He thong ien va ien t tren oto hien ai he thong

ien ong c

21

2.1 Nhiem vu va phan loai accu oto

a. Nhiem vu
Accu trong o to thng c goi la accu khi ong e
phan biet vi loai accu s dung cac lanh vc khac.
Accu khi ong trong he thong ien thc hien chc nang
cua mot thiet b chuyen oi hoa nang thanh ien nang
va ngc lai. a so accu khi ong la loai accu ch axit.
ac iem cua loai accu neu tren la co the tao ra dong
ien co cng o ln, trong khoang thi gian ngan
(510s), co kha nang cung cap dong ien ln (200800A)
ma o sut the ben trong nho, thch hp e cung cap ien
cho may khi ong e khi ong ong c.
Accu khi ong con cung cap ien cho cac tai ien quan
trong khac trong he thong ien, cung cap tng phan hoac
toan bo trong trng hp ong c cha lam viec hoac a
lam viec ma may phat ien cha phat u cong suat
(ong c ang lam viec che o so vong quay thap):
cung cap ien cho en au (parking lights), radio cassette, CD,
cac bo nh (ong ho, hop ieu khien), he thong bao
ong
Ngoai ra, accu con ong vai tro bo loc va on nh ien
the trong he thong ien o to khi ien ap may phat dao
ong.
ien ap cung cap cua accu la 6V, 12V hoac 24V. ien ap
accu thng la 12V oi vi xe du lch hoac 24V cho xe tai.
Muon ien ap cao hn ta au noi tiep cac accu 12V lai vi
nhau.
b. Phan loai
Tren oto co the s dung hai loai accu e khi ong:
accu axit va accu kiem. Nhng thong dung nhat t trc
en nay van la accu axit, v so vi accu kiem no co sc
ien ong cua moi cap ban cc cao hn, co ien tr
trong nho va am bao che o khi ong tot, mac du
accu kiem cung co kha nhieu u iem.
2.2 Cau tao va qua trnh ien hoa cua accu ch-axit

Chng 2: Accu khi ong

22
2.2.1 Cau tao

Accu axit bao gom vo bnh, co cac ngan rieng, thng la

ba ngan hoac 6 ngan tuy theo loai accu 6V hay 12V.

Hnh 2.1: Cau tao bnh accu axit

Trong moi ngan at khoi ban cc co hai loai ban cc:
ban dng va ban am. Cac tam ban cc c ghep song
song va xen ke nhau, ngan cach vi nhau bang cac tam
ngan. Moi ngan nh vay c coi la mot accu n. Cac
accu n c noi vi nhau bang cac cau noi va tao
thanh bnh accu. Ngan au va ngan cuoi co hai au t do
goi la cac au cc cua accu. Dung dch ien phan trong
accu la axit sunfuric, c cha trong tng ngan theo mc
qui nh thng khong ngap cac ban cc qua 10 15 mm.
Vo accu c che tao bang cac loai nha ebonit hoac cao
su cng, co o ben va kha nang chu c axit cao. Ben
trong vo c ngan thanh cac khoang rieng biet, ay
co song khoi ban cc tao thanh khoang trong (gia
ay bnh va khoi ban cc) nham chong viec chap mach
do chat tac dung ri xuong ay trong qua trnh s dung.

He thong ien va ien t tren oto hien ai he thong 23

ien ong c
Khung cua cac tam ban cc c che tao bang hp kim
ch stibi (Sb) vi thanh phan 87 95% Pb + 5 13% Sb. Cac
li cua ban cc dng c che tao t hp kim Pb-Sb co
pha them 1,3%Sb + 0,2% Kali va c phu bi lp bot
dioxit ch Pb02 dang xop tao thanh ban cc dng. Cac
li cua ban cc am co pha 0,2% Ca + 0,1% Cu va c
phu bi bot ch. Tam ngan gia hai ban cc lam bang
nha PVC va si thuy tinh co tac dung chong chap mach
gia cac ban cc dng va am, nhng cho axit i qua c.

Hnh 2.2 : Cau tao khoi ban cc

Dung dch ien phan la dung dch axid sulfuric H2SO4 co
nong o 1,22 1,27 g/cm3, hoac 1,29 1,31g/cm3 neu
vung kh hau lanh . Nong o dung dch qua cao se lam
hong nhanh cac tam ngan, rung ban cc, cac ban cc
de b sunfat hoa, khien tuoi tho cua accu giam. Nong o
qua thap lam ien the accu giam.

