City Development Plan

City Development Plan: Imphal
1.1
Introduction
C h ap t e r 1
I nt r o duc t i o n t o C i t y D e ve l o pme nt
P l an & A p p r o ac h
Manipur one of the seven sisters of the North East is located in the slopes of the Sub-Himalayan
Ranges in the North East of India at latitude 23.80 N to 25.68 N and longitude 93.03 E to
94.78 E. Manipur has been the home of rich culture and heritage and is often described as the
Jewel of India. The region is bound by Nagaland in the north, Mizoram in the south and Cachar
district of Assam in the west. In the east it shares an international border with Upper Burma
(presently, Myanmaar).
.
Map 1.1: Location of Manipur
Imphal Municipal Council
Government of Manipur

Described by Lord Irwin as the 'Switzerland of India', Manipur boasts of an exotic landscape with
gently undulating hills, emerald green valleys, blue lakes and dense forests. Manipur, literally
meaning the land of jewel, is a paradise on earth where Mother Nature has been extra generous
in her beauty. And from the very inception, this princely state of Manipur has always been a
shining outpost of the country.
Imphal, the capital city of Manipur is a rapidly growing urban area and a bustling town. It is the
centre of all cultural, commercial and political activities in the State. It is a small and picturesque
city and is a attractive tourist attraction. Imphal lies in the valley of the Manipur River and is
surrounded by the North-Eastern hills. Imphal is the only Class I City in the State and is the
centre for cultural traditions, festivals, as well as commerce.
Map 1.2: Location of Imphal

Imphal Municipal Council, which is spread over an area of 30.75 Sq. km, has a total population of
2,21,292 spread over East and West Imphal Districts. The Imphal Urban Agglomeration also
takes into account fringe areas and has a total population of 2,50,234.
The break up of the population under Imphal Urban Agglomeration covered by the City
Development Plan in line with the applicability of the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal
Mission is as follows:
Area
Population
Imphal Municipal Council Area (West District)
150595
Imphal Municipal Council Area (East District)
70897
Fringe Area (Outgrowth) in West District
11711
Outgrowth/Census Towns incl in East District
17031
Total Population (Imphal Urban Agglomeration)
250234
Table 1.1: Population of Imphal Urban Agglomeration
With growth in urban population, growing population density and scaling up of activities, there has
been substantial stress on the available infrastructure. The stress in the Infrastructure is reflected
by the state of the basic infrastructure such as road, water, sanitation and drainage, which are
grossly inadequate, and requires substantial development and investment. The ability of the State
to provide basic services to the urban population requires substantial institution building and
investments.
1.2
Overall Urbanisation in India and Trends
According to the 2001 census, India has a population of 1027 million with approximately 28% or
285 million people living in urban areas. As a result of the liberalization policies adopted by the
Government of India, the share of the urban population may increase to about 40 per cent of total
population by the year 2021. It is estimated that by the year 2011, urban areas would contribute
about 65 per cent of gross domestic product (GDP).
Population (Millions)
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
820
700
583
473
372
109
62.4 78.9
159
217
285
1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 2021 2031 2041 2051
Table 1.2: Projected Urbanisation
However, this higher productivity is contingent upon the availability and quality of infrastructure
services. Urban economic activities are dependent on infrastructure, such as power, telecom,
roads, water supply and mass transportation, coupled with civic infrastructure, such as sanitation
and solid waste management.
Cities and towns in India constitute the second largest urban system in the world, and contribute
over 50 per cent of the countrys GDP. They are central to economic growth. For the cities to
realise their full potential and become effective engines of growth, it is necessary that focused
attention be given to the improvement of infrastructure. This requires a Mission led initiative to be
implemented on a time bound basis. In view of this the Government of India has launched the
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) in FY 2005-06; with an aim to
create economically productive, efficient, equitable and responsive cities,
The mission rest on the postulate that in order to make cities work and meaningfully
contribute to the countrys economic growth and poverty reduction objective, it is
essential to create incentive and urban reforms both at state and city level, appropriate
enabling framework enhance the credit worthiness of the Municipal governance and
integrate the poor with service delivery system.
The objectives of the JNNURM are to ensure that the following are achieved in the urban sector:
(a)
Focussed attention to integrated development of infrastructure services in cities covered

under the Mission;
(b)
Establishment of linkages between asset-creation and asset-management through a slew

of reforms for long-term project sustainability;
(c)
Ensuring adequate funds to meet the deficiencies in urban infrastructural services;

(d)
Planned development of identified cities including peri-urban areas, outgrowths and

urban corridors leading to dispersed urbanisation;
(e)
Scale-up delivery of civic amenities and provision of utilities with emphasis on universal
access to the urban poor;
(f)
(g)
Special focus on urban renewal programme for the old city areas to reduce congestion;
Provision of basic services to the urban poor including security of tenure at affordable
prices, improved housing, water supply and sanitation, and ensuring delivery of other
existing universal services of the government for education, health and social security.
The objectives of the Mission shall be met through the adoption of the following strategy:
(1)
Preparing City Development Plan: Every city will be expected to formulate a City
Development Plan (CDP) indicating policies, programmes and strategies, and
financing plans.
(2)
Preparing Projects: The CDP would facilitate identification of projects. The Urban
Local Bodies (ULBs) / parastatal agencies will be required to prepare Detailed
Project Reports (DPRs) for undertaking projects in the identified spheres. It is
essential that projects are planned in a manner that optimises the life-cycle cost
of projects. The life-cycle cost of a project would cover the capital outlays and the
attendant O&M costs to ensure that assets are in good working condition. A
revolving fund would be created to meet the O&M requirements of assets
created, over the planning horizon. In order to seek JNNURM assistance,
projects would need to be developed in a manner that would ensure and
demonstrate optimisation of the life-cycle costs over the planning horizon of the
project.
(4)
Release and Leveraging of Funds: It is expected that the JNNURM assistance

would serve to catalyse the flow of investment into the urban infrastructure sector
across the country. Funds from the Central and State Government will flow
directly to the nodal agency designated by the State, as grants-in-aid. The funds
for identified projects across cities would be disbursed to the ULB/Parastatal
agency through the designated State Level Nodal Agency (SLNA) as soft loan or
grant-cum-loan or grant. The SLNA / ULBs in turn would leverage additional
resources from other sources.
(5)
Incorporating Private Sector Efficiencies: In order to optimise the life-cycle costs

over the planning horizon, private sector efficiencies can be inducted in
development, management, implementation and financing of projects, through
Public Private Partnership (PPP) arrangements.
It is thus recognized that Urban Social and Economic Growth is largely dependent on
development of infrastructure, such as transportation, water supply, sanitation and solid waste
management. For the cities to reach its potential and to develop truly as Growth Centers, a longterm vision, an assessment of the present status of the region, focused strategies and action plan
needs to be developed. At the same time, Urban Local Bodies needs to be strengthened in order
to make them independent and self-sustaining so that they are capable of developing and
implementing sustainable projects on their own. ULBs also need to develop systems to ensure
that they remain transparent and accountable.
The North Eastern States are largely characterized by medium to low level of developments,
which are reflected in low per capita income, poor economic base, limited industrial development.
The States however are endowed with rich natural resources. Side by side the region is also
endowed with rich cultural and heritage background.
1.3
City Development Plan
The preparation of City Development Plan (CDP) is a pre-requisite for accessing funds under JNNURM.
The CDP is both a perspective and a vision for the future development of a city it indicates:
Where a city is now?
Where it wants to go? Vision, goals
What are its priorities?
How can it reach there?
What interventions are required?
The CDP would provide a framework and vision within which projects can be identified and
implemented. The goal of CDP is to create an economically productive, efficient, equitable, and
responsive cities.
1.4
City Development Plan for Imphal
Imphal is the only Class I City in the state of Manipur and is the centre of economic and social
activity. The city is also the Gateway of North East India. Given the criticality of the region, there
is strong requirement to develop physical infrastructure in order to drive the development process
forward. At the same time, the growth in population places severe strain on urban amenities and
infrastructure such as housing stock, public transport system, water supply, rubbish collection
(solid waste), sanitation and sewerage systems. Also, unplanned development leads to

unplanned growth and clustered settlements. A large number of their citizens are deprived of the
basic urban services. Urban environment also gets severely affected. .
Imphal City reaffirms its commitment to develop and implement strategies and programs with an
aim to bring about focused development in infrastructure and provide its citizens a high quality of
life and universal access to basic urban amenities while maintaining the rich cultural and heritage
base of the city.
As a first step to this end, a City Development Plan (CDP) has been prepared, which is both a
vision document as well as a Perspective Plan. The City Development Plan is anchored on the
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission goal on economically productive and efficient
cities. The Plan has been developed with the assistance of IL&FS Infrastructure Development
Corporation Limited. The CDP focuses on development of the infrastructure and builds up
strategies that deal specifically with issues affecting the urban poor, strengthening of municipal
governments, their financial accounting, budgeting systems and procedures, creation of
structures for bringing in accountability and transparency, and elimination of legal and other
bottlenecks that have stifled the land and housing markets. It provides a basis for cities to
undertake urban sector reforms that help direct investment into city-based infrastructure.
The principles of sustainability are fundamental to this approach and it is recognized that Assets
created out of this Plan needs to be maintained in order to contribute to its potential. The
objectives of the CDP shall be accomplished by a series of programs and schemes, which has
been identified and included in the Plan.
It is recognized that the CDP is a dynamic document and has been designed to be
responsive to ever-changing requirement of its citizens. To this extent, the Plan will be
continuously reviewed and developed to ensure that it is in line with the changing
aspirations of its people.
1.5
Process Followed for CDP Preparation
APPROACH TO FORMULATION OF CITY DEVELOPMENT
1
2
Review of available data, reports and surveys on the city

and initial consultations with the stakeholders.
Discussion with Government Officials, Identified

Stakeholders to Understand the Opportunities, Strength,
Risk and Weaknesses of Imphal
Data collection conducted on different parameters

followed by reconnaissance surveys, field visits like
Demography, economy, Land use, environment, basic
infrastructure facilities and Institutional framework
st
1 Consultative Workshop to identify demand/gaps in

infrastructure and felt needs of the people as well as
aspirations.
Preparation of Draft City Development Plan taking in to

account the above 1,2,3,4 points and peoples perception
in line with the Mission Objective.
nd
6
7
2 Consultative Workshop; Finalisation of Vision and

Strategies and Options based on vision and
Prioratisation.
rd
3 Consultative Workshop; Discussion with different

Stakeholders, concerned line departments, selected
eminent citizens for finalization of
consideration of the above points
the
CDP taking in to
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1.6
Stakeholders Views and Concerns
The CDP is an output of a wide-ranging consultation with key stakeholders. At the first stage, a
vision for the future development of the city was developed which was a shared development in
the medium perspective.
There was almost unanimity of the concerns of the people. The stakeholders particularly
representing the civil society were severely concerned at the lack of basic amenities and
disamenities (negative amenities). There was a strong plea for planned development,
decentralization, decongestion and/or expansion in a planned manner. There was also concerns
of hazards such as uncollected garbage/solid waste; heavily polluted Nambul River, choked
drains, lack of sewerage; scanty drinking water; water logging/floods during monsoon; off season
droughts.
It was clear from the workshops and also substantiated by analysis, that there was a severe lack
of basic services to the citizens. In terms of priority, Sewerage and drainage, decongestion and
transportation, Water and Environment Protection were given high priority. The requirement was
listed a safe and adequate 24x7 water and power supply, effective sewerage and drainage
covering each zone, most accessible and systematically arrayed roads with outer/inner roads,
mixed land use with adequate open space as to minimize traffic congestion, optimize
accessibility, provide greener/sunnier living; well planned schools, systematic parking and
shopping complexes for each zone. The services need to be delivered on a time bound basis to
fulfill the strong aspirations of the people.
There was a complete unanimity on the importance of maintaining the culture and heritage of the
City. The city needed to be well developed and organized but also retain its spiritual culture and
heritage culture.
There was also a plea to develop Greater Imphal on an integrated manner so as to reduce the
pressure on Imphal City.
One of the critical issues raised by the Stakeholders was empowerment and capacity building of
the Municipal Council. There was an acceptance that the municipal council needs to carry out a
reform process so as to make it more responsive and accountable to the general people.
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Some of the Speakers of the Workshops
13
1.7
Objectives and Overall Goals
The overall goals of the Plan shall form the strategic priorities of the region and is aimed at
achieving its vision.
The overall vision of the region based on the discussions with the Stakeholders Meet is
Making Imphal City a vibrant, well administered and developed city while maintaining
and further developing its transcending character as a ceremonial and spiritual city,
rich in culture and heritage and providing its Citizens a comfortable and secured life
by
Developing and making available basic infrastructure services and efficient
delivery framew orks to all its citizens so as to ensure that they are able to live a
comfortable and quality life;
Development of fringe areas and improve the regional linkages in the context of
Indias Look East Policy;
Endeavour to further develop the rich cultural heritage of the city
Developed
strong
framew ork
for
Urban
Governance
and
Institutional
Development;
Addressing Vital Issues of Urban Sociology in a multi-ethnic city.
Strategic Aims & Implementation Programme

