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Bao Cao TH C Hanh PH Gia T 3 Nhom 2 Dhtp4
Bao Cao TH C Hanh PH Gia T 3 Nhom 2 Dhtp4
Bao Cao TH C Hanh PH Gia T 3 Nhom 2 Dhtp4
BO CO:
08104521
2. Nguyn Th Huyn
08096211
08100391
4. Nguyn M Linh
08234201
08231591
6. ng Th Bch Tuyn
08109511
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 1
MC LC
Bi 1: Ph gia chng oxy ha
1. TNG QUAN L THUYT...............................................................................8
1.1 Ph gia chng oxy ha.........................................................................................8
1.1.1 Gii thiu.........................................................................................................8
1.1.2 C ch qu trnh oxy ha cht bo.................................................................10
1.1.3 Tng quan v ph gia chng oxy ha Butyl hydroxytoluen (BHT)...............11
1.2Nguyn liu du thc vt....................................................................................13
1.2.1 Tng quan......................................................................................................13
1.2.2 c im........................................................................................................13
1.2.3 Thnh phn....................................................................................................14
1.2.4 Phn loi........................................................................................................16
1.2.5 Bo qun .......................................................................................................16
1.2.6 c tnh ca mt s loi du n.....................................................................17
2. TIN HNH TH NGHIM - KT QU - BN LUN..................................18
2.1 Xc nh ch s acid..........................................................................................18
2.1.1 nh ngha....................................................................................................18
2.1.2 Nguyn tc...................................................................................................19
2.1.3 S tin hnh th nghim...........................................................................19
2.1.4 Thuyt minh quy trnh..................................................................................20
2.1.5 Kt qu th nghim.......................................................................................21
2.1.6 Nhn xt kt qu..........................................................................................23
2.2 Xc nh ch s Iod bng phng php Wijs.....................................................23
2.2.1 nh ngha.....................................................................................................24
2.2.2 Nguyn tc xc nh......................................................................................24
2.2.3 S quy trnh tin hnh th nghim.............................................................24
2.2.4 Thuyt minh quy trnh...................................................................................25
2.2.5 Kt qu th nghim.......................................................................................26
2.2.6 Nhn xt kt qu..........................................................................................27
2.3 Xc nh ch s peroxyt.....................................................................................28
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 2
2.3.1 nh ngha.....................................................................................................28
2.3.2 Nguyn tc.....................................................................................................28
2.3.3 Thuyt minh quy trnh...................................................................................29
2.3.4 Kt qu th nghim.........................................................................................30
2.3.5 S quy trnh tin hnh th nghim.............................................................30
3. TR LI CU HI...........................................................................................31
Bi 2: Ph gia to nh...................................................................45
I.Tng quan..........................................................................................................45
1. H nh tng.......................................................................................................45
1.1 Khi nim..........................................................................................................45
1.1.1 Phn loi h nh tng...................................................................................45
1.1.2 S hnh thnh nh tng.................................................................................46
1.2 Cht to nh.......................................................................................................46
1.2.1 nh ngha......................................................................................................46
1.2.2 Phn loi.........................................................................................................46
1.3 Lecithine............................................................................................................47
1.3.1 c im.........................................................................................................47
1.3.2 Ngun gc.......................................................................................................48
1.3.3 c tnh..........................................................................................................49
1.3.4 C ch tc dng..............................................................................................49
1.4 Lauryl sunfate....................................................................................................50
1.4.1 c im........................................................................................................50
1.4.2 Ngun gc.......................................................................................................51
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 3
1.4.3 c cht..........................................................................................................51
1.4.4 C ch tc dng..............................................................................................52
1.5 Nguyn liu th nghim......................................................................................52
1.5.1 Du thc vt....................................................................................................53
1.5.2 Nc...............................................................................................................53
2. Qui trnh tin hnh th nghim.............................................................................54
2.1 Qui trnh chung..................................................................................................54
2.2 Thuyt minh qui trnh........................................................................................55
2.2.1 Th nghim 1: Kho st h du/nc...............................................................55
2.2.2 Th nghim 2: Kho st h nc/du...............................................................56
3. Kt qu - bn lun................................................................................................56
3.1
Kt qu.........................................................................................................57
3.1.1
Th nghim 1: H du/nc...............................................................57
3.1.2
Th nghim 2: H nc/du...............................................................57
3.2
Bn lun.......................................................................................................58
3.2.1
Th nghim 1: H du/nc...............................................................58
3.2.2
Th nghim 2: H nc/du...............................................................58
4.Tr li cu hi.......................................................................................................59
Bi 3: Ph gia ng c
1.1Tng quan v ph gia..........................................................................................65
1.1 Khi nim..........................................................................................................65
1.2 Gii thiu mt s loi ph gia s dng trong th nghim....................................65
1.2.1 Triphosphate pentasodium.....................................................................65
1.2.2 Pectin.....................................................................................................65
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 4
Bi 4: Ph gia ci thin bt
1. Tng quan v nguyn liu..................................................................................83
1.1 Bt m.............................................................................................................. 83
1.2 Ph gia ci thin bt m...................................................................................85
1.2.1 Vitamin C...................................................................................................86
1.2.1.1 Tnh cht v ng dng..............................................................................87
1.2.1.2 ng dng trong ci thin cht lng bt m.............................................88
1.2.2 Na2S2O3.......................................................................................................89
2. Tin hnh th nghim..........................................................................................89
2.1 S quy trnh..............................................................................................89
2.2 Thuyt minh quy trnh...................................................................................90
2.2.1 La chn bt m...........................................................................................90
2.2.2 Cn, phi trn...............................................................................................91
2.2.3 Ra gluten ...................................................................................................91
2.2.4 Xc nh cht lng gluten..........................................................................91
3. Kt qu v bn lun............................................................................................92
3.1 Kt qu............................................................................................................92
3.2 Bn lun..........................................................................................................94
4. Tr li cu hi....................................................................................................94
Bi 5: Enzyme
1. Tng quan............................................................................................................98
1.1 Nhm enzyme....................................................................................................98
1.1.1 Gii thiu v Enzyme.....................................................................................98
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 5
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 6
Page 7
hydroxyanisol
(BHA )
th
mu etanol,
hydroxytoluen
(BHT)
mi
trng.
butyl
hydroquinon
(TBHQ)
eter,
Khng
L tinh th trng,
dng
m,
Butyl
Tert
tinh
Liu lng s
nng chy
Du,
Butyl
Nhit
Tnh tan
M t
tan
trong nc.
Du, m, ru.
Khng
tan
o
trong nc v 69 72 C
propan
1,2
diol
Tan tt trong
etanol
V d: nitrit, nitrat tc dng vi Fe, gi cho Fe (II) khng b oxy ha thnh Fe (III),
trnh lm mt mu tht.
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 8
gia nhit hoc chiu sng (c bit l ngun nh sng UV). Ngoi ra, cc hp cht
hu c, v c (thng tm thy di dng mui Fe v Cu) cng l nhng cht xc
tc c nh hng rt mnh, kch thch qu trnh oxy ha xy ra.
