Bi 1

PHN TCH H THNG MT V

PHNG PHP LUN

H THNG.

MC TIU HC TP BI 1
1. Khi nim v phn tch h thng mi trng (environmental system
analysis = esa)
2. Phn bit cch tip cn phn tch c in v cch tip cn phn tch
h thng
3. Phn loi cc h thng
4. C s phng php lun ca tip cn h thng: iu khin hc
(cybernetics) v khoa hc h thng (system science)
5. Khi nim h thng v cc khi nim c bn lin quan
6. Bn thnh phn ca phng php lun h thng: Phn tch, T duy,
Tip cn v cng ngh h thng

1. KHI NIM V PHN TCH H

THNG MI TRNG
(ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEM
ANALYSIS = ESA)

1.1) Lnh vc nghin cu ca phn tch h thng mi trng

nh gi h qu i vi mi trng t nhin ca cc thnh phn
sn xut k thut, thnh phn x hi.
Do v mt s lng cng nh mc c hi, ESA hin nay lin
quan n pht trin, s dng v nh gi cc phng php v
cng c cho vic nh gi mi trng ca cc h thng k thut.
Nghin cu vai tr ca cc phng php ny trong vic ra quyt
nh , qun l v giao tip .
Nghin cu cc mi quan h gia cc cng c khc nhau (s khc
bit, tng t, cc b d kin chia x, lung thng tin gia cc
cng c..) .
Trong cc phng php c nghin cu l nh gi chu trnh sng
(LCA) v cc cng c lin quan, cc ch s bn vng, nh gi
cng ngh mi trng v nh gi mi trng ca t chc.

Hnh 1.1 : Phm vi quan tm ca phn tch h thng mi trng

(h k thut h x hi v h t nhin) (ngun: t liu
internet).

Hnh 1.2: Vai tr ca cc cng c phn tch h thng mi trng

1.2) V sao phi ng dng cch tip cn phn tch h thng trong
ngnh mi trng

Vn mi trng ngy nay pht sinh ch yu do cc hat

ng sn xut kinh t k thut thng qua cc h thng sn xut
v s pht trin h thng x hi lm pht sinh cht thi.
V vy, vn mi trng khng cn hn ch trong h sinh thi
t nhin m lin quan n h thng phc hp: k thut x hi
t nhin, i hi cc gii php lin ngnh.
V th mun nhn thc v gii quyt c hiu qu vn mi
trng bt buc phi tip cn bng phng php lun h thng.

1.2) V sao phi ng dng cch tip cn phn tch h thng trong
ngnh mi trng [2]
cc h thng phc hp:
nh gi tc ng mi trng ca mt d n trong cc ngnh cng
nghip, cc qu trnh sn xut, cc ri ro mi trng c th pht
sing trong mt khu vc, mt nh my. . .cc i tng nghin cu
ny l cc h thng k thut phc hp. Khng tip cn theo quan
im h thng th rt kh nhn thc v thc hin vic nh gi tc
ng mi trng.
Thit k cc tin trnh x l nhim (nc, khng kh, cht thi
rn) bao gm nhiu cng on khng thun nht nh l (nghin,
t. ..), ha (ha tan, kh. . .), sinh (s dng vi sinh), xy cc h
thng x l nc thi. ..
Xy dng cc h thng qun l mi trng trong mt doanh
nghip, nm trong h thng qun l doanh nghip.

1.2) V sao phi ng dng cch tip cn phn tch h thng trong
ngnh mi trng [3]
Cc h thng phc hp:
Qun l mi trng vng, tnh thnh, qun huyn, l cc h sinh thi
th phc tp, nhiu thnh phn khng thun nht.
Qun l cc khu bo tn thin nhin, cc khu du lch sinh thi l cc
h sinh thi phc hp, khng thun nht.
Xy dng cc h thng thng tin qun l mi trng bng h thng
thng tin a l hoc cc h thng thng tin qun l.
Vi cc h thng phc hp ni trn, khng th tip cn bng phng
php phn tch truyn thng, ngi cn b mi trng bt but phi s
dng phng php tip cn phn tch h thng.

2. PHN BIT CCH TIP CN

PHN TCH C IN V CCH
TIP CN PHN TCH H THNG

2. PHN BIT CCH TIP CN PHN TCH C IN V CCH

TIP CN PHN TCH H THNG
2.1) Cc tip cn phn tch c in (analytic approach)
Chia nh mt h thng thnh cc phn t c bn
Nghin cu chi tit v nhn bit cc kiu tng tc hin hu gia
cc phn t.
Thay i mt bin s trong mt thi gian, d bo tnh cht ca h
thng di nhng iu kin khc nhau.
p dng cc quy lut cng tnh cht ca cc phn t c bn.
H thng thun nht, chng bao gm cc phn t ging nhau v
s tng tc gia chng vi nhau yu.
Cc quy lut thng k c p dng
Trong cc lnh vc vt l, ha hc nh cc nghin cu v c hc,
cu to cc nguyn t, phn t, dung dch. .