The overall goals and visions are in turn integrated into strategic aims of what the Region seeks
to achieve in the lifespan of the Mission. These form the basis for the various identified schemes
and programs as well and formulation of policies to be taken up over the Mission Period.
Strategic aims for each of the sectors have been provided in this City Development Plan (CDP).
In order to achieve these aims a series of interventions in the form of schemes and programme
have been identified. These schemes and programs have also been included under the various
sections of the plan.
14
Imphal has a very strong heritage and cultural background. It is recognized that preservation of the
unique culture and heritage of the city is important and all projects and action plans need to take
into account this background.
It may be recognized that CDP is a dynamic document and has been designed to be
responsive to ever-changing requirement of its citizens. To this extent, the Plan will be
continuously reviewed and developed to ensure that it is in line with the changing
aspirations of its people.
1.8
City Investment Plan (CIP)
Based on the overall vision of the region, sectoral vision and present status, the CIP identifies
specific interventions in the form of projects that can be implemented over the JNNURM period of
seven years. These comprise a mix of short, medium and long-term projects. The CIP also
include a block estimate of the said projects and the institutional and financial mechanism for
implementation of the respective projects. The identification of the projects shall be an ongoing
process and shall be in line with aspirations and needs of the people.
1.9
Adoption of CDP
The Final City Development Plan was prepared after taking into account the various views and
was adopted by Imphal Municipal Council.
15
C h ap t e r 2
I nt r o duc t i o n t o t he R e gi o n
Chapter 2: Introduction to the Region
2.1 Introduction to Imphal Urban Agglomeration
Imphal, the capital city of Manipur, is situated at the centre of the valley of Manipur state. Imphal
is the biggest urban settlement and the only class I city in the region. Primarily an administrative
city, Imphal is of prime importance to almost all the urban centres and settlements surrounding it.
NH 39 connects the city with Myanmar in the east and Nagaland in the North. Though the city has
air connectivity with important cities like Delhi, Kolkata and Guwahati, it does not have any
railway connectivity. The nearest railway head is at Dimapur in Nagaland.
Imphal Municipal Council, which is spread over an area of 30.75 Sq. km, has a total population of
2,21,292 comprising municipal area in East and West Imphal. The Imphal Urban Agglomeration
also takes into account fringe areas and has a total population of 250234.
The break up of the population of the Area covered by the City Development Plan and in line with
the applicability of the Mission is as follows:
Area
Population
Imphal Municipal Council Area (West District)
150595
Imphal Municipal Council Area (East District)
70897
Fringe Area (Outgrowth) in West District
11711
Outgrowth/Census Towns incl in East District
17031
Total Population (Imphal Urban Agglomeration)
250234
Table 2.1: Population of Imphal Urban Agglomeration
16
Map: 2.1: Imphal City Map
2.2
Population
Imphal Urban Area recorded a population of 2,50,234 as per the Census of 2001 registering a
decadal growth rate of 26.04% and comprising nearly 10% of the entire state's population.
Population
State/District/Town
Civic Status
Male
Female
Total
Manipur
State
1095634
1071154
2166788
Imphal West
District
221781
222601
444382
Imphal East
District
198371
196505
394876
Imphal
Urban
Agglomeration
123859
126375
250234
Table 2.1: Break-up of Population Source: Census 2001
17
2.3
Location
The city of Imphal is located at the longitude 93.57o E and latitude 24.50o N. Located nearly at the
centre of the Manipur valley, Imphal is generally flat, elongated and tapering towards the south.
Surrounded by hillocks (about 1500-2000 mt high), Imphal is at an average elevation of 790 m
above mean sea level. Imphal River, Nambul River and Kongba River is running in the northsouth direction and are having numerous tributaries through the town. The town is below the high
flood level of Imphal River. The physiographic character has significant influence on the
population growth pattern in the Imphal city. Major growth has taken place towards the south
along the highways. The growth along the north, east and northwest has been restricted by hills.
2.4
Climate of the Region
Imphal enjoys salubrious climate. The valley usually experiences a cool and pleasant climate.
January is the coldest months while April-May is the hot season for Imphal. The prevailing wind
direction during summer is from south and southeast to northwest.
The Range of temperature and rainfall is as below:
Maximum Temperature during summer:

Minimum Temperature during the winter:
36 Degree Centigrade
0 Degree Centigrade
Average temperature
Average Rainfall in the area:
20.4 Degree Centigrade

1413mm.
Source: www.imphalwest.nic.in
2.5
Soil Profile of the Region
The soil in Imphal region is fertile land and is mainly made up of alluvial soil of recent origin. The
soil is mainly made up of shallow black, brown and alluvial soils which have been technically
classified as Udalfs-Ochrepts and Orchrepts-Aquepts-Fluvents.
2.6
Industries
There are no large or medium scale industries in Imphal. Handloom weaving is the traditional
household industry. Female work participation rate in the sector in over 60%. Skilled artisans in
trades of imitation jewellery and silver works are also found in certain pockets in the region.
18

General trade establishment comprises more than 90% of trade and commerce activity in the
region. In Imphal, there were more than 3389 registered commercial establishments, out of which
80% are located in the core area. Retail shops are located along the Thangal Road, Raona Road,
Bir Tikendrajit Road and Gandhi Avenue. There are few local shopping areas around the
municipal area such as Kwakeithel, Singjamei, Kongba, Checkon, Lamlong, Naoremthong and
Tera bazaar. There are Nuphi Keithal (Womens Market) in the core area and the periphery of
the city.
Factories
and
Industrial
Units
Total Units
in the state
% to total state
units
Agartala
36
2884
1.2
Aizawl
1439
4668
30.8
Gangtok
115
385
29.8
Guwahati
507
45193
1.1
Imphal
177
5779
3.1
Itanagar
27
4750
0.6
Kohima
80
1119
7.1
Shillong
321
4599
Table 2.2: Manipur Physical Map
19
ject report
Map 2.2. Physical Map
Map 2.3: Forest Map of Manipur
20
C h ap t e r 3
S o c i o an d D e m o gr ap h i c P r o f i l e
3.1 Background
This section analyses and presents the social and demographical profile of the city of Imphal.
Data has been obtained from Census data; various surveys conducted by IMC, ADB (NERUDP)
as well as published data. The data has been computed based on available census data for the
Municipal Council Area. In areas where trends for population of fringe areas are not available,
trends for the Municipal Region has been followed.
3.2 Overall Population & Growth Rate

Imphal with a total population of 2,50,234 (Census 2001) is spread over 27 wards in two districts,
namely Imphal East and Imphal West. It contributes to more than 29.81 % of population of these
two districts and 11.54 % of the entire states population (21, 66,788).
Growth
rate
(1991-2001)
Population
State/District/Town
Civic
Status
Male
Female
Total
Manipur
State
1095634
1071154
2166788
17.94
Imphal West
District
221781
222601
444382
16.69
Imphal East
District
198371
196505
394876
19.49
Imphal
MC
123859
126375
250234
11.56
Table 3.1: Total Population

Source: Census 2001
21

3.3
Decadal Growth Rate
The State of Manipur had experienced decadal population growth rate of around 17.94% during
1991-2001, which is though lower than the national average of 22.66 %. The decadal population
growth rate in the two districts, namely Imphal West and Imphal East, among which IMC is
spread was 16.69 % and 19.49 % respectively during 1991-2001. In this backdrop, Imphal
Municipal Corporation has recorded a decadal population growth rate of 11.56 % during 19912001 preceded by a significantly higher decadal growth of 26.76% during 1981-91.
Decadal Grow th Rate-Im phal
100.00
90.00
80.00
70.00
60.00
gr owt h r at e
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
1961
1971
1981
1991
2001
Ye a r
Table : 3.2 Decadal Growth
22
Decadal growth of the various districts is presented in the graph below.

Decadal Growth Rate (2001-1991)
70.00
60.00
50.00
66.41
40.00
28.83
Ukhrul
26.04
19.49
Imphal East *
Imphal Munipal Corporation
16.69
Imphal West
23.87
29.36
Churachandpur
15.26
29.24
10.00
17.94
20.00
Tamenglong
30.00
Senapati (Excluding 3 Sub-Divisions)
Chandel
Thoubal
Bishnupur
Manipur
0.00
Sources: Census 2001 and Individual district website
Figure 3.1: Decadal Growth 1991-2001
3.4 Population Density

The population density in Imphal recorded at 7,202 persons per sq. km as compared to the
states density of 97 persons per sq.km of area. With only 0.13% of the total area, Imphal
Municipal Corporation area contributes to more than 10% of the states population. The density
has been significantly and sharply growing over the last few decades as shown in the figure
below.
Population Density
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
density
7203
6456
3000
5093
2000
3924
2689
1000
0
1961
1971
1981
1991
2001
Year
Table 3.3 Trend of Decadal Growth
23
Density 2001
(Persons per Sqkm)
324
904
97
Region
India
West Bengal
Manipur District
Imphal Municipal Corporation
Area
7202
Table 3.4: Population Density Comparative Scenario

Source: Census 2001
The population density in the Imphal city has already crossed 7202, comparable with much larger
municipal area. In addition, the density is likely to cross 9500 persons per sq.km of area if the
population grows as estimated. The forecasted population density in Imphal is given below (Fig
3.4.1)
12000
9587
10000
8716
7923
8000
7203
6456
Density
6000
Predicted Density
4000
2000
1991
2001
2011
2021
2031
Figure 3.5: Predicted Population Density

Source: Based on forecasted population
3.5 Population Projections

In the last five decade, the North Eastern Region has witnessed drastic demographic change due
to several historic and economic reasons. On one hand, certain states have witnessed decline in
population growth rate whereas on the other hand, for certain states urban population growth rate
has gone up drastically. This clearly indicates that the growth trend has not stabilized over the
years.
24
State
Arunachal
Pradesh
Assam
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Sikkim
Tripura
U
NA
1951-61
R
T
NA
NA
8.5
37.2
7.2
7.4
16.6
9.6
9.2
2.7
2.2
1.8
2.9
5.3
1.4
5.7
1961-71
R
T
3
3.3
U
0
U
9.1
1971-81
R
T
2.7 3.1
1981-91
U
R
T
10.3 2.5 3.2
3.0 5.1
2.9 3
3.3
2
2.1 3.4
3.0 7.6
2.7 3.2 10.3 1.2 2.9 3.0
2.4 2.3
2.9 2.8 5.1
2.4 2.8 3.2
3.1 10.2 1.6 2.3 12.4 2.4 4.0 10.1
5.7 10.4 2.9 3.4 8.9
3.5 4.1 5.6
1.6 11.1 2.0 2.6 10.0 3.4 4.2 -3.2
6.0 4.7
3.0 3.1 3.3
2.7 2.8 6.5
Table 3.6: Population Density Comparative Scenario
2.1
2.4
2.8
0.0
4.3
3.4
2.5
2.2
2.6
2.9
3.4
4.6
2.5
3.0
U
7.2
3.1
1.2
3.2
3.3
5.4
5.0
2.6
1991-01
R
T
1.4 2.4
1.6
3.2
2.5
1.9
5.0
2.7
1.3
Source: NERUSP Project report
In a similar fashion, Imphal, the capital city of Manipur has also experienced growth in population
due to a mix of factors including annexation, natural growth and migration but the change in the
growth rate has been declining significantly. The decadal growth rate has declined during 19912001 from 45.94% during 1961-71.
In the meantime, the density in the Imphal city had already crossed 7202 persons per sq.km of
area in 2001. Considering relevant factors including Imphal remaining the only major urban centre
in Manipur, high population density, urban migration, amongst others, it has been estimated that
the population will continue to grow in the Municipal corporation area with the decadal growth rate
stabilizing at around 10% for the next few decades. Based on the estimation, the projected
population is given below.
Year
1961
79510
1971
116034
1981
156622
1991
198535
2001
250234
2011
275257
2021
302783
2031
333061
Table 3.7. Population Trends for Imphal Municipal Corporation Area

Source: Prediction based on Census Data
The population in the Municipal Corporation area is estimated to cross 3.33 lakh within 2031.
Though the figure is not extremely high but considering the area under the corporation and
expected growth in business development, it would create huge pressure on the city.
25
1.7
2.7
2.7
2.6
5.1
2.9
1.5
Actual & Predicted Population

350000
300000
250000
79510
50000
302783.14
275257.4
198535
156622
116034
100000
250234
150000
333061.454
200000
Population
Predicted Population
0
1961
1971
1981
1991
2001
2011
2021
2031
Year
Fig 3.8: Projected Population

Source: Census 2001
3.6 Population Distribution

The growth pattern of Imphal city is highly influenced by its physiographic character. The major
growth of the city has taken place towards the South, particularly along the highways. The growth
in North, East and North West is restricted by hills. Low-lying areas restrict the growth on the
east. The existing population density of Imphal is pyramidal. The density is higher in the central
area, especially on South, and hence major population density is in the southern part.
3.7 Migration
The North East Urban cities have been experiencing significant in-migrant population. The table
below shows that cities like Guwahati; Agartala has witnessed huge in-migrant population in
1991. In Imphal, the in-migrant population figure was 1,98,535 accounting for 8.05% of the total
population in 1991.
In Migrants
Total Pop
(1991)
% of migrants
to total pop
Agartala
Aizawl
Gangtok
Guwahati
Imphal
Itanagar
Kohima
Shillong
47042
26568
1104
140885
15991
4745
9576
26172
157358
155240
25024
584342
198535
16545
51418
131719
29.89
17.11
4.41
24.11
8.05
28.68
18.62
19.87
Table 3.8: In-Migrant Population in 1991
26
3.8 Urbanization
Urbanisation in Manipur district has been skewed. In several districts including Senapati
(excluding 3 sub divisions), Tamenglong, Churachandpur and Ukhrul, the entire population
resides in rural areas. Meanwhile, share of urban population in the Manipur state in 2001 was
around 26.58%, clearly indicating that the urban population was concentrated in the remaining
districts. Out of the two districts among which the Imphal Municipal Corporation area is divided,
share of urban population in Imphal West was highest at 55.51% whereas the corresponding
figure for Imphal East was relatively higher at 27.43%.
% o f Urba n P o pula t io n
60.00
50.00
0.00
27.43
0.00
0.00
0.00
10.00
26.58
20.00
36.05
35.87
30.00
12.64
55.51
40.00
0.00
Figure 3.9: Urban Population Share

Source: Census 2001
Data further shows, the level of urbanisation in Imphal West is much higher as compared to
Imphal East. Urban/Rural ratio in Imphal West stood at 1.24:1 against Imphal Easts comparable
figure of 0.37:1.
27
Urbanisation Scenario
2500000
2166788
2000000
1590820
1500000
Population
1000000
575968
444382
500000
394876
197699
286566
246683
250234
108310
0
Total
Rural
Urban
Manipur
Total
Rural
Urban
Imphal West
Total
Rural
Imphal East
Urban
Urban
Imphal Muni.
Corp
Figure 3.10: Urban Population Scenario Manipur
The level of urbanisation in the Imphal city has been significantly and steadily growing over the
past few decades.
28
3.9 Sex Ratio

The following figure provides details of the Sex Ratio (Females per 1000 Males) of Manipur State
and the districts since 1971. The Sex Ratio for Imphal district (i.e. Imphal East and Imphal West)
stood at 998, higher than the state corresponding figure of 978. The Sex Ratio in the district has
recorded significant growth over the previous decade, 973 (1991). The Sex Ratio of the Imphal
Municipal Corporation area is significantly higher than the district and state average at 1017.
Sex Ratio (Females per 1000 Males)
981
998
993
944
951
978
1000
998
1017
1050
2001
1991
916
922
950
1981
900
1971
850
Figure 3.11: Sex ratio