Giai on lan truyn:
R 0 + O2
ROO0 (gc peroxide)
ROOo + RH
Ro + ROOH (hydroperoxide)
Giai on kt thc:
ROOo + ROOo
ROOR + O2
ROOo + Ro
ROOR
Ro + Ro
R-R
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 9
Nhng cht chng oxy ha ngn chn s hnh thnh nhng gc t do (nhng cht c
electron ring l) bng cch cho i nguyn t hydro. Khi cho i nguyn t hydro,
bn thn nhng cht chng oxy ha cng tr thnh nhng gc t do nhng nhng
gc ny hot tnh km hn. Sau gc t do ca lipid (Ro) kt hp vi gc t do ca
cht chng oxy ha (Ao) to thnh nhng hp cht bn.
Phn ng ca cht chng oxy ha vi gc t do:
Ro
ROo
ROOo
Ro
ROo
+ AH
+ AH
+ AH
+ Ao
RH
ROH
ROOH + Ao
+ Ao
ROOo
+ Ao
+ Ao
+ Ao
RA
ROA
ROOA
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 10
- BHT l cht rn mu trng, dng tinh th, hnh si, khng v, thong mi
c trng.
- Tan km trong du, m, ru. Khng tan trong nc v propan 1,2 diol.
- Bn nhit, nhit nng chy 69 72oC.
- BHT c tc dng chng oxy ha km hn BHA do cu to ca n cng knh
hn BHA. S c mt ca st trong mt s sn phm thc phm hay bao b, BHT c
th to ra mu vng.
- c tnh
L hp cht t c, liu lng 50 mg/kg th trng khng gy nh hng ti
sc khe, liu lng gy cht chut LD50 = 1000 mg/kg th trng.
Khi BHT i vo c th qua ng ming s c hp th nhanh chng qua d
dy, rut, sau s c thi ra ngoi theo nc tiu v phn.
ngi, s bi tit BHT thng qua thn c th nghim khi cho n vi
khu phn c cha 40mg/kg th trng. Nghin cu cho thy 50% liu lng ny
c bi tit ra ngoi trong 24 gi u v 25% liu lng cn li c bi tit trong
10 ngy tip theo. S chuyn ha thng qua con ng oxy ha; trong s oxy
ha nhm methyl tri loi gm nhm, th v kh, cn s oxy ha nhm tert butyl
th tri ngi.
Th nghim trn ng vt cho thy, liu lng BHT cao khi a vo c th
trong 40 ngy hoc hn s gy c cho cc c quan.
Liu lng BHT cao cc loi vt c th nghim cng gy ra cc nh
hung sau:
- Lm tng s hp thu iod tuyn gip.
- Tng trng lng ca tuyn trn thn.
- Gim khi lng ca l lch, lm chm qu trnh vn chuyn cc acid hu
c, gy tn thng thn.
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 11
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 12
Acid bo no
Page 13
Acid bo cha no
Du canola.
Du hnh.
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 14
Du nhn qu m.
Du phng.
Du nnh.
Du ht nho.
Page 15
Du/cht bo
Bo ha
(%)
Khng bo Khng bo
ha n
ha a
(%)
(%)
im si
(C)
66
30
150
B sa tru lng, b lc
65
32%
190 250
Du canola
62
32
242
Du da
92
177
Du bp
13
25
62
236
Du ht bong
24
26
50
216
Du ht nho
12
17
71
204
M ln/heo
41
47
12
138 201
Macgarin, m
80
14
16
150
Diacyglycerol (DAG)
3.5
37
59
215
14
73
11
190
Du liu (th)
14
73
11
215
Du liu (tinh)
14
73
11
225
14
73
11
242
Du c
52
38
10
230
Du lc/du phng
18
49
33
231
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 16
Du cm go
20
47
33
254
Du rum
10
13
77
265
14
43
43
177
14
43
43
232
Du u tng/du nnh 15
24
61
241
20
69
246
11
2.1 Xc nh ch s acid
2.1.1 nh ngha
Ch s acid l s mg KOH cn dng trung ha acid bo t do c trong 1g
du hoc m.
Ch s acid th hin cht lng ca lipid. Nu ch s acid tng th cht lng
sn phm gim v ngc li, ch s acid cng thp th du cng tt v c bo qun
tt.
Di tc dng ca cc enzym thy phn (lipaza, photpholipaza) khi c nc
v nhit, triglycerit s b phn ct mi lin kt este v b thy phn thnh acid bo
t do.
Cc acid khng no hoc c mch ngn (nh du da) d b thy phn hay oxi
ha, phng thch cc acid bo t do c khi lng phn t nh d bay hi gy mi
kh chu.
2.1.2 Nguyn tc
-
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 17
KOH RCOOK
H 2O
un si
Trc khi mu c em i xc nh ch s axit th ta tin hnh un si mu
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 18
Cho cn vo
Cht bo l nhng cht khng ha tan trong nc nhng tan tt trong cc
KOH
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
RCOOK
H2O
Page 19
Th tch KOH tiu tn s c ghi li, p dng cng thc v tnh ton c
ch s axit ca mu s dng.
2.1.5 Kt qu th nghim
Mu M0
Mu M1
Mu M2
(mL)
(mL)
(mL)
Ln 1
8.8
7.5
5.6
Ln 2
8.5
7.4
5.4
Trung bnh
8.65
7.45
5.5
AV
56.11 V N K
m
Trong :
56.11: Phn t lng ca KOH (vC).
V: Th tch dd KOH 0,01N tiu tn (mL).
N: Nng ca dung dch KOH (= 0.01N).
K: H s hiu chnh ca dung dch KOH 0.01N (K = 1).
m: Khi lng mu du cn phn tch (g).
- Kt qu tnh ton ch s axit:
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 20
Kt qu
Mu M1
Mu M2
0.56
0.48
0.35
2.1.6 Nhn xt kt qu
Ta thy mu trng (khng cho BHA) vo c ch s acid cao nht. Mu c
nng BHA cng cao th ch s acid cng thp.
Thng thng cc sn phm du m lu s c ch s acid cng cao. Trong
cc nh my sn xut du thc vt ch s acid l mt trong cc ch s bt buc phi
kim tra m bo cht lng ca sn phm lu thng trn th trng.
theo ch th phenolphthalein.
- Cn phi un nng tng qu trnh ha tan du.
- Chn ch th phenolphthalein v ti im tng ng tn ti RCOOK c
tnh kim v pT = 9.
- Bnh tam gic phi c ra sch v sy kh.
- Khi cn mu, nu b dnh mu trn thnh bnh th cho dung mi vo ch b
dnh.
- Qu trnh chun phi lc trn u, trnh bn mu ra ngoi bnh. Thi
gian chun khng nn ko di.
2.2 Xc nh ch s Iod bng phng php Wijs
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 21
2.2.1 nh ngha
-
2.2.2 Nguyn tc xc nh
Nhng dy ni khng bo ha ca cc acid bo khng no c kh nng gn iod hoc
cc halogen khc, do ch s it xc nh tng qut cc acid bo khng no trog
cht bo.