Chng 2: Accu khi ong

24

Hnh 2.3: Cau tao chi tiet ban cc

1. Ban cc am; 2. Ban cc dng; 3. Vau cc; 4. Khoi ban cc
am;
5. Khoi ban cc dng.
2.2.2 Cac qua trnh ien hoa trong accu
Trong accu thng xay ra hai qua trnh hoa hoc thuan
nghch ac trng la qua trnh nap va phong ien, va c
the hien di dang phng trnh sau:
PbO2 + Pb + 2H2SO4 2PbSO4 + 2H2O
Trong qua trnh phong ien, hai ban cc t PbO2 va Pb bien
thanh PbSO4. Nh vay khi phong ien, axit sunfuric b hap
thu e tao thanh sunfat ch, con nc c tao ra, do o,
nong o dung dch H2SO4 giam.
Qua trnh phong ien
Ban cc
am
Pb

Chat ban au

Dung dch
ien phan

Ban cc
dng

2H2SO4 +
2H2O

PbO2

SO4- -, SO4- -,4H+

Qua trnh ion hoa

2e-

4OH

Pb++++
2e-

He thong ien va ien t tren oto hien ai he thong

ien ong c
Qua trnh tao
dong

Chat c tao ra

Pb++ - 2 e-

PbSO4

25

Pb+++2e4H2O
-2H2O
2H2O

PbS
O4

Qua trnh nap ien

Ban cc
am
Chat c tao ra
cuoi qua trnh
phong

PbSO4

Qua trnh ion hoa

Pb++, SO4- 2e-

Qua trnh tao

dong

Dung dch
ien phan
4H2O

2H+, 4OH -,
2H+

Ban cc
dng
PbSO4

SO4- -, Pb++
2e-

+
Pb++++
2H2O

Chat ban au

Pb

H2SO4
H2SO4

PbO2

S thay oi nong o dung dch ien phan trong qua trnh

phong va nap la mot trong nhng dau hieu e xac nh
mc phong ien cua accu trong s dung.

Chng 2: Accu khi ong

26

2.3 Thong so va cac ac tnh cua accu ch-axit

2.3.1 Thong so
a. Sc ien ong cua accu
Sc ien ong cua accu phu thuoc chu yeu vao s
chenh lech ien the gia hai tam ban cc khi khong
co dong ien ngoai.
- Sc ien ong trong mot ngan
ea = + - - (V)
- Neu accu co n ngan Ea = n.ea.
Sc ien ong con phu thuoc vao nong o dung dch,
trong thc te co the xac nh theo cong thc thc
nghiem:
Eo = 0,85 + 25oC
(2.1)
Eo : sc ien ong tnh cua accu n (tnh bang
volt).
: nong o cua dung dch ien phan c tnh
bang (g/cm3) quy ve + 25oC.
25oC = o 0,0007(25 t)
t
: nhiet o dung dch luc o.
o : nong o dung dch luc o.
b. Hieu ien the cua accu
- Khi phong ien
(2.2)

Up = Ea - Ra.Ip

- Khi nap ien

(2.3)

Un = Ea + Ra.In

Trong o: Ip - cng o dong ien phong.

In - cng o dong ien nap.
Ra - ien tr trong cua accu.
c. ien tr trong accu
Raq = Rien cc + Rban cc + Rtam ngan + Rdung dch
ien tr trong accu phu thuoc chu yeu vao ien tr
cua ien cc va dung dch. Pb va PbO2 eu co o dan
ien tot hn PbSO4 . Khi nong o dung dch ien phan
tang, s co mat cua cac ion H+ va SO42- cung lam giam
ien tr dung dch. V vay ien tr trong cua accu tang
khi b phong ien va giam khi nap. ien tr trong cua
accu cung phu thuoc vao nhiet o moi trng. Khi nhiet
o thap, cac ion se dch chuyen cham trong dung dch
nen ien tr tang.
d. o phong ien cua accu

He thong ien va ien t tren oto hien ai he thong 27

ien ong c
e anh gia tnh trang cua accu, ta s dung thong so
o phong ien. o phong ien cua accu tnh bang %
va c xac nh bi cong thc:
%Q

pn p (25oC)
pn pp

(2.4)

n - p = 0,16 g/cm3
Trong o: n - nong o dung dch luc nap no.