Source: SRS Website and Census 2001 data
29
Imphal
Municipal
Corporation
Chandel
Ukhrul
Imphal
Thoubal
Bishnupur
Churachandpur
Tamenglong
Senapati
(Excluding 3
Sub-Divisions)
MANIPUR (Excl.
3 Sub-divisions)
800

3.10
Literacy Rate
The following table represents a brief picture of the general educational standards of people in
the Imphal Municipal Council area. Over 78% of the population in the Imphal Municipal Area is
literate which is significantly higher than the state average of 60%. Following similar trend, 83% of
the male population and 73% of female population are literate in the Imphal Municipal Council
area as compared to state average figure of 68% and 52% respectively.
Total
Literate
Total
Illiterate
Male
Literate
Male
Illiterate
Female
Literate
Female
Illiterate
Imphal Municipal
Council (%)
78.43
21.56
83.94
16.05
73.02
26.97
Manipur (%)
60.48
39.51
68.76
31.23
52.00
47.99
Table 3.10: Literacy Scenario in Manipur and Imphal
Source: Census 2001
3.11
Workforce Variance
Census 2001 shows that the ratio of working to dependent population comes out to be 1:1.3 for
the state. The ratio though is higher in case of the Municipal Council area recording around
1:1.97.
Work force distribution

1000000
900000
800000
700000
MARGWORK_P
9563
100000
64807
200000
74370
300000
MAINWORK_P
285849
400000
TOT_WORK_P
659364
500000
945213
600000
Manipur Total
Imphal M Corp. Urban
Fig : 3.12
Source: Census 2001
30

The following figure further shows, that only 1% of the main working population are involved in
casual and agricultural sectors whereas 8% is involved in household sector.
Main Workers Profile-Imphal
1% 1%
8%
MAIN_CL_P
MAIN_AL_P
MAIN_HH_P
MAIN_OT_P
90%
.
Figure 3.12: Distribution of Main Work Force
Source: Census 2001
3.11 Expenditure Variance

The following tables show the monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) for urban and rural areas
of Manipur. MPCE provides a signal of the purchasing capacity of the population residing in
Manipur state.
Urban Manipur - Monthly per capita expenditure
MPCE (Rs)
261-451
451-521
521-601
Group
ST
16.82
11.21
14.02
SC
23.08
7.69
7.69
OBC
9.56
12.97
13.31
OTHERS
19.05
20.24
15.48
Rural Manipur - Monthly per capita expenditure
MPCE (Rs)
<352
352-412
412-471
Group
ST
27.78
13.33
12.73
SC
0
19.44
27.78
OBC
4.73
11.49
11.49
OTHERS
4.64
15.46
13.92
Source: NSS Data & State Government Website
31
601-682
682-751 751-942
13.08
15.38
20.14
10.71
471-521
14.72
19.44
19.59
9.28
9.35
15.38
20.14
12.7
14.95
7.69
16.72
14.68
>942
20.56
23.08
7.17
7.14
521-591 591-702
9.72
22.22
24.32
18.04
12.5
8.33
14.19
20.1
>702
4.17
2.78
14.19
18.56
4.1
Chapter 4
Economic & Industrial Base
Background
The North Eastern Region is characterized by low level of economic and industrial activities.
Majority of the urban population in the region is engaged in service, both Government and Private
(as depicted in the following table); Imphal does not produce any significant consumer goods.
Most of the items are imported from other states by roadways.
City
Service
Shop
Labour &
Owners
Daily Wage
Business
Others
Earners
Agartala
58.5
25.2
0.6
5.9
9.9
Aizawl
51.9
11.5
16.7
10.4
9.6
Gangtok
68.6
8.6
7.1
4.3
11.4
Guwahati
72.2
9.7
3.7
6.2
8.3
Imphal
56.9
13.7
15.4
9.5
4.6
Itanagar
65.5
10.7
1.7
3.7
18.5
Kohima
66.2
6.6
2.4
9.7
15.2
Shillong
54.5
14
4.7
3.9
23.0
Total
64.3
11.5
5.8
6.8
11.6
Table 4.1: Distribution of Employees by Category in major urban cities

4.2
Industry
The industries are not a major economic driver of any of the major urban centres in the
region, with Imphal not being an exception
32
Factories
and
Industrial
Units
Total Units
in the state
% to total state
units
Agartala
36
2884
1.2
Aizawl
1439
4668
30.8
Gangtok
115
385
29.8
Guwahati
507
45193
1.1
Imphal
177
5779
3.1
Itanagar
27
4750
0.6
Kohima
80
1119
7.1
Shillong
321
4599
Figure 4.2 Registered Factories and Industrial Units in NE urban cities

Handloom weaving is a traditional household industry with female work participation rate of over
65%. Traditional skilled artisans, especially in silk spinning and weaving are mainly concentrated
in Chingmeirong, Singjamei and Chingamakha area. Skilled artisans in trades of imitation
jewellery and silver works are concentrated around Keisampat, Kwakeithel and Singjamei Bazar
area. The area has one industrial estate set up at Takyelpat. The industries in the region are
mainly producing plastic items, paper and surgical equipment.
In order to facilitate rapid and substantial industrial development in the State through enhanced
investment, an investor-friendly environment, provision for infrastructure and institutional support,
attractive incentive package and optimum utilisation of existing resources amongst others, the
state government formulated the New Industrial Policy of Manipur in 2002.
The aim is to achieve the desired goal by providing industry access to high quality infrastructure,
extending institutional support for technology up-gradation, deregulating the business
environment for an efficient, proactive and transparent administrative frame-work and catalyzing
the entrepreneurial as well as creative capabilities of the human resources. Some of the major
goals are to create gainful employment for local population, promote export-oriented industries,
encourage large and medium industries in public, private, joint and assisted sectors, develop food
processing industry by facilitating forward and backward linkages.
33
4.3
Trade & Commerce
General trade establishments comprise over 90% of trade and commerce activity in the region. In
Imphal, there are more than 3389 Registered Commercial Establishment, out of which 80% are
located in the core area. Retail shops are located along the Thangal Road, Raona Road, Bir
Tikendrajit Road and Gandhi Avenue. There are few local shopping areas around the municipal
area such as Kwakeithel, Singjamei, Kongba, Checkon, Lamlong, Naoremthong and Tera bazaar.
There are Nuphi Keithals (Womens Markets) in the core area and the periphery of the city.
General
Trade
% share
Hotel/Restaurant/
Confectionery
shop/ tea
shop
% share
Agartala
2768
94.6
159
5.4
Aizwal
3475
91.2
335
8.8
Gangtok
1056
96.8
35
3.2
Guwahati
55000
96.5
2000
3.5
Imphal
3212
94.8
177
5.2
Itanagar
1362
96.9
44
3.1
Kohima
2384
94.6
135
5.4
Shillong
2489
94.5
144
5.5
Table 4.3. Registered Trade Establishments in 2001-01
34

4.4 Agriculture
Manipur state is predominantly an agricultural economy.
As per data available with State Government, the share of
agriculture in the state income has declined from 45.6% in
1980-81 to 24.7% in 2003-04 and is a serious concern.
Over 57% of the states working population is comprised of

cultivators and agricultural labourers.
Meanwhile, the four valley districts, which cover 10.02% of total geographical area,
include 73.18% of total agricultural land. But due to swelling population, it is
becoming more and more difficult to expand agricultural area. Paddy is by far the
most important crop in the region followed by maize and different type of millets,
pulses and beans, mustard and seasum, sugarcane, cotton, yams and sweet
potatoes, pineapples and many other kinds of fruits and vegetables.
4.5
Tourism
Tourism is one of the most important sectors in this region with immense potential. Table
4.7.1 shows that Imphal city received a significant number of tourists during 2001-02.
Data further showed that there were 49 hotels in Imphal with average rent ranging
between Rs 150-300 per day. The hotels experienced average occupancy between 65%
and 70%.
35
A comparative table of occupancy of major hotels in the major northeast cities are given
below:
Domestic
International
Agartala
156475
1280
Aizwal
25000
Gangtok
146923
7757
Guwahati
1000000
6000
Imphal
73482
131
Itanagar
8452
106
Kohima
29952
920
Shillong
178697
2390
Table 4.4 : Tourist inflow in the major cities in the NE Region in 2001-02
At present the places open to foreign tourists are: Loktak Lake, Moirang; INA Memorial, Moirang;
Keibul Lamjao Wildlife Sanctuary, Waithou Lake, Thoubal; and the Khongjom War Memorial,
Thoubal. The places open to foreign tourists in groups are: (a) Imphal-Bishnupur-PhubalaMoirang-Sendra-Keibullamjao-Imphal.
(b)
Imphal-Moirang-Loktak
Lake-Keibullamjao-
Churachandpur-Khuga Imphal, (c) Imphal-Ukhrul-Siroi-Sangsak-Imphal, (d) Imphal-ThoubalWaithou Lake-Khongjom-Kakching- Thonjao-Waikhong-Sugnu-Imphal, (e) Imphal-KhonghampatKanglatombi-Kangpokpi-Senapati-Karong-Mao
Gate-Imphal,
and
(f)
Imphal-
Noney-
Khongshang- Nungba- Jiribam- Imphal
4.6
Workforce
Majority of the population in Imphal city is engaged in administrative and other related services.
Census 2001 data shows that the ratio of working to dependent population comes out to be 1:1.3
for the state. The ratio though is higher in case of the Municipal Council area recording around
1:1.97.
Data further reveals that 87% of the working population in Imphal city area belongs to the
category of main workers whereas the remaining are marginal workers. Share of main workers
category in the city is higher than state corresponding figure of around 70%.
Table 4.6.1: Working Population Details
Imphal
Population
Total Working
Pop
Male Working Pop
Female Working
Pop
250234
84785
52116
32669
Table 4.5 Workforce Source: Census 2001
36
Chapter 5
Environment & Disaster
Recovery Plan
5.1
Background
Rapid urbanization can create enormous stresses on the natural environment. These stresses
extend far beyond the land that urban areas actually occupy to affect the land that provides the
resources to sustain urban life. Urban areas claim the ecological output and life support functions
of both nearby areas and distant regions.
The growing rate of population in the townships of the Planning Area is a prime example of the
effect of urbanization. Environmental impact of urban areas is often invisible to urban residents
themselves because the ecosystems that support them are far away. Thus as urban areas
expand, so does their environmental impact.
The number of urban households is growing at a faster rate than the population on account of the
trend for having nuclear families with a decline in the average number of people per household.
More households increase the amount of land and materials needed for housing construction.
Economic growth is accompanied by the commensurate increase in amount of waste generated

per person. In many cases, the waste is dumped in open sites, including wetlands that are not
able to contain seepage into local waters.
With the growing population density in urban areas and steep growth in the population trends, the
ULBs are likely to face major challenges in maintaining the ecological balance and sustaining the
development processes at the same time. The effect of this would lead to impacting of:
Public Health: Unclean water, poor sanitation, air pollution, heavy metals and other
contaminants will cause widespread health problems;
Food Supply: Population pressures degrade considerable areas of arable land;
Freshwater: The supply of freshwater deteriorates with population growth;
Biodiversity: Economic growth affects biodiversity and pushes animal and plant species
towards extinction;
Global Climate change: Global warming has become a serious problem
37
5.2
Situation Appraisal and Action Taken
As there are no major industrial activities in Imphal, the level of pollution is lower than that
of other centers. However, it has been noted that urban planning and land use regulation
are not followed in several cases and this has an adverse affect on the environment.
There is a need to develop an environmental management plan for improving the
environment of the city.
The specific objectives of the study are:
Mapping of characteristic and environmental profile of the project cities and

identification of environmental pollution and hot spots.
Preparation of an environmental management plan that includes rehabilitation and

mitigation measures; and
Recommendation of guidelines for environmentally compatible land use planning.
The ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY WING came into exist during 1997 under the
Environment and Forests Department of the Govt. of Manipur. The wing acts as a nodal
agency in the state for planning, co-ordination and promotion of environmental
sustainable development & its ecology in the state. Simply, the office deals with all the
matter pertaining to environment & ecology of the state.
The wing also acts as the state nodal agency for National Bio-diversity Strategy and
Action Plan, preparation of State of Environment (SoE) report of Manipur, preparation of
Health & Environment Mapping of Manipur, regional resource agency of Manipur for
National Environmental Awareness Campaign, etc. The wing has also been successfully
enforcing / implementing the various Acts and Rules laid down by the Ministry of
Environment & Forests, Govt of India.
38
Policy Planning:
To evolve a State Environment Policy Resolution for adoption by the Government and its
periodic views thereafter
To promote and catalyze other Ministries / Departments to incorporate environmental
concerns in their spectral policies
Review of existing sectoral policies with a view to synthesize environmental component
with them
To ensure incorporation of environmental dimensions in future legislative enactment
Conservation:
To conserve the genetic diversity of different biogeographically provinces of the State
To conserve the natural resources specially water bodies, flora & fauna, etc.
To establish and manage State Botanical Garden and Environmental/Ecological Parks
To conserve Biological diversity, identify endangered species and to undertake effective
conservation measures for their protection and habitat restoration
To promote and expand community based biodiversity conservation network in the State
To protect and conserve sacred Groves/places/ sites/zones
To carry out mapping of strategic and ecologically fragile areas with a view in involving
rational land use plan to manage the natural resources
To carry out eco-development work and restoration of fragile ecosystem
Regulatory:
To ensure the effective implementation of the following legislation :
The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act 1974 and Rules 1978
The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Cess Act 1977 and Rules 1978
The Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act 1981 and Rules 1982
The Environment (Protection) Act 1986 and Rules 1998
Co-ordination:
Co-ordinate various activities of the State Government in the areas of Environmental
management
Co-ordinate programmes of different agencies on Environmental Education, Training and
39

