The Little Conspirator

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1
Journal of the Center for Conflict Studies, University of New Brunswik
2
The little conspirator translated by Roman M. Boreyko and Andre
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3
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5 (Regis Debre)
6 (Franz Fanon)
7 (Carlos Marighella)
8 (Solidarity)
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10
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qd k w J h Oya'qd k i f & m ta=umif ; tcsuf a wG u d k &ygvd r f h r ,f ? wwd ,
yd k i f ; ud k zwf + yD ; &if a wmh 'D p mtk y f a v;yg ta=umif ; t&mawG u d k
em;vnf a tmif }ud K ;pm;oif h w ,f q d k w m od v mygvd r f h r ,f ?
rmwd u m
(u) b,f v d k y k e f u ef & rv

rvJJ (vuf o pf r sm;ES i f h 0 g&if h r sm; tm;vH k ;
twG u f vrf ; !$ e f ) 13
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• ajratmuf
• ukr% R D
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• tdk; (axmifacsmuf)
13
How to conspire: A Guidebook for both beginners and the advanced.
• pD;eif;jcif;
• axmifwGif;b0
• emusifr_
• qdkAD,ufyHkpHoGif;jcif;
• a=umuf&GH@r_
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(c) Ed k i f i H o m;ES i f h v#d K @0S u f y k v d y f 14
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(*) ppf a =uma&; upm;yG J } uD ; 15
(*) &nf ! $ e f ; pmpk p m&if ; 16
14
The Citizens VS the Secret Police
15
The Interrogation Game
16
The Biblography
b,fvdkykefuef&rvJ
(yd k v ef & S d qd k A D , uf u G e f j rLepf qef @ usif a &;wd k u f y G J . )
rl v Zpf j rpf
tcsKd @aomydv
k efvrl sKd ;rsm;tzd@k awmh teDawGuq kd ef@usiw
f w
hJ u kd yf [
JG m ydv
k ef
udk qdkAD,ufawG0ifodrf;wJh (1944) uwnf;u pcJhwmyg? tjcm;olawG
twGuf uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;wdkufyGJ[m (1956) ‘ydkvefatmufwdkbm
awmfvSefa&;’rSm pcJhygw,f? 'DvdkbJ‘tmpl;’eJ@‘&m'Gef;’17 rSm ZGeftvkyf
orm; &dumQ vkyaJG wGjzpfwhJ (1976) xd 'Dpnf;&H;k r_ r&Sad o;wJv h y_ &f mS ;r_xuJ kd
vlawG 0ifvmrpJ &Sdygao;w,f?
tcsdK@aomolawGtwGufawmh aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@
(aqmfvpf'g&wD)18 udk pwifarG;zGm;vdkufwJhae@u p+yD; 'Dv_yf&Sm;r_}uD; p
ygw,f? tvm;wlbJ tcsdK@olawGtwGufawmh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;Zm&lZJpuD;19
u ppftkyfcsKyfa&;a=unmvkduf wJh(1981)'DZifbm(13)&ufu 'Dv_yf&Sm;r_
udk pcJhygw,f?
b,fvdkbJjzpfjzpf/ b,fvdkbJ pygcJh ygcJh/ aocsmwmuawmh 'D
=urRmiifwhJ 'DZifbmw&ufrmS bJ ykeu f efrj_ zpfawmhr,fqw kd hJ todukd tm;
vHk;bJ&cJhygw,f? tJ'Dtcdkuftwef@av;rSmbJ ydkvefvl@tzGJ@tpnf;[m
a=umuf&GH@r_wHwdkif;}uD;udkausmfjzwfEdkifcJh+yD;‘v#dK@0SufwJhajratmufv_yf&Sm;
17 Ursus and Radom
18 (Solidarity)
19 (General Jaruzelski)
r_w&yfuom vGyfvyfa&;udk t&,lay;Edkifw,f’ qdkwm b,fol@udkrS
ajzmif;zsajymaep&m rvdkawmhygbl;? ‘'Denf;vrf;eJ@om vGwfvyfwJh vlr_
taqmuftOD;awGudk wnfwef@aeapvdrfhr,f? nwGif;csif; +zdKzsufjcif;cH&
r,fh tE W&m,fu uif;a0;apvdrfhr,f’vdk@ ,Hk=unfapcJhygw,f?
‘teDawGeJ@ywfoufvm&if b,fawmhrS av#mhrwGufygeJ@’?
udk,fhzufu tav#mhay;p&m/ temcHp&m&Sdwmudktenf;qHk; jzpfatmif
*&kpdkufyg? olwdk@odwJh Oya' wckbJ&Sdw,f?‘vufwacsmif;&&if/ vufw
zufvHk; & &r,fwJh’? olwdk@udk vufwacsmif;ay;vdkuf&if oifudk,fwdkif
rodvdkufcifrSmbJ vufwzufvHk; ygawmhr,f?
ydv
k efjynfyek u
f efrj_ zpfpOf[m tm%mydik af wGe@J olw@kd &v
hJ y_ &f mS ;
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olwdk@vufrSwfxdk;xm;wJh zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udkawmif vdkufemwm
r[kwb f ;l ? 'gwifvm;qdak wmh r[kwaf o;bl;? ajrwdu k cf ef;awGrxm;&bl;
qdkwJh ykvdyf!$ef=um;csufawGudkvnf; vdkufemwmr[kwfbl;?
ajratmu
ajratmuff 20
(tpnf ; t&H k ; )
tºuGif;rJ@ v#dK@0Suf}uHpnfa&;(ykefuefa&;)qdkwJh t,ltq[m

tm;vHk;odwJh pHjyyHkpHyg? tJ'guawmh tzrf;cH&rSmpdk;vdk@ tcef;usOf;av;xJ
wcg;ydwfae+yD;? bmrSrvkyfwJhenf;yg? aemufwcku ajratmufcef;xJrSm
ae/ urBmtESH@ t&yfav;rsufESmudk qufom;awG v$wfaewJhvluvnf;
20
Underground (Organization)
ykeuf efa&;vkyvf @kd r&yg? wu,fv h #Kd @0u
S }f uHpnfa&;orm;[m ykvyd u f tvdk
&Sd aewJhol rjzpfap&bl;? ‘aemufa,mifcHtvdkufcHae&ol’ rjzpfap&bl;?
UB (ydkvefv#dK@0SufykvdyfwyfzGJ@)21u ol@ta=umif;bmrSrodolom jzpf&
r,f? t&yf0wf v#Kd @0u S yf v
k yd wf yfz@JG 0ifawGe@J wtdrx f J txyfcaJG e+yD;/ tvkyf
vkyfEdkifolomjzpf&r,f?
ajratmuftpnf;t&Hk;av;wckudk oif pwifwnfaxmif+yD
qdkwmeJ@ ta&;t}uD;qHk;u yxr oifeJ@twlwGJzuf}uHpnf(ykefuef)r,fh
olawGudkoifh&Jht&if; ESD;qHk;rdwfaqGawGxJu &SmazGyg? 'DvlawG[m oif
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmodcJhol aemufa=umif;&Sif;olawGjzpf&ygr,f? oifhajr
atmuftaqmuftOD;av;udk tajccHwnfaqmufrd+yDqdkwmeJ@ aemuf
vkyf&rJhtvkyfu tjcm;ajratmuftpkrsm;eJ@qufoG,frdzdk@yg? wu,f ppf
rSefwJhajratmuftzGJ@tpnf;wckr&SdbJeJ@ q&m}uD;*dkuf rzrf;ygeJ@? tJ'Dvdk
vkyfrd&if wu,fr&SdwJh pdwful;,OfqefwJh ajratmuftaqmuftOD;udk
zefwD;rdvsufom;jzpfaevdrfhr,f? oifhvdkbJ pdwful;xJrSmom ajratmuf
taqmuftOD;&SdwJholawGeJ@ qufoG,frdvsufom;jzpfaevdrfhr,f?
vdwk mu vH@k v/ 0D&, d &Sw
d /hJ &d;k om;r_&wdS hJ vlwa,mufyg? 'Dvkd
vlrsKd ;u ajratmuftaqmuftOD;udk wnfaqmufrzd @kd vykd gw,f? 'gayr,fh
tJ'Dt&m&Sdvm+yDqdkwmeJ@ tcsdefeJ@pGrf;tm;awGtrsm;}uD;oHk;+yD;/ tppf
trSefeJ@ pdwful;,Ofr_udk cGJjcm;Edkif&r,f? tvkyfjzpfwJh tzGJ@tpnf;wckjzpf
vmatmif }udK;yrf;&r,f?
qmrmqD,mwdu k yf }JG uD;22udv k al wGrarh=uao;ayr,fh wu,f
21
Polish Secret Police
22
Samosierra (pydefu$sef;qG,fppfyGJrSm
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awmif=um;u tcdik t
f cef@vyk x
f m;wJt
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k cf u
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toufpeG @f vyk o f mG ;wJh oluawmh odyrf rsm;vSygb;l ? 'ga=umifh oifh vlrsm;
eJ@ oifudk,fwdkif&Jh vHk+cHKa&;udk owdxm;zdk@vdkygw,f?
ajratmufvyk if ef;udk pwmeJ@}uHK&wwfwmu tajccHjyifqif
a&;vkyif ef;awGukd rvkyEf ikd af wmhwmyg? bmbJjzpfjzpf ckvkd tajccHowdr&l
r,fhtcsufawGudk rvkyfrdwm[m vlxk}uD;&Jhar#mfrSef;csufudk tcsdefrD jznfh
qnf;ray;Edkifwmxuf tE W&m,fydkrsm;ygw,f?
jynfolvlxkeJ@ waoG;wnf;wom;wnf;&Sda=umif; jywmudk
b,fypkH eH @J rqdk ajratmuftzG@J tpnf;uae }udKqdo k ifyh gw,f? wdwq f wd af e
wJh vlrsm;pk}u;D u usaemfw@kd e@J twl &Sad ew,fqw kd yhJ pkH H jzpfz@kd vnf;vdyk gw,f?
'gayr,fh olw@u kd akd wmh 'Dvkd v#Kd @0uS v f yk if ef;xJ qGrJ oGi;f yge@J ? rsKd ;csppf w
d "f gwf
ta=umif;a&;xm;wJh 0wˆKawGrSmom 'grsdK;udk awG@&ygvdrfhr,f?
ajratmufawmfveS af &;orm;awG }uHK&avh&w dS hJ tajccHtrSm;
(2)ck&w dS ,f? yxrwcku ud, k u hf , kd uf kd }uD;us,af tmifvyk w f m? }uD;us,f
w,fvdk@xifaewm? ajratmufawmfvSef;a&;orm;rSm 'Da&m*gpGJuyfoGm;
&if vlxkaxmufcHr_udk qHk;&_H;&awmhr,f? aemuftrSm;u ‘trSefwu,f
pGef@pGef@pm;pm;vkyfzdk@ jyifqifxm;wJholu tenf;pkav;bJ&Sdwmudk ar@+yD;
vlxkudk t&rf;xifxm;wm’jzpfw,f?
ajratmuftpk[m ukodkvfjzpftzGJ@tpnf;r[kwfyg? ydkif;jzwf
r_&wdS hJ vlwpf&mu w0ufwysuo f m pdw0f ifpm;wJh vlwa,muf&hJ aponfh
u|ef/ xGefonfh EGm;/ jzpf&efrvdkyg? olwdk@[m b,favmufbJ&dk;om;onf
jzpfap/ olw@kd &phJ nf;pdrOf pPm udak wmh rpGe@f vw $ vf ykd g? olw@kd ru l ‘cifAsm;wd@k u
*k%foduQmeJ@aew,f/ usaemfwdk@u ZdrfeJ@aer,f’
uk r ` % D 23
(ajratmuf t pk o nf pD ; yG m ;a&;vk y f i ef ; }uD ; wck E S i f h w l o nf )
ajratmuftpkonf aocsmusepGm pnf;&Hk;zGJ@pnf;xm;rSom

pnf;vH;k nD!w G pf mG / xda&mufpmG tvkyv f yk Ef ikd rf ,f? wOD;csi;f pD atmufajc
u pwifzGJ@pnf;&r,f? EdkifiHa&;tjrif uGJvGJayr,fh ydkvefjynf}uD; vGwf
ajrmufa&;qdkwJh bHkOD;wnfcsufeJ@ vGwfvyfaom/ tm%mydkifpdk;aom vlr_
tzGJ@tpnf;wpfck jzpfvmap&r,f?
'kw, d urBmppftwGi;f wyfwiG ;f ajratmufvyk if ef;[m yd&rpf
yHpk aH 'giv
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kd zf @JG pnf;xm;[ef&adS yrJv h nf; trSepf ifppfvw G vf yfaom‘ukr% ` D
rsm;’&Jh vkyfief;t&qufpyfxm;wJh pkaygif;tzGJ@tpnf;wckom jzpfw,f?
ukr`%Dtcsif;csif;t=um; vlxkaxmufcHr_&zdk@eJ@}uD;xGm;zdk@
,SOf+ydKifwm[m ajratmuftzGJ@tpnf;vHk+cHKr_udk tE W&m,fvnf;rjzpfap
Edik /f xdvnf; rxdcu kd Ef ikd /f od@k aomf xdcu
kd af pwm/ tE &W m,frsm;apwm[m
uGJvGJwJh/ usifh0wfeJ@ rnD!GwfwJh/ w&m;enf;vrf;ruswJh +ydKifqdkifr_omjzpf
w,f? tJ'Djzpf&yfrsdK; 'kwd,urBmppf twGif;ujzpfcJhzl;w,f?
ajratmuftpnf;t&Hk;&Jh Oya'o[m tpki,fu }uD;rm;wJh
vkyfief;udk vkyfEdkifw,fqdkwmjzpfygw,f? tpk[m udk,fydkifvGwfvyfcGifh&Sd
avav acsre_ ;f cH&zd@k tcGit hf vrf;enf;avav/ jy\em enf;avav jzpfyg
w,f? jyifytquftoG,af &m tpkwiG ;f tquftoG,u f ykd g tenf;qH;k jzpf
atmif vkyfxm;&r,f?
pepfusewJh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;}uD;wckvdkbJ oD;oef@uvmyf
23
The Company
pnf;wckpD[m ukefacsmudk wjcm;ukr`%Drsm;odk@ tenf;qHk; tquf
toG,ef @J ay;yd@k &r,f? 'g[m oift h pktwGuaf um/ tjcm;tpkrsm;twGuyf g
tE &W m,frusa&mufz@kd jzpfygw,f? ajratmuftpkrmS usKd ;a=umif;qDavsmf
wJh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;}uD;rsm;&Jh pDrHcef@cGJr_enf;pepfawG usifhoHk;zdk@vdkygw,f?
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ajratmuftpk[m ukr`%DwckvdkbJ }uD;xGm;vmwJhtcg/
ukr% ` cD aJG wG vdv
k mw,f? &Sv d m&w,f? 'gukd bmvd@k vq
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tajccHatmufajc,lepfu p&r,f? (t&if rd;k ysw H uUov kd f24 yHpk v
H bkd J tajc
taeu vdktyfvm+yDqdkwm aocsmawmhrS ausmif;oHk;pmtkyfawG&dkufzdk@
yHEk ydS pf ufawGaxmif/ 'DyEkH ydS f pufawGubJ w&m;r0if ausmif;oH;k pmtkyaf wG
twGuf pm=unfhwdkufawG axmifcJh =uw,f?)
oD;oef@uvmyfpnf;opfwck/ ur`%DcGJwckaxmifzdk@ vdk+yDqdk
wmudk A[dck sKyfuikd rf p_ epft& txufu qH;k jzwf&r,fqw kd t
hJ ,ltq[m
usaemfwdk@ acwf+ydKif ydkveftawG;tac:awGxJ qdkAD,ufyHkpHtoGif;cHxm;
&wmudkjywJh rSm;,Gif;wJh/ yHkpHuswJh/ azmfjycsufwckbJ?
tvm;wltrSm;u vlr_w&m;r#wr_qdkwJh ta=umif;jycsufeJ@
t&m&m tnDtr#cGJa0a&;oabmw&m;bJ? ajratmufvkyfief;rSm vHk+cHK
a&; onfom t"du/ vlr_w&m;r#wr_ r[kwfbl;?
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}uD; wa,mufxJ&Jh uvmyfpnf;r[kwf? tH0SufawGvkyfzdk@ vuform;
wa,muf udk & xm;+yD qdkygpdk@? tJ'Dvuform;udk wjcm;uvmyfpnf;
awGxH tvm;wl vkyif ef;vkyzf @kd v$aJ y;&ef rvdyk g? olwa,mufxu J trsm;
24
Flying University
}uD;odoGm;&if oltzrf;cH&wJhtcg trsm;}uD;'kuQay;vdrfhr,f?
ajratmuf,lepfwck[m vkyfief;p+yDqdkwmeJ@ acgif;aqmifr_
tzGJ@[m rvdktyfwJhjyifytquftoG,ftm;vHk;udkjzwf+yD; tenf;qHk;om
xm;&S&d r,f? v#Kd @0u S yf v
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ukr`%DawGudk zsufqD;ypfzdk@bJ? olvkyfEdkifwJhenf;u (2) enf;&Sdw,f? yxr
wcku uvmyfpnf;acgif;aqmifpktzGJ@udkawG@atmif&Sm? 'Dvludk aemuf
a,mifcH+yD;/ w+rHKvHk;udkzrf;qdkwJhenf;? aemufwenf;u ayG;arG;+yD; udk,fxJ
xnfhxm;? 'DayG;u wpHkw&mwm0ef&SdwJhae&mudk a&muf+yD; tawmfrsm;
rsm;od+yDqdkrS 'kuQay;wJhenf;?
bmbJjzpfjzpf ajratmufpnf;urf;awGudk vkdufemyg? rawmf
wq zrf;rdwmav;u w+rHKvHk;zrf;rdwmrsdK; rjzpfoifhyg?
aemuf w csuf u acgif ; aqmif r _ u d k rd o G m ;+yD q d k & if a wmif
uvmyfpnf;u qufvy_ &f mS ;Edik &f r,f? 'grsKd ;[m qdAk , D ufypkH rH [kwwf hJ tzG@J
tpnf;awGrSmom jzpfEdkifw,f? tv,fqifheJ@ atmuftqifhu qHk;jzwf
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tpnf;wckv;kH b,favmuftxd qdAk , D ufypkH H toGi;f cHxm;&ovJqw kd m
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uk e f p nf 25
b,fae&mrSmrS tpxGufraerS ykefuefr_vkyfief;[m acsmarG@