- nong o dung dch luc o a qui ve

25 C.

p nong o dung dch luc accu a phong

het.

e. Nang lng accu

Nang lng cua accu luc phong ien:
Wp = 3600. Qp. Up (J)
I p . tp
Wp = 3600
n

(2.5)

U pi

n - so lan o.
Nang lng cua accu luc nap ien:
I .t
Wn = 3600 n n
n

U pi

(2.6)

Trong o: Qp - nang lng phong cua accu.

Up - ien the phong cua accu.
tn - thi gian nap accu.
f. Cong suat cua accu
Pa = IE = I(IR + IRa)
(2.7)
R - ien tr tai ben ngoai.
Pa = I2R + I2Ra
Cong suat a ra mach ngoai (a vao tai ien)
Pa = IE - I2Ra
E
dPa
= E - 2RaI at cc ai khi bang khong I =
2Ra
dI
(2.8)
Nh vay, khi R = Ra , accu se cho cong suat ln nhat.

2.3.2 ac tnh
a. ac tuyen phong nap cua accu
ac tuyen phong cua accu n: khi phong ien bang
dong ien khong oi th nong o dung dch giam tuyen

Chng 2: Accu khi ong

28

tnh (theo ng thang). Nong

o axit sulfuric phu thuoc
+
R
_
vao lng axit tieu ton trong thi gian phong va tr
lng dung dch trong bnh.
Ip A

Eaq
I(A),,U(V)

2,12
V

2,
5
2,
0
1,
5
1,
0
0,
5

Eaq

iem
cuoi qua
trnh
phong

Eo

1,96
V
E
1,27

UP

A(1,70
V)
1,11

Ip
Ip=5,4
A
0
2

10

t(h
)

a. Thi gian phong

S o phong va ac tuyen
phong

Thoi
nap
Khoa
ng
ngh

Eo
1,27

1,1
1

Q=5,4.10=
54
4

Un

B(2,70
V)

In.Ra

Ip.Ra

In

IN=5,4
A
0
2

In
QN=IN.t
4

10

14

t(h
)

b. Thi gian nap

S o nap va ac tuyen nap

Hnh 2.4: ac tuyen phong - nap cua accu axit

Tren o th co s chenh lech gia E a va Eo trong qua
trnh phong ien la v nong o dung dch cha trong chat
tac dung cua ban cc b giam do toc o khuech tan
dung dch en cac ban cc cham, khien nong o dung
dch thc te trong long ban cc luon luon thap hn
nong o dung dch trong tng ngan.
Hieu ien the Up cung thay oi trong qua trnh phong.
thi iem bat au phong ien, Up giam nhanh va sau
o giam ty le vi sc giam nong o dung dch. Khi
trang thai can bang th Up gan nh on nh. cuoi qua
trnh phong (vung gan iem A) sunfat ch c tao thanh
trong cac ban cc se lam giam tiet dien cua cac lo
tham dung dch va lam can tr qua trnh khuech tan,
khien cho trang thai can bang b pha huy. Ket qua la
nong o dung dch cha trong ban cc, sc ien ong
Ea va hieu ien the Up giam nhanh va co chieu hng

He thong ien va ien t tren oto hien ai he thong 29

ien ong c
giam en khong. Hieu ieu the tai iem A c goi la
ien the cuoi cung.
Khi nap ien, trong long cac ban cc axit sunfuric tai sinh.
Nong o cua dung dch cha trong cac ban cc tr nen
am ac hn, do o Ea khi nap ln hn Eo mot lng bang
E, con hieu ien the khi nap: Un = Ea + In.Ra. cuoi qua
trnh nap sc ien ong va hieu ien the tang len
kha nhanh do cac ion H+ va O2- bam cac ban cc se
gay ra s chenh lech ien the va hieu ien the accu
tang vot en gia tr 2,7V. o la dau hieu cua cuoi
qua trnh nap. Khi qua trnh nap ket thuc va cac chat
tac dung cac ban cc tr lai trang thai ban au th
dong ien In tr nen tha. No ch ien phan nc tao
thanh oxy va hydro va thoat ra di dang bot kh.
b. Dung lng cua accu
Lng ien nang ma accu cung cap cho phu tai trong gii
han phong ien cho phep c goi la dung lng cua
accu.
Q = Ip.tp

80

(A.h)

(2.9)

Q(Ah
)