Conservation of Eco-system
Co-ordinate the work of various agencies other than Pollution Control Board relating to
pollution monitoring and control
Co-ordinate relevant activities of Non-Governmental Organisations/Institutions in
Environmental protection
Promotion:
To promote all activities necessary to execute the nodal co-ordination work, regulatory
and other conservation functions of different Departments
To promote environmental awareness at all levels
To promote environmental information dissemination network
To promote multidisciplinary environmental and ecological research and studies
To promote the aspect of human ecology for sustainable development
To promote a State of experts on ecology and environment concerned, where
services could be freely available to all State Government Departments and
NGOs/Institutions
Some of the ongoing approved schemes (as on 2006 07):
Scheme
Eco Development Programme
Environmental Information & Dissemination
Environment Education / Awareness

programme
Environment Monitoring, Research &

Development
Study of catchment areas of major basins
Prevention and Control of pollution
Waste Management
Objective
This scheme seeks to prevent
damage of the ecosystem in the state
This aims to build up public
awareness
about
environmental
issues and concerns
This imparts specific environment
training to individuals and other
stakeholders
Monitoring the quality of soil, air,
water & human including lakes, rivers,
community ponds, etc
Improvement of major river basins
and the catchment areas
Prevention of pollution by monitoring
activities of small industries and motor
vehicles
Scientific management of wastes
Table 5.1 Ongoing approved Schemes
40
Some of the key targets during the 10th Five Year Plan period include:
Improvement of State Environment monitoring, Research & Development Plan
Augmentation of existing Environment Monitoring, R & D Laboratory of the office
Nambul river Pollution abatement project
Studies on Jhum cultivation
Project on wasteland management, wetland management and conservation
Implementation of Bio-diversity conservation programme including afforestation
activities
Expansion of Environment Information activities
Setting up of Eco Clubs
Ecological impact assessment programme
Formulation of Environmental Action Plan for the state of Manipur
Expansion of Community Biodiversity Conservation network
5.3
Status of Environment of Manipur
A soft-state on the North-Eastern border between India and Myanmar, Manipur has a
total geographical area of 22,327 Sq. Km. of which 61.54% of the total
population(2001) is in the valley while 38.46% in the hill districts. The state shares with
a length of international border of 352 kms with Myanmar (Burma), accounting for
41.21% of the total length of the border. It is noted that Manipur is lies in one of the
most severe seismic vulnerable zones in India. Other natural hazards such
as
land slides and floods are also common in most parts of the region.
Recognising the peculiarities
of
the region, a Natural Disaster Management
Program is being worked out covering the entire North-East. The entire state of
Manipur falls in Seismic Zone V.
41
Fig 5.1: Seismic Zone

Natural Resources:
a)
WATER Resources:
The water resources in Manipur are from both the surface water (like Lake, River,
Ponds, etc) & sub surface (underground) water. As per land use data, total water
bodies of the state is about 1.65% of the total land coverage.
9.45 % Submerged Cropped Land
others
1.280%
23.34 % Biomass
Land with or without

scrub
38.725%
Forests
49.249%
31.30 % Waterlogged / Marshy / Swampy land
Water Bodies
1.649%
Settlement
2.442%
35.90 % Lake / Reservoir / Tank / Canal
Agricultureal Land
6.654%
Fig : 5.2 : Land Cover
Land Use Pattern

SURFACE WATER of the region includes all the water resources from wetland, lakes, ponds &
rivers. Wetland is one of the major characters of the State. However, the nature and
demographic pattern over the last 1 or 2 centuries showed spectacular change and numerous
42

wetlands had been lost. They are having wide variation in water spread during pre monsoons and
post monsoons showing distinct hydro periods (exception for Loktak Lake in which water level is
kept constant to run the existing hydro-electric project).
Drainage & River System : Manipur lies in the catchment area of two river system, namely
Ganga - Brahamaputra and Chindwin Irrawaddi river system.. The main rivers including Barak,
the biggest river of the state drain into Ganga Brahamaputra river system. Imphal River,
Nambul River, Iril River, Thoubal River, etc are some of the major rivers in the state.
Profile of Basins
Wetlands & Lakes :

No.
Wetland
Area
( in Ha )
Water Spread ( in Ha )
Aquatic Vegetation ( in
Ha )
PostPre-monsoon
PostPre-monsoon
monsoon
monsoon
A: Natural :
Lake :
21*
43,358
14,548
105,84
295,32
33,708
Ox-bow Lake :
35
35
20
35
35
Waterlogged :
B: Man - Made:
Reservoirs :
130
9,466
8,563
8,726
9,466
100
100
57
43
155 52,959 Ha
23,246 Ha
10,661 Ha
38,293 Ha
43,252 Ha
432.5 km2
Total
529.6 km
232.5 km
106.6 km
382.9 km
Source : Wetlands of Manipur (1997) : Space application Centre (ISRO) & Manipur Repote Sensing Application Centre
2
Ha = Hacter (100 Ha = 1 k m )
Table 5.2: Wetlands and Lake

Out of these identified natural fresh water lakes, only the Loktak Lake (24,672 Ha) has been
identified for taking up conservation urgently so far & also being one of the Ramsar Site for
International Importance since 1996. Further, 12 Lakes more are also proposed for further
identification under NLCP, as described below.
Sl. No.
Name of the propose

Lakes
District
Area
01.
Pumlen / Khoidum Pat
Thoubal
8,022 Ha
02.
Ikop /Kharung Pat
Thoubal
6,520 Ha
03.
Loushi Pat
Thoubal
1,064 Ha
04.
Waithou / PunnemPat
Thoubal
455 Ha
05.
Aongbikhong Pat
Thoubal
225 Ha
43
06.
Ushoipokpi Pat
Thoubal
65 Ha
07.
Sanapat
Bishnupur
282 Ha
08.
Utrapat
Bishnupur
185 Ha
09.
Tankha Pat
Imphal West
65 Ha
10.
Karam Pat
Imphal West
185 Ha
11.
Lamphel Pat
Imphal West
Table 5.3: Wetlands and Lake
5 Ha
GROUND WATER table data of Manipur varies as per its geological formation i.e. for the plan areas
(Central Valley districts) the ground water table is reported at 2 4 meter bgl (below ground
level), whereas, for the hill & foothill areas (Hill districts) reported as 4 5 meter bgl (below
ground level). Groundwater is mostly exploited through open wells, occurs under sub-artesian
and artesian conditions in the deeper aquifers. Through tube-wells, the underground water are
targeted to exploit the valley areas with the yields ranging from 0.6 to 4 cu.m./hr and an estimated
annual recharge of 44 M cum has been estimated. Considering the clayey nature of formation in
the top acuifer, development of this resource is not considered promising on a large scale either
in irrigation of water supply. However, it can be exploited for local water supplied through open
wells dug-cum-bore wells and tube wells. Recently, the North Eastern Regional Institute of Water
and Land Management (NERIWALAM) and the Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi have
reported the presence of arsenic in some of the existing underground water (Tube Well) in
Kakching, Thoubal districts of the state.
44
Fig 5.3: Profile of Ground Basins
Water Quality Problems :

Water quality for both the surface & sub surface has been monitoring by the Environment
Monitoring, R & D Laboratory of the Environment & Ecology Office, Govt. of Manipur regularly.
Environmental Pollution Status of Manipur
Pollution Status
Pollution
Level
Surface Water - Lake : Moderate
Eutrophic
Domestic Sewage & Agriculture

runoff
Domestic Sewage & Agriculture
runoff
Domestic Sewage
Host Rock, Solid Wastes Disposal
Surface Water - River :
Moderate
Surface Water - Pond :

Underground Water :
Moderate
Eutrophic
Contamination
Low, but
considerable
Medium
Ambient Air
Smoke from Vehicles / Transport
Contamination
Solid Wastes Disposal
Low, but
considerable
High
Non Segregation Urban, Domestic & Hospital
Low
-Table 5.4: Wetlands and Lake
Air Pollution :
Soil Pollution :
Wastes Disposal :
Noise Pollution :
Eutrophic
Problems & Pollution Sources
45

Some of the hot spots for water quality resources & its problems have been identified as below:
1.
Nambul River, in the urban area of Imphal City;
2.
Loktak Lake and its periphery lakes;
3.
Underground water at Kakching Town;
4.
Community ponds namely Ningthem Pukhri, Thangmeiband Pukhri, Bijoy Govinda

Moat, Kangla Moat, etc. at Imphal City;
b)
Forest Resources :
District wise forests coverage of Manipur (2003)
(area in Sq. km)
Table 5.5 : Forest Resources

c) Biodiversity:
Manipur, physically adorned with microclimatic & monsoonic climate. The elevation of the state
varies from 400 msl (Jiribam) to 2,994.36 msl (Tenipu Hill at western region of the state). Adapted
to these, there are different types of forest ranging, say from tropical to sub-alpine. Hence, the
state has a large number of flora and fauna considerably. Moreover, the north-eastern Himalyan
region including Manipur happens to be one of the two mega biodiversity hotspots in India. The
state has a number of proposed biosphere reserves, like Yangoupokpi, Siroi, Kailam. Khonghotenepu-Dzuko, Jial lake & Keibul Lamjao National Park where there are a number of wild palnts
and animals (resident migrant), including the much talked brow antlered deer, locally called
SANGAI (cervus eldi eldi).
However, a major
threat for rapid great losing / diminishing of
biological diversity has been facing by the state.

Some of the major Biodiversity statistics may be highlighted as
46

Reported varieties
A. Flora :
Tree species
Bamboo Species
Orchid
Edible Wild Plants
Plant / Herb Spices
Indigenous Medicinal plants
Endemic Rice
B . Fauna :
Fish
Amphibian
Snakes
Lizard
Birds
Wild animal
153
54
500
50
73
430
40
160
13
34
18
79
34
Table 5.6 : Biodiveresity
e)
Westland of Manipur:
WASTELANDS CATEGORY OF 5 HILL DISTRICTS OF MANIPUR (2003)

District
Wast-Land Categories
Area (in Sq.Kms)
% of TGA
Chandel
Land with Scrub

Shifting Cultivation
(Abandoned)
Shifting Cultivation (Current)
Total
Land with Scrub
(Abandoned)
Total
Land with Scrub
(Abandoned)
Total
Land with Scrub
(Abandoned)
Total
Land with Scrub
(Abandoned)
Total
1290.6
679.1
38.96
20.50
287.5
2257.2
689.61
1345
8.68
68.13
493
2527.61
2319
989.6
10.79
55.31
51.03
21.78
172.6
3481.2
1827.17
324.89
3.80
76.61
2.55
7.40
113.1
2265.16
1600.35
313.87
2.58
51.59
48.93
9.60
51.32
1965.54
1.57
60.09
Churachandpur
Ukhrul
Tamenglong
Senapati
Table 5.7 : Wetlands
47
29.43

Area of Jhum cultivation in 4 hill districts of Manipur
80
70
60
Sq. Km.
50
40
30
20
10
0
1987
1994
1987
1994
Area of Jhum cultivation including

abundant Jhum
1987
Forest Land
1994
Scrub waste land
Senapati
39.83
44.56
53
48.27
0.04
0.01
Ukhrul
21.82
35.77
75
61.06
0.04
0.08
Churachandpur
18.36
48.14
65.17
25.84
11.1
20.64
Tamenglong
37.94
34.74
45.4
44.88
12.44
16.1
Senapati
Ukhrul
Churachandpur
Tamenglong
e) Environment Quality Statistics:

Report on Physio-Chemical Analysis of surface water samples :
Sl. No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
Spot
Nilakuthi
Koirengei
Langjing
Do
Manipur College
Lamsang
Pangei
Lilong
Yairipok
Bishnupur
Moirang
Do
Do
Manipur
University
Do
Kakching
Sugunu
Kumbi
Andro
Mayang Imphal
Swombung
Jiribam
Name of River
pH
Parameter
DO( mg/l)
BDO ( mg/l)
Imphal
Do
Langjing-I
Langjing - II
Nambul
Lamsang
Pangei
Lilong
Yairipok
Posangbam
Stream
Posangbam
Ningthoukhong
MU - I
8.00
7.00
7.40
7.20
7.50
8.00
7.40
7.60
7.60
7.60
7.20
7.30
7.70
7.60
8.40
2.40
8.40
7.70
5.60
5.88
7.70
7.30
7.70
6.80
7.50
6.80
6.80
7.30
MU-II
7.70
7.90
Kakching
7.10
7.50
Sugunu
7.00
5.70
Khuga
7.00
7.70
Andro
7.00
8.30
Stream
6.90
7.10
Iril
7.10
7.30
Jiri
7.60
7.80
Table 5.8: Environmental Quality
48
2.40
10.30
3.60
4.30
9.32
6.08
5.20
6.88
5.01
8.11
5.68
8.11
8.50
4.80
Conductivity
( ohms/cm)
100
320
140
110
130
280
130
130
170
100
70
100
800
360
5.20
7.72
8.90
3.26
4.04
3.66
2.44
4.20
100
189
190
190
130
250
270
200

Physico- characteristics of some selected community ponds
Characteristics
pH
Dissolve oxygen
Biological oxygen
demand
Chemical oxygen
demand
Total hardness
Nitrate
Calcium
Chloride
Magnesium
Phosphate
Sulphate
P1
6.5
5.6
9.4
P2
7.5
8.9
8.8
31.8
12.66
Sampling sites
P3
8.5
8.2
8.2
25.33
P4
7.0
8.8
8.2
14.13
400
146
82
112
0.43
3.45
0.77
2.90
25.65
12.02
16.83
21.64
44.02
44.02
51.12
66.74
31.8
25.33
12.66
14.13
0.38
0.25
0.50
0.49
0.75
0.20
0.11
0.08
Table 5.9: Physio Characteristic of community ponds
All the characteristic are expressed in ppm except the pH

P1= Langthabal Community pond, Imphal(Drinking & domestic use )
P2 = Khurai Heikru Makhong Community pond (Drinking & domestic use )
P3 = Ningthem pukhri Community pond, Imphal ( Drinking & domestic use )
P4 = Thangmeiband Community pond, D.M. College gate, Imphal ( Drinking & domestic use)
Table : Ground Water Quality of Imphal-west district, Manipur

Sl.
Location
No.
1
2
3
4
Conductiv Total
Calcium
District pH ity m
Alkalinity
mg/l
S/Cm
mg/l
Manahingol
Imphal 6.6 285.12

West
Yaingangpok -do6.2 836.00
pi
Champhai
-do6.6 315.90
Chloride Hardness Iron Potassium Sodium

mg/l
mg/l
mg/l mg/l
mg/l
155
6.00
8.78
60.00
5.10 2.00
41.00
385
20.84
35.2
224.00
0.55 7.00
61.00
240
21.64
21.3
150.00
0.10 2.00
34.00
6.7 585.00
350
29.66
32.6
270.00
0.40 5.00
46.00
Nungoi Mayai -doLeikai

Koirengei
-do-
6.8 376.2
175
15.23
11.36
74
0.2
39
Nilakuthi
-do-
6.7 274.54
155
6.41
17.04
54
4.3
41
Keikol
-do-
6.8 268.9
130
6.41
9.94
62
5.0
29
Potsangbam -do-
6.6 291.5
175
9.62
9.94
78
3.2
36
Khurkhul
-do-
6.6 232.2
155
10.42
11.36
104
5.5
12
10 Phayeng
-do-
6.2 485
230
16.83
17.04
96
2.9
54
11 Irom Meijrao Imphal 6.8 790.9