25
Merchandise
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bJjzpfjzpf/ tpnf;ta0;vkyfwmbJjzpfjzpf 'Dtwdkif;bJ jzpf&r,f? v#dK@0Suf
awG@qykH w JG ckvyk zf @kd tcdse/f ae&m/ vlO;D a& pwmawGukd }udK+yD;owfrw S x f m;
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f ,f? arh
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tckvdk ysufpD;usqHk;aewJh uGefjrLepf0g' acwf}uD;rSm(1940)ck
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usaemfwdk@ ydkvefajratmufawmfvSefa&;orm;awGrSm yxrrsdK;qufbJ?'D
t&omudk cHpm;yg? oifh tcsdefudk aumif;pGmtoHk;csyg?
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OD;‘*’ uwqifh pDpOfcdkif;w,fqdkygpdk@? OD;‘*’ udk OD;‘u’u OD;‘c’udk awG@
csifygw,f cifAsvdk@ oGm;ajym+yD;tcsdefrjzKef;ygeJ@? OD;‘*’udk 'kwd, t}udrf
xyfawG@r,fh tpm;/ OD;‘c’ udkawG@+yD; wcgxJ tpDtpOfudkajymyg?
'gayr,fh OD;‘u’u OD; ‘c’udk awG@csiw f t hJ a=umif;ajymwJt
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wm&Sd&if xyf+yD;twnfjyKcsuf,lzdk@ rvdkyg? 'grsdK;udka&Smif&Sm;Edkifzdk@ t&H
ae&meJ@tcsdefudk oif yxrqufoG,f&r,fhyk*~dKvfudk ajympOfuwnf;u
wcgxaJ y;xm;vdu k yf g? 'Dawmh 'Dvt
kd pnf;ta0;rsKd ;twGuf erlem owif;
ydk@csufyHkpHu -- "OD; ‘u’onf OD; ‘c’udk =umoyaw;ae@ nae(5)em&D
(10)rdepf/ orw 0Dvfqifvrf;/ tjynfjynfqdkif&m owif;axmufuvyf
a&S@/ ,cif yJ&pfbHktzGJ@&ifjyif awG@qHkrnf/ olonf b,fzuf*sdKif;=um;wGif
jynfol@oHawmfqifhowif;pm26udk nSyfvmrnf? t&Hae@&ufrSm aom=um
ae@jzpfonf?"
b¾ma&; 2 7
ud,k u
f sKd ;pGe@f wmwd@k / apwemh0efxrf;vkyt f m;ay;wd@k qw kd mawG
[m uGefjrLepfpepf&Jh ajcmuftdyfrufawGbJ? vHk;0O\Hk udk,fusdK;rzufbl;
qdw k m vufawG@e@J ajAmif;jyefb?J 'g[m yHzk sux f m;wJh &nfreS ;f csuw f ckxuf
bmrSrydkbl;/ udk,fusdK;=unfhr_&Jh tqdk;qHk;yHkpHvnf;jzpfw,f? odrfi,fpdwf
&Sd+yD; xHkxdkif;wJholwOD; oHk;wJh rsufESmzHk;bJ? 'DvdkvlrsdK;rSm qifajcawGtrsm;
}uD;bJ? tvkyaf emufus&if "wae@v;kH wnvH;k [d[ k 'kd 'D D ajy;v$m;ae&vd@k yg
Asm"vd@k ajymr,f? yHEk ydS w f m[efrus&if "usaemf [mu|r;f usiw f hJ pufq&m
rS r[kwfwmAsm"vdk@ajymr,f? tpnf;ta0;wckudk aumif;aumif;rpDpOf
Edik &f if "usaemfu pm;zdk@aomufzdk@ aiG&Sm&ao;w,fAs"vd@k qifajcay;r,f/
26
People's Tribune
27
Finance
'DvdkAsL&dkua&pDtao;pm;^mOf&SdwJhol[m'kuQbJay;vdrfhr,f? rm&S,fyDvf
qwfpuD; (Marshal Pilsudski)u wcgajymzl;w,f "olwdk@[m ydkvef
jynf}uD;vGwv f yfz@kd aiG(2)qifeh @J aoG;(2)puf avmufbu J sr,fqrkd S 'Dwu
kd yf JG
xJ ygvdrfhr,fwJh?"
ajratmufvkyfief;rSm tE W&m,f=um;oif v_yf&Sm;ae&wm
[m rsdK;cspfpdwfa=umifhbJ? tvkyfvkyfwmuawmh 0rf;a&;twGufjzpfae&
r,f? uGefjrLepfawG[m usaemfwdk@EdkifiHrSm tvkyfusifh0wfudkzsufqD;ypfcJh
=u+yD? vlawGukd oDcsi;f av;wyk'af vmuf/ ausmav;wcsuf oyf&akH vmufe@J
twif;t=uyftvkyfvkyfcdkif;=uw,f? tusdK;qufuawmhvlawG[m
tvkyfudk b,fvdk}udK;}udK;pm;pm; vkyf&r,fqdkwm arhoGm;=uwmbJ?
usaemfw@kd vGwv f yfwhJ ukr% ` &D hJ uvyfpnf;awGuawmh tckvkd vle@J ypPn;f
awGudk tavvGifhrcHEdkifbl;?
aiGa=u;eJ@ywfoufvdk@ aqmifh=uGm;=uGm;EdkifvSwJht,ltq/
taygpm;qefwhJ ajymqdrk u _ -- "usaemfw@kd u tjrwf&zd@k vyk af ewm r[kwf
bl;"qdkwmbJ? 'gu tusdK;rJ@wJh/ obm0ruswJhudpPbJ? wae@vHk; aumif;
aumif ; tvk y f v k y f + yD ; &if xk d u f o if h w J h v k y f c awmh &oif h w maygh ? vl
wa,muftaeeJ@ aexdkifEdkifzdk@vHkavmufwJh0ifaiGawmh&Sd oifhwmaygh?
teDawGuawmh usaemfw@kd ukd CIA u axmufyahH ew,fv@kd t+rpJ yG pf JG aewm
bJ? wu,fawmh jynfwiG ;f eJ@jynfyuydv k efvrl sKd ;awGu vGwv f yfa&;ta&;
awmfyt kH wGuf usaemfw@kd uakd xmufyahH ewmyg? olw@kd uusaemfw@kd ukd ajypm
awG =unfch siw f ,fv@kd vJ rajymbl;? yHpk aH wGu(kd 3)rlpD jznf&h r,fvnf; rajym
bl;? aiGawGudk tusdK;&SdatmifoHk;zdk@eJ@ r#r#ww oHk;zdk@bJajymw,f? olwdk@
awmif;qdkwmu &dk;om;r_&Sdzdk@bJ? usaemfwdk@&Jh udk,fydkifrSwfwrf;twGuf
+rDpm;+rD&Sifvufusef&Sif;wrf;wck vkyfxm;zdk@avmufbJajymw,f?
tpnf ; ta0;rsm; 28
yHkrSeftm;jzifh tpnf;ta0;rsm;udk rdrd ae&mr[kwfonfh =um;

aet&yfwckwGifom jyKvkyfoifhonf? oif aumif;pGmodaomae&m/ oif
,H=k unfpw d cf s&olrsm; &So
d nfah e&mjzpfygap? oift h rd yf wf0ef;usiYf tpnf;
ta0;jyKvkyfjcif;onf trSm; wckjzpfonf? ‘rodfwmudk razmfEdkif’qdkonfh
qdk&dk;pum;onf ,ckwdkifrSefuefqJjzpfonf? udpP&yfwckcsif;twGuf =um;
cHtquftoG,rf sm;udk tenf;qH;k jzpfap&rnf? qdv k o kd nfrmS oif OD;‘u’
ESifhvrf;av#mufoGm;pOf rawmfwq OD;‘c’ESifh qHkonfqdkygpdk@? ol@udk
ESKwfquf&ef/ awG@a=umif;jy&ef rvdyk g? OD;‘u’onf OD;‘c’ESihf od&ef rvdyk g?
tvm;wlvrf;ay:&SdwpHkwOD;ESifh rar#mfvifhbJqHkrdonfqdkygpdk@? xdkoludk
vnf; ajr atmufv_yf&Sm;r_wGif yg0ifaeonf[k oifodxm;onfqdkygpdk@?
olu zdwfac:onfh vuQ%m xifxif&Sm;&Sm;rjybJ/ ol@tem;udkruyf yg
ESi?hf 'gro
S m olonf udp&P yfwckEiS o hf mG ;aeonf (od@k ) aemuf a,mifcv H u kd cf H
ae&onfudk oif odrnfjzpfonf?
a,bl,stm;jzifh tpnf;ta0;rwdkifrD vlxlaomae&mrSm
ueOD; rsufvHk;csif;qHkrdatmifvkyfyg? oifhudk ol rSwfrd+yDqdkwm aocsmrS
bwfpfum; (odk@) "gwf&xm;udk wufpD;yg? olu oifhaemufudk vdkufvm
vdrrhf nf?
tajymif;tvJtaejzifh oifu vrf;avsmufoGm;vdk[ef
aqmifI bwfpu f m;rSwwf ikd rf S xGuv f u kd yf g? tquftoG,u f oifah emuf
udkvdkufvmvdrfhrnf?
28
Meetings
ta&;}uD;aomtpnf;ta0;rSefor#at;aq;IvHk+cHKaom
ywf0ef;usif/ pdwfcs&aom tdrf vdktyfonf? rSwfpkvdkufEdkifaom/ ypPnf;
vJEdkifaomae&mjzpf&rnf? vlwdkif;u cdk;em;axmifwJhu&d,mudk a=umuf
=uw,f? 'gu wu,fawmh v#Kd @0u S yf v
k yd wf yfz@JG [m yHrk eS t
f m;jzifh trsm;od
+yD;wJh pk&Hk;wwfwJhae&mawGrSmbJ xm;wwfygw,f? 'Dvdkae&mawGudk roHk;
oifhwmxif&Sm;vSygw,f?
bmbJjzpfjzpfcdk;em;axmifwJhud&d,mwyfxm;apOD; ta&;}uD;
wJh tpnf;ta0;awG vkyfEdkifygw,f? vdktyfwmu }udKwifowd&Sdzdk@ygbJ?
pmwdkav;awG ('grSr[kwf) omrefpum;av;awGeJ@ vkyfEdkifygw,f? "'g 'g
av;ud k ol @ qD , l o G m ;vd k u f y gg"// "olol tJ ' D r S m &S d r ,f v d k @ ol r ud k ajym
vdkufyg"³³³³³ pwm rsdK;ayg@? 'D vdkenf;eJ@ emrnfawG/ vdyfpmawGudk cdk;em;
axmifwhJ ud&, d mawGwyfxm;wJ=h um;u vufqifu h rf;Edik yf gw,f? tawG@
t}uHKt& 'Dud&d,mawGuwqifh olwdk@odoGm;wm enf;enf;av;yg? v#dK@
0SufykvdyftzGJ@u 'D[mudkoHk;wJh t"du&nf&G,fcsufu owif;tcsuf
tvufpkaqmif;&zdk@xuf pdwf"gwfa&;&mt& ajcmufjcm;atmif vkyfzdk@
&nf&G,fwmyg?
'Dvdkud&d,mawGoHk;ae&ifvnf; &dk;&Sif;wJhpum;0SufawGudk
toHk;jyKEdkifygw,f? tpnf;ta0;wckvkyfzdk@vdk&if "aumf aumfzDqdkifrSm"vdk@
ajym&if&ygw,f? 'Dqdkif[m t&ifuvnf;qHkzl;+yD;om;rdk@ oifhtquf
toG,fu tvG,fwul odEdkifygw,f?
tvm;wlbJ oifu "t*F g" vd@k ajymvdu k &f if "aom=um"ae@
udk qdv k kd rSe;f oloyd gw,f? "rGe;f wnf"h qkw d m "noef;acgif"ayg@? tvm;wl
"'kw, d " qdw k m "yOPr"ayg@?
uae@ ydv
k efrmS vlwikd ;f vdv
k u
kd ud,
k ehf nf;ud,
k [
f efe@J ajratmuf
vkyfief;vkyfae=uwmrdk@ v#dK@0SufykvdyfwyfzGJ@[m 'Dvdk &Sif;vif;vG,fulwJh
tajccH=uwJh twdk0SufawGudk razmfEdkifygbl;?
quf o m; 29
qufom;eJ@ ypPnf;ydk@orm;awG[m b,fpD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;rSm

rqdk 'GefwJGwnf&SdaewJht&mawGbJ? olwdk@udk yHkrSefpmydk@wm/ ypPnf;ydk@wm
awGrmS oH;k wmyJ? qufom;udk v$waf wmhr,fq&kd if ajratmufuvyfpnf;
acgif;aqmifu aoaocsmcsm aqG;aEG;rSm=um;&r,f? b,fypPnf;udk b,f
ae&m/ b,ftcsdef ,loGm;&r,fqdkwm wdwdusus ajym&r,f?
!$ef=um;csuf&+yD;wmeJ@ qufom;aumif;[m oloGm;&r,fh
vrf;a=umif;udk tjyefjyeftvSefvSef ppfaq;&r,f? ol@tvkyf[m yHkrSef
vkyfief;bJjzpfoifhw,f? tcsdefwdkif;rSm olwdk@[m‘&S ‘&Sif;’’ae&r,f? qdkvdkwm
u o,f&r,fh ypPnf;[m tenf;qHk;jzpf&r,f? 'grS =um;jzwf zrf;rd&if
vnf; v#dK@0SufajratmuftaqmuftOD;udk ray:atmif xdrf;Edkifr,f?
uvmyfpnf;eJ@qufom;&J@vHk+cHKa&;udk xdcdkufapr,fh b,f
t&mrqdk tvG,fwulzsufqD;EdkifwJh/ pGef@ypfEdkifwJh taetxm;&Sd&r,f?
ajratmufv#Kd @0u S t
f zG@J uzkd suq
f ;D zd@k v#Kd @0uS yf v
k yd w
f yfz@JG o;kH wJh
tvG,q f ;kH eJ@tatmifjrifq;kH enf;uqufo, G af &;uGe, f ufxu J wkd ;kd 0ifwm
bJ? Oyrmtm;jzifh³³³³v#dK@0SufykvdyfwyfzGJ@[m ajratmuftpkacgif;aqmif
wa,mufukd tylwjyif;zrf;csiaf e+yDq&kd if ajratmuftzG@J &@J qufo, G af &;
pepfxJrSm owif;rSm;awGjzef@+yD; axmifacsmufqifawmhwmbJ?
29
Messengers
'Dtvkyu f kd yHpk rH sKd ;pHek @J vyk w
f wfw,f? OD;‘q’&J@uav; uifqm
jzpfae+yDqw kd meJ@ ‘p’ vdu k w f ,f? 'gukd csucf si;f rppfaq;Edik &f if/ ('grrS [kw)f
v#dK@0Sufykvdyf&J@ypfrSwfqDudk tcsdefrDta=umif;r=um;Edkif&if/ ylyefpdwf}uD;
aewJ@ OD;‘q’u ol@trd u f kd qufom;v$waf wmhr,f? 'gqkd ol@uvmyfpnf;
awmhysuf+yD? qufom;udk tom aemufa,mifcHvdkufoGm;&HkbJ?
uvmyfpnf;acgif;aqmifu ol@rdom;pkudk oludk,fwdkifquf
oG,v f @kd r&wJh vH+k cHKa&;tpDtrHawG&rdS S 'Dtcsed rf mS qufom;oH;k &r,f? Edik if H
a&;rSmyk*Kd~ vfa&;(vlvcl si;f )xdawG@r[ _ mta&;}uD;qH;k qdw k moabmaygu&f
r,f? vlvcl si;f qufqaH &;r[kww f hJ ppfwyfqefwyhJ pkH u
H kd ajratmufvyk if ef;
rSm roHk;&bl;? ul±Gef(Kuron) wcgu a&;zl;ovdkbJ³³³³ "aoG aoG;pnf;cspf
=unf r _ [ m ta&;awmf y H k x uf ta&;}uD ; w,f ? "
aoG;pnf;cspf=unfa&;qdkwm vlom;csif; aoG;pnf;cspf=unf
a&; udk ajymwmyg? 'gudk qufom;v$wf+yD; wnfaqmufvdk@r&bl;?
rS w f p k p mtk y f r sm; 30
ajratmuftzGJ@0ifawG b,folrS vdyfpm pmtkyfaqmifrxm;

&bl;vdk@wm;jrpfxm;&r,f? udk,fhtcef;udk,fxm;wm/ udk,fhudk,fay:rSm
xm;wm udprP &Swd efaumif;ygb;l vd@k xifaumif;xifvrd rhf ,f? ppfa=uma&;
'g usaemf h r d w f a qG a [mif ; yg
a&mufrS³³³ "'g yg"/ "olu usaemfi,fi,f
uwnf;u odwJh trsdK;orD; rdwfaqGyg?" qdkwmavmufeJ@ r&awmhbl;?
cifAsm; vdyfpmpmtkyfxJygwJh vlwdkif;&J@emrnf/ vdyfpmawGudk
30
Notebooks
ppfaq;zdk@qdkwm ykvdyftvkyfbJ? 'Dvdkvkyfzdk@ olwdk@rSm tcsdef;vnf;&Sdw,f?
ykvyd pf pfaq;csuu f xGuv f mwJt h ajz[m oift h wGuf tH=h op&mawG jzpf
vmvdrfhr,f?
oifu &Sufwwfa=umufwwfwJh/ rvkyfwwf rudkifwwfvdk@
odxm;wJh uav;b0u trsKd ;orD;rdwaf qG&@J tcef;rSm v#Kd @0u S yf v
k yd w
f yfz@JG
u w&m;cHajy;wa,mufukd oGm;awG@wmjzpfcsijf zpfr,f? 'Dvu l vnf; rde;f
uav;&J@ ouFmruif;jzpfp&mr&SdwJhtaetxm;udk}udKuf+yD; ykef;zdk@ae&m
a&G;cJhwmayg@?
tJ'DvdkbJ cifAsm;udktjypfuif;pifwJh i,fb0upm;azmftjzpf
odxm;wJh tjcm;olwdk@&J@ tysif;xlr_a=umifh cifAsm;vnf; 'kuQa&mufEdkif
wmbJ?
ajratmuft0ef;t0dik ;f [m vlawGtrsm;}uD;&Sad yr,fh wu,f
awmh 'DurBm[musOf;usOf;av;yg? 'gudk ar#mfvifhxm;&r,f? 'kwd,urBm
ppftwGi;f u tky*f al wGay:u urŠn;f pmawGukd =unfyh g? rdom;wpkv;kH ao
oGm;rSawmh/ b,fppfjyefu "usaemfusaemfwdk@Edkifw, ,f"vdk@ ajymvdk@&rSmvJ? cif
Asm;udkcifAsm; 'DvdkrjzpfygapeJ@? tjzpftysufwdkif;[m ao;zGJwJh/ trSwf
wrJhjzpfwJh/ rawG;awmrpOf;pm;rdwJh udpPi,fav;awGu pcJhwmcsnf;bJ?
'ga=umifh owif;udk 0Supf moGi;f zd@k vwkd ,f? 0Supf moGi;f xm;wJh
pmwdkav;wpfapmif/ vdyfpmpmtkyfav; wtkyfa=umifh ouFmruif;jzpfcH
&rSmudk rylygeJ@? 'D0SufawGudk b,ftcsdefrqdk oif 'Dvdk ajymqdkEdkifygw,f³³³³
"usaemhf oli,fcsif;awGudk usaemfhvdk i&JrcH&apcsifvdk@ygAsm"³³³ vdk@?
tdrf (odk@) tcef;wcef;&J@eHywfudkbJ a&;yg? vrf;eJ@ wjcm;[m
awGudk acgif;xJrSmbJrSwfxm;yg? vdktyfor#om cJwHeJ@a&;xm;wm
taumif;qHk;bJ? udpP+yD;&if tvG,fwulzsufvdkufvdk@&wmayg@? rSif roHk;
ygeJ@? oif abmyifeJ@a&;xm;wmudktay:u [dkjcpf'Djcpf av#mufjcpfxm;&Hk
eJ@ atmufrSma&;xm;wmu ysufoGm;wmr[kwfbl;?
0SufpmeJ@a&;xm;ayr,fh oifhrSwfpkpmtkyfudk tcgtm;avsmf
pGmjyefa&;yg? rvdkwJhvdyfpmawGudk qkwfypfyg?
a,bl,stm;jzifah wmh pmwdak wGukd ao;Edik o f r#tao;qH;k pm
&Guaf y: rSma&;yg? 'grS udpaP y:wJt h cg zsuq f ;D zd@k yg;pyfxx
J nf0h g;zd@k v,
G rf ,f?
ayg@qr_[m emem usifusif cHpm;&apvdrfhr,f? (1970)ckESpfrsm;u 'DvdkbJ
ajratmuftzG@J 0ifwOD;[m owif;wyk'u f rkd mausmwJu h eG jf yLwmu'fjym;
ay:rSma&;wJh trSm;wckuu kd sL;vGecf zhJ ;l w,f? ykvyd v f mzrf;awmh tE &W m,f
&SdwJh owif;wdkav;wyk'fudkom rsdKcsEdkifvdkufw,f? ykvdyfu ol@udk eHywf
wkwfeJ@ ESHvdkufvdk@?
w,f v D z k e f ; tquf t oG , f 31
w,fvDzkef;tquftoG,f[m enf;avav aumif;avav

bJ? w,fvDzkef;tquftoG,f[m oifh&J@ v#dK@0Sufvkyfief;awGudk axmuf
vSr;f zd@k v#Kd @0u
S yf vk yd t
f wGuf tvG,q f ;kH enf;bJ? w,fvzD ek ;f oH;k &r,fq&kd if
trsm;oH;k zke;f ('grrS [kw)f oift h vkyw f u kd u
f tvG,w f ulo;kH Edik wf zhJ ek ;f udk
oH;k wm taumif;qH;k bJ? ody, f Ofaus;zd@k vnf;rvdyk gb;l ? ouFmruif;zG,f
jzpfr,fh pum;0SufawGudkvnf; roHk;ygeJ@? "usaemf usaemfydk@vdkufwJhig;awG &+yD
vm;
vm;"?"[k [k w f w ,f a v bD & d k x J x nf h x m;wm [m r[kwfbl;/ a&
m;wm?" "[m
cJaowWmudkajymwm jymwm?"'grsdK;awGu ykvdyfudkteH@&ap&Hkrubl;/ taumif
31
Phone calls
yg jyvdrfhr,f?
uae@umvrSm ydkvefvlrsdK;awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u bmrSta&;
r}uD;wmav;vnf; pum;0S,foHk;+yD;ydk@ae=uwmbJ? 'Dvdk‘nHoH’awG
a=umifh trSm;udk zH;k uG,x f m;ovdjk zpfayr,fh owd&w dS m taumif;qH;k bJ?
ajratmufvkyfief;rSm w,fvDzkef;[m qufoG,fa&;twGuf
jzpfw,f? tv†yov†m ajymzd@k r[kwb f ;l ? w,fvzD ek ;f qufvu kd v
f @kd vdik ;f ay:
trd e f @ ay;r_ E S i f h a jymaeaom pum;rsm;
rS m "trd pum;rsm;"vd k @ }ud K wif t oH o G i f ;
xm;wJh wdyaf cGvkd xyfwvJvJ =um;ae&&if 'g[m wu,fr[kwb f ;l qdw k m
owdjyKyg?
uGefjrLepfawG jzpfapcsifwmu b,fol@udkrqdk/ b,ft&mudk
rqdk udkifvdk@&oavmuf udkifzdk@bJ?
csuG u f a o 32
csuGufaoqdkwm rD;cvkwfwckvdkbJ? wckckjzpf&if v#yfpD;udk