R1-CH=CH-R2-COOH + ICl
ICld + KI KCl + I2
I2 + 2Na2S2O3
R1-CHI-CHCl-R2-COOH
2NaI + Na2S4O6
10ml du
5ml cloroform
Lc mnh,
trong bng ti 45
ph
10ml KI 10%
Cho vo v lc
mnh
3 git HTB
Chun bng
Na2S2O3 0.01N
30 ml H2O
Tnh kt qu
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 22
Kt qu
un si
Mu trc khi em i xc nh cng c tin hnh un si tng t nh
R1-CH-CH-R2-COOH
Page 23
Cl
4I- + O2 + 4H+
2I2 + 2H2O
Phn ng ny s c y mnh khi c s hin din ca nh sng. V vy cn
phi thc hin phn ng trong bng ti.
B sung KI v nc
ICld
+ KI
KCl
+
I2
Chun bng Na2S2O3
+ 2 Na2S2O3
2NaI
Na2S4O6
Mu M1
Mu M2
(mL)
(mL)
(mL)
Ln 1
10.8
11.2
12.0
Ln 2
10.6
11.5
11.9
Trung bnh
10.7
11.35
11.95
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 24
IV
0.01269 V1 V2 N
100
m
Trong :
0.01269: S gam Iod ng vi 1mL N2S2O3 0.1N.
V1: Th tch N2S2O3 0.01N cho mu trng (mL).
V2: Th tch N2S2O3 N2S2O3 0.01N (mL) cho mu th.
N: Nng chnh xc ca dung dch KOH (= 0.1N).
m: Khi lng mu th (g).
- Kt qu tnh ton ch s Iod:
Ch s Iod
Mu M1
Mu M2
0.094
0.181
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 25
2.3.2 Nguyn tc
Da vo tc dng ca peroxyt vi dung dch KI to ra I 2 t do (trong mi
trng acid acetic v cloroform). Sau chun I 2 t do bng dung dch chun
Na2S2O3 vi ch th h tinh bt.
im tng ng nhn c khi dung dch chuyn t mu tm en sang
khng mu.
Phng trnh phn ng
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 26
10ml du
5ml cloroform
Cho vo v lc
mnh
ph
trong ti 5ph
3 git HTB
Cho vo hn
hp
30 ml H2O
Chun bng
Na2S2O3 0.01N
Ghi nhn V tiu
tn
Tnh kt qu
Page 27
Cn v erlen nt nhm
4I- + O2 + 4H+
2I2 + 2H2O
Trong mi trng kim th I2 s b kh thnh iodua, cng gy sai s khi chun
.
I2
+ OH-
IO- + I- + H2O
KI c cho thm vo phn ng vi peroxit gii phng ra I 2 di dng t
do
R1-CH-CH-R2
R1-CH-CH-R2
O O
+ 2KI + 2CH3COOH
O
+ 2CH3COOK + H2O + I2
y bnh, lc mnh
Mu M0
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Mu M1
Mu M2
Page 28
(mL)
(mL)
Ln 1
12.6
11.8
8.2
Ln 2
12.4
11.5
8.4
Trung bnh
12.5
11.65
8.3
P0 V
(V1 V2 ) N
1000 (meq/kg)
m
Trong :
N Nng chnh xc dd Na2S2O3 (= 0.01N).
V2 Th tch Na2S2O3 0.01N cho mu th (mL).
V1 Th tch Na2S2O3 0.01N cho mu trng (= 0mL)
M Khi lng mu du cn phn tch (= 4.37g).
Ch s Peroxyt
Mu M1
Mu M2
1.95
9.61
2.3.6 Nhn xt kt qu
Ch s peroxyt mu khng c ph gia chng oxy ha l cao nht. Mu c
hm lng ph gia 0.02% c ch s thp hn so vi mu c hm lng 0.01%.
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
I3-(vng)
Page 29
TR LI CU HI
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 30
to
L*
nh sng
Vi cht khi mo to gc t do A*
A*
+
O2
AOO*
AOO* +
A*
+
Pht trin mch
L*
+
LOO* +
LH
AOOH
L*
LH
AH
L*
L*
LOO*
O2
LH
LOOH
Fe2+
LO*
Fe3+
LOOH
Fe3+
LOO* +
Fe2+
Kt thc
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 31
LL
LOO*
L*
LOOL
LOO*
LOO*
LOOL
O2
InH
LOOH
In*
L*
InH
LH
In*
In*
L*
In*
In*
In*
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 32
Page 33
AH + S
Xt cho cng cht chng oxy ha cht bo bng ph gia thc cht l:
+ Ngn chn nguyn nhn gy ra phn ng oxy ha.
+ Ngn chn cc phn ng lan truyn.
- Qu trnh chng oxy ha cht bo ph thuc vo cc yu t:
+ Hot tnh ca cc cht chng oxy ha.
+ Nng ca cc cht chng oxy ha.
+ nh sng.
+ Nhit .
+ Kim loi.
Cu 5. Trnh by c ch chng oxy ha ca acid ascorbic?
-
Page 34
6 HI + 3 C6H6O6.
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 35
Stt
ML
200
100
Du v m khng cha nc
200
M th nh tng
200
Qu kh
100
Hoa qu ngm ng
30
90
100
10
Keo cao su
750
11
90
12
200
13
25
14
100
Ghi chu
15
1000
200
gai
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
200
Page 36
mui)
200
15
19
200
15
1000
15
21
Snack c ch bin t ng cc
200
15
* BHT
- Tn ting Vi t: Butylat hydroxy toluen (BHT).
- Tn ting Anh: Butyated Hydroxytoluene.
- INS: 321.
- ADL: 0 0.3.
- Chc nng: Chng oxy ha.
STT
ML
Sa b t, b t kem kem
100
Ghi chu
2
lnh)
3
Du v m khng cha nc
200
15
hp Margarin v b)
5
Qu kh
100
Cc sn phm khc t qu
100
200
15
200
15
Keo cao su
750
10
200
11
15
2
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
200
15
Page 37
13
100
15
14
15
16
17
18
Vin xp v nc tht
100
19
100
20
15
* TBHQ
-
ML
Ghi chu
Du v m khng cha nc
200
200
15
200
15
15
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 38
ho c ct nh
Thy sn, sn phm thy sn hun khi,sy kh, ln
men ho c p mui, k c nhuyn th, gip xc,
6
da gai
200
200
15
* ACID CITRIC
-
ML
1500
Ghi chu
men
GMP
Du v m khng cha nc
100
B v b c c
GMP
Rau, c ng lnh
GMP
ho c ct nh
2000
100
ti
10
GMP
11
GMP
12
Nc ung khng cn
GMP
13
GMP
14
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
GMP
Page 39
ng chai
15
Ru vang
700
ACID ASCORBIC
-
ML
500
Du v m khng cha nc
200
B v b c c
GMP
Rau, c ng lnh
100
2000
Ghi chu
52
50
ng chai
Necta qu thanh trng pasteur ng h p ho c 400
ng chai
10
Ru vang
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
200
Page 40
Bi 2: PH GIA TO NH
I. Tng quan
1. H nh tng
1.1
Khi nim
L mt h phn tn cao ca t nht hai cht lng m thng thng ha tan c
vi nhau, mt pha l pha phn tn, pha kia l pha lin tc.