East
485
41.68
21.3
222
3.2
99.5
12 Hitangthang
13 Konthousam
14 Keithelmanbi
Bazar
15 Leimaram
16 Angtha
17 Andro
-do-do-do-
7.2 1027.14
7.2 1027.14
5.2 394.2
350
620
215
20.84
30.46
15.23
65.32
24.14
50.88
150
290
122
2.0
2.0
1.8
4
2
4.5
100.5
106.5
48
-do-do-do-
6.5 175.5
7.1 530.4
6.8 329.4
180
315
190
12.02
36.87
15.23
1.42
19.88
15.62
48
200
116
2.2
2.0
1.5
1.5
1.5
1
43
29.5
23
Table 5.10: Ground Water Quality
49
Table :Water Quality Report on some Lakes of Manipur (as on March 2005)
Parameters Loktak
Lake
Ikop
pat
Waithou Angoubikhong Kharungpat

Pat
Pat
Pumlen Lamphel
Pat
Pat
pH
6.80
8.0
8.32
7.22
6.9
6.82
7.1
Biochemical
Oxygen
Demand
(BOD) mg/l
Chemical
Oxygen
Demand COD)
mg/l
Nitrogen mg/l
3.45
4.26
4.26
5.18
3.46
3.82
5.48
18.73
16.45
12.00
16.40
12.98
9.62
15.40
2.21
3.47
2.80
3.64
2.86
1.86
1.68
1.17
1.62
1.40
1.60
1.46
1.08
1.62
12
11
13
10
570
350
150
203
240
220
140
370
210
80
100
190
170
90
Phosphorus
mg/l
Potassium
mg/l
Total Coliform
per 100 ml
Feacal
Coliform oer
100 ml
Table 5.11: Water Quality on selected lakes
Table : Water Quality Report on some major ponds of Manipur (as on March 2005)
Parameters
Kangla Pat
Bijoy Govind
Wangkhei
Thanga Pat
Ningthem
Pukhri
pH
7.70
6.92
7.6
7.8
Total Dissolved Solids mg/l
100
130
340
98
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) mg/l
3.96
3.35
3.65
2.76
Chemical Oxygen Demand COD) mg/l
10.92
11.46
9.87
7.21
Nitrogen mg/l
0.90
1.81
1.56
0.86
Phosphorus mg/l
0.98
1.26
1.41
0.87
Potassium mg/l
Total Coliform per 100 ml
470
620
3.40
120
Feacal Coliform oer 100 ml
260
280
210
58
Table 5.12: Water Quality on selected ponds

Ambient Air Quality in the Valley Districts ; 1997
50

Sl.
Location
SO2 (g/m3 )
NO2 (g/m3 )
SPM(g/m3 )
Nilakuthi
10.00
2.04
100
Koirengei
13.30
7.08
128
Nagamapal
18.80
5.06
138
Keisamthong
18.90
5.01
128
Langing
10.80
3.10
100
MU
18.70
3.20
100
Manipur College
18.60
3.10
128
Lamsang
10.50
3.00
100
Kwakeithel
18.70
5.03
158
10
Lamlong
10.30
6.08
180
11
Pangei
10.40
3.08
150
12
Thoubal
10.50
2.00
110
13
Yairipok
10.60
3.08
120
14
Bisnupur
10.70
2.00
110
15
Kakching
28.00
6.61
160
16
Sugunu
20.47
6.83
145
17
Kumbi
28.75
6.83
150
18
Singda
25.70
5.70
100
19
Andro
20.00
5.21
100
20
Mayang imphal
23.02
5.66
151
21
Swombung
28.75
6.50
145
22
Jiribam
30.80
8.02
200
No.
Table : Ambient Air Quality Report (August 2005)
Table 5.13: Ambient Air Quality
Parameter
Suspended
particulate Matter
(SPM)
Respirable
Particulate Matter
(RPM)
Unit CMs Gate, Civil Secretariat Road, Imphal City Standard

as per
Sample - 1 Sample - 2 Sample - 3 Sample - 4 MoEF,
GoI*
741.72
872.39
769.44
813.92
200
gm/m3
gm/m3
125.31
221.35
51
161.11
216.55
100
Sl.No.
Location
Noise Level
Measured on
1.
Khwairamband Bazar
67 dB (A)
02.11.2002
2.
Keisampat Junction
63 dB (A)
-do-
3.
Uripok Junction
67 dB (A)
03.11.2002
4.
RIMS Gate
67 dB (A)
04.11.2002
5.
Johnstone Hr. Sec.
89 dB (A)
-do-
November, 2002
School Gate
1.
Keishampat Junction
83 dB (A)
25.10.2003
2.
Sagolband Traffic Point
74 dB (A)
-do-
3.
Singjamei Traffic Point
71 dB (A)
25.11.2003
4.
Paona Bazar
70 dB (A)
-do-
5.
B.T. Road
73 dB (A)
-do-
6.
Thangal Bazar
80 dB (A)
-do-
Oct., Nov., 2003
Table 5.14 : Noise Level of Imphal City
Solid Waste :
Maximum Quantity Per day : 100 MT ( Approximately )
Minimum Quantity per day : 85 MT ( Approximately )
Year
1981
1991
2001
Imphal city
1,56,622
1,99,329
2,17,325
Greater Imphal
2,93,334
3,69,605
4,22,514
Decadal
Imphal city
28.69%
27.27%
9.03%
Growth Rate
Greater Imphal
26.00 %
14.32%
Population
Table 5.15: Characterisation of Waste ( Imphal )
Components
Organic Waste
Paper
Plastic
Glass
Lather
Textile
Rubber
Wood
Porcelain/Stone/Clay
Metals
Fine Fraction ( < 10 mm )
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
Percentage
60 %
10%
05%
02%
01%
05%
01%
05%
03%
01%
07%
Table 5.16: Components of Solid Waste
52

Source of Solid waste ( Imphal ):
Number of vegetable and
fruit Markets
:
:
Greater Imphal
15
Imphal Municipality area.
45-50 MT per day

Quantity of wastes
generated
No. of meat and fish
markets
Number of Hospitals,
Nursing homes, Clinics, etc
Total number of beds
Number of Hotel and
Restaurants ( No five and
three star category of Hotel )
Total quantity of waste
generated from all sources
Main Tourist Spots
Number of incineration plant
for Bio-medical Waste.
One fish Market

No classification meat
Market but about 130150 butcher Houses
16 nos.
One fish Market

No classify meat Market but about
20-25 butcher Houses
:
:
1454
1372
144
80-100 MT per / day
45-60 MT per/day
:
:
27 Nos.
25 Nos.
One unit at the campus of
Regional Institute of Medical
Science.( Capacity : 80 Kg. per
hour )
14 Nos.
Table 5.17: Source of Solid Waste
5.4
Key Action Points
There is considerable public concern about Imphal city being one of the more
disorganized cities in the entire North East region. Future environmental programmes
should focus on certain issues indicated below which have been deemed to have
maximum impact and prioritize their activities accordingly:
Loss of forest cover:
Unchecked deforestation has led to barren hills, which have led to floods resulting in loss
of crops as well as livestock
Jhum cultivation:
This practice has also led to substantial loss in the vegetation of the region
Nambul river cleanup:
The lack of a proper garbage and sewage disposal system has turned the Nambul river
into a waste dumping centre
Use of plastics:
It is felt that the use of plastic and polythene bags needs to be severely restricted
Planned development:
The IMC has to take strong action to stop unplanned construction.
Forest, Soil Erosion and Hill Cutting
53

To deal with the alarming situation, forest areas need to be conserved and marked for no
further development; cutting of trees and encroachment on hills will have to be stopped.
This should help in the protection of topsoil from erosion, which is the main cause for
siltation on the riverbeds and consequent damage to the drainage system. Massive a
forestation programme should be undertaken.
5.4.1
Development of an Environmental Plan
There is a need to develop an environmental management plan for improving the environment of
the city. The specific objectives of the study are:
Mapping of characteristic and environmental profile of the project cities and identification
of environmental pollution and hot spots.
Preparation of an environmental management plan that includes rehabilitation and

mitigation measures; and
Recommendation of guidelines for environmentally compatible land use planning.

Some of the identified major EMPs for the city development plan are :
1. Eco-Development & Eco- parks
- Improvement of existing Ecological / Environmental Parks;
- Setting up of new eco-parks, gardens, biodiversity parks, etc;
- Conservation of heritage / historic places;
2. Pollution buffer zone & green belt
-
Mass plantation at existing sacred grove, urban forests
Bishnupur, etc. for habitat rehabilitation;
- Mass plantation at government office complexes / lands as per availability of space;

3. Urban Water Body Conservation
- Conservation and Eco-restoration of urban lake, ponds, rivers, etc;
4. Water body Front Development (specially Rivers)
-
Setting up of the river or pond front development for environmental conservation &
eco-tourism prospect;
5. Road Median & Road Side Plantation

- Landscaping & tree plantation at road median & road side as per availability of space;
6. Synchronization of existing market structure
- separation of meat & fish shops with proper hygienic condition & effluent treatment plant;
- Proper sitting of commercial units / shops for agro-chemical & toxic chemical products;
54

7. Mini Environment Monitoring Units (only sampling & spot examination)
- Air Sampling stations (at least 5 stations per town / city);
- Macro meteorological station (temperature, rain fall & Relative humidity);
8. Waste Management as per Environment (Protection) Act 1986;
- Scientific management of Municipal Solid Wastes with segregation at the source;
- Proper maintenance & treatment of liquid wastes;
- Proper management & handling of Hazardous Wastes & Bio-medical wastes;
9. Sanitation & Environment programme;
- Provision of low cost toilet / sanitation & community based toilets;
10. Rain Water Harvesting;
11. Urban Women & Environment
- Propagation of traditional, economic & herbal medicinal valued plants at homestead
garden;
- Introduction of domestic based vermin composting practices;
12. Environmental Education & Awareness
- Environment & Human Services;
- Human resource development;
- Capacity Building;
Out of these identified macro EMP components, the following has been incorporated during the
city development plan of Imphal city as immediate EMP of Imphal city
5.4.2
CONSERVATION
OF
WATER
BODIES
Imphal has very heavy rainfall (1808 mm)
during the rainy season (May to October).
However
rainfall
is
erratic
and
almost
negligible in the remaining months. Imphal

faces acute shortage of water in the period
February to April. The problem is compounded
on account of:
Imphal not having any significant numbers of big water reservoirs
Most of the surface sources of water are dried up during the lean period
In order to supplement the domestic use of water during the lean period, preservation of the
existing Natural Water Bodies such as the Pukhris (Ponds / Tanks) in and around Imphal is an
55

imperative. The renovation of these water bodies will facilitate storage of rainwater which can be
utilized for domestic purposes during the lean / dry period.
Preservation of these water bodies will also help in flood control, ground water recharge and
maintaining eco-system of the city. It has been estimated that after renovation, the existing water
bodies (8 nos of moats and 93 nos of ponds/water bodies) in and around Imphal city will be able
to preserve raw water.
A summary of the project is as given below:

Strategy
Conservation of Urban Water Body
Socio-economic Improvement
Pollution Control
Monitoring, R&D, Capacity building etc.
Action Plan
Fencing, desiltation, prevention pollution
from point sources; Creation of Parks
public participation etc.
Development of Eco-tourism place,
coordination works with unemployed
youths, developing fishing firms etc.
Control of pollution of the water Body
Timely quality evaluation, research &
development, environment education etc
for better conservation of lake,
Rs 87.26 Crores
Table 5.15: Project Summary for Conservation of Water Bodies
5.4.3
Conservation of Lakes
Objectives
To improve, restore & conserve the Lamphelpat Lake
To control the frequent flash flood in Imphal city
To improve the urban environment condition
To provide social (employment) benefits and Eco-tourism prospect.
a.
Lamphelpat Lake (Urban) which has a major impact on the environment of Imphal city.
The total lake area is 450.26 Acres with a catchment area of 4196 Acre
56
Strategy and Management Action Plan

Strategy
Action Plan
Restoration and Protection Measure
Fencing, desiltation, prevention pollution

from point sources; catchment area
treatment, public participation etc.
Socio-economic improvement

youths, uplifting fishing firms etc.
Control of pollution of the lake
Rs.31.79 Crores
Pollution Control
Total Cost
b. Nambul River Phase II
Major drain of the Imphal City, which plays a vital role in controlling in flood in the region. The
total length proposed for conservation is 3.91 Km.
Strategy
Action Plan
Conservation of River
Improvement for Socio-economic
Pollution Control
Total Cost
5.5
Summary of Key Investments

Name
of
the
Activities
Scheme
1
the
of
Investment
(Rs crs)
of Environmental Improvement:
Development
Conservation
under
scheme
Environmental Plan
2
Prevention pollution from point sources;

Public
participation,
interception
&
diversion of polluted inlets, low cost
sanitation, river front development, etc.
youths, uplifting fishing firms etc.
Control of pollution of River
Rs. 12.00Crores
2.00
Preparation of a Plan for future

87.26
Water Environmental
Bodies
Improvement:
Conservation
of identified Water Bodies in

poor condition
Lake/River
Environmental
43.79
Restoration/Rejuvenation
Improvement: Conservation
57