tvdv k kd jzwfcsvu
kd rf ,f? csuu G af oqdw
k m tkypf t
k oD;oD;u qufo, G Ef ikd f
wJ/h ypPn;f zvS,f Edik wf hJ ae&mwckb?J tJ'g[m tdr/f qdik (f od@k ) tdrcf ef;wcef;
jzpfEdkifw,f?
csuGufaoudk trsm;}uD;oHk;vdk@vnf;&w,f? enf;enf;bJ
oH;k vd@k vnf; &w,f? csuu G af owckukd tvGef tu|o H ;kH &if rvdvk m;tyfwhJ
tm&Hkpdkufr_udk cH&Edkifw,f? tdrfeD;csif;awG/ tvkyftwlvkyfzufawGu
ouFmruif; jzpfvmEdkifw,f?
32
Dead drops
csuu G af oudk c%c% roH;k bl;qdjk yef&ifvnf;/ csuu G af orSm wm0ef,o l l
eJ@ tjcm;tquftoG,frsm;qufoG,fr_[m crf;ajcmufoGm;Edkifw,f?
b,folrS wvudk pmav;(3)apmif vufcHzdk@ wywfudkESpf}udrf em&Daygif;
rsm;pGm csuGufaorSm xkdifrapmifhcsifbl;?
csuGufaorSm aumif;rGefwJh tH0SufawGvkyfxm;wm/ 'grS
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33
Offices
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tH 0 S u f r sm; 34
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tr_ziG Ehf ikd af vmufw/hJ b,ftaxmuftxm;rqd/k Oyrm³³³ ausmufyEkH ydS &f m
34
Secret compartments
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ajratmuf y H k E d S y f w d k u f 35
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35
Underground Press
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36
Police
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37
Jan Narothiale
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38
The tail
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39
The pot (A trap the police set)
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pD ; eif ; jcif ; 40
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zdk@ygbJ? tJvufZif;'g; qdkZifepfZif&J@41 "The Gulag Archipelago" udk
=unfyh g?
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k rdW &Sw d hJ ±l;oGyw f [
hJ m jzpfygap/
tcif;jzpfcsdefu oifb,frSm&Sdaew,fqdkwm oufaojyzdk@ tqifoifhvkyf
xm;yg? oabmw&m;taeeJ@awmh ykvyd ef @J qufqw H t hJ cg taumif;qH;k u
awmh qdwfqdwfaezdk@ygbJ? 'gayr,fh wcgw&Hawmh olwdk@udkwpHkwck ajym
vku d wf mydak umif;ygw,f? ykvyd uf oifb,fov l qJ w kd meJ@ olw@kd &mS awG@whJ
ypPnf;bmqdkwm odcsifrSodr,f? 'DvdktajctaerSm olwdk@zrf;rdol[m
wu,fhajratmufawmfvSefa&; orm;wa,mufygvm;qdkwm b,fvdk
enf;eJ@rS odroGm;ygapeJ@?
40
Busted
41
Alexandar Solzenicsyn
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oifhudk pdwWaA't& zdtm;ay;wmudk &yfvdkufvdrfhr,f? tusOf;om;qDu
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f m n‡pxf wk v f @kd r&bl;qdw
k modwmeJ@ n‡i;f yrf;wmudk &yfvu kd f
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awGukd azmfaumifvyk o f al wGxufawmif apmapmv$wv f u
kd w
f mudk }uHKzl;yg
w,f?
tusO;f axmifxJ a&muf+yDqw kd meJ@ jyifyu b0udk arhypfvu kd f
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*k%o f u d mQ eJ@ vlom;obm0tay: oif, h =kH unfcsuu f kd ppfaq;wJh tcufcJ
qHk;pmar;yGJ pyg+yD?
tusOf ; axmif w G i f ; b0 42
vlom;tm;vHk;eJ@tqufjzwfcHxm;&+yD;/ tjcm;tusOf;om;
wOD;waveJ@pum;av;ajymrd&HkeJ@tjypfay;cH&wJh tusOf;cef;av;xJrSm
wa,mufxJ txD;useaf e&&ifawmifrS tusO;f axmif0g'gawG&@J OD;a%Smuf
aq;rcH&atmifeJ@ rdrd&J@*k%foduQmudk xdef;odrf;xm;Edkifzdk@ enf;vrf;awG&Sd
ygw,f? tiftm;udk rdrd&J@rSwf^m%fxJrSm&SmawG@Edkifygw,f? vGwfajrmuf
a&;wdkufyGJudk qufvufqifE$JaewJh &Jabmfrsm; tay: ,Hk=unfpdwfxm;yg?
aemufwcku tusOf;axmifwHcg;0udk jzwf+yD;0ifvdkufwmeJ@ t&m&med*Hk;
csKyfoGm;+yDvdk@ rpOf;pm;ygeJ@? t&m&m[m ckrS topf p wmyg? tckxdawmh
42
Prison life
'Dt,ltq ESpfckpvHk;u rSefqJygbJ? b0rSm avhvmoif,lcJh&wJh tjcm;
t&mawGvdkbJ/ tusOf;axmifwGif; b,fvdk&Sifoefatmifaexdkif&r,f
qdwk hJ t&m[mvnf; oif,&l r,ft h &mwckb?J oif jyifyrSmodcw hJ ohJ w l OD;
[m tvkyrf mS aomfvnf;aumif;/ vlra_ &;t&vnf;aumif;/ wdu k yf t JG wGi;f
rSmaomfvnf;aumif;/ tawmfqHk;&JabmfwOD;jzpfcJhayr,fh axmifwGif;
a&mufwt hJ cg tvGeyf si;f p&m aumif;wJh tcef;azmfjzpfcsijf zpfae vdrrhf ,f?
tusO;f axmifqw kd m vl@avmu ti,f pm;av;ygb?J tusO;f axmifwiG ;f
b0u tusOf;om;wdkif;udk pdwfcHpm;r_udk xdef;csKyfzdk@/ y&d,g,f&Sdzdk@/ tvGef
tu|Hrjzpfzdk@/ rdrdudk,frdrd csKyfwnf;Edkifzdk@ vdktyfw,fqdkwm awmif;qdkae
r,f? 'grS pdwfcHpm;r_ v#HxGuf+yD;/ a&qlrSwf ra&mufrSm? +idrf+idrfav;xdkif
wwfzdk@eJ@/ udk,fhyk*~vducHpm;r_u tjcm;olawGudk taESmuft,Sufrjzpfzdk@
oif,l&r,f? ae@pOftcsdefZ,m;qJG+yD; tJ'Dtwdkif; vdkufem&r,f?
rdrdtwGif;pdwfudk wnf+idrfatmifxdef;xm;Edkifzdk@/ wHwdkif;jcm;
xm;Edkifzdk@ta&;}uD;w,f? 'grStusOf;axmif&J@pnf;urf;awGudk ausmfv$m;
&ifqdkifEdkifrSm? axmifxJrSm b,fol@udkrS r,Hk&ygvm;qdkwJh trSefw&m;udk
vnf; &ifqdkifem;vnfEdkifvmvdrfhr,f? tusOf;axmifwGif; pdwfzdpD;r_udk
ajyapzdk@qdk+yD; rdrdcHpm;csufudk zGifhjyr,fhpmrsdK; rdom;pkqDra&;ygeJ@? tvm;
wlbJ wpHkwOD;&J@usef;rma&;tcuftcJudk pdk;&drfylyefa=umif;qdkwJh pmrsdK;
vnf ; ra&;ygeJ @ ? oif h p mawG u d k tusOf ; axmif q if q mtzG J @ uom
zwfaewm r[kwfbl;? oifhtr_ppfykvdyfpHkaxmufuvnf; zwfaew,f
qdkwm rarhygeJ@? oifhudkb,fvdkusdK;oGm;atmifvkyf&r,fqdkwm &Smzdk@u
ol@ tvkyfbJ?
emusif j cif ; 43
vlawG[m olwdk@b0rSm ta=umufqHk; ESpfckbJ&Sdw,f? wcku
emusifjcif;eJ@ aemufwcku xGufaygufrJhoGm;jcif;wdk@bJ? 'DESpfckvHk;[m
txD;usefjzpfjcif;u vmwm? vlvlcsif;qufqHa&;udk zsufqD;ypfvdkufwJh
t&mbJ? &dk;&Sif;wJhcE<mudk,femusifr_udk tvG,fwul pnf;pm;=unfhvdk@ &
Edik wf ,f? 'guv kd w
l ikd ;f }uHKzl;ygw,f? t&d;k usKd ;wke;f ujzpfjzpf/ oGm;pku d q
f &m
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axmifxJrSm }uHK&wJhemusifjcif;u 'geJ@jcm;em;w,f? emusifjcif; yxr
wrsdK;u udk,fu rpdk;ydkifwJh/ rwm;qD;EdkifwJh/ uH=urRmuay;wJh emusifjcif;?
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odumQ ndK‡ ;EGr;f atmif vkycf &H jcif;(bmvkyv f @kd bmudik &f rSe;f rodatmif/ bm
jzpfaerSef;rodawmhatmif) xGufaygufrJhoGm;jcif;³³³ pwJh axmifxJrSm }uHK
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w,f? vlwa,muf[m tusO;f axmifxrJ mS olcpH m;ae&wJh emusijf cif;udk
oufomatmif azmfz@kd q;kH jzwfc&hJ if 'g[mtod&pdS mG qH;k jzwfwmbJ? olvyk f
p&mvdkwmu odor#udk tomav; azmfajymvdkufzdk@ ygbJ?
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h cg
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awmh v#dK@0Sufykvdyft&m&Sdu ,Of,Ofaus;aus;pum;ajym+yDqdk&if
ud, k of o
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43
Pain
opPmazmuf&o kH m r[kw/f rdrud , kd rf rd ed @J rdr&d @J ,=kH unfcsuu f ykd g opPmazmuf
=uolawG jzpfw,f?
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usaemf h r S m rd e f ; reJ @ uav;awG e J @ Asm
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qdkwm olod+yD;om;?
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vky&f w,fqw kd m cifAsm;vdk rde;f rawG/ uav; awG&w dS o
hJ al wGe@J vky&f wmyg?
qd k A D , uf y H k p H o G i f ; jcif ; ud k qef @ usif j cif ; 44
uGejf rLepfpepfuw
kd ukd zf suw
f ,fqw
kd m jzpfEikd o
f r#tus,jf yef@
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rSm vlwdkif;[m twdkif;twmwckxd qdkAD,ufyHkpH toGif;cHxm;&wmbJ?
b,folu jrefjreftoGif;cH&w,f/ b,foluaES;w,fqdkwmbJ jy\em
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d ,f?
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&Sd&r,f? qdkAD,uf0g'udk opPmazmuf&r,f? (J. Kachersabi . "tjzL
a&mifZmpepfrS teDa&mifZmpepfodk@46"udk =unfhyg?)
44
Fighting Sovietization
45
Bolshevism
46
From White to Red Czarism
&efou l kd av#mrh wGuyf ge@J ? olw@kd &@J a&S;&d;k usjcif;eJ@ &ufpufru _ olw@kd &@J ±l;oGyf
rdu
k rf rJ u
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k efv#Kd @0uS yf v k yd wf yfz@JG (UB) [m qdAk , D uf
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omcsufESpf&yfvHk;&J@ A[dkcsufrbJ?
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udk t+rJ&mS ae&r,f? teDawGukd tvpftidu k rf mS +cHKcdw
k u kd cf u
kd &f r,f? olw@kd
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jynfoal wG&@J wu kd yf rJG mS wpHw k OD;u oyfoyf&yf&yf vkyo f mG ;zl;ygw,f? olu
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vkyfEdkifcJhw,f?
a=umuf ± G H @ jcif ; 47
ydkvefjynfeJ@ Zm±lZJpuD;wdk@t=um; qifE$JaewJhppfyGJrSm jycJhwm

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csp=f unfz@kd vakd =umif;ygb?J wpHw
k a,mufu oift h m; ol@trd u f kd csuu G af o
tjzpf oH;k zd@k ajymwJw h csed w
f nf; "b,favmuf=umrSmvJ"vd@k ar;vdrrhf ,f?
'gq&kd if ol[m &ufowWywf tenf;i,ftwGi;f pdw"f gwyf sujf ym;p jyKvm
awmhr,fqdkwm aocsmae+yD?
enf;enf;av;=umvmwmeJ@ usaemft h rd af wmh apmif=h unhcf aH e
47
Fear
&+yD? usaemfhtdrfem;rSmvnf; rouFmp&m vlawGtrsm;}uD;bJvdk@ wD;wdk;
wD;wdk; ajymawmhr,f? 'DvdkvlrsdK;u "usaemfawmh a=umufae+yDAsm/ quf
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rsm;udk tjypfajymvdrfhr,f? vkyfazmfudkifzufawGudk ‘olcdk;-ykvdyf’ upm;
ae=uwmvd@k pGypf v JG rd rhf ,f? aemufwrsKd ;u 'Dval wG[m at;at;aq;aq;
xdkif+yD;/ wckvHk;tajctaeudktuJjzwfzdk@ tcsdefav;awmif r&Sd=ubl;?
'grSr[kwfvnf; 'DvlawG[m wnvHk; xkdifpum;ajym+yD;/ ykvdyfvmzrf;rSm
udk xkdifapmifhae=uwmvdk@ ajymvdrfhr,f?
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tzl;av;awGukd xde;f odr;f xm;zd@k vw kd ,fv@kd awmufav#mufbJ tav;ay;
ajymvdrfhr,f? olwdk@udk,folwdk@vnf; 'DtpkxJuvdk@xif+yD; tem*gwfrSm
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ajym=uvdrfhr,f³³³ toifhawmfqHk;wdkufyGJyHkpHu rjrifEdkifwJhpdwf"mwfa&;
t& ckcu H muG,rf ³_ ³³ vd@k ? (qdvk w
kd mu wdik ;f jynf&@J t!Ge;f tzl;av;awGukd
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a=umuf±@HG ra_ wGuw kd efjyefz@kd toifjh zpfxm;=u&r,f? 'Da=umuf±@HG ru _ jznf;
jznf;csif; jzpfvmwmyg?
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qmtvdkawmf&dwa,mufudk acgif;wHk;&dyfypfr,fvdk@ [efaqmifyefaqmif
&ufowWywfaygif;rsm;pGmajymvm&if r,HkygeJ@? wzufu oluvnf;
t=urf;zufwmudk bk&m;ocifr}udKufb;l vd@k ajymcsiaf ewmyg? uufovpf
bmom0ifaumif; wa,muftaeeJ@ ol 'grsdK;rvkyfEdkifbl;wJh?
wu,fh ykeu f efopl pfppfawG[m xdwv f ef@a=umuf±@HG ru
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pm;=uygw,f?
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hJ al wG? awmfao;wmayg@
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tcsuf j yrsm yrsm; 48

(tcsuf j yud k yd k @ yg? nH o H u d k ryd k @ ygeJ @ ?)
ta&;}uD;wmu oifbmvkyEf ikd w f ,fqw kd m wwfEikd o f r# &Si;f

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ae&if; olwdk@xJrSm b,folut}uD;tuJqdkwm/ b,folu bmvkyf&r,f
qd k w m/ ol w d k @ zmom ol w d k @ rqH k ; jzwf E d k i f b l ; qd k w m od v m&if
bmrSqufrvkyfwm taumif;qHk;ygbJ? tJ'Dvdk tajctaersdK;rSm ‘udk,f
rodwmudk razmfEikd ’f qdwk hJ Oya'oudv k u dk ef m&if rSm;vdrrhf ,f? 'Dvv kd yk &f if
em;vnfr_v$JrSm;EdkifwJh tE W&m,f&Sdw,f? oifhudk,foifa&m tjcm;olrsm;
udkyg vSnfhzsm;&ma&mufvdrfhr,f? avxJrSm wdkuftdrfraqmufygeJ@?49
aemufjy\emwcku vHk+cHKa&;ta=umif;jycsufeJ@ owif;vdk
r[kwfbJ nHoHawGydk@rdwmygbJ? owif;awG [m wdk&r,f? Za0Z0g rjzpf
48
Signals (Send signals, not noise)
49
Kazimierz Brandy &J@ "Rondo" udk =unfy
h g?
ap&bl;? txl;ojzifh vHk+cHKa&;eJ@qdkif&ifayg@? 'Dvdkr[kwf&if 'Dowif;awGudk
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0SufykvdyftzGJ@u OD;‘u’. ta=umif; tukefodaeonf"qdkwJh twif;rsdK;
[m wefz;kd r&Sb
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f m tvkyv
f yk f
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pd w W Z rsm; 50
usdK;a=umif;rqDavsmfwJh a=umuf±GH@r_yHkpHrsdK;pHkudk wenf;tm;

jzifh pdwZW awGukd ajratmufvyk if ef;oufwrf;rSm óuH&wwfygw,f? v#K@d 0u S f
ykvdyf&J@ apmifh=unhfcH&wmudka=umufwm&,f/ txif}uD;vGef;wm&,fwdk@
u ay:vmwJt h 0dik ;f cHae&+yDv@kd xifw(hJ rvH+k cHKwJ)h pdw[
f m pdwZW ygb?J tvm;
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a=umufwphJ w d yf g? 'gvnf; tckvkd tprf;oyfcaH e&wJu h mvrsKd ;rSm em;vnf
Ekdifygw,f?
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wmvd@k csO;f jrifaewmyg? axmifxrJ mS r&Sb d J tjyifrmS vGwaf ewJo h l rSeo
f r#
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tnDawmifrvdkbJ usaemfwdk@tvkyfudk zsufqD;wwfw,f?
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f efro_ abmw&m;awG[m trSew f &m;
udk yHkysufyef;ysufjzpfatmifvkyfxm;=u+yD; 'gawGudk pdwWZawGvdk@ trnf
50
Manias
ay;oifhw,f? 'grsdK;[m e,fcsJ@awGubJjzpfjzp/f EdkifiHwumuGefjrLepfawG
uyJ jzpfjzpf/ nDtudkawmf*dk%f;om;awGuyJjzpfjzpf/ *sL;awGubJjzpfjzpf
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w a,mufeJ@wa,muf owfapcsifae=uwm/ uGefjrLepfygwDudk v#dK@0Suf
ykvyd f ubJ aemifrmS tav#mah y;vd@k &atmif avsmv h sv
J saJ v; vkycf ikd ;f wm?
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[m twlwlbJ? trSefw&m;eJ@uif;uGmwJh tpGJawGcsnf;bJ?
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kd w f thJ &mudk
rvkyfwmrSefw,fvdk@xifvmapw,f? "usaemfwdk@vkyfor# uGefjrLepfawG
tusK;d &Szd @kd csn;f jzpfaeawmh bmvd@k vyk af eOD;rSmvJAsm"qdw k mrsKd ;ayg@? ESyd pf uf
n‡Of;yef;cHae&rSmudka=umufwJh pdwWZuawmh ydk+yD;tcH&cufw,f? 'Dvdk
vlrsKd ;[m ol@tzd@k ae&mwumrSm v#Kd @0u S yf v
k yd cf sn;f bJjzpfae+yD;/ wajy;xJ
ajy;ae&vdk@bJ?
od z d k @ vd k o n
nff 51
twif;tzsif;ajymwJh tdrfeD;csif;[m ykvdyfowif;ay;xuf ydk

tE W&m,f&Sdw,fqkdwJh qdk&dk;pum;a[mif;&Sdw,f? twif;tzsif;qdkwm rsdK;
uvnf; olajymor#twGuf bmrSwm0ef,lp&m rvdkbJudk;? tusdK;quf
taeeJ@ajym&&if tjrifzvS,w f thJ cg oifu
h vmyfpnf;&J@z@JG pnf;yHek @J bmvkyf
aew,fqw kd mawGukd rajymrdygapeJ@? b,fvt kd a=umif;a=umifeh @J rS emrnf
awG/ vdypf mawGukd rajymyge@J ? ta&;}uD;qH;k u t&if;ES;D qH;k rdwaf qG r[kwf
wJh olawGeJ@ tmracsmifygeJ@?
51
Need to know
qdk&dk;pum;opfuawmh taumif;qHk; ajratmuf&Jabmfyifv#if a&cJ
aowWmvdkbJ wcgw&Hawmh a&cJt&nfazsmfay;zdk@ vdkw,fwJh? vlwdkif;[m
wa,mufa,mufudkawmhpum;ajymzdk@vdkw,f? ta&;}uD;wmu b,f
ae&mrSm b,fol@udk b,frD;zdkacsmifxJrSm ajymrvJqdkwmygbJ? ,Hk=unf
pdwfcs&wJh vkyfazmfudkifzufawG=um;rSmbJ ajymyg? tjcm;ta=umif;t&m
wckudkawmh bm;cef;a'gifhwae&mrSm ajymyg? wcsdK@aom v#dK@0SufcsufawG
[mtjcm;tcsuaf wGxufta&;}uD;w,f? ta&;}uD;qH;k uoift h zG@J tpnf;
&J@ zGJ@pnf;yHkeJ@ tjcm;ajratmuf&JabmfawG&J@ trnfawGeJ@ vdyfpmawGygbJ?
'grS ta&;}uD;wJhypPnf;eJ@tzrf;cH&&ifawmifaxmifxJrSm odyf
r=umbJjyefvw G vf mr,f? tzG@J tpnf;xJrmS oifbmqdw k mrajymeJ@? wdwf
wdwaf e/ oifh [mo^m%fux kd ed ;f odr;f / 'Dvakd e&r,f? 'gt
h jyif 'Dvo
kd EMXd mef
rsdK;[m oifhrdwfaqGawGudk 0rf;enf;p&m=urRmqdk;eJ@rawG@atmif u,fwif
Edkifvdrfhr,f?
vG w f v yf a &; 52
(1944)rSm ydv k efvrl sKd ;awGe@J tjcm;ta&S@Oa&myvlrsKd ;awG[m

