Friction factor f

DV
Re ynolds number Re =


For laminar flows, the expression for friction factor is,

16
f =
; Re 2100
Re

For turbulent flows, curves have been constructed using
experimental data. These curves have been fitted into
equations. These are (for hydraulically smooth pipes),
f =

0.079
; 2100 < Re 105 (Blasius formula)
Re0.25

1
= 4.0 log
Re f 0.4; 2300 < Re 4 106 (Pr andtl formula)
10
f
3 / 2 3 + 5
e
2
f =
; where =
;

2 ( + 1) ( + 2 )

+ 1
3
and =
; 3070 < Re 3.23 106 (Barenblatt formula)
2 ln Re

f = 0.046 Re0.2 ; 5 105 < Re 106

0.125
; 3000 < Re 3 106
f = 0.0014 +
Re0.32
Re

For turbulent flows (rough pipes), an empirical relation is

given as,
10

1
6.9 k D 9

= 3.6 log
+
0.4; ( Haaland equation)

10
Re 3.7

k
4
6
4 10 < Re 4 10 and 0 < < 0.05
D
where k = height of protuberance (signfies roughness)
ss)

PIPE FITTI2GS

450 elbow

900 elbow

900
square elbow

wheel
gland
packing
body
disk

spindle
bonnet