2.2) Cch tip cn phn tch h thng

Cc quy lut cng cc tnh cht c bn khng p dng c cho cc h
thng phc hp cao, bao gm mt s lng ln cc phn t a dng,
nhiu kiu, lin h vi nhau bi s tng tc mnh m.
Xem xt h thng trong tng th v ng thi ring ca h thng.
Thng qua m phng, ngi ta c th ti hin h thng v quan st
trong thi gian thc cc tc ng ca cc loi tng tc gia cc phn
t ca n.
S nghin cu tp tnh ny theo thi gian xc nh cc quy lut c
th iu chnh h thng hay h thng thit k cc h thng khc.

Cch tip cn phn tch truyn Cch tip cn phn tch h thng thng - Analytic Approach
Systemic Approach
Phn lp Ht thnh phn t v tp
trung nghin cu phn t

Hp nht phn t v tp trung vo

s tng tc gia cc phn t

Nghin cu tnh cht ca s tng

NC tc ng ca s tng tc
tc
Nhn mnh s chnh xc ca cc
chi tit

Nhn mnh tm nhn tng th

Thay i mt bin s theo thi

Thay i ng thi nhiu nhm bin
gian
s
Duy tr s c lp cc phn t
Tch hp theo thi gian v s khng
trong sut thi gian; Hin
th lp li.
tng c quan st c th lp
li.

Cch tip cn phn tch truyn thng - Cch tip cn phn tch h thng - Systemic
Analytic Approach
Approach

Lun c da trn cc phng php

chng minh th nghim trong
phm vi mt l thuyt

Cc lun c thng qua s so snh tp

tnh ca m hnh vi hin thc.

S dng s chnh xc v cc m hnh S dng cc m hnh cha chnh

xc lm c s tri thc nhng rt
chi tit km hu dng trong iu
hu dng cho cc quyt nh v
hnh thc t (v d, cc m hnh
hnh ng.
kinh t)
C mt cch tip cn hiu qu khi cc C mt cch tip cn hiu qu khi cc
tng tc l tuyn tnh v yu.
tng tc l phi tuyn tnh v mnh.
Dn n s gio dc chuyn su theo
Dn n s gio dc lin ngnh
ngnh
Dn n hnh ng c sp xp
theo chi tit

Dn n hnh ng theo mc ch

Chim lnh kin thc chi tit nhng

tnh mc ch thp

Chim lnh kin thc theo cc mc ch,

cc chi tit m nht (fuzzy details)

3. PHN LOI H THNG

3.1) Cc kiu h thng tng qut

a. Cc h thng t nhin
HT Sng ngi, ni non. .
b. Cc h thng nhn to
HT mng, HT giao thng, HT li in
c. Cc h thng t ng (Automated systems)
HT T ng sn xut (SCADA), GIS
3.2) Phn loi theo c im ca mi lin h vi mi trng
chung quanh.
H thng kn: khng c giao tip vi mi trng bn ngai
H thng m: Han tan giao tip vi mi trng bn ngai
H thng tng i m: giao tip mt phn vi mi trng bn ngai

3.3) Phn loi cc h thng theo ngnh khoa hc:[1]

A. Cc h thng khoa hc tru tng v h thng c th
H thng tru tng bao gm nhng kin hay khi nim. Nhng
h thng x hi bao gm c hai dng tru tng v c th. V
d t chc kinh doanh va c nhng ti nguyn vt cht va c
nhng trit l kinh doanh, mc ch v chnh sch...
B. Cc h thng x hi:
V d: tp th sv mt nm no , dn c mt thnh ph c
nghin cu trong x hi hc.

3.3) Phn loi cc h thng theo ngnh khoa hc:[2]

C. Cc h thng sinh hc
V d: h thn kinh ca ngi, h thng mch thc vt, qun th
rng, cc h thng sinh thi... trong ngnh sinh iu khin hc
(bio - cybernetic).
D.Cc h thng k thut: V d cc b x l, my in ton, cc b
iu khin, robot dy chuyn sn xut t ng trong ngnh t
ng ha (robotic), cc ngnh cng ngh -k thut.
E. Cc h hn hp nh con ngi + my, h sinh thi nhn
vn....trong ngnh KH ng dng.

4. C S PHNG PHP LUN CA

TIP CN H THNG: IU KHIN
HC (CYBERNETICS) V KHOA
HC H THNG (SYSTEM
SCIENCE)

4. C S PHNG PHP LUN CA TIP CN H THNG: IU KHIN

HC (CYBERNETICS) V KHOA HC H THNG (SYSTEM SCIENCE)

i tng nghin cu c nhiu dng:

l cc tin trnh hay qu trnh: nh
Tin trnh tuyn sinh i hc (bt u t np n thi n khi c
kt qu trng tuyn hoc khng);
Tin trnh sinh sn (bt u t giao phi n khi sinh );
Tin trnh x l nc thi (bt u t nc thi ra do sn xut v
sinh hot n khi nc thi ra qua x l). . .
l cc thc th, i tng: nh cc doanh nghip , cc c th
sinh vt, cc thit b in t ; cc ngi nh, cc quc gia, mt
hnh tinh; v cng c th l cc phng trnh ton, mt h
phng trnh. . .