w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;r_&J@tjyifzufudk a&mufoGm;w,f? tJ'Dtcsdefup+yD; wck
wnf;aomajymif;vJr_u Oya'rJhr_&J@tjyif;taysmhbJ? qdk&S,fvpfOya'
t,ltqavmuf tm;vH;k udk v$r;f +cHKxm;Edik w f m/ om;a&uGi;f vdk tavsmh
twif;vkyfEdkifwm bmrSr&Sdbl;?
(1981) 'DZifbm (13) &ufae@u rm&S,af vm jyXmef;vdu k w
f m
52
Freedom
[m uGefjrLepfpepfatmufrSm Oya'rJhr_udk,fwdkifu Oya'jyXmef;Edkifw,f
qdkwm aemufw}udrfoufaojyvdkufwmbJ? ydkvefjynfol@orRwEdkifiHrSm
aocsmwmwckb&J w dS ,f? tJ'gu vGwv f yfa&;&J@twdik ;f twm[m ckcq H ef@
usiaf &;tiftm;pkawG&@J tiftm;tay:rSmbJwnfw,fqw kd mygb?J ckcq H ef@
usifa&;vrf;ay:av#mufaeol rnfolrqdk 'DtrSefw&m;udk t+rJtvGwf &
ae&r,f? rmhufpf0g'DawG[m vGwfajrmufa&;oabmw&m;u zrf;qD;jcif;
[m vdktyfw,fqdkwmvufcHw,fvdk@ajym=uw,f? ajratmufawmfvSef
a&;orm;awGuawmh usaemfw@kd prG ;f aqmifEikd o f avmufom vGwv f yfa&;
ud&k r,fv@kd todtrSwjf yK=uw,f? Edik if aH wmfu cGijhf yKoavmufvw G v f yf
a&; eJ@om wif;wdraf er,fq&kd if tJ'g[m u|epf epfypkH o H pf wckbJ jzpfr,f?
usaemfwdk@[m tpuwnf;u vGwfvyfwJh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk
wnfaqmufzdk@rpOf;pm;cJhbl;qdk&if/ vlom;udktajccHwJh udk,fhvGwfvyfa&;
udk ud, k zfh mom t&,lwmr[kwcf &hJ if tem*wfwcsed cf sed rf mS uGejf rLepfawG
±_;H edro
hf mG ;&ifawmif 'Dpmtkyif ,fav;udjk yefzwfae&wm ud, k u hf , kd uf dk awG@
=u&vdrrhf ,f? 'Dwu kd yf [ JG muGejf rLepfpepfuo kd mtEdik wf u kd zf @kd r[kw?f usaemf
wd@k xrH mS tjrpfw, G af ewJu h eG jf rLepft,ltqawGuykd g tEdik w f u kd zf @kd vw kd ,f?
tpyxrawmh vlwdkif;jy\emeJ@}uHKzl;=uwmcsnf;bJ? u
eOD;ajratmufowif;pmudk ae&mpdrf;rSm udk,frodwJh vlpdrf;wa,mufqD
oGm;ydk@&awmh vlwdkif;a=umuf=uwmcsnf;bJ? vm,lwJhvlvnf; a=umuf
wmbJ? ESpaf ,mufpvH;k u 'DtcuftcJuakd usmv f m$ ;Edik v f u kd w f t hJ cgtusO;f
cef;ESpfcef;=um;jcm;xm;wJh wHcg;av;udk wGef;zGifhvdkufovdkbJ? aemufw
cef;/ aemufwcef; ³³³ qufwdkuf zGifhoGm;EdkifawmhwmbJ? wa,mufeJ@w
a,muf+yHK;=unf=h uvd@k vGwaf jrmufa&;qdw k m ,H=k unf&r,ft h &m wckom
r[kw/f vufawG@usio hf ;kH &r,fh t&mvnf;jzpfw,fqw kd m odvmvdrrhf ,f?
Ed k i f i H o m;ES i f h v #d K @0S u f y k v d y f 53
orR e f p m 54
&mZ0wfusifhxHk; Oya'yk'fr(144)t& "EdkifiHom;wOD;OD;udk

(w&m;&Hk;/ ykvdyfXmecsKyf/ w&m;vdk&Hk;)a&S@arSmufodk@vma&muf&efqifhqdk
onfh orRepf mudk xkwf jyefonft h m%mydik t f zG@J (od@k ) tm%mydik w f OD;onf
owfrSwfxm;aomyHkpHudk jynfhpHkpGm jznfhoGif;&rnf" vdk@ yg&Sdygw,f? r=um
c%bJ ‘tr_wt JG rSw’f / ‘rnfonfh yk*Kd~ vftjzpf qifq h okd nf’qdw k ahJ e&mrsKd ;
awGrmS uGuv f yfcsex
f m;wmjzpfjzpf/ &mZ0wfusix hf ;kH Oya'twdik ;f tjynfh
tpHk ra&;oGif;wmjzpfjzpf }uHK&wwfw,f? tr_trSwfae&m ‘tpdk;&tr_’/
‘EdkifiHul;vufrSwftr_’/‘&Sif;vif;csufwifjy&ef’qdkwmavmufbJyg+yD;tr_
trSwrf ygwm awG@&w,f? 'grrS [kwv f nf; &mZ0wfusix hf ;kH Oya'rSm uGuf
vyfae&mrSm tr_trSwfuvGJ+yD;/ bmrSrjznfhoGif;&bl;vdk@ twdtvif;qdk
xm;w,f? ‘rnfonhfyk*~dKvftjzpf’qdkwJh uGufvyfrSmvnf; atmufyg
yk*~dKvf (6) OD;xJu wrsdK;rsdK;udkom jznfhoGif;&r,fvdk@ qdkxm;w,f? tJ'g
awGu³³³ oufao/ yg&*l/ pum;jyef/ ouFmruif;jcif;cH&ol/ pGyfpGJcH&ol/
w&m;cH³³³ (6)rsdK;yg? 'DtcsufawGxJu tcsufcsuf aoGznf&if orRefpm
xkwfqifhcH&ol[m orRefpmudk rvdkufembJaeEdkifygw,f?
tm%mydik u f &mZ0wfusix hf ;kH Oya'udk rvdu k ef m&if orRepf m
vnf; ysufjy,fygw,f? Oya't& 'DvdkorRefpmrsdK;udk rvdkufemvdk@ oifhudk
53
The Citizen VS The secret police
54
Thr summons
ta&;r,lEdkifyg? vlawmfawmfrsm;rsm;u 'DvdkorRefpmrsdK;[m rvdkufembJ
aevdk@&w,fqdkwm odxm;wmawmifrS ykvdyfeJ@jy\emrjzpfcsifvdk@qdk+yD;/
ykvdyfXmecsKyfudkoGm;=uw,f? 'Dvdkta=umif;jycsufrsdK;[m rcdkifvHkygbl;?
'g[m aemifrmS ykvyd u f kd Oya'twdik ;f rvdu k ef mzd@k vrf;cif;ay;vdu k wf mbJ?
wa,mufa,mufu olemrnf/ ol@tdrfvdyfpmwyf+yD; orRefpmwapmif
vufc&H +yDq&kd if "ykvyd f usaemfu h rkd supf ud svmrSm rvdv k m;bl;Asm"vd@k ajym
wm[m t"dy`g,fr&Sdbl;?
xHk;enf;ruswJh orRefpmudk ‘jrifhjrwfwJh+idrf;csrf;a&;’ twGuf
ykvdyfeJ@qufqHa&;aumif;aeapcsifwmtwGufqdk+yD; vdkufavsmvdkuf&if/
'Dvl[m taES;eJ@tjrefqdkovdk ykvdyfeJ@oleJ@yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufzdk@ajymwm
cH& zdk@aocsmae+yD?
'Dvekd nf;ruswhJ orRepf mawG[m vloal v;pm;jcif;cH&wJh Edik if H
om;wOD;udk ykvyd o f wif;ay;jzpfatmifvyk zf @kd v#Kd @0u S yf v k yd &f @J yxrajcvSr;f
bJ?
r=umcif 'Dvdkxdwfvef@a=umuf±GH@aewJhvl[m ykvdyfu vuf
zuf&nfqikd w f ckrmS ‘tvGwo f abmpum;pjrnfajym’zd@k zw d af c:wmudv k uf
cHawmhr,f? 'Dvpkd um;pjrnfajymqdrk u _ jzpfEikd wf m(2)ckb&J w dS ,f? ykvyd ef @J
yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufzdk@ jiif;qefvdkuf+yD;/ aqG;aEG;yGJysufoGm;wm&,f/ ykvdyf
owif;ay;vkyfzdk@ vufcHvdkufwm&,f³³³ 'D(2)ck wckckjzpfrSmbJ? jiif;vkdufrd
&ifawmh ykvdyfu+idKjiifrSmbJ? ykvdyfubmbJjzpfjzpf olwdk@udk pum;rajym
csiof u l kd olw@kd uvnf; pum;rajymcsiyf gb;l ? tcsed u f ek ±f b kH J &Swd ,f? olw@kd
&Smwmu vlaysmah wGyg? owif;n‡px f w k vf @kd &wJo
h al wG/ t=uyfuikd v f @kd &wJh
olawGukd olw@kd e@J y;l aygi;f zd@k qGo
J iG ;f wmbJ? 'Dvkd rcdik v f wkH o hJ rRepf mawGtjyif
tckvdk &mZ0wfusifhxHk;Oya'ta=umif;rodolawGudk txif}uD;atmif
vkyf+yD;/ zrf;pm;EdkifwJhenf;awG trsm;}uD;&Sdao;w,f? v#dK@0Sufykvdyf&J@ zdwf
=um;csufawG/ orRefpmawG/ urf;vSrf;pmawG/ tqdkjyKcsufawGeJ@ olwdk@&J@
udk,fpm;vS,fpHkaxmufawGudk ykvdyf&Hk;rSmbJjzpfjzpf/ bm;rSmbJjzpfjzpf/ pm;
aomufqdkifrSmbJjzpfjzpf awG@zdk@csdef;wwfw,f?
'Dvdk yxrw}udrfawG@pOf jywfjywfom;om;rjiif;vdkufbl; qdk
&if t}udrf}udrf zkef;qufac:vdrfhr,f? qdkif;ryg AHkrqifh oifhtdrfudkjzpfjzpf/
tvkyu f jkd zpfjzpf a&mufvmvdrrhf ,f? aemufxyf xyfawG@z@kd csed ;f vdrOhf ;D r,f?
tJ'DtcgusrS a&Smifzdk@}udK;pm;&if tquftpyfr&SdwJhar;cGef;awGudk ‘&Sif;
vif;ajz=um;zdk@’ tvGwfoabmorRefpmawGudk ar#mfvifhxm;ayawmh? 'g
u aemufxyfpum;ajymzdk@/ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufzdk@yef=um;csufawG twGuf
tzHk;tuG,fvkyfxm;wmbJ? 'Dvdk r=umc% taESmuft,Sufay;cH&zef
rsm;vm&if vl[m pdwfyifyef;vmw,f? ‘igawmh³³³ oGm;+yD’qdkwJh pdwfrsdK;
jzpfvmr,f? rvdk;vm;aom {nfhonfawGudk rvmapcsifwmeJ@ pm&Gufw
&Guu f kd vufrw S xf ;kd vdu
k &f wwfw,f? 'gu tckvo kd wl @kd e@J awG@wmudk b,f
olrSrajymbJ v#dK@0Sufxm;ygr,fvdk@ uwday;&wmxufydk+yD; bmrSrjzpf
Edkifbl;?
'Dvkd vkyv f ukd &f vd@k v#K@d 0u
S yf v
k yd ef @J tquftoG,af wG &yfqikd ;f
oGm;+yDvdk@rxifygeJ@? 'Dvdk uwd0efcHcsufrsdK;udk vufrSwfxdk;vdkuf&+yD;wm
eJ@'vD rkd vky&f if b,fvjkd zpfomG ;Edik w f ,fv@kd v#Kd @0u S yf v
k yd &f @J t+rJ+cdr;f ajcmuf
vmwmudk cH&awmhr,f?
'Dvdk uwd0efcHcsufrsdK;udk jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;Xmea&S@rSm xkd;&
w,fqdk&ifawmif ol@rSm Oya't& tpGrf;tmedoifr&Sdygbl;? tckvdk ykvdyf
&J@usK;H oGi;f cH&olawG/ uwdawGay; t=uyfuikd w f mawGc&H +yD;/ axmifacsmuf
xJusoGm;olawGtwGuf taumif;qHk;t}uH^m%fuawmh jywfjywfom;
om; jiif;vdkufzdk@ygbJ? bmpm&GufudkrS vufrSwfrxdk;ygeJ@? pum;ajymor#
tm;vHk;udk rSwfwrf;wifxm;zdk@awmif;qdkyg? oifhrdwfaqGawG/ ajratmuf
yHkEdSyfwdkufu &JabmfawGudkvnf; ckvdk ykvdyfu vmcsOf;uyfa=umif; tod
ay;xm;yg? tpdk;&a&S@ae±Hk;udk wdkif=um;pma&;yg?
tckvkd ykvyd u
f +cdr;f ajcmuft=uyfuikd w f m/ axmifacsmufqif
usKH;oGif;wmrS &kef;xGufzdk@wckwnf;aomaocsmwJhenf;vrf;u ykvdyf&J@
npfywfwhJ vky&f yfawGukd vload tmifvyk v f u
kd zf @kd ygb?J 'gomv#if wOD;csi;f
pdwfwnf+idrfr_udk jyef&ap vdrfhr,f? ydkvefjynfrSm w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;r_&Sdapzdk@
wdkufyGJqifEdkifapvdrfhr,f?
xd e f ; od r f ; jcif ; 55
&mZ0wfusifhxHk;Oya'yk'fr(206)/ tydk'f(1)u 'Dvdkqdkygw,f?

"jynfol@ppftzGJ@onf rouFmolwOD;udk tjypfusL;vGefcJhonf[k vnf;
aumif;/ xGufajy;ykef;a&SmifzG,f&Sdonf[k vnf;aumif;/ oufaocHypPnf;
rsm;udk zsuq f ;D rnf[k vnf;aumif;/ ,H=k unfavmufaomta=umif;&Sv d #if
xkod ul x
kd ed ;f odr;f xm;Edik cf iG &hf o
dS nf? xde;f odr;f &ef&nf&,G o f nfu h mvudak &;
om;azmfjy&rnf?" qdkvdkwmu ykvdyfuom rouFmolwOD;udk jypfr_usL;
vGeo f nf[k ,H=k unfavmufaomta=umif;&Sv d #if xde;f odr;f xm;Edik w
f ,f
qdkwmygbJ?
'gu oabmw&m;oufoufr#ombJ? vufawG@rmS ykvyd zf uf
u vdkovdk t"dy`g,fzGifhcGifhawGay;+yD;/ bufvdkufxm;w,f? tusdK;qufu
55
Detention
awmh ydkvefjynfol@orRwEdkifiH&J@ EdkifiHom;wOD;udk pGJcsufrwifbJ (48)em&D
txd zrf;csKyfxm;Edkifygw,f?
'Dvdk }udKwifumuG,fwJhxdef;odrf;r_&J@&nf&G,fcsufu rouFm
olwOD;udk aysmhoGm;atmifvkyfzdk@bJ? OD;usdK;oGm;atmif vkyfzdk@bJ? ykvdyfu
ouFmruif;cH&olukd cifAsm;[m ESp&f n S vf rsm; usO;f usomG ;zd@k vufwurf;
bJ vdkw,fqdkwm odapcsifw,f? tpdk;&a&S@aevufxJ tr_a&mufroGm;zdk@
u,fwifEdkifol[mvnf; olwdk@bJjzpfw,fqdkwm odapcsifw,f?
bmbJjzpfjzpf ouFmruif;cH&olu pum;ajymvm+yD;/ olw@kd e@J
yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufvm+yDqdk&if/ }udKwifumuG,fwJh xdef;odrf;r_umv t
uef@towf (48) em&Drausmfcif v$wfypfEdkifw,f?
jynfo@l ppfubJjzpfjzpf/ v#Kd @0u S yf v
k yd f56ubJjzpfjzpf rouFmol
wa,mufudk v$wfypfEdkifwJhtm%m&Sdw,f? 'gayr,fh (48) em&DtwGif;
v$wyf pf&r,f? (48)em&Dausm&f if tpd;k &a&S@aeqDtr_uv kd aJ$ jymif;ay;&r,f?
vufawG@rSmawmh rm&S,favma=unm+yD;uwnf;u 'Dtcsdef
umv[m tuef@towfr&Sdawmhbl;? xdef;odrf;w,f/ rac:awmhbJ wm;
qD;xm;w,fv@kd baJ jymawmhw,f? ykvyd u f usaemfw h @kd t,ltqawGe@J ae
yH/k xdik yf akH wGukd r}uKdu&f if usaemfw@kd tm;vH;k tcsed rf a&G; ud, k Ehf ikd if x
H rJ mS bJ
ppfoHk@yef;jzpfoGm;Edkifw,f?
Oya't& ykvdyft&m&Sdu vlwOD;wa,mufudk xdef;odrf;r,f
qd&k if bmha=umifx h ed ;f odr;f w,fqw kd m azmfjy&r,f? wcgw&Hawmh tvGef
tE W&m,f}uD;wJh &mZ0wfaumifeJ@ &ifqdkifae&ovdk qifjcifuefwwf
w,f? "usaemfu h kd 'Dvv kd yk cf ikd ;f vd@k yg/" 'grSr[kwf "a[haumif³³³ pum;odyf
56
The MO or SB (People's Militia, Secret Police)
r&Snef @J u?G rif;rsuEf mS udk xd;k cJG ypfvu
kd &f rvm;" pojzifah yg@? jyefvw
G v
f m
&ifawmh tpdk;&a&S@aeqDudk uef@uGufpmwapmif a&;ukda&;&r,f? 'DvdkudpP
awGrSm tawmfrsm;rsm;u pmjyefrvmayr,fh/ tm%mydkifawG&J@ Oya'rJh
vkyf&yf udk rSwfwrf;wifzdk@ vkyfudkvkyf&r,f?
&S m azG j cif ; 57
&mZ0wfusix hf ;kH Oya'yk'rf (181) tyd'k (f 1)t& &SmazGciG t hf rde@f