Improvement: Conservation
of Lake and control of Urban
Lake
Total
133.05
58
59
60
Chapter 6
Land Use Plan
6.1 Existing Land use
In Imphal, Land was subjected to various uses irrespective of its compatibility to the area of the
surrounding land usage, during the evolution of natural growth. The constraints imposed by the
existing land Uses determine to a larger extent the feasibility of the proposed possible land use
distribution pattern and the structure of the city.
In order to arrive at a rationale for future spatial structure and Land use pattern, it is necessary to
study the existing Land use to identifying the existing spatial structure. As a start, Master Plan
was developed in the year 1981 with the objective of stabilizing Urban Development by 2011. The
Master Plan aimed at effective utilisation of the urban land provide adequate social infrastructure
and public utility services to all and ensured uniform spatial accessibility and equal opportunity to
travel for all while ensuring that the environmental and cultural aspects of the city are not
compromised.
The Master Plan provided policies on space standards, which was based on analysis of the
existing situation and manuals of standards for other similar Indian towns. For the purpose of the
plan the area covered was divided in to 6 zones/land use categories as designated below;
Residential zone ; Low density, Medium density, high medium density and high
density
Commercial zones
Industrial zones
Public and semi-public zones
Recreational and open spaces zone
Agricultural zone
Clear regulations will laid down for each of the zones
The existing urban form of the city is thus the result of natural growth and it has evolved through
the process of accretion. The urban sprawl and its present development pattern is highly guided
by the natural features like Hills, Rivers etc, and the Physiography of the city is low rise city.
61
6.2
Land Use Break up
The existing developed area is substantially low in comparison to the planning area. Therefore a
detailed Land use study is being presented on the basic of total area.
Land use of Imphal (Existing)
Land use Category
Percentage
Residential
34.9
Commercial
0.6
Industrial
0.8
Other uses
Special Category/Government
8.0
Recreational and Parks
1.6
Public and semi-public
0.0
Vacant Land
0.0
Transport
4.1
Other developed (Green Belt)
0.0
Unusable (water bodies, Hills etc)
50
TOTAL
100
Source: North Eastern Region Urban Sector Profile Project
As mentioned in the above table it is clear that 50% land out of the total are covered with hills
and water bodies. In the Northeastern region maximum amount of land is under forest and hills
whereas the commercial and industrial land use is concerned the percentage is quite low like
0.6% and 0.8% respectively.
As far as the special category/ govt. lands are concerned, it is 8%. In terms of recreational land
use is concerned it is only 1.6% whereas land for public and semi-public is virtually absent.
Transport is one of the important components, which comes under major Land use category.
However, 4.1% land is only under the use for transportation. This severely restricts easy
accessibility to the region.
Keeping the limited availability of land, it is important that the land use and regulations are clearly
laid down and strictly enforced.
62
6.3
Development Strategy
The future desired Urban Form and the development policies are required to be formulated to
achieve a rational and efficient structure of the city. An appreciation of the potentialities of the
existing urban form and the rationality for conceiving the future desired urban form has been
examined here before formulation of development policies for major categories of activities
The Urban form of any settlement or city defines its character, gives an identity and creates an
image of the place. The future desired form of the city could be achieved by careful planning and
decision-making process and by taking positive unified action within in the overall framework.
Decongesting the core area shall be taken up in the right earnest. However, heritage and
cultural aspect of Imphal needs to be protected and developed while finalising the plan.
The building use policies shall be framed in such a way to encourage the decongestion of
the core and include the following components
o
Commercial and Mixed Building Norms.
FSI Norms & Incentives
Parking Norms
Specific Regulations-Accommodation and Reservation
After the current densities of wards and ecologically sensitivity is taken into
consideration categorise the areas into critical and discourage further
development through proper Development Control Regulation (DCR)
Improving more road open space on arterial road structure to improve the traffic flow and
decongest the core area through shifting of the bus terminals from the city, explore
shifting of the wholesale markets.
The potential development areas in the peripheral areas need to be linked through an
efficient arterial structure within /outside the city. These would provide alternatives to
these areas bypassing the core of the city resulting in decongesting the core. The arterial
structure is proposed in such a way so as to take care of future vehicular growth and
hence PMC shall undertake an exercise to widen these roads and connect the missing
links.
Building use regulations are the supporting control mechanisms to achieve a well
balanced growth structure for the city. These rules help in controlling densities,
contributing to the structured urban form for the different types of land uses and also
contribute to the quality of the environment. However it has its limitation in conserving
63

sensitive lands and limiting encroachments if the proper land uses are not planned.
Structure and Building depicting the culture and heritage of Manipur to be encouraged
Area under the open spaces category to be protected
Building up awareness among people and setting up a framework for strong
Implementation of the Development Control Guidelines
Imphal has a very strong heritage and cultural background. It is recognized that preservation of the
unique culture and heritage of the city is important and all projects and development plans need to
take into account this background. This aspect has also remained one of the most strong feelings
expressed by the citizen at all the consultative meeting and needs to be given due importance.
6.4
Development of a New Master Plan
The present Master Plan has a horizon year of 2011. Keeping the above in mind, the
Government of Manipur is developing a New Master Plan, a draft of which shall be placed
before the people shortly.
The Government shall take into account the feelings and suggestions emerging out of the
consultative process as well as those that shall be expressed by the people in future such
mediums while finalising the master plan.
64
Chapter 7
Housing Stock
7. 1
Vision
The city of Imphal through the designated agencies shall strive to provide appropriate
housing to all its citizens
7.2
Aims and Objectives

The city of Imphal shall strive to carry out the following actions:
Identify adequate sites to facilitate and encourage housing for people of all economic
groups including persons with liabilities with a provision of protecting heritage buildings /
sites
Remove as legally feasible and appropriate, governmental constraints to housing

production, maintenance and improvement
7.3
Assist in the development of adequate housing for low and moderate income households
Conserve and improve the condition of the housing facilities
Background
Good quality Housing is intrinsically linked to good health and nutrition, better
employment opportunity, better living and consequently better quality of life.
One of the most important tasks for any Urban body is the provision of Housing to its citizens.
Housing also comprises one of the key elements of the civic plan. The key elements of a Housing
Plan is provision of housing for poor.
In any urban center with growing demand and increasing prices, the urban poor are deprived of
adequate housing. It is thus the imperative of the state to provide Housing to the low-income
group. Slum improvement has to be done through an appropriate programme of slum eradication,
slum clearance and rehabilitation.
7.4
Situation Appraisal
The increasing population of Imphal has resulted in an immediate need for construction
of more houses to meet the needs of the additional population. A shortage of around
70000 houses has been projected by 2011.
65

To augment the shortage of housing, schemes such as the Cash Loan Housing Schemes
for advancing housing loans to employees of Govt and local bodies with Financial
assistance from HUDCO, New Delhi have been instituted. Around 13 phases have been
implemented under the aegis of this scheme involving Rs 48.43 crores which has
benefited around 8000 employees out of whom 4000 are in the Greater Imphal area.
Another scheme that has also been taken up is the Social Housing with financial
assistance from LIC / GIC.
7.5
Action Points
The recommendation made in the Master Plan to meet the shortage of housing within
Greater Imphal is as under:
30% to be taken up by the State Govt
15% to be taken up by Co-operative Housing Scheme
65% to be taken up by private entrepreneurs and individuals
The number of houses constructed under various schemes till date is 5300 units which
implies that about 15000 houses would need to be constructed by 2011.
The targeted economic grouping as per the Master Plan is as under:
EWS: 6%
LIG: 40%
MIG: 42%
HIG: 12%
This would entail an investment of about Rs 118 crores.
Keeping the above perspective in mind, the following recommendations have been
suggested:
Projects may be structured so that townships can be developed covering all sectors
with the principles of cross-subsidy
The issue of slum Upgradation and rehabilitation would need to be addressed
Imphal Municipality would need to develop specialized and dedicated teams to

leverage on available land
66
Housing development should be planned as per the overall norms of the city keeping
in mind the past historical and cultural legacies of the Manipuri people
Housing development projects must also provide for essential infrastructure such as
roads, parking space, drains, street lights, water supply, drainage and sewerage
network etc as per the Master Plan norms
A proper mechanism has to be in place to ensure that there is no misuse of the

subsidies provided for LIG housing development
67
Chapter 8
Tourism & Heritage
8.1
Background
The state of Manipur a land wrapped in velvety silence literally means 'the land of
jewels'. Manipur boasts of an exotic landscape with gently undulating hills,
emerald green valleys, blue lakes and dense forests, is the gateway to the NorthEastern Region.
Imphal, the capital of Manipur looks almost like a painting-clouds hanging low
over long stretches of lush green fields and numerous small hills of the greenblue Koubrou and Namaijing ranges forming a garland around the valley. Adding
a riot of colours are hundreds of orchids.
Imphal has all the fine, merged, tints of a watercolour. Faiths and traditions and
life styles flow into each other with a soft-edged grace so that it is impossible to
know where one ends and the other begins.
T
g
n
d
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nd
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meee
68
8.2
Present Scenario
The citizens of Imphal have retained the ancient ritual based dances and folk dances
along with the later developed classical Manipuri dance style. Among the classical
categories, 'Ras Leela' - a highly evolved dance drama, choreographed on
'Vaishnavite Padavalis' composed by mainly eminent poets and some Gurus, is the
highest expression of artistic genius, devotion and excellence of the Manipuris.
Imphal has several places of historical interest, religious and tourist attractions such
as Shree Shree Govindajee Temple, Bishnu Temple, Koina Temple, Kangla Fort,
Cheirap Panchyat Court, etc. there are various heritage centres which could be
developed as places of tourist attraction.
An indicative list of some of the potential places in and around Imphal, which are
of tourist interest are as follows:
The Kangla Fort
Located in urban Imphal, has been the focus of many social discontent among the
Manipuris
ever
since
its
occupation
by
the
British
forces
in
1891.
For about 2000 years, the Manipur Kings ruled from the Kangla Fort (which the
British referred to as the Manipur Fort). In Kangla, the history of Manipur is
embedded and the Manipuris love and revere this place. For the citizen of Imphal,
the Kangla is not only a historical treasure but an embodiment of the social,
cultural and religious life of the people, also.
The entire Fort area is measuring approximately 236,84 acres.
69
Some of the waterfronts in Imphal are as follows:
Loktak Lake :
48 kms. from Imphal, is the largest fresh water lake in eastern India and this lake
is like a miniature inland sea. Sendra Island, about 50 odd kilometres from
Imphal, offers a bird's eye view of the park and its occupants. One can explore
the park by traveling around in tiny small boats and also climb up the watchtower
located on the hillock of Pebet Ching.
Singda
At an altitude of 921 metres, Singda is a beautiful picnic
spot 16kms away from Imphal. The scenery is inviting.
There is an Inspection Bunglow to convenience visitors.
Greeted by a breeze-ruffled artificial lake, every visitor
is tempted to revisit with packed lunch and friends.
Phubala: - A Charming resort on the western fringes of the loktak lake is situated
40kms south of Imphal. It is joined to the mainland by a low causeway. From
there, life in and around the gigantic expanse of the loktak lake can be viewed
vividly.
Some Religious Places Shree Shree Govindajee Temple
Manipur's pre-eminent Vaishnavite temple
adjoining the palace of the former rulers of
Manipur. It is a great historic centre and is a
simple and beautiful structure with gold
domes and a large raised congregation hall.
During Holi, which is known in Manipur as
Dolijatra or Yaosong when boys and girls do
the Thaba Changba folk dance, all night. In
the center of the temple stands the presiding deity, Lord Vishnu flanked by the shrines of
Balarama and Krishna on one side and Jagannatha on the other. The temple also has a
paved court and a large raised congregation hall The presiding deity, Lord Vishnu in the
70

centre of the temple stands flanked by the shrines of Balarama and Krishna on one side
and Jagannatha on the other.
Lord Vishnu Temple

Bishnupur is a quaint town situated at the foot of a hill, to the
south west of Imphal. This town has been named after a
famous and historical temple dedicated to Lord Vishnu.
This Vishnu temple was built in this town in the 15th
century by King Kiyamba.
Architecturally, this temple has lot of significance since it is belived to have been
influenced by the Chinese. This is evident from the fact that very thin bricks were used in
Mahabali Temple
its construction. Bishnupur is also well known for its stoneware industry and is located at
a distance of 27 Km. from Imphal.
Moirang
Moirang is located 45 kms away from Imphal city on Tiddim Road. The
ancient temple of the pre-Hindu deity, Lord Thangjing stands there. It was
from the village of Moirang that the graceful, Khamba Thoibi dance
originated. It was also at Moirang that flag of the
Indian National Army was first hoisted on Indian soil on April 14, 1944 at
Moirang. There is an INA Museum exhibiting letters, photographs,
badges of ranks and other articles associated with INA. A bronze statue
of Netaji in uniform stands proud in the lawn.
Keibul Lamjao National Park
It is the only floating National park in the whole world and is 53 kms. from Imphal. This is
the last natural habitat of the marsh-dwelling brow-antlered deer of Manipur called
"Sangai". Many waterfowl and migratory birds visit the lake during November and March.
71
Church in
Mantripukuri

Andro: - Andro lies 27Kms east of the state capital Imphal. The small town is an
ancient Scheduled Caste village of the state. A cultural Complex was established
there by the Mutua Museum, Imphal. It exhibits potteries and hadicrafts of the
North-eastern region of India. There also is a Doll-house wherein dolls of
recognized Tribes of the State are displayed. standing tall in the eastern tall in
the eastern side of the Imphal Polo ground of the states capital commemorates the
Saheed Minar: - The imposing Minar of Bir Tikendrajit park
standing tall in the eastern side of Imphal Polo Ground
commemorates indomitable spirit of Manipur martyrs who
sacrificed their lives while fighting against the British in 1891.
The eye-catching Minar also serves as an ideal background
for photo shoots.
Manipur Zoological Gardens

6 kms to west of Imphal city, at the foot of the pine growing hillocks at Iroisemba on
the Imphal-Kanchup Road are the Zoological Gardens. Not to be missed is an
opportunity to see the graceful brow antlered deer (Sangai) one of the rarest
species in the world, in sylvan surroundings.
Manipur State Museum

This interesting museum near the polo ground has a
fairly good display of Manipur's tribal heritage and a
collection of portraits of Manipur's former rulers.
Particularly interesting items are costumes, arms and
weapons, relics, historical documents and ancient
Manipuri coins.
Nupi-lal Memorial
Nupi-lal Memorial is located at the heart of Imphal city next to Imphal
Head Post Office. The memorial is constructed to remember the rise of Manipuri
women against British rule on 12th December, 1939, and the rise continued for
14 months. The event is still commemorated as Nupi-lal (Women's war).
72
8.3
Vision and Action Plans
Imphal shall be one of the most beautiful and richest eco-friendly spiritual and
heritage centres and shall develop its rich culture and heritage in all its actions.
It has been proposed to develop inter and Intra district tourist circuits based on the
unique cultural and natural heritage of the area. This can be achieved through formation
of an Integrated Tourism Development Plan.
The plan needs to include identification of various packages, schemes and tourism
Circuits. Proper structuring of Tourism Projects is critical and the same would enable
Public Private Partnership Projects.
Development of river cruises connecting the nearby tourist spots and other areas
Encouraging diversified nature based recreational activities along riverfronts. In

addition to revenue generation, these activities will help in maintaining the
riverfronts.
Different action plans facilitating package touring of Imphal and the neighboring Capital
cities like Guwahati Shillong, Kohima, Meghalaya, Dimapur and other places in
Arunachal Pradesh etc would also enhance the Touring culture.
73