V d v h nh tng nh sa, mayonnaise, b,
a: h nh tng du trong nc
b: h nh tng nc trong du
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 41
Ngoi ra, khi da vo kch thc ca cc git lng chia thnh 2 nhm:
- 0.2 50 mm (Kinetically Stable)
- 0.01 0.2 mm (Thermodynamically Stable)
1.1.2
S hnh thnh nh tng
1.2
Cht to nh
1.2.1
nh ngha
L cht lm gim sc cng b mt ca cc pha trong h v t duy tr c
s n nh cu trc ca h nh tng. Trong cu trc phn t ca cht nh ha c c
phn ho nc (hydrophilic) v phn k nc (hydrophobic).
Mono-&- di-glycerid
Cc dn xut ca monoglycerid.
Sucroester sucroglycerid.
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 42
1.3
1.3.1
Lecithine
c im
Lecithine l mt thut ng chung ch nh bt k nhm cht bo no c
K hiu E 322.
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 43
1.3.2
Ngun gc
Cc lecithin t ban u c tm ra vo nm 1847 bi nh ha hc ngi
Page 44
c tnh
Lecithine khng c tnh. Trong ngnh cng nghip thc phm c s dng
nhiu nh: trong bnh keo n lm gim nht, thay th cc nguyn liu t hn,
kim sot ng kt tinh v tnh dng chy ca s c la, gip ng nht trong vic
pha trn cc thnh phn, ci thin dng i cho mt s sn phm, v c th c s
dng nh mt lp ph. Trong h nh tng n lm n nh nh tng, gim s bn
tung te trong khi chin, v ci thin kt cu. Lecithine lm gim cc cht bo trong
bt nho, bnh m, trng, gip phn phi cc thnh phn trong bt, n nh qu trnh
ln men, tng khi lng ln, bo v cc t bo men trong bt khi ng lnh, v hot
ng nh cht chng dnh. N ci thin tnh thm t ca a nc bt (v d nh
cht bo protein thp) v bt lipophilic (v d nh bt ca cao), kim sot bt, v gip
bt phn tn hon ton trong nc.
V d, lecithin l cht nh ha m gi ca cao v b ca cao vi mt lp ph
ngoi . Trong b thc vt, c bit l b c cha hm lng cht bo cao (> 75%),
lecithin c thm vo l "chng bn tung te" khi chin .
l s chp thun ca Thc phm v Dc Hoa K cho ngi tiu dng
vi trng thi thng c cng nhn nh an ton. Lecithin c EU tha nhn
nh l mt ph gia thc phm, c ch nh bi s E322. C nghin cu cho thy
lecithin c ngun gc t u nnh c tc dng ng k vo vic gim cholesterol v
cht bo trung tnh, trong khi tng HDL (cholesterol tt) cp trong mu. Tuy nhin,
cc nghin cu v lecithin u nnh khng ph hp v mu thun nhau t nhng
nm 1920.
1.3.4
C ch tc dng
C ch c th ca lecithine xy ra trong h nh tng nh sau. Phn ng ha
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 45
cng b mt. Khi 2 cht lng khng tan trn ln vi nhau th gia b mt phn pha
ca 2 cht lng ny s xut hin cc ng sut do sc cng b mt to nn. Nng
lng b mt l i lng t l thun vi sc cng b mt v din tch phn pha.
n nh h nh tng ngi ta cn cho cc cht hot ng b mt nh lecithine. Cc
cht ny lm gim sc cng b mt ca nc, gp phn gim nng lng b mt. Do
lm bn h nh tng.
1.4
1.4.1
Lauryl sunfate
c im
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 46
Ngun gc
Lauryl sulfate c iu ch bi ethoxylation ca ru dodecyl. Kt qu cc
ethoxylate c chuyn thnh mt este ca axt sulfuric. Lauryl sulfate natri (cn
gi l sodium dodecyl sulfate hay SLS) c sn xut tng t, nhng khng c
ethoxylation SLS v lauryl sulfate ammonium (ALS) thng c s dng thay th
trong cc sn phm tiu dng.
Laurylsulfate l cht hot ng b mt c s dng trong nhiu sn phm
m phm lm sch kem. N tng t nh x phng.
1.4.3
c cht
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 47
C ch tc dng
Cht hot ng b mt lm gim sc cng b mt ca nc. Cc phn t
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 48
Du thc vt
C ngun gc thc vt, nm th lng trong mi trng bnh thng. C kh
Nc
Nc l mt hp cht ha hc ca xy v hir, c cng thc ha hc l
Page 49
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 50
2.2
2.2.1
M1
0.1 % Lecithine
M2
0.1 % Lauryl sunfate
Cho 5 mL du vo ln lt 3 mu
o thi gian t lc ngng khuy n khi tch lp v o chiu cao tng lp.
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 51
2.2.2
M1
0.1 % Lecithine
M2
0.1 % Lauryl sunfate
Cho 5 mL nc vo ln lt 3 mu
o thi gian t lc ngng khuy n khi tch lp v o chiu cao tng lp.
3. Kt qu - bn lun
3.1
Kt qu
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 52
Th nghim 1: H du/nc
M0
M1
M2
3.1.2
Thi gian
Chiu cao
Chiu cao
Chiu cao
Ln
tch lp
lp nc
lp du
lp bt
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
(s)
6
5
5
11
13
11
19
20
21
(cm)
2,6
2,7
2,6
2,4
2,5
2,5
2,6
2,4
2,4
(cm)
0,4
0,3
0,4
0,6
0,5
0,5
0,3
0,3
0,4
(cm)
Khng c bt
Khng c bt
Khng c bt
C t bt
C t bt
C t bt
0,2
0,3
0,2
Th nghim 2: H nc/du
Ln
3.2
3.2.1
1
M0
2
3
1
M1
2
3
1
M2
2
3
Bn lun
Thi gian
Chiu cao
Chiu cao
Chiu cao
tch lp
lp nc
lp du
lp bt
(m-s)
02-00
01-47
01-50
15-20
16-38
17-54
17-45
23-10
20-06
(cm)
0,4
0,5
0,5
0,7
0,7
0,6
0,4
0,2
0,2
(cm)
3,3
3,4
3,5
3,0
3,0
2,9
3,0
3,2
3,2
(cm)
Khng c bt
Khng c bt
Khng c bt
Khng c bt
Khng c bt
Khng c bt
0,9
0,9
0,8
Th nghim 1: H du/nc
Gi s thi gian tch lp trong cc ln lp th nghim ca cc mu khng c s
Th nghim 2: H nc/du
Gi s thi gian tch lp trong cc ln lp th nghim ca cc mu khng c s
Page 54
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 55
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 56
Khng t c mc ch ca th nghim.
Page 57
Phospholipase C:
Alkaline-phosphatase
Choline kinase:
Cu 7, 8 : Nu gi tr INS, ADI, ML ca lecithin, lauryl sulphate, mono - &diglycerid ca axid bo? K tn nhng thc phm thng s dng lecithin, lauryl
sulphate, mono - &di-glycerid ca axid bo v liu lng c php s dng?
INS (international numbering system) l k hiu c u ban Codex v thc
phm xc nh cho mi cht ph gia khi xp chng vo danh mc cht ph gia thc
phm.