udktpdk;&a&S@aeuaomfvnf;aumif;/ w&m;&Hk;uaomfvnf;aumif;/ pmeJ@
a&;om;+yD;xkwaf y;&r,fv@kd qykd gw,f? rnfo@kd yifqakd p ta&;w}uD; aqmif
&Guf&efvdktyfaom tr_udpPrsm;wGif &mZ0wfusifhxHk; Oya'yk'fr(191)/
tydk'f(2)t& &SmazG&eftrdef@udk jynfol@ppfwyfzGJ@. wyfrª;u ay;Edkifonf?
od@k wnf;r[kwf ykvyd t f &m&Su d ‚if;.pm&Gupf mwrf;rsm;udjk yo+yD;/ aqmif
&GuEf ikd o
f nfv@kd &ydS gw,f? pmjzifah &;om;xm;aomtwnfjyKcsuu f akd wmif;
cHvmv#if tpd;k &a&S@aeonf (7)&uftwGi;f xkt d wnfjyKcsuu f kd xkwaf y;&
rnf? TusifhxHk;onf vludk&SmazGjcif;/ tcef;/ tdrf/ um;/ um;*dka'gif³³³
ponf tm;vHk;udk &SmazGjcif;udpP&yftm;vHk;ESifh oufqdkifonf?
od@k aomf &mZ0wfusix hf ;kH onf ‘ta&;w}uD;aqmif&u G &f ef vdk
tyfaomtr_upd rP sm;Y’qdo k nfEiS yhf wfoufI uef@owfru _ &kd iS ;f vif;wdus
pGmzGifhqdkxm;jcif; r&Sday? tusdK;qufu ykvdyftzdk@ xdktrdef@tm%mudk
tvGJoHk;pm;vkyf&ef tcGifhta&; &oGm;wmygbJ? wzef &mZ0wfusifhxHk;
(182)u &SmazGjcif;udk eHeuf(6)em&DrS n (9) em&DtcsdeftwGif; pwifjyK
57
Searches
vky&f rnfv@kd azmfjyxm;+yD;/ &SmazGjcif;vkyif ef;udk wnvH;k qufvufjyKvkyf
Edkifygw,f? ‘ta&;ay:udpP&yfrsm;’wGifawmh ae@ae@nn b,ftcsdefrqdk
vkyfEdkifygw,f?
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vaygif;rsm;pGm rm&S,favmatmuf aevmcJh&wJh usaemfwdk@tm;vHk; tzdk@
awmh jynfol@ppfujzpfjzpf/ vHkxdef;ujzpfjzpf58/ bmta=umif;jycsufeJ@ jzpf
jzpf/ bmta=umif;jycsufrS rjybJjzpfjzpf usaemfwdk@tdrfawGxJ tcsdefra&G;
usL;ausmfvmwm[m txl;tqef;r[kwfawmhyg?olwdk@u rm&S,favm
atmufrmS Oya'rJrh u _ kd tcGiahf umif;,lrmS bJ? 'gayr,fu h saemfw@kd u ckv&kd ef
pusL;ausmfwmudk ra=umufrvef@/ xdwfxdwfysmysm rjzpfbJ wkef@jyefzdk@
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&m,fay;Edkifr,fh ypPnf;/ pm&Gufpmwrf;/ vdyfpmpmtkyf/ ajratmufowif;
pm 'grSr[kwf oifhpdwfxJay:vmor# ypPnf;tm;vHk;udkzsufqD;zdk@ tcsdef&
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awG udk rD;±_d@wmygvdk@ ajym&HkygbJ?@59
58
The MO or ZOMO (People's Militia, Riot Police)
59
@_@ rS pmrsm;onf rl&if;xkwaf 0onfh rltxJrp
S myd'k rf sm;jzpfonf?
&SmazGolt&m&Sd[m pmjzifha&;om;rSwfwrf;wifxm;&ygr,f? odrf;qnf;
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onfhypPnf;twGuf rdrd&J@wkef@jyefr_ pwmawGudk rdrd&J@oabmxm;rSwfcsuf
taeeJ@ azmfjycGifh&Sdygw,f?
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v#ifyif vufrSwfxdk;zdk@jiif;qefyg? oif.uef@uGufcsufudk xdkrSwfwrf;wGif
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abmiftwGif;rSjzpfonf? vufESdyfpufwvHk;/ a&'D,dkwvHk;/ yHkESdyfpm&Guf
wcsKd@ydkifqdkifwmudk b,folrSwm;qD;EdkifcGifhr&Sdyg? &SmazGcH&wJhtcg 'DypPnf;
rsKd;awG &SmazGodrf;qnf;cH&avh&Sdygw,f? tpdk;&a&S@aexH wdkif=um;pmrSm
'D odr;f qnf;cHypPn;f awGukd jyefay;zd@k awmif;qdw k mudv k nf; wygwnf; azmf
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wGuf wckwnf;aom taxmuftxm;onf oifhudk,fay:wGifawG@aom
t&myif jzpfonf?
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p&m ta=umif;awmh &Sd&r,f? 'DvdkbJ pGJpGJ +rJ+rJqkyfudkifxm;&r,f? Oyrm³³³
oifhudkvrf;rSm or*~pm=unfhwdkufu iSm;vmwJhpmtkyfawGeJ@ &yfwef@ppf
aq;cH&+yDqdkygpdk@? "rm&S,favmOya'u jyif;xefvGef;wma=umifh a=umuf
+yD; 'Dajratmufpm&Gupf mwrf;awGukd zsuq f ;D rvd@k vyk af ewke;f cifAsm;wd@k e@J
awGwmyg" vd@k ajymyg? pmtkyaf wG b,fu&w,f/ pm=unfw h u kd rf ;ª u b,f
olqw kd m pwmawG bmrSajymzd@k rvdyk g? pmtkyaf wGvuf0,f&w dS m &mZ0wf
r_ r[kwfyg? &Sif;jy&efvnf;rvdkyg? tqHk;awmh "'D[mawG&Sdaewmudk odyf
a=umufae+yD; 'gawGudk &Sif;ypfrvdk@yg? =urRmiifcsifawmh cifAsm;wdk@eJ@ckvdk
awG@vdkuf&awmh rvkyfvdkuf&awmhbl;ayg@Asm" vdk@ ajymyg?
ppfa=uma&;t&m&Su d oifZh mwfvrf;[m vHñuwfqw kd m odyg
w,f? 'gayr,fh 'DZmwfvrf;udkbJ taoqkwfudkif+yD; ajymaeoa&G@ tE W
&m,fu a&SmifEdkifygvdrfhr,f?
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ykvdyfu awG@oGm;+yDqdkygpdk@? tvG,fqHk;&Sif;jyEdkifwmu "'g rm&S,favm r
a=unmcifu pm&Gufpmwrf;awGyg" vdk@ajymvdkufyg? 'DZmwfvrf;u ±l;
a=umifa=umifawmhEikd yf gw,f? 'gayr,fh ykvyd u f akd wmh vSnphf m;Edik yf gw,f?
oifht,ltqawG/ ,Hk=unfcsufawGudk ykvdyfeJ@ taqG;aEG;rcHygeJ@? ‘ajr
atmufv_yf&Sm;r_’qdkwmudk vHk;0jiif;yg? ‘v_yf&Sm;wufºuGol’ qdkwmrsdK;
vnf; rjzpfygapeJ@?
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aqmifyg? csuGufao/ qufom;/ axmufyHha&;vrf;a=umif;³³³ ponf
tm;vHk;udk ‘bmawG vmajymaewmvJqdkwJh *dkufzrf;xm;yg? oif[m
omreft&yfom;wa,muf/ wckckudk ‘rawmfwqoGm;awG@w,f’/ ‘tck
wdik ;f jynfuxGuo f mG ;+yDjzpfwhJ rdwaf qGwa,mufe@J twl vGecf w hJ hJ (10) ESpf
u awG@cJhwJholu 'D[mudkay;vdkufwm’/ tck csdef;xm;wJhae&mrSm 'Dvludk
oGm;awG@+yD; 'Dtxkwu f akd y;rvd@k / olu 'Dtxkwu f jkd rif&if usaemfu h kd rSwrf d
r,fvdk@xif&wmbJ’?
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a=umifawmhEdkifw,f? taumif;qHk;Oya'ou enf;enf;bJajymav
aumif;avbJ? v#K@d 0Suyf v k yd u
f awmh b,fvrkd S ,Hrk mS r[kwb f ;l ? 'gayr,hf
w&m;&Hk;u (w&m;&Hk;a&mufcJh&ifayg@av) oifhrSmtjypfxif&Sm;a=umif; r
awG@&ao;or# tjypfuif;pifw,fvdk@ ,lq&rSmbJ?
vGefcJhwJhvtenf;i,f tawG@t}uKHawGt&awmh Zmwfvrf;
wckxu J kd pJpG +JG rJ+rJ xyfwvJvJ ajymae&if/ tjynft h 0rSew f m r[kwOf ;D awmh
vlwa,muf vGwfvmwmudk }uKHzl;ygw,f?
"rouFmol. &Si;f vif;wifjycsuo f nf jzpfEikd pf &m&So d nf" qdk
wm ppfcHk&Hk;w&m;vdka&S@aeu tr_ydwfwJhtcg oHk;wJhpum;vHk;yg?@60
ppf a =uma&; 61
oufaotjzpfjzpfap/ rouFmol/ w&m;cHtaeESifhjzpfap/

ppfa=umzdk@qifhac:wm cH&Edkifygw,f? &mZ0wfusifhxHk;Oya'yk'fr (61) u
'Dvdkqdkygw,f? "rouFmolqdkonfrSm ykvdyf.pGyfpGJr_udk cH&oljzpfonf?
w&m;cHonf w&m;&Hk;u enf;vrf;wus pGJcsufwif ppfaq;cH&oludk
qdv k o
kd nf?"
60
61
Interrogation
@ppfa=uma&;twGuf qifhac:wJhorRefpmrSm oifhudkbmtr_eJ@ac:w,f
qd k wm &S i f ; &S i f ; vif ; vif ; azmf j yxm;&r,f ? rouF m ol t aeeJ @ /
oufaotaeeJ@ ac:wJhtcg tr_wGJeHygwfudkazmfjy&r,f? ‘yk*~vdutr_’/
‘&S i f ; vif ; wif j y&ef qif h a c:onf ’ qd k w J h rS w f c suf r sd K ;awG y gvm&if /
tr_ w G J e H y gwf u d k csef v S y f x m; &if / &H k ; wH q d y f w H k ; ryg&if orR e f p m[m
ysufygw,f? 'Dvdk orRefpmrsKd;udk vufcH vdkufemp&mrvdkyg?@62
ar;cG e f ; awG rpcif wm0ef c H p pf a =umol t&m&S d u tr_
ta=umif;t&mudk w&mcHudkajymjyzdk@wm0ef&Sdygw,f? (vufawG@rSm jzpfcJ
ygw,f?) @ar;cGef; wdkif;udk pmeJ@a&;om;rSwfwrf;wifzdk@awmif;qdkyg? +yD;rS
arcGef;udkajzzdk@ jiif;qefyg?@63
oufaou ol@ujkd zpfap/ aqGrsK;d &if;csmwOD;udjk zpfap ta&;,l
tjypfay; Edkifaomar;cGef;udk jiif;qef&ef Oya't& tcGifhta&;&Sdygw,f?
(&mZ0wfusifhxHk; yk'fr 166)
@ppfa=uma&;umvrSm oufao[m oufaocHtcsuf t
vufuakd y;tyfz@kd rjiif;qefEikd yf g? od@k aomf ol@ujkd zpfap/ aqGrsKd ;&if;csm wOD;
udkjzpfap ta&;,ltjypfay;EdkifwJh tcsuftvufrsKd;udkawmh ta=umif;
wpHkw&mrjybJ jiif;qefcGifh&Sdygw,f?64
ar;cGef;awGudk ajzzdk@ jiif;qefwm[m ta&;}uD;w,f? bmvdk@
vJqdkawmh oufaou rouFmoljzpfoGm;Edkifw,f? oufaocHxGufqdkae
wke;f tcsut f vufwcsKd @[m aemifrmS oifu h wkd &m;pGw J ifEikd w
f mrsKd ; rawmf
62
63
64
(&mZ0wfusifhxHk;Oya'yk'fr 165 ESifh 166 udk n$ef;)
wq xGufqdkrdwwfw,f? tcsuftvufrSm;udk xGufqdkwmxufpm&if
rajymbJ yg;pyfyw d x
f m;wmu ydak umif;ygw,f? oufaovdrx f u
G &f if (5)
ESpftxd axmifcsEdkifygw,f?@65
'gawGu=kd unf&h if v#Kd @0u S yf v
k yd ef @J qufqw
H t hJ cg/ ppfa=uma&;
0if&wJhtcg/ wckwnf;aom avsmfuefwJhenf;y&d,m,fu wcsKd@aomar;
cGef;rsm;udk rajzrdzdk@ygbJ? rouFmoltaeeJ@jzpfap/ w&m;cHtaeeJ@jzpfap
ar;cGef;tar;cH&wJhtcg/ &mZ0wfusifhxHk; Oya'yk'fr(63)t& oufaocH
csuaf y;zd@k jiif;qefciG &hf ydS gw,f? 'Dy'k rf u w&m;cH&@J tcGit hf a&;udk &nf!e$ ;f
ay r,fh yk'fr(61)t& rouFmoluvnf; cHpm;cGifh&Sdygw,f?)*66
(ra=umufyge@J 67? usaemfw@kd cka&mufaewm ‘a*:rlumacwf’68

r[kwyf g? olu‘cE<mud, k n f O‡ ;f yef;ESyd pf ufr’_ udk qef@usiyf gw,f? tckacwf
rSmawmh v#Kd@0Sufykvdyfu ppfa=uma&;umvrSm +cdrf;ajcmufwm/ tiftm;
oH;k wm r=umc% vkyw f wfygw,f? wa,mufuqdk olw@kd t&m&Scd si;f ajym
aewJh ‘'Daumifh yg;pyfyiG v hf matmif 'Daumifrh suEf mS udak v;ig;csuaf vmuf
xkd;vdkufprf;uGm’qdkwmudk =um;cJh&ygw,f?
'Dvdk +cdrf;ajcmufr_rsKd;udk vufawG@vnf;vkyfwwfygw,f? pdwf
"mwfa&;&mt&toifjh zpfatmif usaemfw@kd u, kd uf kd usaemfw@kd toifjh yif&
ygr,f? uHaumif;wmu‘pwmvifacwf’r[kwfawmhwmyg? tJ'Dacwfu
65
@_@ rS pmrsm;onf rl&if;xkwaf 0onfh rltxJrp S myd'k rf sm;jzpfonf?
66
* rS pmrsm;onf jyifqifxw k af 0onfh rltxJrS pmyd'k rf sm;jzpfonf?
67
Don't be intimidated
68
Waldslow Gomulka onf 1956-70 uGefjrLepfygwDA[dkaumfrwD.
yxrtwGi;f a&;rSL; jzpfonf?
awmh cE<mudk,fn‡Of;yef;EdSyfpufr_[mjzpf&dk;jzpfpOfyg? cE<mudk,fn‡Of;yef;ESdyf
pufr_udkjyefvkyfzdk@ w&m;0ifqHk;jzwfwmrsKd;awmh rvkyf&ao;ygbl;? +cdrf;
ajcmufwm/ tiftm;oHk;wm&J@ &nf&G,fcsufu wOD;wa,mufudk tE W
&m,f&Sdae+yDvdk@ cHpm;oGm;&atmif/ tm;udk;&mrJhoGm;+yDvdk@ cHpm;oGm;&
atmif vkycf siw f myg? usaemfw@kd [m ud, k uhf ,kd uf vkd nf; umuG,Ef ikd w f ,f?
jyefvSefwdkufppfyif qifEdkifygw,f? +cdrf;ajcmufcH&wJhtcg jyefatmfyg? 'Dvdk
+cdrf;ajcmufwmudk jynfwGif;a&m jynfyuygodatmif vkyfvdkufr,fvdk@ jyef
+cdrf;ajcmufyg? jzpfEdkif&if p}uFefzufajy;xGuf+yD; qlqlylyljzpfatmif vkyfyg?
ud, k uhf pkd pfaewJh t&m&Sx d uf}uD;wJt h &m&Su d dk 0ifawG@z@kd }udK;pm;+yD; wdik w f ef;
yg? tawG@t}uKHt& 'Dvt kd jyKtrlu +cdr;f ajcmufEydS pf ufwmudk &yfypfEikd yf g
w,f? 'Dvt kd =urf;enf;eJ@owif;r&Edik b f ;l qdwk mudo k o
d mG ;&if v#K@d 0u S yf vk yd f
u olwdk@udkay;wJh!$ef=um;csufudk jyefpOf;pm;ygvdrfhr,f? ('D!$ef=um;csuf
uvnf; tcsdefra&G; ajymif;Edkifygw,f? jzpf&dk;jzpfpOft&awmh ‘taysmh
qGJ’enf;udk ajymif;oHk;ygvdrfhr,f?)69
ppfa=uma&;&J@&nf&G,fcsufu usaemfwdk@udk pum;ajymatmif
vkyfzdk@yg? p˜pcsif;awmh³³³ "cifAsm;awmh wb0vH;k axmifxJ aeoGm;&awmh
rSmbJ"qdw k mrsK;d eJ@‘pdw"f mwfa&;’t&+cdr;f ajcmufygvrd rhf ,f? 'Daemufawmh
"a=omf³³³ cifAsm;uud, k u hf , kd u
f w
kd if 'kuaQ y;wmr[kwb f ;l / cif;Asm;&J@ teD;
qHk;eJ@ tcspfqHk;awGudkyg 'kuQay;aewmudk;"vdk@ ajymygvdrfhr,f? +yD;awmhrS
wajz;ajz;ydk+yD; acwfrDqef;jym;wJhenf;awGudk oHk;ygvdrfhr,f?
rvef@yge@J 70 ? a'goxGuaf tmif qG˜ay;wJh pGypf cJG suaf wGa=umifh
69
70
Don't get alarmed
rvef@vdkufygeJ@? ppfa=uma&;&J@enf;wenf;u jypfr_udk yHk}uD;cs@JwmbJ? 'D
awmhrS pGypf cJG &H olu owdvufvw G jf zpf+yD;/ bmawGjzpfvmOD;rSmvJv@kd awG;
+yD; a=umufvmw,f? 'DawmhrS 'DudpPrSm wu,fwef;usawmh olb,f
avmufbJygcJhwmygqdk+yD;ajymawmhr,f? 'DvdkudpPrsKd;rSm e*dkpGyfpGJcsufudk jyef
&kyfodrf;vdkuf+yD;/ ydkqdk;wJhtajctaexJudk ckefqif;rdvsufom; jzpfaeawmh
w,f? ppfa=umolbufu=unf&h if oifu ckawmh pum; p˜ajymae+yDjzpfv@kd
'Denf;u atmifjrifwmbJ?
ppfa=umol[m omreftm;jzifh rouFmcH&olxuf Oya'udk
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ouFmcH&ol[m ol@tcGifhta&;udk rodwmrsm;w,f? 'gudkod&zdk@vnf; ppf
a=umoludk tm;udk;vdk@r&bl;? Oyrm³³³ ppfa=umolu oif'Dar;cGef;udk bm
vd@k rajzovJqw kd m r&ruar;vdrrhf ,f? wu,fwef;u oifrh mS 'Dvkd tcGihf
ta&;&Sdw,fqdkwm olaumif;aumif;odw,f? "cifAsm;rajzwm[m rajz
csiv f @kd rajzwmr[kwv f m;"/ "'Dxu G cf suu f cifAsm;udk &mZ0wfre_ @J &H;k wif
ppfaq;Edkifw,fqdkwm odvdk@r[kwfvm;"?
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ywfEdkifw,fqdkwm cifAsm;ubmvdk@xif&wmvJ"vdk@ ar;aumif;ar;vdrfh
r,f? oif pum;ajymvmvdrrhf ,fqw kd hJ ar#mvf ifch suef @J ar;wmbJ? tajzu
awmh &Si;f &Si;f av;bJ? "'Dxu G cf suuf usaemfu h jkd yefywfvrd rhf ,fxifv@kd "vd@k
jyefajzvdkufyg? 'g[m vHkavmufwJhtajzbJ? aemufwqifhuawmh +cdrf;
ajcmufwmbJ? rajzbJae&if w&m;pGJzdk@ cGifhjyKcsufawmif;&vdrfhr,f qdkwm
rsKd;ayg@? 'grSr[kwfvnf; "'gav;ajzvdkuf&if cifAsm; jrefjrefvGwfrSmyg"vdk@
ajymvdrfhr,f?
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ay;zdk@ ol@rSmtm%mr&Sdbl;? (ppfa=umol[m rouFmcH&oludk yxr(48)
em&DtwGi;f rSmbJvw $ yf pfEikd w
f ,f? tpd;k &a&S@aeqDucGijhf yKrde@f r&&if't D csed f
xufausmf+yD; xdef;odrf;xm;vdk@ r&bl;?)*71
ppfa=uma&;umvwav#mufvHk; ppfa=uma&;t&m&Sdzufu
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xm;zdk@aumif;ygw,f?
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uswmav;awGudk ajymvdkufvdk@ zsm;roGm;ygeJ@? "'gawmifodaerSawmh³³³
tukefvHk;odaeavmufa&mayg@uGm"vdk@ tvG,fwul aumufcsuf rcs
vdu
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udk oHk;wmyg? oifhta=umif; wcsKd@w0uf oifhrdwfaqGawGudk ppfa=um&if;
&oGm;wm jzpfaumif;jzpfEdkifygw,f? oifhrdwfaqGuvnf;tr_eJ@bmrS
rqdkifwJh 'DtcsufawG udkajym+yD;/ ppfaq;oludk acgif;±_yfoGm;atmif
}uKd;pm;cJhwmyg? 'Denf;eJ@ wzufom;udk wywf&dkufEdkifvdrfhr,fvdk@ xifcJh
wmyg?
oifrh wd af qGwOD;OD;&J@ ud, k af &;ud, k w
f m b0tao;pdyu f kd b,f
awmhrS pum;pjrnfvyk +f yD;rajym&bl;qdw k m owd&yg? 'Dtcsut f vufawG
u olw@kd u'kd uk aQ &mufapEdik w f ,f? oifu h v kd w
l pke@J w&JG u
kd x
f m;wJh oif"h mwfykH
71
* rS pmrsm;onf jyifqifxw
k af 0onfh rltxJrS pmyd'k rf sm;jzpfonf?
72
Don't panic
xkwjf yvd@k ta=umif;rJv h ef@roGm;yge@J ? "mwfy/kH wdyaf cG/ tpD&ifcpH m³³³ pwm
awG[m ykvyd o f wif;ay;&J@ yHrk eS v f yk if ef;tcsut
f vufawGyg? ykvyd u f 'grsK;d
udk yHkrSefpkaqmif;&w,f? 'gayr,fh 'gawGu w&m;&Hk;rSm oufaocHr0ifyg?
oifuh kd +cdr;f ajcmufz@kd / axmifacsmufqifz@kd e@J tEdik t f xufvyk +f yD; xGucf suf
,lz@kd bJ toH;k usygw,f?
(pmeJ@) xGuq f +kd yD;+yDq&kd ifawmh usewf mawGrvdak wmhyg? w&m;
cGifwav#mufvHk;rSm oifhudk'kuQtay;EdkifqHk;u ckvdkpmeJ@a&;xm;wJh ouf
aocHcsuf ygbJ?@73
b,f[mudrk S 0efrcHyge@J 74 ? cifAsm;ta=umif;xGucf suaf y;r,f/h

