NOT FOR PUBLICATION © From April 2014 to September 2014, 93 percent of people held at the Ferguson jail longer than two days were African American. FPD overwhelmingly charges African Americans with certain petty offenses. For example, from 2011 to 2013, African Americans accounted for 95 percent of all “Manner of Walking in Roadway” charges, 94 percent of all “Failure to Comply” charges, and ‘92 percent of all “Peace Disturbance’ charges. © From October 2012 to July 2014, African Americans accounted for 72 percent of citations based ‘on radar or laser verification methods, but 80 percent of the citations based om less objective methods such as officer observation, Controlling for other factors, the disparity in speeding tickets between Affican Americans and non-Affican Americans is 48 percent larger when sitations are issued based on methods other than radar or laser detection, ‘+ The investigation revealed that Ferguson's court and police practices arc due, at east in part, to unlawful bias against and stereotypes about Aftican Americans, in violation of the I! Amendment, the Safe Streets Ast and Title VI. © Diet evidence of racial bias and stereotyping by certain Ferguson police and m officials in multiple emails on official Ferguson email accounts. Examples include. * A November 2008 cmail stated that President Barack Obama would not be president for very long because “what black man holds 2 steady job for four years.” «A May 2011 email stated: “An African-American woman in New Orleans was aulmitted into the hospital for a pregnancy termination. Two weeks later she received a check for $5,000. She phoned the hospital to.ask who it was from. The hospital said, “Crimestoppers.” ‘The department found that Ferguson Municipal Court has # pattern or practice of focusing on revenue ‘over public safety that has helped lead to court practices that violate the 14" Amendment's due process and equal protection requirements, * These court practices exacerbate the harm of Ferguson's unconstitutl particular hardship upon Ferguson's mast vulnerable residents, especially upon these living in ot near poverty. Minor offenses can generate crippling debts, result in jail time because of an inability to pay, and result in the loss ofa driver's license, employment or housing. © Since 2010, the court has collected more revenue for Failure to: Appear charges than any other ‘charge. In 2013, the court collected $442,901 in fines for such violations - agcouming for nearly quarter (24 percent) of total court revenue that year. The Failure to Appear charge was discontinued in September 2014, © AS of December 2014, Ferguson’s population was approximately 21.000 people. but aver 16,000 people had outstanding arrest warrants issued by the Ferguson Municipal Court In Fiscal Year 2013 alone, the court issued over 9,000 warrants, ‘The vast majority of warrants stem from eases involving minor violations such as parking infractions, traffic tickets and housing code violations ‘The patterns and practices that have led to theye findings have caused serious community distrust between the FPD and significant portions of Ferguson's residents, especially African Americans. * The distrust of the FPD is long-standing and largely attributable to Ferguson's approach to law enforcement and its failure to implement true community policing. ‘© The confluence of policing to raise revenue and racial bias has resulted in practices that not only violate the Constitution and cause direct harm to the individuals whose rights are violated, but also undermine community trust, especially among many African Americans. # As a consequence of these practices, law enforcement is seen a5 illegitimate and the partnerships necessary for public safety are, in some areas, entirely absent. Restoring trust in law enforcemer equire recognition of the hams caused by Ferguson's law enforcement practices and diligent, committed collaboration with the entire Ferguson community. NOT FOR PUBLICATION