From a long-term perspective, to encourage tourism, there is a need to prepare an
Integrated Tourism Plan. The Plan will include measures to develop tourist spots on a
holistic basis coupled with enhanced connectivity. Steps need to be taken to market
Tourist Destinations besides developing and publicizing Tourism Products.
Despite an important place in the tourism map of the region, the citys infrastructure
relating to tourist amenities is at best far less than adequate and at worst appalling.
There is an absence of quality accommodation in the city and there is a general lack
of enthusiasm to cater to this growing tourism segment.
Some of the observations in this regard are as follows:
8.4
No 5 star hotel facility in the city
Switzerland to the northeast
Tremendous demand for quality accommodations and facilities;
Look east policy of the centre bringing a boom in corporate traffic.
Northeast being positioned as paradise unexplored would promote tourism.
Paucity of high-end accommodations
Insufficient Communication from other cities both by Air and Rail
Development of Kangla Fort into the Kangla Fort Heritage Park
Kangla is located at the heart of the city and covers an area of 237.62 acres. Kangla is a
wonderful synthesis of unique cultural resources, which include the Manipuri and British
periods. Diversity of the two resources ranges from architectural, archaeological, natural
and secret. The Fort exemplifies bravery and sacrifice of Manipuris and witnessed many
of battles British authorities who wanted to capture and conquer the state. The Fort is
presently managed by the Kangla Fort Board under the president ship of Honble Chief
Minister, Govt of Manipur.
It is now a protected area under the Manipur Ancient and Historical Monuments
and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1976.
In addition to the religious
importance of the place, the area also has patriotic significance. It is a vision of
the city that Kangla should become one of the most beautiful and richest ecofriendly heritage park of India and it qualifies as a World Heritage Site in the near
future.
74

Accordingly, a development plan has been prepared which consists of the
following eight important points:
1. Restoration & reconstruction and Development of
important Historical
monuments.
2. Development of important sacred places and waterbodies such as Nungjeng
Pukuri Achouba & Macha, Chingkhei Pukuri, to develop gardens around holy
places like Soraren Wangbren & Koubru, Main Surung, etc;
3. Reusing of important /beautiful European type buildings/bunglows as museums &
offices. For example, former A.R. Unit Hospital as Kangla Museum and office of
the C.O.A.R. AS natural History Museum, etc;
4. Plantation of trees specially medicinal plants and indigenous trees to transform
Kangla a Bio-diversity Centre/Ecological Park and to provide fresh air to the
inhabitants of Imphal city;
5. To preserve/protect important historical places and memorials;
6. To convert open spaces in Kangla as recreational Centre since Imphal city does
not have any big park;
7. To construct an Aquatic Pond and Unity Park model houses of different ethnic
groups of Manipur;
8. Creation of a Team to protect Kangla from encroachment;
Other Identified Heritage Sites for Protection, Restoration and Rejuvenation

1. Hump Bridgekhwairaumb and Thoug
2. Hanuman Thakur & Mungba Hamba Temples
3. Thangal General Temple
4. Leimapokpam Keirungba MSRT Complex
5. Lainingthou Khaba near Cheirap, Uripok
6. Luwang Ningthou, Punshiba
7. Cheirap & Panchai Court
8. Hapta Kangjeibung
9. Sanamahi Temple
The vision for improving the heritage centres particularly the Kangla Fort is
a longstanding aspiration of the People of Manipur. This was repeatedly
stressed during the consultative workshops.
75
8.5
Name
of
the
Activities
under
the
Scheme
scheme
Kangla Fort Development
Beautification, Development and
Investment
(Rs crs)
145.00
Heritage Protection
2
Protection of Heritage Centre
City
Beautification,
50.00
Development and Heritage

Conservation
195.00
76
77
Chapter 9
Urban Poor
9.1 Background
As per 2001 population Census, 283.35 million people reside in Urban Area.
It
constitutes 27.8% of the total population of the country. In post independence era, while
population of India has grown three times, the urban population grown five times. The
rising urban population has also given rise to increase in the number of urban poor. As
per 2001 census the slum population is estimated to be 61.8 million the ever
increasing number of slum dwellers causes tremendous pressure on urban basic
services and infrastructure.
The Government of India has defined slum areas as those areas where buildings are
unfit for human habitation (Slum Area Act, 1956). Physically, slums consist of clusters
of hutment comprising several rooms constructed with building materials where each
room is inhabited by a family sharing a common latrine without arrangement for water
supply, drains, disposal of solid waste and garbage within the slum boundaries. Apart
from degrading environmental conditions, slums in the urban settlements are also
characterized by almost total absence of community and recreational facilities.
In any urban area, slums are visible manifestation of urban poverty. These slum
pockets develop on their own either near a major employment source like an
industry or near a well-established residential area.
Most peri-urban slum areas are not legally part of the cities they encircle and
thus not commonly viewed as the responsibility of municipal officials. Many of
these areas lack in infrastructure for water supply, sanitation, and solid waste
disposal. The resulting environmental pollution creates a situation inimical to the
maintenance of good health. Children living in these communities are most at
risk. They suffer the highest rates of mortality and morbidity from diarrhea
disease as is observed in most developing countries. Inadequate solid waste
collection has also led to contamination of surface water and groundwater
resources and of the ambient air from waste burning.
78
9.2 Present Scenario

A compilation of poverty estimate of
various states of North-East has been
carried out by the NERUSP Project. As
per the report among the north-eastern
states, Imphal and Kohima showed the
highest level of the people living below
the poverty line.
While there are no notified slum area in the

region, it is estimates that as much as 26% of
the people live below the poverty line.
As all other centres people living in this condition do not have access to the basic infrastructure
services. Brief status of existing infrastructure facilities is as follows:
Sector
Status
Water Supply & Sanitation
23% 0f population below poverty line is dependent on

stand posts and 3% on tankers water supply;
Health Status
59% of those below poverty line do not have access to

toilets;
Housing
66% below poverty line live in Kutchha Houses;
Gender
18% of household below poverty line are headed by

women;
9.3
Key Interventions
It may be recognized that in order to bring about a meaningful and effective development
programme of the urban poor, specific programs need to be developed and implemented.
The key areas that will be focused are discussed below:
79

Land, Housing and Infrastructure
Despite poor housing conditions no areas in the city have been identified as slums.
However a large number of people (around 26% of the population) in the city live in
shanty dwellings without access to basic services. Land ownership and housing are
critical for poverty alleviation and slum development.
IMC shall thus endeavour to
provide housing facilities to this deprived section of the population.
Community Institutions and Structures

Again the growth of the community institutions and structures, particularly
community development societies and self-help groups, is weak in the area
compared to other cities in the country. Therefore it will be necessary to create
self-help groups in order to educate people and create awareness among them
so that they can take help of various government programmes for their economic
and social development. Community infrastructure: provision of community
centres to be used for pre-school education, non-formal education, adult
education, recreational activities etc.
Livelihoods, Employment and Informal Sector

It was observed that a number of programmes are currently under implementation
by various agencies for supporting employment and livelihoods but there is no
convergence and coordination across them. There are several programmes for
promoting livelihood but the people are not aware of these programmes. So a
communication strategy should be devised for increasing the awareness among
the public. Social amenities like pre-school education, adult education, maternity,
child health, and primary health care including immunization etc.
Construction of Community Toilet

Number of people using open space for the purpose of defecation in the region is
a major environmental concern apart from being a health hazard. A major initiative like
construction of Community Toilet in different areas should be taken so that slum dwellers
do not use open space as toilets. Programme for Integrated Low Cost Sanitation for
conversion of dry latrine system into water borne low cost sanitation system shall be
implemented. Also reduction of the solid waste stream, use of innovative technologies,
80

and health education and social marketing to change community- and house hold level
behaviours.
Construction of Child Care Centres
Again health is a prime concern for people living in slum areas. Poverty and ignorance of
the people and their less nutritional status aggravate the situation. Ignorance and
superstitions continue to hamper scientific approach to health and related problems.
There is no doubt that the public health and medical facilities increased and improved
over the years in both rural and urban areas covering a large number of populations, but
this has not been able to cover the entire population. Primary Health Centres located in
rural areas failed to give proper services due to lack of manpower, transportation,
medicine and modern equipments. On the other hand, modern scientific treatments
available are concentrated in urban areas and these are beyond the reach of most of
rural and urban lower middle class population. Therefore, until the Governments through
its institutions provide subsidized medical facilities, the available health care facilities will
remain beyond the reach of large part of the population.
The children living in the slums are one of the worst affected due to the lack of availability
of basic facilities including access to proper and immediate health care. This has resulted
in the mortality rate among the children being very high in the slum areas. So it is
necessary to construct child care centres in different areas of the region so that people
81

from the weaker section of the society can have proper care for their children at lowest
possible cost.
5.6
Projects
Cost (Rs crore)
Community Hall
Health Care & Education
Development Programmes
Operation & Maintenance
Housing Projects
20
20
25
10
50
Total
125
82
Chapter 10
Urban Infrastructure: Situation Appraisal
10.1
Introduction
In order to develop an overall vision for the region as well as to develop sector wise vision it is
necessary to carry out a broad appraisal of the existing situation. Accordingly a situation appraisal
is carried out and broad results are as follows.
This section profiles the state of infrastructure of the city. It examines the adequacy of the various
urban services and attempts or inadequacy services in terms of coverage, quantity, and quality
and attempts to identify the factors responsible for inadequate development of infrastructure
services. It measures the gap between demand and supply of different infrastructural services,
and examines the factor that explains the gap.
10.2
Water Supply
10.2.1 Background
Water supply for Imphal was introduced 70 years back in a skeleton form and initially it was
restricted to stand post only. However with growth in population several augmentation schemes
was introduced.
At present, the water is supplied from the Singda Dam and some water reservoirs built in and
around Greater Imphal areas. But the state of some water reservoirs particularly beyond the
Greater Imphal area is very poor. Some reservoirs, which use electric motors do not function due
to the want of power supply while some reservoirs, which use diesel engine motors, lay idle for
want of fuel. There is a requirement for organized water management system as well as better
utilization practices by the public as well.
There is a haphazard flow of water at the pipes resulting in inequitable distribution and water tariff
is not linked to utilization, therefore it does not give any incentive to water preservation.
83

The present water supply system is largely gravity fed from the reservoir, which has been located
over hills, which are fed by water treatment plant either by gravity or through pumping. However
the reservoir have not been able to provide an equitable distribution of water to the various
regions. With growth in population and urbanization the water treatment plant have become
inadequate to service the growing population. The distribution losses have been found to be large
and need to be controlled on a urgent basis.
10.2.2 Gap Analysis of Drinking Water

Particular
Population as per
census
Floating population at
10%
Total
Present Supply (lpcd)
Supply norms (lpcd)
Shortfall (lpcd)
In MGD
Particular
Population including
floating population
Increase in population
in past decade
Supply Norms (lpcd)
Shortfall (lpcd,
considering UFW 15%)
In MGD
Year
Cumulative Shortfall
in MGD
2001
2011
2021
2031
250234
275257
302783
333061
25023
275257
80
135
27526
302783
30278
333061
33306
366368
2001
2011
2021
275257
302783
333061
366368
135
27526
135
30278
135
33306
135
0.303
4371735
0.963
4808909
1.059
5289800
1.165
2001
2011
2021
2031
0.303
1.266
2.325
3.490
1376287
0.30
Cummulitative
2031 Shortfall
Table 10.1 Computation of Water Requirements
84
3.490
Cummulitative Shortfall in MGD
Cummulatative in MGD
4.000
3.500
3.000
2.500
Cummulitative
Shortfall in MGD
2.000
1.500
1.000
0.500
0.000
2001
2011
2021
2031
year
10.2.3 Source
The source of water supply in Imphal city is mainly through the rivers. The major river supplying
water through the city is River Imphal, River Iril and the River Leimakhong, the Polak stream is
also been tapped. In addition some amount of water is sourced through ground water. The
sources of water are reliable and sufficient.
10.2.4 Storage Capacity

The storage capacity of water is one of the key indicators of the level of services. The storage
system of water covers the entire Greater Imphal area.
Storage and Distribution Details, (Greater Imphal)

1. Ground Level Storage Reservoir
Number
Total Capacity
11
6.3
2. Elevated Storage Reservoir
Number
13
Total Capacity
18.81
Total
25.11
Table 10.2: Storage and Distribution Details
85

The above storage capacity works out to be around 34% of the water supply, which is in line with
CPHEEO norms. However with expansion of water generation and treatment the storage capacity
needs also to be augmented.
10.2.4 Water Treatment Facility

The water treatment facility in Imphal covers the domestic population, institutions, paramilitary/army establishments, and also cover en route other areas of Greater Imphal and fringes.
Name of
Schemes
Kangchup
Kangchup
(Extension)
Minuthong
Chinga
Kanchipur
Porompat
Koirengi
Ningthempukhri
Location
Kangchup
Hill
Kangchup
Hill
Imphal
West
Chinga
Hilock,
Imphal
West
Kanchipur,
Imphal
West
Porompat,
Imphal East
Koirengi,
Imphal East
Imphal East
Installed
Capacity
(MLD)
Year of
commission
14.53
1965
9.08
2000
1.14
1977
1.14
1978
Imphal
river
2.27
1979
Imphal
river
2.27
1979
Iril river
2.27
1979
4.54
1983
18.16
1983
Singda
Dam
18.16
6.81
1989
Iril river
4.77
4.54
1992
Imphal
river
3.1
6.81
1992
Iril river
4.77
Augmentation
of Porompat-I
Augmentation
of Kanchipur
Augmentation
of Porompat-II
Singda Dam
near
Kangchup,
Imphal West
Porompat,
Imphal East
Kanchipur,
Imphal West
Porompat,
Imphal East
Potsangbam
Imphal East
6.81
1997
Khuman
Lampak
Imphal East
0.45
1999
Total
80.82
Singda
Table 10.3
Details of existing water treatment plant
86
Source
of
water
I) Leimakhong
ii) Polok river
Singda
Dam
Imphal
river
Imphal
river
Imphal
river
Ground
Water
Imphal
river
Total
Present
production
(MLD)
11.62
6.81
0.57
0.7
1.1
0.91
2.27
2.72
0.45
57.95
Name of
Schemes
Location
Installed
Capacity
(MLD)
Year of
commission
Source of
water
Irilbung
(NLCPR)
Imphal
East
6.81
Targeted by
Dec. 06
Iril river
Kanchipur-II
(NLCPR)
Imphal
East
6.81
Targeted by
Dec. 06
PostsangbamII
Imphal
East
Grand
Total
6.81
Targeted by
Dec. 06
Table 10.4
Confluence
point of
Imphal &
Iril river
Ground
Water
20.43
Details of existing water treatment plant
The capacity of the existing water treatment plant is 80.82 MLD. However at present only
57.75 MLD has been produced from the installed capacity. The water is supplied to public
at the rate of 80 lpcd on a average 2 to 4 hours per day. Some of the Water Treatment
Plants electrical and mechanical machineries are showing machineries are showing sign
of ageing and needs immediate renovation for optimisation of capacity installed.
Particular
Situation
Source Availability
Surface water mainly rivers.
Coverage of distribution
system
Organizational responsibility
146.23kms of distribution network covering