oufaoeJ@ &ifqdkifawG@ay;&ifawmif bmudkrS0efrcHygeJ@? pdwf"mwft& t
!Gef@usKd;aewJh 'DvdkoufaoawGudk "olwdk@udkrodygbl;? olwdk@eJ@twl &mZ
0wfr_usL;vGefcJhwmr&Sdygbl;"vdk@ worwfwnf;jiif;+yD;&ifqdkif&if ppfa=um
a&;umvrSmjzpfjzpf/ tr_ppfaq;aepOfrSmjzpfjzpf olwdk@xGufcsufawGudk
jyef&kwfodrf;oGm;wwfygw,f?
oifrh w
d af qGtenf;pku oifvnf; ygygw,fv@kd quf+yD;xGuq f kd
ae&ifawmif oifrh mS 0efczH @kd tcsed t
f rsm; }uD;useyf gao;w,f? ‘&mZ0wfr’_
udk usL;vGefcJhygw,fvdk@ 0efcHzdk@qHk;jzwfw,fqdk&if oifha&S@aea&S@rSm 0efcHyg?
ydkaumif;wmu w&m;&Hk;rSm0efcHyg? ppfa=uma&;umvtwGif; v$rf;rdk; t
EdkifusifhcH&&if/ xifa&mifxifrSm; jzpfatmiftvkyfcH&&if/ a&S@ae&J@t}uH
^m%f&,lzdk@ (&mZ0wfusifhxHk;Oya'eJ@qef@usif+yD;) jiif;y,fcH&&if E_wfydwf
aeyg? 'grSr[kwf bmrSrywfoufcJhygbl; vdk@jiif;yg?
73
@_@ rS pmrsm;onf rl&if;xkwaf 0onfh rltxJrp S myd'k rf sm;jzpfonf?
74
Do not admit anything
rouFmolwa,mufxufydk+yD; ppfa=umcHae&wJh umvrsKd;rSm ykvdyfudk
ausmzd@k tcGit hf vrf;vH;k 0r&Sb d ;l qdw k mem;vnf&r,f? qdyk gp@dk ³³³ rouFmol
wa,mufu(kd ykvyd u f ar;vd@k )tjcm;rouFmolwa,mufe@J aumfzq D ikd rf mS
pum;ajymcJhwmudk jyefajym+yDqdkygpdk@? ykvdyfudkvrf;v$Jzdk@ tr_eJ@rqdkifwJh
tao;pdwt f a=umif;t&mav;awGukd pajymvdrrhf ,f? 'D tao;pdwaf wGukd
'kw, d rouFmcH&olukd oGm; ajymwJt h cg "[m³³³ 'Daumifawmh azmf+yD"vd@k
xif+yD; pajymawmhrSmbJ?
vlwpkukd ppfa=umcH&&if ykvyd u f vkd nS phf m;Edik zf @kd qw kd m rjzpfEikd f
yg? olwdk@rSm wdkifyifaqG;aEG;cGifhvnf;r&Sd/ b,ftcsufudk azmfajymr,fqdk
wmvnf; n‡dE_dif;cGifhr&Sdvdk@ygbJ?
ppfa=umolawGu rouFmolawGukd &ifqikd &f mrSm oH;k avh&w dS hJ
vufoHk;pum;u "rif; udk,fhudk,fudk tjypfr&Sdbl;qdk+yD; pum;ajymzdk@ jiif;
ae&if ud, k u hf , kd u f kd 'kuaQ y;wmjzpfrmS bJ? &d;k &d;k om;om;eJ@ tjynft h pHak jym
rS tjypfr&Sd&ma&mufrSmayg@"? 'gu bmrS rSm;wmawmhr[kwfbl;? ydkvef
orwEdik if &H @J Oya'ta=umif;tcsut f &ajym&if w&m;cH[m tjypfr&Sb d ;l
qdwk ,hJ q
l csuu f kd tajccHw,f? qdv k w kd mu jypfru _ sL;vGeaf =umif; oufao
xif&mS ;rjyEdik o f r#/ Edik if o
H m;wdik ;f [mtjypfuif;rJw h ,fv@kd qv kd w kd mbJ? ppf
a=uma&;vkyif ef;&J@&nf&, G cf suef @J wnf&&dS wJt h a=umif;&if;[m rouFmol
[m jypfr_usL;vGefa=umif; oufaoxif&Sm;jyzdk@bJ? tjypfuif;rJha=umif;
oufaojyzdk@ r[kwfbl;? oifhudkulnDcsifwJh ‘oabmaumif;wJh OD;av;
}uD;’&J@ t&l;vkyw f mudrk cH&ygapeJ@? ol@&@J t&if;cHapwemudjk iif; y,fr+d yDv@kd
xifrda,mifrSm;rjzpfygeJ@? tcsdefom vHkvHkavmufavmuf&ygap? tjypf
r&Sdbl;vdk@ajymwJh oufaojycsufwdkif;udk (t+rJwrf;awmh w&m;0ifwJhenf;
vrf;r[kww f )hJ enf;eJ@ v#K@d 0u S yf vk yd u
f rrSeaf =umif;oufaojyEdik w f mcsn;f
bJqdkwm rarhygeJ@? bmbJjzpfjzpf tr_u w&m;&Hk;a&mufoGm;+yDqdk&ifawmh
v#Kd@0SufykvdyftwGuftcsdefuenf;oGm;yg+yD?*75
w&m;&Hk;rSm vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;wJh oufaocHcsuf[m cdkifvHk
ygw,f? 'g@a=umifhbJ ppfa=uma&;rSwfwrf;awGudk ppfa=uma&;+yD;vdk@ em&D
tawmf=umrS r=umc% csa&;=uwmbJ? rouFmcH&olarmyef;ae+yD/ ouf
aocHcsuu f kd tao;pdwjf yefvnf rppfaq;Edik af wmhb;l qdw k thJ csed =f urS 'Dvkd
vkyw f mbJ? ppfa=umolu ppfa=umcH&ol rajymwJh tcsut f vufwcsK@d ukd
vnf;xnfhzdk@ }udK;pm;aumif; }uKd;pm;vdrfhOD;r,f?
tpuwnf;u ar;cGef;wdkif;udk aocsmpGma&;zdk@awmif;qdkyg?
ra&;&if qufajzzdk@jiif;qdkyg? rSwfwrf;xJrSmb,fvdktao;tzGJudk csefxm;
cJw
h mrsK;d udrk S vufrcHyge@J ? oifx
h u
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J w
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a&;wmjzpfjzpf/ b,favmufbJao;i,fygap/ rSwfwrf;xJrSmvdktyfovdk
&Sif;vif;csufxnfhay;zdk@ awmif;qdkyg? vufrSwfxdk;zdk@ jiif;qefyg?76
EdkifiHa&;tr_awGrSm tpkvdkuft+yHKvdkuf tzrf;cH&wJhtcg/ ppf
a=umolawGvkyfwwfwmu tcsif;csif;=um;aoG;pnf;a&;udk +zdKcGJypfzdk@bJ?
tzrf;cH&oltcsi;f csi;f aw@ay;+yD;vnf; upm;wwfw,f? r=umc% olw@kd
vkyfwwfwmu }uH&mygwa,muf ay;xm;w,fvdk@xif&wJh xGufcsufxJ
rSm tcsut f vufopfwcsKd @ wDxiG x f nfo h iG ;f wmbJ? ,H=k unf&atmif xGuf
csuu f kd rSww f rf;xJxnfx h m;wwfao;w,f? ud;k um;xm;wJh tcsuu f rSef
w,fqdk&ifawmif &nf&G,fcsufu ‘wjcm;olawGazmfukef+yD’vdk@ xifapcsif
awmhwmbJ? 'Dvdkxifrd+yDqdkwmeJ@rouFmcH&ol[m p ajymawmhwmbJ?h
75
76
(yd k v ef j ynf w &m;Oya't& rouF m cH & ol e J @ ouf a oawG [ m
ppfa=uma&;rSww f rf;rSm vufrw
S x
f ;kd zd@k Oya't& wm0efr&Syd g?)
cke udk;um;csufygwJh xGufcsufrSwfwrf;[mvnf; w&m;&Hk;a&mufrvm
awmhbJ pkyfpjrKyfp aysmufoGm;awmhwmbJ?
aemufxyf SB oH;k wwfwhJ ta[mif;rsO;f qH;k vSnphf m;enf;u
-- oif vkyfaewJhvlr_vkyfief;awG[m taemuf*smr%D jyKjyifa&;orm;
opPmazmufawG/ tpPa&;v#Kd @0u S af xmufvrS ;f a&;tzG@J e@J CIA pwmawGu
aiGa=u;axmufyHhaewmvdk@ ,Hk=unfvmatmifvkyfwmbJ? rouFmcH&ol
u 'D&HyHkaiGxJrS udk,fusdK;twGuf wjym;wcsyfrSr&bl;qdkapOD;/ (olu odyf
ao;wJh e,f&kyfav;jzpfaevdk@) 'DEdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rSmygaewJh wjcm;olawG
uawmh aiG&vdk@vkyf=uwm/ olwdk@u qGpfZmvefb%fpm&if;awGrSmvnf;
aiGawGtrsm;}uD;tyfxm;w,fvdk@ ajymvdrfhr,f?
olwdk@oHk;cJhwJhenf;awGxJu tatmifjrifqHk; wckuawmh
(1968)u oHk;cJhwJhenf;bJ?77 olwdk@enf;u qef@usifykefuefr_&Jh ppfrSefr_eJ@
ta&;ygru _ kd jiif;y,fxm;wmbJ? 'DxyJ gwv hJ t
l m;vH;k udk "rif;wd@k toH;k csc&H
wm/ jc,fvS,fcH&wm" vdk@ajymr,f? "rif;wdk@q&m}uD;awGu*sL;awGeJ@ t
aemuf*smrmefjyKjyifa&;orm;awGb?J olw@kd uolw@kd u, kd u
f sKd ;pD;yGm;twGuf
rif;wdk@udkajrSmufay;aewm"?
udk,fhudk ppfa=umaewJholeJ@ pum;rajym& raeEdkif&if/ oleJ@
pum;pjrnfajymzdk@qHk;jzwf+yD;+yDqdk&if wckrSwfxm;&rSmu ol[moifhudk
t+rJwrf;awmh wdkuf&dkufar;cGef;awG ar;rSmr[kwfbl;? pD;u&ufwvdyf/
vbuf&nfwcGufay;+yD; &if;&if;ESD;ESD; i,faygif;}uD;az:vdk pum;ajymr,f?
ol[m ol@tvkyo f v
l yk af ew,fqw kd m owd&ydS g? ppfa=uma&;rSmoH;k wJh enf;
vrf;wcku ppfa=umcH&oleJ@ rdwfaqGzGJ@zdk@ bJ? zGifhajymvmatmif pdwf"gwf
77
(1968 rwfvrSm ausmif;om;ykeu
f efrw
_ ck jzpfcw
hJ ,f?)
a&;&mt& zdtm;ay;zdk@bJ? ppfa=uma&;eJ@oifh=um;rSm b,fvdktqufqH
rsdK;rS rxm;ygeJ@? oifhtaetxm; ydkcufoGm;vdrfhrnf?*78
@vaygif;tawmf=um ppfaq;ar;jref;cH&+yDqdk&if ppfa=umcH
&ol[m usKd ;oGm;+yD;zGiahf jymawmhrmS bJv@kd v#Kd @0u S yf v k yd f (SB)u t+rJwrf;
ar#mv f ifx
h m;w,f? 'ga=umifb h J olw@kd [m(ajcmufvu kd /f acsmv h u kd /f avaysmh
av;eJ@qufqHvdkufeJ@) olwdk@enf;awGudkt+rJwrf;ajymif;aewm? wcgw&H
awmh vlEpS af ,mufutvSnu hf svyk v
f mwwfw,f? wa,mufu tquf
rjywf qJqakd tmf[pfaew,f? aemufwa,mufu at;at;aq;aq; odrf
odrfarG@arG@eJ@ oifhudkem;vnfzdk@ }udK;pm;aeoa,mif/ ulnDcsifoa,mif
aqmifr,f? oifhudk ppfa=umzdk@ac:oGm;+yD; b,folurS bmrSrajymbJ em&D
aygi;f rsm;pGmxm;csix f m;r,f? ppfa=uma&;udk oifw h u kd cf ef;usO;f av;xJrmS
vkycf siv f yk rf ,f? Edik if aH &;tr_awGrmS awmhoifw h ukd cf ef;usO;f usO;f av;xJrmS
owif;ay;wa,mufudk a&mxm;wwfw,f? ('Dvlu axmifu ae
aemufxyfppfaq;p&m&Sdvdk@ac:vmwJhol/ 'grSr[kwf w&m;&Hk;rSm tpdk;&
oufaotjzpf xGufqdkr,fholjzpfwwfw,f? ) yHkaojzpfavh&Sdwmu 'Dvl
[m ‘oufawmifo h ufomaevdk wJ’h / tvky=f urf; rvkyv f wkd /hJ qd;k &Gm;vSwhJ
axmifwGif;'g%fudk rcHEdkifwJh/ tJ'Dtpm; ppfa=umcHzdk@ oufouftwGuf
tzrf;cHvdkolomjzpfwwfw,f? ol 'Dvdktm%mydkifawGeJ@ yl;aygif;aqmif
&Guf&if apmapmvGwfr,f/ axmif0ifpmrsm;rsm;&r,f? axmif0ifpm c%
c%awG@&r,f? pm tquftoG,f&r,f-- ponfjzifh uwday;xm;wm
rsKd ; jzpfwwfw,f? ol[m ppfa=umcHae&wmeJ@wcsed x f rJ mS oifu h pkd pfa=um
aewJh ppfa=uma&;t&m&Sed @J vnf; tquftoG,&f w dS ,f/f bmvd@k vq J akd wmh
78
oifhwdkufcef;usOf;av;xJrSm oif[m oifhudk,foifwcsdefvHk; xdef;csKyfr
xm;Edkifbl;qdkwmodvdk@/ oifhqDu‘ajzmifhcsuf’udk&atmif,lzdk@bJ? olupm
ay;p&m&S&d if axmifxu J cd;k xkwv f @kd &atmif olvyk af y;r,fv@kd ajymaumif;
ajymvdrfhr,f? aemufqHk;ppfa=uma&;t+yD; oifhtjyKtrlwkef@jyefyHkawGudk
tuJcwf+yD;/ tm;vH;k wprusef owif;yd@k vrd rhf ,f? 'Dvb kd J aemufxyf owd
xm;p&mu tusO;f cef;wdik ;f rSmcd;k em;axmifwu hJ &d,mawGwwfxm;w,f
qdkwmbJ? 'gawGudka&SmifvGJzdk@ enf;vrf;a[mif;}uD;u pma&;+yD; owif;
vufurf;wmbJ? 'DvdkbJ oifhxHudk cdk;a=umifcdk;0Sufa&mufvmwJh owif;
pum; wcsdK@[mvnf; twkawGqdkwm rarheJ@?
oifhudktvGeftiftm;}uD;+yD; tvGefxufjrufwJhtzGJ@tpnf;
,E , W m;}uD;wcku ppfa=umaew,fv@kd rarhyge@J ? oifu h pkd pfa=umaewJh ppf
a=uma&;t&m&Sd[m 'D,E W,m;}uD;xJubD;i,fav;wckomjzpfw,f? ol
[m wa,mufxv J yk af ewmr[kwb f ;l ? ol@uvkd nf; tawG@t}uHK&ifu h suf
wJvh wl pkuapmif=h unfx h ed ;f csKyfxm;wm? ol@ukd ol@&v'fe@J tuJjzwfw,f?
tJ'g[m oifhxGufcsufbJ? 'ga=umifhbJ 'DxGufcsuf&zdk@ enf;vrf;aygif;pHk
oHk;cGifhay;xm;w,f? toHcdk;em;axmifwm/ oifhtcef;xJrSmxnfhxm;wJh
owif;ay;uwqifh oift h jyKtrlukd apmif=h unfw h m/ owif;rSm; xGucf suf
rSm;awG &atmifvkyfwm? oifhrdom;pk/ 'grSr[kwf oifhtr_wGJxJu wOD;OD;
usef;rma&;awmfawmfqdk;ae+yDvdk@ vdrfajymwm³³³tukefyg ygw,f? ta&;
}uD;wmu &v'fbJ? tJ'gu oifh&Jh pmeJ@a&;xm;wJh xGufcsufbJ?
tzrf;cHy*k Kd~ vfwOD;&Jh txD;useb f 0[m pdw"f gwu f kd ,d,
k iG ;f ap
w,f? tvGefudkrS rSefwrf;r[kwfwJhb0bJ? twlae wa,mufa,muf&Jh
tjyKtrl wkef@jyefyHkwdkif;udk oHo,eJ@apmifh=unfhae&w,f? ppfa=uma&;
umvtwGuf taumif;qH;k enf;AsL[mu omreftajctaerSm vGwv f yf
wJh vlwa,mufaeovdk aezd@k b?J oift h ay: zdpnf;vmwJh t&mrSeo f r#ukd
qef@usiw f eG ;f vSeyf g? olw@kd wawG[m bmawG ajymajym/ bmawG vkyv f yk /f
oifhudk 'kuQa&mufatmifvkyfae=uwmcsnf;bJ?
'Dvdk txD;usefjzpfwma=umifh rSefwrf;r[kwfwJh tajctae
awG&&hJ w _ af xG;ayGvrD a_ =umifb h ,fenf;y&d,m,f[mjzifah umif;w,f/ b,f
[mu qdk;w,f/ b,f[muvHk+cHKpdwfcs&w,f/ b,f[murvHk+cHKbl; ³³³
pwJh pOf;pm;qifjcifEdkifpGrf;[m tawmfxdcdkufoGm;wwfw,f? olwdk@eJ@ &if
qdik &f mrSmb,fvekd nf;y&d,g,af wGo;kH &rvJv@kd pOf;pm;ae&wm[m/ aemuf
qHk;rSm t&_H;eJ@&ifqdkif&wmcsnf;bJ? olwdk@vdkcsifwJh xGufcsufray;rdzdk@qdkwJh
pdw&f hJ +idr;f csr;f r_ukd xdcukd af wmhwmygb?J b,fvzkd td m;ay; cH&cH& ppfa=um
a&;umvrSm oifhyg;pyfudk ydwfxm;Edkifor#/ ppfa=uma&; w}udrf+yD;wdkif;
udk,fhpdwfudkajzavsmh+yD; aemufpmar;yGJopfudk&ifqdkifzdk@tm; arG;Edkifvdrfh
r,f? wckckudk pajymvdkufrd+yDqdkwmeJ@ b,fvdkbJjzpfjzpf tajctaeu
vHk;0 ajymif;oGm;awmhwmbJ? oifhudk pdwf"gwft& !Sif;yrf;ESdyfpufr_awG
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h rd af rG@vmr,f?
'gayr,fh oif (oif[mtvGef&dk;om;jzLpifolwOD;/ v#dK@0Sufykvdyf&Jhzdtm;
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OD;) jzpfr,fqdk&if oifh+idrf;csrf;r_udkqHk;&_H;zdk@ aocsmae+yD? ppfa=uma&;tcsdef
wdkif;&Jh em&Daygif;rsm;pGmtwGif; b,f[mudk ajymr,f/ b,f[muddk zHk;xm;
r,f/ udk,fhudk,fudkeJ@ tjcm;olawGudk txdtcdkuftenf;qHk; jzpfatmif
b,fvakd jzqdrk ,f qdw k mawGukd pOf;pm;ae&wmeJ@ tcsed u f ek o
f mG ;awmhwm
bJ? twdwfumvtawG@t}uHKawGt&awmh tawmfrsm;rsm;[m pajym
zdk@ qHk;jzwfvdkufwmeJ@ r=umcif &l;a=umifa=umifjzpfoGm;awmhwmbJ?@79
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t& oufaocH0ifw,fqw kd m owdjyK&r,f? bmbJjzpfjzpf b,ft&mrqdk
oifhudk pGJcsufwifzdk@ oHk;Edkifw,f? 'g[m jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;Xme&Jh qifjcifwHk
w&m;twGif;usa&mufwJh t&momjzpfw,f? &Hk;wifw&m;pGJrvm;§rpGJ
bl ; vm;qd k w m[m oif h x G u f c suf a y:rS m wnf w mr[k w f b l ; ?
aemufqufwGJ EdkifiHa&;tajctaeawGeJ@bJqdkifw,f?
ppfa=umcHae&wkef;rSm igawmh wae@rkcs jyefvGwfrSmbJqdkwm
owd&aezd@k vw kd ,f? tJ't D cdseu
f s oifrh w
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79
ppf a =uma&;upm;yG J } uD ; 80
usaemfwdk@ ppfa=uma&;vkyfwrf;upm;=u&atmifvm;? cif