ADI (acceptable Daily Intake) l lng xc nh ca mi cht ph gia thc
phm c c th n vo hng ngy thng qua thc phm hoc nc ung m
khng gy nh hng c hi n sc kho. ADI c tnh theo mg/kg trng lng
c th/ngy. ADI c th c biu hin di dng: gi tr xc nh, cha quy nh
(CQ) v cha xc nh (CX).
ML (MaximumLevel) mc gii hn ti a ca mi cht ph gia s dng
trong qu trnh sn xut, ch bin, x l, bo qun, bao gi v vn chuyn sn phm.
Lecithin
Tn ting Vi t: lecithin
Tn ting Anh: lecithins
INS: 322
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 58
STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
ADI: CX
Chc nng: chng oxi ha, nh ha, n nh
Nhm thc phm
Sa b t, b t kem (nguyn cht)
Sa ln men (nguyn kem), khng x l nhi t sau ln men
Sa ln men (nguyn kem), c x l nhi t sau ln men
Kem thanh trng, x l nhi t cao (UHT), kem tch bo
Tht, tht gia cm v tht th ti dng xay nh
Thy sn ti, k c nhuyn th, gip xc, da gai ti
Thy sn, sn phm thy sn ng lnh, k c nhuyn th, gip
xc, da gai
Thy sn, sn phm thy sn hun khi,sy kh, ln men ho c
p mui, k c nhuyn th, gip xc, da gai
Mui
Du tr n, gia v ( bao gm cc cht tng t mui)
Thc n cho tr em di 1 tui
Thc n b sung cho tr ang tng trng
C ph, che, nc ung c dc tho v cc loi ung t ng
cc, khng k nc ung t cacao
ML
GMP
GMP
GMP
5000
GMP
GMP
GMP
GMP
GMP
GMP
GMP
3000
5000
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
ML
2000
100
2500
20000
100000
GMP
5000
5000
5000
15000
GMP
Page 59
12
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
18
Page 60
Bi 3: PH GIA NG C
1.Tng quan v ph gia
1.1Khi nim
Ph gia lm ng c, lm dy l nhng cht c cho vo thc phm nhm
lm ng, to keo, lm kt dnh tng khi lng ln, to cu trc, tng dy ca
thc phm.
Cc cht lm c v to ng rt hu ch v lm cho thc phm c cht lng
cao hn. Chng c c tnh nh n nh sn phm, p ng yu cu ca ngi tiu
dung. Ngy nay, cc sn phm b sung ph gia loi ny ngy cng ph bin, a
dng.
1.2 Gii thiu mt s loi ph gia s dng trong th nghim
1.2.1 Triphosphate pentasodium
Sodium triphosphate (STP, i khi STPP hoc natri tripoly hoc TPP) l mt
hp cht v c vi cng thc Na 5P3O10. y l mui sodium polyphosphate pentaanion, l c s lin hp ca axit triphosphoric.Triphosphate pentasodium c sn
xut bng cch nung nng mt hn hp stoichiometric disodium phosphate,
Na2HPO4, v bt phosphate, NaH2PO4, trong iu kin kim sot cht ch.
2 Na2HPO4+ NaH2PO4 Na5P3O10+ 2 H2O
TPP l mt mui khng mu, m tn ti c dng khan v l hexahydrate. TPP
l mt cht bo qun hi sn, tht, gia cm v thc n chn nui. N c ph bin
vi s k hiu E451. Trong thc phm, STPP c s dng duy tr m.
1.2.2 Pectin
Pectin l mt polysaccharide tn ti ph bin trong thc vt, l thnh phn
tham gia xy dng cu trc t bo thc vt. thc vt pectin tn ti ch yu 2
dng l pectin ha tan v protopectin khng ha tan. Di tc dng ca acid,
enzyme protopectinaza hoc khi gia nhit th protopectin chuyn thnh pectin.
Page 61
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 62
Page 63
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 64
C ch to gel ca agar
1.2.4 Alginat
c chit t to nu, bao gm axit alginic, alginat natri, alginat kali, alginat
amn, alginat canxi, alginat propylen-glycol. Phng php s dng : s dng rng
ri trong cng nghip sa ng, sa scola, kem, bnh keo, mn n nh bp nu
bng c, cc sn phm tht chn.
Liu dng: 50mg/kg th trng i vi axit alginic, alginat natri v alginat
amn, 25 mg/kg th trng i vi alginat kali v alginat canxi
Trong iu kin nhit cao trng thi si v khi lm ngui s to thnh gel.
Alginat cng c kh nng kt hp vi ion Ca2+ to gel.
C ch to gel ca Alginat
1.2.5 Carragenan
c sn xut thnh cng t loi to bin Rhodophyceae, c cu trc l mt
mch thng ca polysaccharide -Sulphat, cha galactose v anhydrogalac tose vi
cc lin kt 1 - 3 v 1 - 4. Khi nhit cao, carrageenan s lin kt thun nghch
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 65
Page 66
Page 67
X l
Ph gia
V, u, chn
Ngm ph gia
9
Cn mu trc v
sau ngm
Kt qu
-
Chun b dung dch 200ml TPP 5% v 200ml TPP 10%: cn 10g v 20g TPP
dng bt trng cho vo hai becker 250 ml ri thm nc vo cho 200
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 68
TPP 5%
TPP 10%
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 69
Alginate
Pectin
Carrageenan
Agar
2.3 Th nghim 3
M0: 30g nc + 0.5% [Ca2+] t CaCl2
M1: 30g nc +1% pectin + 0.5% [Ca2+] t CaCl2
M2: 30g nc + 1% agar + 0.5% [Ca2+] t CaCl2
M3: 30g nc + 1% alginate + 0.5% [Ca2+] t CaCl2
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 70
3. Kt qu - bn lun
3.1 Kt qu
Th nghim 1
Mu
Trng
5% TPP (1)
5% TPP (2)
5% TPP (3)
10% TPP (1)
10% TPP (2)
10% TPP (3)
Th nghim 2
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 71
M1: 1%
pectin
To gel, do,
nht
Th nghim 3
M0: mu
M1: 1%
trng
pectin
o nht: Khng to
12 giy
gel, nht
tng
M3: 1%
alginate
To gel, cng Khng to gel,
nht tng
M4: 1%
carragenan
To ng, do,
n hi
M2: 1% agar
M4: 1%
carragenan
Khng to gel,
tng nht
Khng to
gel, nht
tng
Th nghim 4
M1: 1% pectin M2: 1% agar
Tng nht
To ng
M3: 1%
alginate
ng, cng,
gin
M3: 1% alginate
Tng nht
M4: 1% carragenan
To gel gin, trong
3.2 Bn lun
Th nghim 1
Khi lng tt c cc mu sau khi ngm nc v dung dch TPP u tng ln.
Mu ngm nc c khi lng tng ln thp nht, tuy nhin cc mu tng ln khng
u nhau v cng khng c s khc bit r rng i vi cc mu 5 v 10% TPP.