40

IP(A)
50

100

200

Hnh 2.5: S phu thuoc cua dung lng accu vao dong
phong
Nh vay dung lng cua accu la ai lng bien oi phu
thuoc vao che o phong ien. Ngi ta con a ra khai
niem dung lng nh mc cua accu Q5, Q10, Q20 mang tnh
quy c ng vi mot che o phong ien nhat nh nh
che o 5 gi, 10 gi, 20 gi phong ien nhiet o
+30oC. Dung lng cua accu c ac trng cho phan gach
cheo (hnh 2.4). Che o phong ay la che o nh
mc nen dung lung nay chnh bang dung lng nh mc
cua accu.

Chng 2: Accu khi ong

30

Qm = Q = 5,4A.10h = 54Ah
Tren o th (hnh 2.6) bieu dien s thay oi ien the
accu theo thi gian phong trong trng hp accu phong vi
dong ien ln I = 3Qm (Che o khi ong) nhiet o
+25oC va - 18oC.
Cac yeu to anh hng ti dung lng cua accu:

Khoi lng va dien tch chat tac dung tren ban cc.

Dung dch ien phan.

Dong ien phong.

Nhiet o moi trng.

Thi gian s dung.

Dung lng cua accu phu thuoc ln vao dong phong.

Phong dong cang ln th dung lng cang giam, tuan
theo nh luat Peukert.
n
Ip
. tp = const

(2.10)
Trong o: n la hang so tuy thuoc vao loai accu (n = 1,4
oi vi accu ch)
Tren hnh 2-5 trnh bay s phu thuoc cua dung lng accu
vao cng o phong. T hnh 2-6 ta co the thay khi accu
phong ien nhiet o thap th ien dung cua no
giam nhanh. Khi nhiet o tang th ien dung cung tang.
Nhng khi nhiet o cua dung dch ien phan cao qua
(ln hn +45oC) th cac tam ngan va ban cc rat mau
U(V) lam cho tuoi tho cua accu giam i nhieu.
hong,
+25o
C

10

Dong ien phong

Ip = 3Qm
27,5%
Qm
-18oC

8
6

11,25%
Qm

4
1

t, h
4

Hnh 2.6: ac tuyen phong cua accu axit nhng

nhiet o khac nhau
c. ac tuyen volt-ampere

He thong ien va ien t tren oto hien ai he thong 31

ien ong c
ac tuyen VOLT-AMPERE cua accu la moi quan he gia
hieu ien the cua accu va cng o dong ien phong
nhiet o khac nhau.
U,V
Ub
Ub

T=0o
C
T=20o
C

I,A
0
Inm
Inm
Hnh 2.7: ac tuyen Volt Ampere cua accu

Phng trnh mo ta ac tuyen Volt Ampere cua accu: Ua =

Ub IpRa
Trong o:
nghiem.

Ub - ban au xac nh theo cong thc thc

Inm - dong ngan mach luc Ua = 0.
Ub - InmRa = 0
Inm = Ub/Ra

(2.11)
Ub = n(2,02 + 0,00136t 0,001Qp).
Inm = n+ I+.
I+ = 2,24 + 1,75t 0,4Qp

(2.12)
n

: so ngan accu.

: nhiet o cua dung dch ien phan (0C).

Qp

: o phong ien accu (%Qp).

n+

: so ban cc (+) c ghep song song trong mot

ngan.
I+
: cng o dong ien i qua mot ban cc
dng luc ngan mach.
T ac tuyen Volt Ampere ta co the xac nh ien
tr trong cua accu:
Ra =

U b
I nm

Chng 2: Accu khi ong

32

d. ac tuyen lam viec cua accu tren oto

Accu lam viec tren oto theo che o phong nap luan
phien tuy theo tai cua he thong ien. ien the nap
on nh nh co bo tiet che.
Umf = 13,8 en 14,2V
In = (Umf - Ua) / R

(2.13)

R = Ra + Rdd + Rmf
Trong o:

Rdd : ien tr day dan.

Rmf : ien tr cac cuon stator may phat.

I(A)

in

tp
+

t,h

tn
i
Hnh 2.8: Che o phong nap cuap accu tren xe

He thong ien va ien t tren oto hien ai he thong

ien ong c

33

e anh gia mc can bang nang lng tren xe, ngi

ta xem xet he so can bang:
tn

indt

K cb

o
tp

i d

p t

Neu Kcb > 1: accu c nap u.