Asm;u cifAsm;&J&h aJ bmfwcsKd @e@J twl ajratmufvyk if ef;vkyv f @kd txde;f odr;f
cH& (aemufawmh tzrf;cH&ol) qdkygpdk@? tr_&Jh Oya'tajccHu ta&;r}uD;
ygb;l ? (tJ'gu tcsed rf a&G; ajymif;vJwmbJ) usaemfu cifAsm;udk ppfa=umzd@k
txuft&m&Sdu wm0efay;xm;cH&ol qdkygpdk@? ppfa=uma&;[m owif;
tcsuftvufwdkufyGJbJ? cifAsm;wdk@vlpk&Jh v_yf&Sm;r_awGudk yHkrSefvkyfief;
aqmif&Gufr_enf;vrf;awGeJ@ pkaqmif;xm;+yD;+yD? (apmifh=unfhwm/ cdk;em;
axmifwm/ owif;ay;arG;wm³³³pojzifhaygh) usaemfwdk@vufxJrSm enf;
ynmaygi;f pHt k awmfrsm;rsm;&Sad yr,f'h eD nf;eJ@pak qmif;vd@k &wJt h csut f vuf
awGudk w&m;&Hk;rSmwifvdk@r&bl;? (cifAsm;eJ@ OD;‘u’ wHcg;0rSmtwl&yf ae
wmud)k usaemfw@kd pHak xmufu cd;k &du k xf m;wJh "gwyf akH wG/ cifAsm;w,fvzD ek ;f
eJ@ pum;ajymaewmudk cdk;+yD;toHzrf;xm;wJh wdyfacGudkw&m;&Hk;u ouf
aocHtjzpfvufrcHbl;? w&m;&Hk;uvufcHEdkifwJh wckwnf;aom oufao
cHcsufu cifAsm;eJ@cifAsm;&Jh &JabmfawGay;wJhxGufcsufbJ? aemufwcku
wwd,yk*d~Kvfuay;wJhtr_eJ@qdkifwJh xGufcsufbJ? 'ga=umifh cifAsm;&JhxGuf
csuf[m r&Sdrjzpfta&;}uD;w,f? 'ga=umifh cifAsm;&JhxGufcsufudk vkyfxHk;
vkyef nf;awGtwdik ;f 'DvufEydS pf ufay:rSm owfrw S xf m;wJh yHpk t H wdik ;f pepf
wus&u kd &f r,f? pmrsuEf mS wdik ;f rSm cif;Asm;vufrw S x f ;kd cdik ;f xm;&r,f?tr_
wifzdk@twGuf jyifqif&mrSmcifAsm;xGufcsufvdkw,f? 'gayr,fhcifAsm;udk
&Hk;wifr vm;? b,folu jypf'%fcsrSwfr,fqdkwm usaemfeJ@rqdkifbl;?
0
The Interrogation Game
usaemfw@kd ,E , W m;&Jph epft& 'guq kd ;kH jzwfwmu ykvyd rf [kwb f ;l ? Edik if aH &;
orm;uqHk;jzwfwm? tr_&JhOya'&v'fu cef@rSef;vdk@r&wJh EdkifiHa&; tajc
taeay:wnfw,f? oifu h kd pD&ifcsucf sz@kd oifx h u G qf ckd suf vdw k ,f? ydt k a&;
}uD;wmu oifw@kd vy_ &f mS ;r_uo kd zd @kd e@J 'Dtwdu k t f cHEikd if aH &; vkyif ef;rSm ygae
wJth jcm;olawGta=umif; odz@kd b?J usaemfw@kd u cifAsm;eJ@ cifAsm;&Jh &Jabmf
&JbufawGt=um; qufqHa&;udkvnf; zsufqD;ypfcsifwmbJ?
usaemfw@kd twGuf t}uD;tus,f qH;k atmifjrifru _ cifAsm;udk
usaemfw@kd vt l jzpfajymif;ypfz@kd b?J ('grrS [kwv f nf; tJ'v D kd xifa,mifxif
rSm;jzpfatmif) vkyfzdk@bJ? cifAsm;&Jh&JabmfawGtjrifrSm cifAsm;[molwdk@
ta=umif;tukefzGifhajymwJh opPmazmufwa,mufjzpfoGm;atmif vkyfzdk@
u usaemfw@kd wm0efb?J axmifxu J ae pdw"f mwfus b0ysu+f yD; xGuo f mG ;
wmudkjrif&&if/ ajratmufvkyfief;[m bmrStusdK;r&Sdygbl;uGmvdk@ jrif
oGm;atmifvkyfEdkif&if usaemfwdk@auseyfw,f? 'ga=umifh cifAsm;udk pum;
ajymvmatmifvkyfzdk@ usaemfwdk@ 'gavmuf aomua&mufae&wmbJ?
cifAsm;[m ckxdawmh acgif;rmrmeJ@yg;pyfydwfaewkef;bJaemf?
cifAsm;yg;pyfuykd iG v hf matmifusaemfvyk jf yr,f? usaemfrh mS tcsed af wGtrsm;
}uD;&Sdw,f? tcsdef[m usaemfh&Jht}uD;qHk;r[mrdwfbJ? axmifxJu txD;
usefjcif;eJ@ pdwfzdpD;r_u oifh ckcHqef@usifpdwfudk wpwp wdkufpm;oGm;vdrfh
r,f? usaemfu cifAsm;udkb,ftcsdefrSm ajcmuf+yD;/ b,ftcsdefrSmacsmh&
r,fqw kd m aumif;aumif;odwyhJ nm&Si?f b,ftcsed rf mS cifAsm;udk pD;u&uf
wvdyw f u
kd +f yD;/ b,ftcsed rf mS pm;yGu J x kd &k rvJ qdw k mvnf; aumif;aumif;
em;vnfw,f? ppfa=uma&;wcg+yD;wdkif; cifAsm;&Jh wkef@jyefyHkudk tao;pdwf
owif;ay;aewJh usaemfwdk@vluvnf; cifAsm;eJ@wcef;xJ? cifAsm;[m &if
xJrSm&Sdaewmudk rqifrjcif todcHr,fhol r[kwfbl;qdkwmvnf; jzpfEdkif
ygw,f? 'gayr,fh tdyfr&wJhpdwfzdpD;r_&Sdayr,fh aumif;aumif;tdyfaysmf
ygw,fvdk@ +zD;vdk@r&bl;? cifAsm;&JhtawG;awG a'gifcsmpdkif;aewJhtcsdefrSm pm
wyk'u f kd at;at;aq;aq; zwfaeEdik yf gw,fv@kd [efaqmifv@kd r&bl;? 'Dvkd
eJ@cifAsm;[m'Dvludk cifAsm;xifxm;Edkifwmxufydk+yD; zGifhajymrdawmhrSmbJ?
cifAsm;rSm wefz;kd xm;wJt h &mwcsKd @&w
dS ,f? 'gukd ESpEf pS u
f mum
,Hk=unfw,f? ('Dwefzdk;xm;r_awG[m usaemfhtwGufawmh tpdrf;ouf
oufjzpfayr,fh cifAsm;E_wq f w d af ewmudak wmh +zdKcsypfEikd w
f ,f?) 'D wefb;kd
xm;r_awG[m cifAsm;,Hk=unfr_awG&Jh tajccHawGbJ? KGB eJ@ v#dK@0Suf
ykvyd w f yfz@JG 81awGtzd@k cifAsm;tr_upkd pfaq;&cufapwJh t&mawGjzpfayr,fh
cifAsm;twGufawmh &Sif;aewmbJ? tJ'Dt&mawGu cifAsm;udk aysmhoGm;
atmifvyk v f @kd &yg w,f? cifAsm;&Jh tvGe&f ;kd &Si;f wJh twWAZD pdwu f kd awG@wmeJ@
cifAsm;wefb;kd xm;r_awGukd vufeuftjzpfo;kH vd@k &+yD? cifAsm; axmifusrmS
udka=umufwm/ axmifxJu apmEdkifor#apmapmjyefxGufcsifwm--p
wmawG[musaemfw@kd twGut f a&;r}uD;awmhygb;l ? cifAsm;u pum;ajym
csif pdwrf &Sb d ;l ? ud, k u
hf , kd u
f kd umuG,cf siw f ,f/ 'grrS [kwv f nf; cifAsm;wd@k
wdu k yf &JG &hJ nf&, G cf suef @J enf;vrf;awG[m b,favmufreG jf rwfoef@pifw,f
qdkwm ajymaumif; ajymvdkvdrfhr,f? bmbJjzpfjzpfav cifAsm;pum;ajym
vm+yDqdk&if +yD;wmbJ?
uJ³³³ck cifAsm;eJ@usaemf ESpfa,mufpum;ajym=uawmhr,f?
usaemfuawmh aoaocsmcsm ppfaq;prf;oyfcH+yD;om; enf;a[mif;}uD;
awGo;kH rSmbJ? tH=h op&maumif;wmu tJ'eD nf;a[mif;}uD;awGu (90)&m
E_ef;avmuf tvkyfjzpfw,fAs?
81
KGB and NKVD
cifAsm;udk,fcifAsm; 'DtajctaeeJ@ aeom;wusjzpfatmif
vkyfvdkufygOD;? tvsifrvdkygeJ@av? 'Dpmydk'fawGudk aocsmtcsdef,lzwfyg?
tcsufwcsuf+yD;wdkif; c%em;+yD;pOf;pm;yg? pdwWaZ' jyZmwfav;wyk'f
vdkvkyf+yD; pOf;pm;yg? usaemfhae&mrSm oli,fcsif;wa,mufudk ppfckdif;+yD;
upm;=unfhyg? usaemfhar;cGef;awGudk ouf&Sdvlwa,muf&Jh toH=um;&
awmh ydt k ouf0ifwmayg?h cifAsm;&Jw h ek @f jyefyakH wGukd jyefqef;ppfyg? apm'u
wufcsifpdwfudk }udK;pm;+yD;azsmufyg? usaemfhudk&Sif;jyzdk@/ vufcHvmatmif
vkyfzdk@ rpOf;pm;ygeJ@? usaemfu t+rJwrf;rSefwJh vl? wdwfqdwfaewJh txJ
rSm cifAsm;&JhpdwfxJ cifAsm;&JhtajzawGudk jyefem;axmif=unfhyg?
+yD;awmhrS cifAsm;odypf w
d &f w_ o f mG ;wJh tcsed af v;awGukd jyefpOf;
pm;=unfyh g? rdwaf qGawGe@J bma=umifjh zpf&ovJqw kd hJ tajzudk wdik yf ifaqG;
aEG;=unfhyg? tcufcJqHk;tajctaeawGrSmawmif cifAsm;yg;pyfydwfaezdk@vdk
w,f?
wae@us&if 'D [ mawG [ m toH k ; 0if a umif ; 0if v myg