Th nghim 2
Hin tng xy ra r rng v chnh xc
Th nghim 3
Hin tng xy ra ng vi cc mu ch tr agar: mu khng to c gel m
ch tng nht. iu ny ch c th c gii thch l c s sai st trong qu trnh
thao tc, dn n kt qu sai lch
Th nghim 4
Hin tng xy ra r rng v chnh xc.
4. Tr li cu hi
Cu 1 : Trnh by tnh cht v c ch hot ng ca ph gia s dng trong bi?
Agarose c cu to mch thng , trung tnh, t cc gc beta D-galactopyranose
v 3-6- alhidro-L- galactose. C hai gc c s sp xp xen k, bn cc lin kt
khc nhau. Lin kt alpha 1-3 d phn hy bng enzyme to thnh neoagarobiose.
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 72
Lin kt Beta 1-4 d thy phn vi xc tc ca acid v to thnh gc agaragarobiose. Agar-agarobiose lm cho Agar-agar trong mi trng nc c kh nng
to gel.
Agaropectin c kh nng to gel thp trong nc, cu trc ca n n nay vn
cha xc nh r. Ch bit rng n c to nn bi s sp xp xen k gia Dgalactose v L-galactose v chng cha tt c cc nhm phn cc trong agar
Acid alginic hay cn gi l Alginate, trong rong Alginic thng dng mui
Alginate Ca, Fe, Mg tham gia vo cu trc ca thnh v mng t bo. L mt
Copolymer mch thng c cu to t 2 gc Uronat l alpha L- gluronat v Beta
D- mannuromat thong qua lin kt 1-4 glucosit.
Cu 2 : Trnh by tc hi c th xy ra khi s dng sai nhng ph gia trong bi
th nghim ?
Khi s dng qu liu lng nhng ph gia nh pectin, agar, alginate,
carrageenan th s khng t c cu trc nh mong mun
Cc tc dng tt ca Polyphosphate:
- Polyphosphates c s dng nh mt ph gia: cht n nh, cht lm ng,
v cht nh ho.
- To phc vi ion kim loi
- Kh nng gi nc
- n nh nh tng
- Gy n
- Dng lm dung dch m
Cc tc dng xu ca Polyphosphate:
Tuy nhin polyphosphates cng gy nhng bt li sau (nu s dng qu liu
lng).
- Lm cho sn phm c cu trc nh cao su.
- Hm lng polyphosphates > 0.3 gy v cht.
- Lm cho sn phm c v tanh ng, c cm gic nga li.
- Hm lng ln nh hng n sc kho: au bng, tiu chy.
Cu 3 : Nu phng php xc nh polyphosphate ?
Phng php nh lng bng sc k ion : Polyphosphat trong mu sn phm
c chit tch bng nc ct kh ion. Dch chit c lm sch bng phng php
chit pha rn (SPE) trn ct chit pha rn C18. Hm lng polyphosphat c trong
dch chit c xc nh trn my sc k ion s dng h thng phn ng sau ct vi
tc cht phn ng l st nitrat trong axit percloric v u d UV ti bc sng l l
330 nm theo phng php ngoi chun.
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 73
ADI
ML
CQ
CX
Bng
Agar
E406
Khng gii hn
Khng gii hn
Carrageenan
E407
CX
Bng
triphosphate
Gelatin
INS
E451i
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 74
Mc cho
php
GMP
2200
mg/kg
1100
mg/kg
GMP
5000
mg/kg
1000mg/kg
5000
mg/kg
Page 75
1000
mg/kg
GMP
2000
mg/kg
1000
mg/kg
cho php
INS:
407
Tn ting Anh
gm Furcellaran)
Carrageenan and its Na, K, NH 4 salts (includes
ADI:
CX
Chc nng
Furcellaran)
Lm dy, nh ho, n nh
STT
1
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
ML
Ghi ch
5000
150
Page 76
3
4
ln men
Tht, tht gia cm v tht th ti
Thy sn, sn phm thy sn xay nh ng lnh,
7
8
9
10
xc, da gai
Du trn, gia v (bao gm cc cht tng t mui)
GMP
3000
GMP
12
ng chai
C ph, ch, nc ung c dc tho v cc loi
13
Tn ting Vit
Tn ting Anh
Chc nng
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
21
GMP
GMP
11
2.
3.
GMP
ng chai
Necta qu thanh trng pasteur ng hp hoc
STT
1.
GMP
51
3000
1000
GMP
GMP
INS:
ADI:
ML
CQ
CX
Ghi ch
10000
10000
5000
Page 77
Bi 4: PH GIA CI THIN BT
1.Tng quan v nguyn liu
1.1 Bt m
Bt m l sn phm c ch bin t ht la m bng qu trnh nghin. Trong
qu trnh ny v cm v phi c tch ra v phn cn li ca ht la m (ni nh)
c nghin nh ti mn thch hp (ra thnh phm l bt m). Bt m hin nay
c lm t nhiu loi bt c nghin trn t nhiu loi la khc nhau. Ngi ta
gi tn nh bt m loi trng, hay nu, en.. ty vo mu sc ca bt v gi l bt
cng hay mm ty vo lng v tnh cht gluten ca bt. Bt m lm bnh m
(bread), gluten cao hn v khe hn, lm cho bnh n khe, gi c hnh dng
ca bnh sau khi nng. Bt m lm bnh kem xp (cake hay gateaux) c gluten
t hn. Bt lm bnh ngt (pastry) c gluten cao hn bnh kem xp cht t, v thp
hn bt lm bnh m.
Cc cht dinh dng trong bt hng cao th d tiu ha hn, nhng bt m
dng thp th c hm lng khong v vitamin cao hn. Bt m gm c gluxit v
lipit, c th v thnh phn dinh dng c chia bng di y:
Bng phn loi bt m
Loi bt v
hng bt
Bt m ho
79
12
0,8
1,8
0,1
0,5
Hng I
2,5
77,5
14
1,5
0,3
0,7
Hng II
3,5
71
14,5
1,9
2,8
0,8
1,2
hng
tro
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
ln
Cn li trn
Lt qua
Hm lng
gluten %
Mu sc
Page 78
Thng hng
0,75
ry
hn)
Bt la m cng
140/3*
260/12*
Hng 1
1,10
190/3
Hng 2
1,80
Thng hng
Hng 1
(ln hn)
43/35
32
32
Hi vng
Hi vng
nht
Hi vng
27/2
38/60
25
Bt la mi mm
0,55
260/14
260/14
28
Trng, hi vng
0,75
190/3
43/50
30
Trng, hi vng
*: t s l s hiu ry, mu s l % khng lt ry
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 79
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 80
tng cht lng gluten, ngi ta thng tng thm cc tc nhn oxi ha nh
Vitamin C, Kali Bromat, Canxi peroxyt, Canxi bromat, Kali v canxi iodate...Cc
cht nh ha lm mm rut bnh v lm mnh bt nho nh Sodium Stearoyl-2lactylate, ethocylated mono...cc enzyme nh protease, amylase...ngc li nhng
cht kh s lm gim cht lng gluten.
Vitamin C
1.2.1
S CAS: [50-81-7].