Neu Kcb < 1: accu b phong ien.

: hieu suat nap.

2.3.3 Hien tng t phong ien
nhiet o cao se xay ra phan ng di day lam ch
va oxt ch bien thanh sunfat ch:
Pb + H2SO4 = PbSO4 + H2
2PbO2 + 2H2SO4 = 2PbSO4 + 2H2O + O2
Dong ien cuc bo tren cac tam ban cc do s hien dien
cua cac ion kim loai, hoac do s chenh lech nong o gia
lp dung dch len tren va ben di accu, cung lam giam
dung lng accu. Do hien tng t phong ien, accu e lau
khong s dung cung se dan dan het ien.
2.4 Cac phng phap nap ien cho accu
Co hai phng phap nap ien cho accu:
2.4.1 Nap bang hieu ien the khong oi
Trong cach nap nay tat ca cac accu c mac song song
vi nguon ien nap va bao am ien the cua nguon
nap (Ung) bang 2,3V 2,5V tren mot accu n vi ieu kien
Ung > Ua.
Cng o dong nap thay oi theo cong thc:
In = (Ung - Ea)/ R
In, U
Imax

U=2,3V

t, h
Hnh 2.9: Nap bang hieu ien the khong oi
Imax 1 1,5 Qm.

Chng 2: Accu khi ong

34

Khi nap, Ea tang, I giam nhanh theo ac tuyen hyperbol.

Nhc iem cua phng phap nap nay la:
Dong ien nap ban au rat ln co the gay hong bnh
accu.
Dong khi giam ve 0 th accu ch nap khoang 90%.

2.4.2 Phng phap dong khong oi

Theo cach nay dong ien nap c gi mot gia tr
khong oi trong suot thi gian nap bang cach thay oi
gia tr ien tr cua bien tr R. Thong thng ngi ta
nap bang dong co cng o In = 0,1Qm. Gia tr ln nhat
cua bien tr R co the xac nh bi cong thc:
R = (Ung 2,6n)/ 0,5In

Hnh 2.10: S o nap accu vi dong khong oi

Theo phng phap nay tat ca cac accu c mac noi tiep
nhau va ch can am bao ieu kien tong so cac accu
n trong mach nap khong vt qua tr so Ung/2,7. Cac accu
phai co dung lng nh nhau, neu khong, ta se phai chon
cng o dong ien nap theo accu co ien dung nho nhat
va nh vay accu co dung lng ln se phai nap lau hn.
n : so accu n mac noi tiep.
0,5 : he so d tr.
Ung : hieu ien the nguon nap.
2.4.3 Phng phap nap hai nac
Trong phng phap nay, au tien ngi ta nap accu vi
cng o 0,1Im khi accu bat au soi, giam xuong con
0,05Im. Phng phap nap 2 nac am bao cho accu c nap
no hn va khong b nong.
I,A
0,1Im
0,05I
m

