being
behind
the head.
applied by the
grout pressure
being maintained bemay
be maintained
hind the head.
must
be made
for both
a considerable
When
jacking
from only
one position
the jackingjoint
forcegap
increases
with
the
length
of
the
section
jacked.
It
is
thereto be developed without the joint coming out of
forealignment
usual when
jacking
long linesjacks
to introduce
intermediand
for hydraulic
to be accommoatedated
jackingwithin
stations
where
theofforce
is introduced
the
edges
the pipe
wall. between
the pipes thus reducing the maximum force required. In this
case
rearinstances
pipe section
acts
as anchorhas
for been
the reaction
to
Inthe
some
this
approach
used to
thethe
jacking
force
pressing
the
front
section
forward.
extent that all jacking except of the last 2-3
pipes to have entered the line is done from inter-
Control of Operation
Consistent control of direction and grade is essential, a task which in recent years has been vastly
simplified by the use of laser beams. The level and
direction of the progress of the pipeline should be
Fig. 6.2 (b) shows the correction having been implemented
plotted
in stage
order
to allow
earlymore
adjustments
as
at
an earlier
resulting
in a much
accurate operainstant
correction
to
direction
of
jacking
cannot
be
tion than in Fig. 6.2 (a).
made.
6.7
6.7Safety
Safety
Pipe jacking projects like all operations below ground rePipe jacking projects like all operations below
quire careful attention to safety requirements. Poisonous
ground
require
careful by
attention
to safety
requiregases
whether
generated
the equipment
used
or emaments.from
Poisonous
gases whether
generated
nating
the soil excavated
must be
removed, by
andthe
meequipment
used or
emanating
from the
soilregard
exca-to
chanical
equipment
must
be well screened
having
the
cramped
conditions
often
existing onequipprojects
vated
must working
be removed,
and
mechanical
of
this
nature.
ment must be well screened having regard to the
A.
Start of Correction
Result of Correction
Deviation
Design Centre Line
Start of Correction
B.
Result of Correction
12
ENGLISH
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
AUSTRALIAN
AUSTRALIAN
GERMAN
AMERICAN
AMERICAN
13
www.cpaa.asn.au