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 81
L cht chng oxy ha, to v chua. Thng dng tinh th khng mu hoc
mu trng, i mu khi phi ngoi khng kh hoc iu kin m t. Vitamin C
khng mi, c v chua ca axit. Tan trong nc, etanol v acetol. Khng tan trong
chlorofom, ester. Vi vitamin C, cn ch ti s d phn hy ca n. Nhit phn
hy t 191 194 oC.
Tnh cht kh mnh ca vitamin C ph thuc vo s c mt ca nhm dienol
trong phn t ca n. Chnh v vy m dung dch Feling, bc nitrat hoc mt s hp
cht c mu, c bit cht 2,6-diclophenolindophenol b kh bi axit ascorbic ngay
nhit thng. Trong thc phm c cc cht n nh vitamin nh protein trng,
tht, gan, tinh bt, mui n... Dng ascorbigen ca vitamin C l dng lin kt ca n
vi polypeptid. Trong thc vt n chim ti 70% tng lng vitamin C. Dng
ascorbigen bn vi cc cht oxy ha nhng hot tnh ch bng mt na vitamin t
do. Ngoi dng lin kt vi polypeptid cn c cc dng lin kt khc v d dng lin
kt vi Fe v axit nucleic, vi polyphenol. Vitamin C c tng hp d dng thc
vt. a s ng vt, tr chut bch, kh v ngi, u c kh nng tng hp vitamin
C t ng glucoza. S d ngi khng c kh nng c l v thiu cc enzyme
c hiu xc tc cho s chuyn ha glucoza thnh vitamin C
Trong mi trng axit, vitamin C kh n nh, v vy khi chit rt mnh vitamin
C t cc nguyn liu, ngi ta thng dng cc axit tricloaxetic hoc
metaphosphoric. Nhn chung, khi bo qun qu nhit 0 4 oC s gim st v
vitamin C khng ng k. mt s dch qu, ngi ta nhn thy vitamin C c th b
oxy ha gin tip bi enzyme phenoloxydaza. Chnh v vy khi c mt vitamin C,
dch qu s sm mu chm hn ( do qu trnh ngng t cc hp cht quinol)
Page 82
RS
+
____________
R-SH
+ H 2O
RS
NAD.
Na2S2O3
Cng thc phn t: Na2S2O3
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 83
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 84
Bt m
Cn
Phi trn
Ra gluten
Dung dch
Iod
V trn
Ngm nc
Xc nh cht lng
Kt qu
Page 85
Trn u cc mu cho n khi khi bt khng dnh vo ly na. Khi nho trn vi
nc thnh phn protein khng ha tan l glutelin v gliadin ht nc trng n to
thnh cu trc khung mng gluten. Gluten l thnh phn quan trng to cu trc cho
sn phm. trong 20 pht cho gluten ht nc trng n, n nh cht lng bt
nho.
2.2.3 Ra gluten
Mc ch: lm tri i lng tinh bt thu c khi do n hi gi l gluten t
xc nh cht lng.
Tin hnh: sau khi 20 pht, ra khi bt nho di vi nc chy nh, cho
khi bt vo lng bn tay, t pha di 1 ry trnh mt gluten, ra n khi nc
ra tht trong. Kim tra bng cch cho vo nc ra mt t dung dch iod, nu sau
khi cho iod vo dung dch c mu xanh tm chng t vn cn tinh bt, ta tip tc
ra. Nu dung dch khng i mu l t.
2.2.4 Xc nh cht lng gluten
Xc nh cng t.
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
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Mu
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Khi lng
cng t
n hi
gluten t (g)
(cm)
(cm)
Page 87
16,2
3,5
(M02)
6,62
15,5
3,2
(M03)
6,59
17,1
3,0
6,76
18,0
2,1
(M12)
6,71
17,5
2,5
(M13)
6,73
19,1
2,0
6,97
19,8
2,2
(M22)
6,91
19,5
2,2
(M23)
6,93
19,8
2,1
7,22
19,8
2,0
(M32)
7,25
19,8
2,1
(M33)
6,98
20
2,2
Mu 0,2%VTM C (M21)
7,25
20
2,0
(M42)
7,26
>20
2,0
(M43)
7,32
>20
2,0
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T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
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Bi 5: ENZYME
1.
Tng quan
1.1.
Nhm enzyme
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T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 94
khi s pht trin ca VSV gn t n pha n nh, khi mi trng b acid ha mnh
v khi lng phospho v c c s dng hon ton. pH ca mi trng nui cy
thng t t 6 7,2 l thch hp.
+ Phng php ym kh: mi trng l b c ci 2%; (NH 4)2HPO4 0,75%;
KH2PO4 0,1%; CaCO3 0,3%; nc chit ng 0,5%
Pectinase cng c khong pH v nhit ti u cho s hot ng ca n.
Enzyme pectinase di dng thng phm c khong pH ti u l 4.5 5.5 v nhit
ti u l 45 550C.
1.2. Nguyn liu da
1.2.1. Ngun gc Phn loi
Da l mt loi c sn nhit i vi mi qu thm, hp dn, ngt cao (16
20oBx hoc cao hn) chua va phi, m qu li ep, mu sc bn ngoi ep. c
bit trong da c enzyme bromelin, gip tiu ho tt protein nn ngi ta thng
dng da trn vi cc mn khai v. Da c ngun gc ng Bc chu M La Tinh
(Braxin, Guana, VenEnzymeuela). Hin nay da c trng tt c cc nc nhit
i, tp trung nhiu Hawai, Thi Lan, Braxin, Mexico. Vit Nam, da c
trng nhiu Long An, Kin Giang, Tin Giang, Minh Hi, Cn Th, Sc Trng,
Vnh Ph, H Bc, Thanh Ho, Ngh An.
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Page 96
81.3-91.2 g
0.03-0.29 g
Phosphorus
6.6-11.9 mg
Nitrogen
0.038-0.098 g
Tro
0.21-0.49 g
Calcium
6.2-37.2 mg
Cht x
0.3-0.6 g
Iron
0.27-1.05 mg
Carotene
0.003-0.055 mg
Thiamine
0.048-0.138 mg
Riboflavin
0.011-0.04 mg
Niacin
0.13-0.267 mg
Ascorbic Acid
27.0-165.2 mg
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
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X l
Ct nh
Cung,
v, ht
Xay nt
Pectinase
X l enzyme
Lc
Kt qu
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T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 100
2.2.4. X l enzyme
- Mc ch:Kho hiu sut trch ly dch, mu sc, Brix, nht v
trong ca dch sau khi x l qua enzyme.
- Yu cu: Sau khi cho Enzyme phi khuy u Enzyme pectinase phn b
trong ton b dung dch.
- Thc hin:Tin hnh kho st vic x l enzyme vi mu trng ( khng cho
pectinase) v hai mu 0,1% v 0,2% pectinase(mi mu l 100g dch da/ ccv lp
li 3 ln) trong 30 pht. Sau un v hot Enzyme.
2.2.5. Lc
- Mc ch:Nhm tch loi b thu dch qu.
- Yu cu: Lc cho n khi khng cn nh git na.
- Thc hin:Tin hnh lc bng my lc ht chn khng.