vd r f h r ,f ?
1) cifAsm; rajzbl;qdk&ifawmh cifAsm;udk usaemfwdk@u zrf;&

awm hrSmbJ? tdrfjyefcsif&if ajymAsm³³³cifAsm; 'Dpmapmif
awGudk b,fu &cJhovJqdkwmudk
2) cifAsm;tr_u bmrSta&;r}uD;ygbl;? cifAsm; ckvdkacgif;rm
ae&ifom tpdk;&a&S@aeu zrf;zdk@ trdef@ay;awmhrSm? 'Dvdk
pmapmiftr_awG usaemfwdk@qDrSmwyHk}uD; pmapmifav;
vufxJawG@&HkeJ@awmhb,fol@udkrS rzrf;ygbl;Asm? usaemf
wd@k tawG@t}uHKt&awmh b,fo@l qu D ae/ b,fuae pm
apmifawG&w,fv@kd yGiyhf iG v hf if;vif;ajymwJh vl[m 'Djzef@csd
a&;xJrSm xJxJ0if0if rygwm aocsmw,f? olwdk@u zrf;
avmufwJholawG r[kwfygbl;? vufum;orm;awGbJ
wdk@u pdwf0ifpm;wmyg? vufvDorm;awGudk *&krpdkufyg
bl;? pum;ajymzdk@ jiif;qefaewJholuawmh vufum;
orm;bJ? cifAsm;vdkaygh? cifAsm;pdwfudk ajymif;vJatmif
vkyfzdk@/ yg;pyfyGifhvmatmifvkyfzdk@ axmifxJrSm (3) v
avmufawmh oGm;aevdkufOD;aygh?
3) cifAsm;udkzrf;&wm ckvdkzGifhajymzdk@ jiif;qefaevdk@bJ?
cifAsm;udk OD; ‘u’}uD;&hJxGufqdkcsufzwfjyr,f? olu 'D
udpPxJrSm cifAsm;xuf trsm;}uD;ydkvkyfcJhwJholqdkwm
cifAsm;odygw,f? 'gayr,fh ck ol vGwfoGm;+yDav?
4) cifAsm;ckvx kd uG cf suaf y;zd@k jiif;qefaewmudk b,fw&m;&H;k
ujzpfjzpf/ tpdk;&a&S@aeujzpfjzpf tjypf&Sdw,fvdk@,lq
p&m jzpfvmvdrrhf ,f? 'g &mZ0wfusix hf ;kH Oya'u qdx k m;
wmbJ? jypfru _ sL;vGe+f yD; jypfru_ sL; vGeo f &l hJ pdwaf eoabm
xm; b,fvdk&Sdw,fqdkwmudk b,fw&m;&Hk;ujzpfjzpf/
tpdk;&a&S@aeujzpfjzpf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;rSmawmh oHo,
jzpfp&mrvdkbl;? txl;ojzifh jypfr_usL;vGef+yD;a=umif;
0efcHwJholawG/ ppfa=uma&;t&m&SdawGudk tr_ta=umif;
tcsuftvufjynfhjynfhpHkpHk ajymjyolawGudkaygh? 'g[m
tr_ukd w&m;&Siv f w$ zf @kd / y vyfz@kd 'grS r[kwrf v$rJ uif;om
&Hk;a&mufoGm;&ifvnf; oufouf!Sm!Sm pD&ifzdk@ vHk
avmufwt hJ a=umif;awGb?J cifAsm; csucf si;f xGucf suaf y;
ovm;/ tawmf=um=umppf+yD;rS vaygif;tawmf=umrS
xGufcsufay;rvm;qdkwm w&m;&Hk;twGuf ta&;r}uD;yg
bl;?
5) [kwfvdkufavAsm cifAsm;u ol&Jaumif;jzpfcsifvdk@ yg;pyf
ydwfaewmudk;? cifAsm;u ydkvefaygifrkef@udkpm;+yD; &efol
wa,mufvdkE_wfydwfxm;awmhwmudk;? tck'DrSm cifAsm;
udk vmpum;ajymaewm tjypfuif;olawGukd a&G;xkwzf @kd /
ydkvefjynf}uD;udkulnDcsifayr,fh toHk;cscHae&olawGudk
wu,fh &efot l ppfawGe@J cGx J w
k zf @kd b?J at;--rif;uawmh
&efolbJ? wdk@vkyf+yDqdk&ifawmh rif;roufombl; rSwfay
a&mh?
6) rif;touf(30)&Sd+yDaemf?a,mufsm;&Sdw,f? uav;ESpf
a,mufeJ@? rif;udkaxmifcsvdk@&wJhtaxmuftxm;
awG wd@k rmS wyH}k uD;&Sw
d ,f?ajratmuf pmapmifjzef@csrd e_ @J
pGJcsufwifrvm;tpdk;&udkjzKwfcs&ef}uHpnfwJh&mZ0wf
ruif;aom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;wGifyg0ifr_eJ@ pGJcsufwif
rvm;?}udKufwmvkyfvdk@&w,f? 'kwd,tr_eJ@om&Hk;
wif vdkufvdk@uawmppfcHk&Hk;eJ @ppfrSm?atmuff xpf (5)
ESpfbJ? (5)ESpfqdkwm trsdK;orD;wa,muftwGuf
awmh tawmf=umwmaemh? a,musfm;wa,muf
xuf pm&ifayghav³³³? axmifuxGufvm&if axmifu
ESdyfpufvdkufvdk@ vluvnf;a=umifawmifawmifjzpfae/
&kyfuvnf; tdkemusaerSm? &mZ0wfr_eJ@ axmifxJ
a&mufvm+yD; ck rif;eJ@twlwl wcef;xJrSmaewJholawG
udkar;=unfhprf;yg? axmif(5)ESpfus+yD; jyefxGufoGm;wJh
rdef;rb,fESpfa,mufrsm; jyefp&mtdrf&Sdao;vdk@vJ? rif;
a,mufsm;udq k v kd wkd maemf? rif;eJ@igw@kd e@J em;vnfra_ v;
wckavmufprf;=unfh=u&if raumif;bl;vm;? rif;vkyf
ay;&rSmu wckxJ? a'oqdkif&mtzGJ@tpnf;xJu rif;
&JhtquftoG,fawGudk igwdk@udkajymjy/ 'dk@u twif;
t=uyfq;kH v#Kd @0uS x f m;rSmyg? +yD;awmh rif;udik gw@kd u pm
apmifjzef@csdr_eJ@bJ qufppfr,f? 'gqdk qdkif;iHhaxmif'%f
(2) ES p f a vmuf e J @ w&m;&H k ; xJ u tomav;vrf ;
av#mufxGufoGm;EdkifrSm aocsmw,f?
7) 'Dtr_rSm tjcm;olawG b,fvdkxGufqdkxm;w,f qdk
wm igzwfjywm rif;=um;+yD;+yDr[kwfvm;/ rif;oli,f
csi;f awGuawmh olw@kd tjypfukd 0efcEH ifkd af vmufatmif&;kd
om;=uw,fuG? at;av³³³ igajymwm oabmrwl
vnf;/ b,folbJjzpfjzpf olwdk@owWdudkawmh av;pm;&
rSmbJuG? tJ³³³ rif;uawmh vla=umufwJh/ owWdr&SdwJh
aumif?
8) OD;‘u’}uD;eJ@awG@+yD;rSawmhrif;oli,fcsif;awGuolwdk@
odwm &dk;&dk;om;om; tukefajymae+yDqdkwm rif;
oHo, jzpfp&mrvdkawmh ygbl;uGm? rif;wdk@ta=umif;
wdk@tm;vHk;odxm;+yD;om;qdkwm rif; ckawmhod+yD r
[kwfvm;? wu,ftawG@t}uHK&ifhwJh vufaxmuf
awGuawmh tazmfeJ@vkyfwJhtr_qdkwm tzrf;cH&wmeJ@
ay:awmhrSmbJqdkwm aumif;aumif;odw,fuG? vl
rsm;rsm;ygav wdk@twGufvG,fulavbJ? olv#dKr_/ aiG
tvGJoHk;pm;r_/ vdrfvnfr_tm;vHk; 'Dvdkcsnf;bJ? rif;
=unfah v'Dvt kd r_rsKd ;rSmtaES;eJ@tjrefwa,mufa,muf
u pajymwmcsnf;bJuG? rif;wdk@tr_wGJbJ=unfhav/
rif;wa,mufuvGJvdk@ vlwdkif;uajymae+yD? rif;awmh
emawmhrSmbJ? =unfhav ³³³ tqHk;usawmh tm;vHk;u
udk,fvGwf&Hk;=uawmhwmbJ? wa,mufudk wa,muf
v$Jcsvdk@/ rajymwJholu "g;pmcHjzpfrSmbJ? aemufrS
usaemfajymygawmhr,fqdk&if odyfaemufusoGm;+yD
udk,fhvl? w&m;&Hk;uvnf; t&ifqHk;zGifhajymwJholudk ,Hk
wmbJuG? uJ--rif; oli,fcsif; OD;‘u’}uD;&Jh xGufqdk
csufudkjyef=unfh&atmif? oluajymawmh rif;u ol@udk
vyfAvif (Lublin) eJ@ (Lodz) rSm csuGufaoawG
pDpOfcdkif;cJhwmqdk? +yD;awmh rif;u bkef;awmf}uD; ³³³eJ@
tpnf;ta0;vkyfzdk@vnf; csdef;cdkif;cJhao;w,fqdkbJ?
9) rif;urifhuav;udkrcspfbl;vm;? [kwfvm;/ rif;u u
av;rxdef;csifbJ axmifxJrSmbJ aecsifwmudk;uG/ rifh
uav;uawmh tdrfrSm wa,mufxJrae&Jvdk@ tdrfeD;
em;csif;awGqD idk+yD;wae@vHk; av#mufoGm;aew,f? rifh
udk uav;tkyx f ed ;f cGihf &kwof rd ;f vdu k +f yD; uav;udk rdb
rJha*[m ydk@vdkufwmbJaumif;r,f? 'gu taumif;
qHk;jzpfrSmbJ?
10) uJ³³³'gawG yGifhyGifhvif;vif;pm&if;&Sif;=u&atmifav?
rif;taemuf*smreDudk ypPnf;wcsdK@ydk@cJhw,fqdkwm igwdk@
aumif;aumif;odygw,fuG? 'Dvrf;a=umif;udkvnf; ig
wdk@odygw,f? wefjyefaxmufvSrf;a&;Xmeu ay;wJh
owif;t& rif;u 'Dvrf;a=umif;uwqifh trsdK;om;
vHk+cHKa&;eJ@ ywfoufwJh owif;tcsuftvufawG ydk@cJh
w,fwJh? olv#dKr_eJ@ w&m;pGJrcHcsif&ifawmh wvrf;bJ
&Sdw,f? 'DypPnf;awG rif;udkb,folu ay;cJhw,fqdkwm
wd@k uakd jymuGm? tJ'v D u l rif;udo k al y;cJw h m[m omref
vufurf;pmapmifav;awGygvdk@om oufaojyEdkif&if
wdk@u aemufwae@ v$wfay;rSmaygh?
11) rif;u wu,fu h ,kd =kH unfcsuef @J pdw"f gwt f jynfeh @J vkyf
wm igwdk@uodygw,f? rif; 't' wm? tawG@t}uHK
r&Sw d m? vkycf siuf ikd cf sipf w
d &f w
dS mawGukd olw@kd u toH;k
csoGm;wmbJ? rif;udk 'Dvkyfief;awGxJ qGJoGif;olu
vnf; wcsdK@tcsufawGudk eJeJ‘um;’ajymw,fuGm?
(1980) =o*kwfv rwdkifcif(Gdansk) oabFmusif;
tygt0if qENjyyGJrsm; woD}uD;jzpfcJh+yD;/ ‘aoG;pnf;
nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@’ay:ayguf vmonfhtcsdefu wcsdK@
tpdk;&qHk;jzwfcsufawG rw&m;bl;qdkwm igwdk@oabm
wlygw,f? tJ'aD emufyikd ;f vnf; 'Dvykd gbq J w
kd m [kwyf g
w,fuGm/ bmbJjzpfjzpfav rif;uawmh olwdk@toHk;cs
oufouf jzpfae+yD? rif;uawmh olwdk@b,folawGvJ/
olwdk@EdkifiHa&;&nfrSef;csufawGu bmawGvJ/ olwdk@rSm
b,fvdktquftoG,fawG&Sdaew,fqdkwm rif;u
awmh r od & S m bl ; ? OyrmuG m ³³³rif ; wd k @ ‘aoG ; pnf ; nD
!Gwfa&;tzGJ@’ e,fajrcHt}uHay;[m pwmvifacwf
u &J&Jawmuf bk&m;rJh0g'Dqdkwm rif;odvm;? *dkrlum
(Gomulka) acwfu 0dkif;Zif;o,f (AD,ifem&Hk;pdkuf
emZDrkqdk; Simon Wiesenthal) &Jh olv#dKjzpfcJhbl;wm
rif;odvm;? taemufEdkifiHb%frSm pm&if;zGifhxm;wm
rif;odvm;? abmufpf0yf*Gef; um;}uD;pD;aewmaum
rif;odvm;? oluawmh ol@woufwmzlvakH e+yDu?G rif;
&Jh &dk;&dk;ukwfukwf aeygw,fqdkwJh acgif;aqmif}uD; OD;
‘u’}uD;uvnf;v#dK@0SufcsufawGeJ@bJuG? rm&S,favm
umvu rif;wdk@tkyfpktwGuf taxmuftyHh tul
tnDawGa':vmb,favmuf&cJhw,fqdkwm rif;wdk@udk
ajymjycJhzl;ovm;? b,fol@qDu&w,fqdkwmaum r
ajymbl;vm;? jiif;r&wJh oufaocHawG =unfhcsifao;
ovm;?
12) rif;rSmuav;&Sdvm;/ r&Sdbl;[kwfvm;? 0rf;enf;yg
w,fuGm? igarhoGm;vdk@yg/ aumif;wmaygh? tJ'godyf
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'gayr,fh wckawmh&Sdw,f? rif;tjypf&oGm;&ifawmh
aoG;qHk;ae+yDaemh/ uav;&zdk@ tcGifhtvrf;r&Sdawmh
bl;ayghuGm?
13) rif;udkppfaq;vdk@&wJh tcsuftvufawGeJ@ rif;udk ol
v#dKr_eJ@ &Hk;wifvdk@&w,f? rif;tr_udk ppfcHk&Hk;udkv$Jvdk@&
w,fqdkwmrif;odvm;? puf&Hk‘u’}uD;[m ppfypPnf;
xkwfvkyfr_rSm ywfoufaew,fqdkwm rif;odvm;? P8
Xmeu bmawGvkyfaew,fqdkwmaum rif;odvm;?
rodbl; r[kwfvm;? P8 puf&Hktvkyform;awGxJu
b,foal wG rif;qDu aiGe@J tpm;tpmawG &aew,fqkd
wm igwdk@odw,f? ‘tzdESdyfcHrsm;twGuf tultnD’
vd@k awmh emrnfcw H maygu h mG ? olw@kd csi;f b,fvkd tjyef
tvS e f quf o G , f r _ & S d w ,f q d k w m rif ; rod b l ; ? 'g
axmufvrS ;f a&;vkyif ef;uG/ rif; igw@kd ajymwm,Hyk gumG ?
ppfvufeufxkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;u tvkyfjzKwfcH&ol
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aumif; odw,fuG?
14) rif;udk OD;‘u’u aiGawGc%c%ay;wmigwdk@odygw,f
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taemuf*smref‘rwf’aiGawG b,frSmvJw,f? ydkvef
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w,f? rif;uol@udk vufusef &Sif;wrf;ray;vdk@eJeJawmh
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w,fqdkwm rif;u wdk@udkrajymbl;ayghav? at; ³³³
aumif;ygw,fuGm? 0g'jzef@csda&;twGufawmh 'Dvdk
jzpfwmydak umif;wmaygu h mG ? rif;udk tao;pm;aiGtvGJ
oH;k pm;vkyof /l vlvrd t f jzpfe@J igw@kd u&H;k wifr,f?odyu f kd
aumif;wJh tr_aygu h mG ? "}uD;rdu k vf &l y_ }f uD;or*~ ydu
k qf H
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qdkwm rif;odygw,f? rif;rSm a&G;p&m(2)ckbJ&Sdw,f?
wdk@ar;wmajz+yD; aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&; tzGJ@0ifawGudk
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}uD;wJ/h xif&mS ;wJyh *k Kd~ vfawGe@J twlaygh uGm? 'grrS [kwf
OD;aESmufr&SdbJ ckvdk jiif;ae+yD; w&m;cH0uf+cHxJrSm xdkif
rvm;? 0gaqmw+rdK@vHk;u zmawGu rif;tr_twGuf
oufaoxGuf=urSmuG? pOf;pm;ayghuGm rif;a&G;wJh
twdkif;ygbJ?
15) rif; tckvdk acgif;rmwm/ E_wfqdwfaewm[m rif;
wa,mufxJemrSm r[kwfbl;/ wjcm;vlawGvnf; em
rSm? rif;tcef;u wdk@&SmawG@wJh vufurf;pmapmifa&S@
tzHk;rSm a': ‘c’ acG;&Jhzkef;eHygwf awG@xm;w,fuG? wdk@
u ol@udkzrf;xm;+yD;+yD? olu odyf+yD;pdwf"gwf}uH@cdkifol
r[kwfbl;qdkwm rif;odygw,f? ol@rSm uav; w
a,mufvnf; usefcJhw,fuG? ol@qDu xGufcsuf wdk@
&xm;+yD;+yD? reufzefus&ifol@udk axmifxJrSm quf
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uHqdk;csifawmh ol@xGufcsufawGu a0hvnfa=umifywf
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axmifxJrSmbJ qufxm;awmhrSm igpdk;&drfw,fuGm?
rif; wdk@ar;wmrajzbl;qdk&if/ ol@zkef;eHygwfudk b,fu
&cJhw,fqdkwm rajymbl;qdk&ifawmh tpdk;&a&S@aeu
'DvdkbJ vkyf&awmhrSmbJ?
16) rif;&Jh tcspfqHk;rdwfaqG r‘*’i,f&JhxGufcsufa=umifh
tckvdk tzrf;cH&w,fqdkwm rif;aumif;aumif;odyg
w,f? olu=um=umrcHEdkifbl;avuGm?oluwdk@udk&dk;&dk;
om;om;jynfhjynfhpHkpHk xGufcsufvnf;ay;+yD;a&m wcg
xJ &kwfw&uf t&kyf}udK;jywfusoGm;awmhwmbJ?
owf a ozd k @ }ud K ;pm;awmh w mbJ ? wd k @ pd w f a &m*g
q&m0efuajymwmawmhpw d uf sa&m*gw?hJ ol@ut kd cktxl;
aqmifrSmxm;vdkuf+yD? tJ'D taqmif&Jhtajctaeu
usef;rmoefpGrf;wJh a,musfm;wa,mufawmif &ifqdkif
zdk@rvG,fbl;? 'Daumifrav;udk rif;u rif;&Jh tpdk;&
qef@usiaf &;tkypf x k x J nfv h ukd w
f mwd@k oyd gw,f?rif;u
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rif;vufxJrSm? rif;qDu wdk@xGufcsuf&&if/tif; ³³³
qdkygawmhuGm ³³³rif;u ol@udk *'ef@ (Gdansk) oabFm
usif;udk oHk;av;acgufv$wfw,f? ajratmuf pmapmif
awG j zef @ csd & mrS m eJ e J y g;yg;avmuf ygcJ h w ,f q d k w m
avmufeJ@qdk&ifawmh wdk@u ol@udk csufcsif;v$wfvdkuf
rSmbJ? wdk@udk ,HkyguGm? wdk@uvnf; axmifxJrSm ckvdk
owfaowmawG c%c%rjzpf apcsifygbl;? olu
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wa,mufudkwa,muf em;vnfEdkif+yDvm;? tvGef
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wa,muf&Jh vGwfajrmufa&;[m rif;vufxJrSm&Sdae
w,fqdkwmudk?
17) rif;eJ@aphpyfxm;wJh/ rif;eJ@twlzrf;rdwJh aumifrav;u
rif ; ud k umuG , f z d k @ awmh }ud K ;pm;aewmbJ u G ?
oluwd@k uakd jymjywmawmhtawmf=um+yu D ?G ol@xu G cf sux
f J
u wcsdK@udk wdk@zwfjyr,f? tcspfpdwfv$rf;aewJh rdef;r
awG xH;k pHaygu
h mG ? olvyk cf w
hJ mawG yH}k uD;cs@J ajym/ rif;vkyf
cJhwmawG av#mhajym? 'DyHktwdkif;qdk oluawmh axmif
'%ftawmfwefae+yDuG? rif;odwJhtwdkif;bJ olu
rvnfbl;av? vlwdkif;uvnf; rif;vdk acgif;rrmbl;?
ightawG@t}uHKt&ajym&&if/ igrif;udk ajym &§r&awmh
rodb;l aygu h mG ? rif; Bridge zJ upm;wwfvm;? upm;
wwfw,f[kwfvm;? ajymjyprf;yguGm? aumif;aumif;
upm;wwfwmeJ@ nHhnHhupm;wwfwm b,f[mu
ydkvG,fovJqdkwm em;axmifprf;? rif;om wu,f
aumif;aumif;upm;wwf&if yGJudk a&S@uOD;aqmif&
w,fuG? rif;omajymr,fqdk&if rif;xGufcsuftwdkif;
igu 'Daumifrav;udk ppf&rSmbJ? ol@xGufcsuftwdkif;
ppfp&mrvdkbl;? wu,fawmh ig rif;udk tckvdk&Sif;rjy&
bl;? rif;udk *k%foa&&Sdvl}uD;vlaumif;vdk@ igrxifbl;
uG? zmacgif;awmif rif;xufydk+yD; udk,fhoduQmudk,f
xdef;Edkifao;w,f? b,fvdkvJ? ajratmufawmfvSef
a&;orm; ol&Jaumif;}uD;&Jh? xGD³³³ tvum; aumif?
aumifrav;u ol@udk,folyHkcsaeor# rif;u at;at;
aq;aq; xdkifapmifhvdk@?
18) tpdk;&qef@usifa&;pm&Gufpmwrf;awGudk rif;tcef;
(rif;rSm tcef;vnf;r&Sdygbl;)u rdwmr[kwfbl;? rif;
rdbawG&Jhtcef;u rdw,fqdkwm rif;odw,fr[kwf
vm;? rif;taz b,frSmvkyfw,f/ ol@&mxl;u bmqdk
wm rif;odygw,f? rif;uawmh 'Dpm&Gufpmwrf;awG
b,fu&w,fqdkwm wdk@udkckxdrajymao;bl;? 'gqdk&if
'gawGudkrif; tazqDu&w,fvdk@ ajym&rSmbJ? [kwf
w,f r[kwfvm;? igwdk@uawmh 'Dvrf;ajrSmifav;udk
&Smzdk@ qHk;jzwfxm;+yD;+yD? igajymwm ,Hkprf;yguGm? wdk@u
vkyfr,fqdk&if/ vkyf+yDqdk&if rifhtazawmh udpPtjywf
bJ? igtrSwrf rSm;bl;qd&k if rif;tazu yifpif,zl @kd (2)ESpf
bJ vdkawmhwmbJ? [kwfw,f r[kwfvm;?
19) rif;u i,fvnf;i,f ^m%fvnf;xufwJh rdef;uav;
wa,mufbJ? rif;rSm t,ltqawG/ ,Hk=unfcsuf
awG/ tpDtpOfawG&SdrSmbJ? 'gayr,fh ppfa=uma&; w
av#mufvHk; rif;u wu,fh iwHk;wa,muf vdkygbJ
vm;? wckck ,lchJw,f? wckckudk tjcm;wae&mudk
v$Jay;vkdufw,f? wa,mufa,mufeJ@ awG@cJhw,f/
'gbJ? wjcm;vlawGxGufcsufuwckckawmh tajzxGuf
wmyJ? Oyrmtm;jzifhuGm³³³ ‘u’}uD;uqdk ol@EdkifiHa&;
tjrif awGudk tpD&ifcHpm t&Snf}uD; a&;ay;w,f?
'gqdk wdk@uvnf; ol@udkEdkifiHa&;orm;wa,muftjzpf
&Hk;wifvdk@&wmaygh?rif;usawmhol@&Jhr,m;ajratmuf
vkyfief;oHk;,m,Dtazmf rdef;uav;wa,muf tjzpf
bJajymvk@d &awmhrmS ? 'D[murif;eJ@vu kd yf grh vm;qdw
k m
igawmhodyfraocsmbl;?
20) ‘ajratmuftzGJ’qdkwJhxJu rif;oli,fcsif;awG vkyf
aeyHkuawmh wu,fhudk taysmfwrf;qefvGef;w,f?
ajratmufpnf;urf;awGudkvnf; rvdkufembl;? rif;
t&ifwcgtzrf;cH&wmvnf; 'DaumifawG ayghayghqq
vkyfvdk@/ toHk;rusvdk@bJ? rif;uawmh olwdk@xuf
trsm;}uD;omw,f? yg&*lwa,mufbJqdkwm igwdk@
odw,f? rif;a&;xm;wJh pnf;urf;awG('D[m rif;a&;
w,fqdkwm igwdk@odygw,fuG? ‘u’}uD;u ajymxm;
+yD;+yD?)twdkif; vdkufem&if rif;wdk@tpkudk rdzdk@rvG,fbl;?
uHqdk;csifawmh rif;u tvum;aumifawGeJ@oGm;
aygif;rdwmudk;uG? rif;uawmh wu,fhvlawmfyg? wdk@
u tvkyfudk aocsmvkyfwwf wJholawGudk oabmus
ygw,f? w&m;&Hk;ppfcsuf rSwfwrf;awG[m(wjcm; rif;
a&S@utpkawGvdkbJ) wcsdefus ordkif;okawoDawG
twGuf ordik ;f 0ifypPn;f jzpfrmS aocsmw,f? tJ'o D rdik ;f
okawoDawGu rif;wdk@tpkudkwu,fhpnf;&Hk;r_&dSwhJ
EdkifiHa&;t&&ifhusufwJhtpktjzpfjrifapcsifovm;?
iayg tkyfpkwpktjzpf jrifapcsifovm;? ordkif;0if
usefap csif&ifrif;wdk@tpkudktaumif;jrif apcsif&if
ajymuGm? rif;wdk@ owif;pmjzef@csda&;uGef,uf b,fvdk
wnf aqmufxm;w,f qdkwmudk?
21) rif;u 'kwd,vdkif;xJrSmygw,f? aemifrSm ykvdyfeJ@ppf
om;awGudk "gwfqDyHk;awGeJ@ypfr,fholawGaygh? rif;vdk
aumifawG awG@z;l aygi;f rsm;+yDumG ? a[haumif³³³'D'wk uf kd
=unfhprf;/ [dkzufvSnfhroGm;ygeJ@uG? ighvlawGu rif;
udk bmrSrvkyfygbl;? wdk@rSm tcsdeftrsm;}uD;&Sdw,f?
trsm;}uD;&Sdw,f/ em;axmifprf; 'gawG rif;udk b,fol
ay;wmvJ?
22) rif;a&S@u pmtkyfudk=unfhprf;? 'gbmvJ? b,fola&;
wmvJ? bmvdk@a&;wmvJ? rif;u yg;pyfydwfaew,faygh
av? aumif;vdkufwmuGm³³³? rif;u ckvdk aocsmyg;pyf
ydwfxm;zdk@avhusifhoif=um; cHxm;&olbJ? t&ifwHk;u
awmh KOR vufurf;pmapmifqdkwm &SdcJhbl;w,fuG?
tJ'DxJrSm Oya'jyXmef;csufawGxJu xkwfE_wf+yD;/ t
rsdK;rsdK;vdrfaumuf+yD;zGifhqdkxm;wJh zGifhqdkcsufawG yg
w,f? ‘EdkifiHom;ESifhv#dK@0Sufykvdyf’qdkwJh tcef;rsdK;aygh?
rif;a&S@u [mbJav? tJ'g bmvnf;qdkwm rif;od
vm;? 'g olv#dKvkyfief;twGuf pHuswJh !$ef=um;v$m
bJ? zrf;rdwJhtcsdef olv#dKwa,muf bmvkyf&r,fqdkwJh
(1976 ckEpS w
82
f iG f zG@J pnf;cJah om tvkyo
f rm;umuG,af &;aumfrwD NOWa
xkwfa0a&; vkyfief;udk &nfnGef;onf?)
vuf p G J p mapmif b J ? 'D v uf p G J p mapmif & J h tajccH u
bmvJqdkwm rif;odvm;? 'DrSm tJ'D!$ef=um;csufrdwWL?
CIA ta&S@Oa&myXmecGJuaewdk@&JhwefjyefaxmufvSrf;
a&;u &cJhwm? ‘OD;aESmuftaq;cH&jcif;udk wkef@jyef&m
wGif tm;xm;Edkifaom avhusifhcef;tjzpf tm&Hka=um
avhusifhcef;’qdkwmbJ? rif;a&S@u pmapmifeJ@ tck
tcsuftvufawGeJ@wdkuf=unfhav? tcsuf(22)csuf
vHk;[mtwlwlbJ? rwlbl;vm;/ rif;uawmh E_wfqdwf
aewk e f ; bJ ? ol v #d K vuf p G J x J u !$ e f = um;csuf a wG
twdkif; vdkufemaewkef;bJr[kwfvm;? ?
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The Little Conspirator

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akcja N. Wspomnienia 1941-1944 [Action N.

Bartoszewski Wladyslaw. Tajny ruch wydawniczy w

Bartoszewski Wladyslaw. Organizacja malego

Drogi cichociemnych. [Roads of Grey and Silent

Jankowski Stanislaw. Z falszywym ausweisem w

Korbonski Stefan. W imieniu Rzeczpospolitej [In the

Kreczmar Jan. Sytuacja aktora w okupowanej

Kucharzewski Jan. Od bialego do czerwonego caratu

Kumar Emil, Wycinek z historii jednego zycia [Part of

Nowak jan (Zdzislaw jezioranski). Kurier z Warszawy

Strzembosz Tomasz. Odbijanie Wieznioe w Warszawie

Strzembosz. Tomasz. Spoleczne I psychologizne

Szarota Tomasz. Okupowanej dzien powszedni

Walka o dobra kultury. Warszawa 1939-1945 [The

Z dziejow podziemnego Universytetu warszawskiego

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