t, h
Hnh 2.11: Nap 2 nac

He thong ien va ien t tren oto hien ai he thong

ien ong c
2.4.4 Phng phap nap hon hp

35

au tien, nap bang phng phap hieu ien the khong

oi va sau o nap bang phng phap dong khong oi.
Co the nap nhanh oi vi bnh b can het ien, nhng
phai giam thi gian nap.
2.5 Chon va bo tr accu
e chon accu ta da vao cac ky hieu ghi tren vo bnh accu,
tren cac cau noi gia cac ngan hoac tren nhan hieu nh
vo bnh, chu yeu la dung lng nh mc cua accu, va
cng o dong ln nhat ma accu co the phong ma dong
nay phu thuoc vao cong suat cua may khi ong.
Accu thng at trc au xe, gan may khi ong sao cho
chieu dai day noi t may khi ong en accu khong qua
1m. ieu nay am bao rang o sut ap tren day dan khi
khi ong la nho nhat. Ni at accu khong c qua nong
e tranh hong bnh do nhiet.
2.6 Cac loai accu khac
Ngoai accu ch axit con co cac loai accu kiem khac nh:
Accu sat niken (Fe Ni), accu caimi niken (Cd Ni ) va accu bac
kem (Ag Zn). Trong o hai loai au thong dung hn ca va
a c dung e khi ong mot so oto va may keo.
2.6.1 Accu sat niken
Ve cau tao, accu sat niken co the chia thanh hai loai: loai
thoi va loai khong thoi. oi vi accu loai thoi, moi ngan
gom mi hai ban cc dng va mi ba ban cc am.
Cac ban cc cach ien vi nhau bang cac que ebonit
co ng knh 1,9 en 2,0 mm. Cac ban cung dau cung
c han vao cac vau cc va tao thanh cac phan khoi
ban cc dng va cac phan khoi ban cc am nh accu
axit. Phan nho cao cua vau cc la cc cua moi accu n.
Tng khoi ban cc c at trong cac bnh sat co o
dung dch ien phan gom dung dch KOH vi = 1,20 1,25
g/cm3 va khoang 18 20 gam LiOH cho 1 lt dung dch. Cac
ban cc c ngan cach vi vo bnh bang lp nha
vinhiplat.
Ban cc accu kiem loai thoi c che tao bang cach
ghep hang loat thoi chat tac dung lai vi nhau. e am
bao o cng vng va tiep xuc tot, ngi ta kep chat
au thoi bang cach dap chat vi tai ban cc. Moi thoi
chat tac dung gom mot hop nho bang thep la cha
chat tac dung. Chat tac dung ban cc am la bot sat
ac biet thuan khiet, con ban cc dng la hon hp
75% NiO.OH va 25% bot than hoat tnh.

Chng 2: Accu khi ong

36

Moi ngan co nut va nap rieng. V sc ien ong cua

moi accu n ch bang 1,38V nen muon co bnh accu 12V,
ngi ta phai ghep noi tiep 9 ngan accu n lai vi nhau,
tao thanh 3 top accu. Nh vay trong lng cua moi bnh
accu kiem nang hn bnh accu axit kha nhieu, mac du cung
the hieu.
Loai accu khong phan thoi c che tao theo kieu ep bot
kim loai co cau truc xop mn. Chat tac dung c ep
vao trong cac lo nho tren be mat phan nhanh cua cac
ban cc. Ket cau nh vay cho phep giam trong lng cua
bnh accu xuong 1,4 1,6 lan so vi loai thoi.
2.6.2 Accu Caimi - Niken
Loai accu nay ch khac loai accu sat - niken ve thanh phan
hoa hoc cua chat tac dung ban cc am, con cau tao
va qua trnh hoa hoc cua accu caimi - niken tng t nh
accu sat - niken.
2.6.3 Accu Bac - Kem
ay la loai accu co he so hieu dung tren mot n v
trong lng va tren mot n v the tch ln hn hai loai
tren, nhng v bac chiem ti 30% trong lng chat tac dung
nen viec s dung chung tren oto hien nay la khong
thc te. Cac cc cua accu nay la kem va oxit bac, con
dung dch ien phan, cung giong nh trong cac accu khac
la KOH. Mot trong nhng u iem quan trong cua accu loai
nay la vi kch thc khong ln lam, chung co the cho
dong ln. Nhc iem cua no la tuoi tho ngan.
Bang 2.1 ien ap va nang lng rieng cua mot
so loai accu
Loai accu

Accu ch axit
Sat Niken/ caimi
Niken kim loai hydrat
Natri lu huynh
Natri niken clorua
Lithium
Pin nhien lieu H2/O2

ien ap
tren mot
ngan

Nang lng
rieng

2.0V
1.22V
1.2V
2.0 2.5V
2.58V
3.5V
~30V

30Wh/ Kg
45Wh/ Kg
50 80 Wh/
Kg
90 100 Wh/
Kg
90 100 Wh/
Kg
100 Wh/ Kg
500 Wh/ Kg

2.6.4 Pin nhien lieu (fuel cell)

Trong nhng nam gan ay xuat hien mot dang pin mi
o la pin nhien lieu. Loai pin nay ang c nghien cu

He thong ien va ien t tren oto hien ai he thong 37

ien ong c
va a bat au tm thay ng dung tren mot so o to
ien. Tren hnh 2.12, 2.13, 2.14 trnh bay mot so dang pin
nhien lieu thng gap. Nguyen ly cua pin nhien lieu da
vao viec tach electron cua nguyen t hydro e bien
thanh dong ien bang cac phng phap khac nhau.

Hnh 2.12: S o nguyen ly pin nhien lieu dang kiem

Hnh 2.13: S o pin nhien lieu dung kh ot

Hnh 2.14: S o pin nhien lieu dung hydro