Hnh: Dch da trc lc (tri) v dch da sau lc (phi)
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3. Kt qu - Bnh lun
3.1. Kt qu th nghim
Mu trng
Ln 1
Ln 2
Ln 3
Ln 1 Ln 2 Ln 3 Ln 1 Ln 2 Ln 3
V(ml)
89
90
88
90
90
89
90
91
90
pH
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
Bx
7.1
7.2
7.0
7.5
7.6
7.3
7.9
7.7
7.5
22s59
22s48
22s19
nht
(s)
Mu
sc,
Mu vng c
trong
trong tng dn theo th t t mu trng n mu c 0.2% pectinase
nht ca nc l: 18s50
3.2. X l kt qu
Ly kt qu trung bnh 3 ln:
Thng s
Mu trng
0.1% enzyme
0.2% enzym
89
89.67
90.33
pH
4.2
4.2
4.2
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Bx
7.1
7.47
7.7
nht (s)
22.42
20.24
20.16
Mu sc
Vng
Vng nht
Vng nht
Cng thc tnh mc gim nht ca dung dch sau khi x l bng
pectinase:
N (%)
ET0 ET1
100
ET0 ETw
Vi:
ET0 : thi gian chy ca dch khng x l enzyme (s)
ET1 : thi gian chy ca dch c x l enzyme (s)
ETw : thi gian chy ca mu nc ct (s) : 18s50
N : mc gim nht ca dch x l enzyme (%)
Cng thc tnh mc tng hiu sut thu hi dch:
V1 V0
100
V0
Vi:
V0 : th tch dch thu c m khng x l enzyme (ml)
V1 : th tch dch thu c khi x l enzyme (ml)
Mu c 0.1% enzyme
Ln 1
Mu c 0.2% enzyme
Ln 2 Ln 3 Ln 1 Ln 2 Ln 3
3.3. Nhn
xt
N(%) 15.52
thu
(%
)
1.12
56.43
50.75
53.05
54.42
49.68
1.14
1.12
1.1
2.27
Hiu sut
hi
dch
qu:
Qua kt qu tnh ton thu c, nhn chung vic s dng enzyme pectinase s lm
tng hiu sut thu hi dch qu v nng b sung 2% pectinase cho hiu qu cao
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hn 1%. T cho thy vic x l bng enzyme vi t l cao gip nng cao hiu
sut thu hi dch qu hn nhng phi trong mt gii hn no v lng enzyme
cho vo phi ph hp vi lng c cht trong dung dch, nu lng enzyme cho vo
vt mc lng c cht th hiu qu tc ng ca enzyme khng thay i li lm
tn hao thm lng enzyme s dng.
Theo kt qu ca nhm th ln 2 vi nng 1% pectinase th hiu sut thu hi
dch qu khng tng so vi mu trng v ln 1 vic x l pectinase nng 1%
v 2% pectin cng tng t nhau. S d nh vy c th l do trong qu trnh nhm
lm c gy nn sai s chng hn nh do c th tch thu c cha thc s chnh
xc do o th tch bng ng ong 500ml vi chia nh nht l 1ml.
Brix
Khi x l pectinase th ta thy Bx ca qu tng ln nhng khng ng k.
Vic x l enzyme lm tng hm lng cht kh ha tan nn lm cho Bx
tng
nht
Theo s liu thu c ta thy vic x l bng enzyme lm gim nht ca dch
da kh cao so vi mu trng khng x l. Do di tc dng ca cc enzyme cc h
keo ca nc qu s b ph hy hon ton v vic x l bng pectinase lm pectin b
phn gii thnh cc cht ha tan lm gim nht ca dch qu.
So snh gia 2 nng 1% v 2% pectinase th ln mt tng 41.53%, nhng ln
2 v ln 3 li gim ln lt l 2.01% v 1.07%. Theo nh kin thc trong sch v
m nhm bit th gim nht nng 2% phi cao hn 1% pectinase, kt qu
ca nhm nh vy c th do trong qu trnh lm c sai s. Nguyn nhn c th do
thao tc ca ngi rt dch vo nht k v ngi bm ng h cha n khp vi
nhau.
Mu sc v trong dch qu
T kt qu th nghim ta thy mu sc ca dch da qua x l pectinase c mu nht
hn v trong hn so vi mu trng v ditc dng ca enzyme pectinase sphn
gii protopectin thnh dng pectin ha tan lm dch qu trong hn.
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4. Tr li cu hi
Cu 1: Trnh by v gii thch vai tr ca enzyme pectinase?
Tr li:
- Ph v thnh t bo thc vt nhm nng cao hiu sut thu nc qu. T bo
thc vt c cu to bng v t bo(thnh t bo). V t bo nh mt lp thnh bo
v rt hu hiu v to hnh cho t bo. v t bo thc vt c nhiu cht pectin, cc
cht pectin c xem nh cht ciment gn cc t bo vi nhau. Pectinase s ph v
s gn kt ny to iu kin cho cc vt cht trong t bo thot ra khi t bo gip
qu trnh thu nhn dch qu tt hn.
- Lm trong v n nh cht lng nc qu. Nc qu sau khi c tch khi
t bo thng cha nhiu cht khc nhau.Trong cht pectin chim lng ng k
v pectin thng gy hin tng nht cao v gy c nc qu.Pectinase tham
gia phn gii pectin gian bo lm cho cc t bo kh lin kt vi nhau v tht qu
d dng b mm ra.
- Tng hm lng ng trch ly, ci thin mu sc v gim nht sn phm.
Cu 2: Cc yu t nh hng ti hot tnh ca Enzyme?
Tr li: Cc yu t nh hng ti hot tnh ca Enzyme l:
- Nhit : Tc ca phn ng Enzyme chu nh hng ca nhit . Mi
Enzyme c mt nhit ti u . Khi cha t n nhit ti u ca Enzyme th s
gia tng nhit s lm tng tc phn ng Enzyme. Tuy nhin, khi qua nhit
ti u ca Enzyme th s gia tng nhit s lm gim tc phn ng v c th
Enzyme b mt hon ton hot tnh.
- pH: Mi Enzyme c pH ti u ring.Hot ca Enzymeph thuc vo
pH mi trng v pH nh hng n trng thi ion ho ca cc gc R hoc ca cc
gc acid amin trong phn t E, ion ho cc nhm chc trong trung tm hot ng,
ion ho c cht dn n nh hng vn tc phn ng. pH thch hp ca phn ln
enzyme vo khong 7. Tuy nhin mt s enzyme c pH opt rt thp (pepsin) hoc rt
cao (subtilisin) hoc t thay i trong khong pH xc nh. Cn ch l pH opt ca
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
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ML ca pectinase l 16,3%
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
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ML ca protease cha xc nh
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
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va-ung-dung.html
http://blog.yume.vn/xem-blog/carrageenan-chuc-nang-va-ungdung.nhi46cnsh.35D0A8F2.html
http://nafiqad.gov.vn/b.../attachment_file
http://giaoan.violet.vn/present/show/entry_id/1490125/cm_id/1339974
http://catscook.blogspot.com/2011/01/bot-accord-polyphosphate-chat-thayhan.html
http://pangasius-vietnam.com/UserFile/.../3649_QD-BNN-CLTY1.pdf
Wikipedia. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pineapple).
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
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