Imphal City including Greater Imphal, en-route
inhabitation and urban fringe area.
PHED (Planning, Survey, Design,
Construction, Operation & Maintenance)
Per Capita Supply
80lpcd (average)
Supply duration
2 to 4 hours per day
Table 10.5 Summary of present situation
10.2.5
Obsolete and Insufficient distribution network
One of most critical problems being faced in this sector is the present condition as well as
management of the existing distribution network, which is well over 40 years old. Both the
primary and secondary networks are suffering from heavy corrosion and consequent
heavy leakages. At the same time pipes have been designed over 50 years back and
therefore are grossly inadequate to handle the present demand. With the expansion of
87

road, most of the pipes are situated right in the middle of roads. Leakages from the
distribution of network are not only results in distribution loss but also severely damage
the condition of the roads.
One of the clear indicators of the severity of problem is the level of present water
loss is over 50%.
Supply levels and connectivity is poor. As per city record the distribution network/ road
network is to tune of 0.8 and the ratio of household to number of household connection is
3.5. However, the existing condition of the distribution being very poor, actual coverage is
far lower.
It is thus concluded that there is a need for comprehensive upgradation of the existing
distribution network on an integrated basis.
10.2.6 Lack of Proper Operation and Maintenances

In the absence of strong a Operation and Maintenance program, there is huge loss of
water in transmission/distribution. Water treatment plants are also presently performing at
sub-optimal level of efficiency. Moreover the leakages are not identified in time, so there
is a loss of revenue.
10.2.7 Sustainability
The present trend of recovery vis a vis the actual cost incurred by the ULB is extremely
poor as it is evident from the following table/ graph.
Year
Cost
Incurred for
Operation &
Maintenance
Direct
Recoveries
Aggregate
Investment
Percentage
of cost
recovered
(Rs in Lakhs)
2004-2005
2005-2006
2001-2002
2002-2003
2003-2004
218
277
210
232
281
58
69
69
76
80
728
992
323
375
393
27%
25%
33%
33%
29%
88
Cost & Recoveries

300
Rs in Lakhs
250
200
150
100
50
0
2001-2002
2002-2003
2003-2004
2004-2005
2005-2006
year
Table 10.6Cost Recovery Profile

Source: As per IMC record
As per data available the present water charges is flat Rs75 per month per connection. In
such a situation the water tariff is not linked to utilization and dose not provided sufficient
for saving water. Water metering is almost non-existent and there is a requirement to
install metering.
Access to safe drinking water is a critical factor determining the livability of urban center
cost. There is a need of augmentation of water generation, distribution as well to improve
the quality of services. At the same time there is need of recovery of cost. These aspects
have been dealt in Chapter 11.
89
Cost Incurred
for Operation &
Maintenance
Direct
Recoveries

10.3
Transportation
10.3.1 Background
Imphal is experiencing rapid growth in urban population triggered by growing urbanization. Imphal
presently has one of the highest population density among the Urban centers in Northeast region.
The growth has been largely characterized by densification of the central core, ribbon
development along the main transportation corridor and inadequate internal link roads. The
geographical structure of the region makes access difficult.
The Region is connected by a network of pucca and Kutcha roads. The Imphal Dimapur Road
(National Highway No. 39), National Highway 150 (Aizwal-Jessami) and Imphal Silchar Road
(National Highway No.53) are the three national highways, which connect Imphal the capital of
Manipur with neighbouring States of Assam, Nagaland and Mizoram. These roads have an
average carriageway of 7mts and grossly overloaded both in terms of commercial as well as
passenger traffic.
10.3.2 Hierarchy of Roads

National Highway
20.21km
State Highway
58.45 km
Major District Road
44.86 km
Other District Roads
23.90 km
Inter Village Road
129.01 km (PWD) + 192 km (IMC)= 321.01
TOTAL
468.43 km
Table 10.7; Hierarchy of Roads
Source: Transport Department, Imphal
Capacity augmentation by means of widening is difficult except some selected stretches in

Greater Imphal Area which implies that decongestion needs to be done by shifting some of the
conflicting functions from the City core areas where both the National Highways NH 39, NH 150
and NH 53 passes through the city and creates congestion in the core market areas.
90
10.3.3 Assessment of Key Infrastructure and Gaps

10.3.3.1 Congestion of NH-39 and NH-53
National Highway (NH 39) aligned in North-South direction, National Highway (NH 53) coming
from West direction (Badarpur-Imphal), and National Highway (NH 150) coming from South
direction intersects each other at Kangla Junction, which lies on the core areas of Imphal city. All
the major trip destinations are located along this link. The Kangla junction has thus become on of
the centre of commercial activities and a major congestion point. This junction houses Kangla
fort, which is one of the most Historical and Cultural centers of the region. Decongestion of this
region needs to be a major priority area.
Fig 10.1: Road Map
91

The National Highway thus acts also as one of the most important artery of the city transportation
system. It is thus important to differentiate intercity and through traffic which can be achived by
creation of by pass. NH 39 passes through old Secretariat building, the police headquarters up to
CMs Bungalow, and passes through Kangla area up to Assembly Hall via Raj Bhavan and the
Museum.
The crossing of Tiddim Road and Mayang Imphal road located just to the west of the Keisampat
bridge on the river Nambul is a very busy and caters only 2 lane of traffic. The crossing is a
perennial source of Traffic congestion.
In order to ease the traffic situation a fly over along B.T Road has been proposed at Maharani
Bridge location, which is already under construction. Further a sub-way has been proposed at this
bridge site, which will connect the upcoming Laxmi Market and Thangla Bazar.
The area between Maharani bridge and, the existing pedestrian bridge and Paona bazaar road is
in practice working as an interchanging junction for the traffic from New Cachar road and the road
in the market area. The second Khwai Bridge will add an excellent relief road and this will act as a
part of a rotary in this area.
10.3.3.2 Markets in the heart of the city

Trade and commerce is one of the major economy base of the area. As mentioned in the earlier
section Imphal is the only class one city in the region. In view of this the city handles virtually the
entire trade and commerce activities of the State. Therefore heavy vehicles are being operated in
the city on the National Highway as well as other arterial roads. The National Highway in
particular also handles through traffic connecting the rest of the State as well as Nagaland,
Mizoram and Myanmar.
Additionally, loading and unloading of goods take place along the National Highway due to the
linear urban pattern of the region and high centralization of activities on NH.
The markets such as Thangla Bazar and Pauna Bazar are spread over the cities causing
congestion in the roads inside the city. In view of this wherever possible, wholesale market should
be shifted out side the CBD area.
92
10.3.3.3 Inadequacy and poor condition of internal roads

The Imphal Municipal area suffers from inadequacy and
poor condition of roads. Ideally a city should have at
least 20% roads in its total area, the percentage covered
by the city is not sufficient. Considering the rapid growth
in the population in coming years, the pressure on
existing roads will increase causing congestion in the
region.
The State of both the State Highways as well as the district highways are quite poor. One of the
areas of concern is the state of the IVR which provide connectivity to the adjoining villages. In the
absence of good connectivity, the residents of the villages who earn livelihood in the city are
required to reside in the city itself causing more pressure to the existing infrastructure, which is
already in stress.
In terms of road width is concerned, some of the State Highways crossing through Imphal
municipal area are 18mts, 10mts and some are very congested like 5.5 mts etc. The width of
Paona Bazar, Thangal Bazar road up to Khoyathang is 14 mts, where as the average width of the
Major District roads is 5-7 mts. In case of Other District Roads the average road width is 3-5 mts.
The capacity of the road needs to be thus augmented.
One of the critical elements of the transportation plan needs to be identification and resolution of
critical bottleneck points that exist in the different nodes and crossings.
It is important to note that Imphal has generally poor accessibility and quality of the roads is most
critical for movement of both people and goods. In view of the stress on the relatively small area
under the Municipal Council, there is a need to develop the fringe areas and other parts of
Greater Imphal, which would not be possible without developing a network of quality roads with
smooth traffic movement.
The Government has already taken the initiative of the moving some of the conflicting structures
from the Core Area with its decision to move the Secretarial to a new location outside the CBD.
These measures to be successful needs to have a strong transportation plan.
93
10.3.3.4 Congestion along major roads

Again the density of population along the major roads is very high as most of the commercial
activities takes place on the main road of the city core. This is due to the fact that interior roads
are not developed to that extent that they can take load of urban growth. This is causing
congestion along the major roads also as is evident from the following table there is an increase
in the number of accidents that occurring in the region.
Number of Accidents Occurred

Year
No. of Accidents
No.of Persons Killed
No.of Persons Injured
2001
409
72
713
2002
520
119
927
2003
523
127
988
2004
468
115
1090
2005
600
137
1325
Average
410
114
1009
Table 10.8; No of Accidents occured
Source: Directorate of Transport
In terms of the surface condition of the roads are concerned in Imphal Municipal area, 84.60% of
the roads are Black Top/Tar roads and 10.62% roads are Water Bound Macakdom (WBM) roads.
Others are concrete roads. There is a need to improve the roads as well as to identify the
bottleneck points and resolve the same at the earliest.
10.3.3.5 Inadequate Operation & Maintenance

Lack of adequate maintenance of the roads in the Imphal Municipal Area areas is also quite
prominent. Improvement or strengthening is necessary for some of the major corridors in the
region. It maybe noted that as Trade and Commerce and Service sector occupies major role in
the Imphal city and are concentrated in the Central Business District, the roads attract substantial
traffic facilitating movements of goods and other Commercial activities.
94
10.3.3.6
Street Lighting
The number of streetlights in the region is not found to be sufficient and most of them use tube
light or bulbs, which is obsolete nowadays and has high power consumption.
The present status of Street Lighting in Imphal City is as follows :

Aspects
Imphal
High Mast Lamps

Mercury Vapour Lamps
Sodium Vapour Lamps
Tube Lights
Others
1166
Total
1166
Table 10.9 : Status of Street Lighting
Source: North Eastern Region Urban Sector Profile Project Report
10.3.3.7 Absence of centralized warehousing facilities

As there is no centralized warehousing facilities all the wholesale activities take place inside the
city. It causes major problems of loading and unloading along the interior roads. That further
narrows the interior roads as all the trucks are parked in the roads. This is a major cause of slow
movement of vehicles in the city.
10.3.3.8
Absence of parking areas
With the growth in trade and commerce in the region, the number of vehicles has grown sharply.
Both in Imphal East and Imphal West, the commerce and
trade facilities are concentrated in specific zones. These
zones attract substantial amount of cars, two wheelers and
other slow moving vehicles. In the absence of off side
parking facilities, the vehicles are parked on the street
leading to a major bottleneck in the smooth flow of traffic
This problem is further aggravated by high population
densities, large number of pavement hawkers, side walk
encroachments and heterogeneous nature of traffic and
commercial area development along all the major roads.
There is a substantial under provision in the parking space as compared to the requirement of the
city.
In terms of vehicular population, the maximum number is the two wheelers. Based on the data for
the year 2004-05, around 72% is occupied by the two wheelers, which is followed by Cars and
95

Jeeps. The town level auto rickshaw stand and taxi stand are also located along this arterial. At
some locations on-street parking is provided for two-wheelers and four wheelers. Off street
parking facilities are few and grossly inadequate. All these factors act cumulatively during the
peak hours and chokes the major urban arterial of Imphal urban area causing severe congestion
in the heart of the city.
10.3.3.9 Bus Terminus at heart of the city

The existing bus terminuses in the region are situated mostly
at the heart of the city. Ingress and egress of large buses
interfere with the local traffic operations leading to severe
congestion. Apart from that the existing bus terminuses do
not provide proper amenities to the travelers, bus drivers
and conductors.
10.3.3.10 District Connectivity

Connectivity to District and rural areas are through narrow Leikai roads, which are mainly Kutcha
in nature and are poorly maintained.
10.3.3.11 Land use Category

It is observed that the Land use category in the Imphal Municipal area is mixed in nature. The
impact of this development is clearly visible in the existing haphazard pattern of development.
The central area has become a crowded and densely built single or four storied mixed use pucca
buildings accommodating all the major state level administrative functions, town level central
functions and commercial activities.
Therefore commercial activities along the road and
residential activities creates a congestion in those areas. In terms of population density is
96

concerned, it is over 7000 persons per Sq.Km in the Imphal Municipal Area. One more important
factor to be noticed is that in these areas lack of parking facilities also creates congestion. The
major wholesale trade centres are also located in the central area. The development
surroundings the central area is mainly residential and mainly having medium density and lowrise development with single to double storied pitched roof structure. Therefore the future
expansion or redevelopment of the central area is practically impossible without shifting some of
the major activities
97
Fig : 10.2 Road Network
98

10.4
Drainage
10.4.1 Background
Manipur valley is generally flat, elongated and tapering towards south, surrounded on all sides by
hillocks (about 1500 2000 m high) and constituting a closed basin with an outlet to the south.
The average elevation of the valley is 763 mtrs above the mean sea level.
The most important physiographic feature is Loktak lake situated in the central part of the valley
having a total water spread area of 275 Sq Km during the monsoon and 47 Sq Km during the dry
season. The lake has a catchment area of about 6000 Sq Km. The Manipur river, also known as
Imphal river flows through the valley in southerly direction with numbers of tributaries joining it
from the surrounding hill ranges.
Nambul and Kongba rivers as well as Naga Nullah passes through the center of the town. Iril and
Thoubal rivers are other important tributaries of the Manipur river. These rivers have narrow
channels with low bed and there is high silting due to accumulation of slush mud. During the rainy
season, there is a back flow of water from Loktak lake to the Manipur river. Lampelhat, Porompat,
Khuman Lampak, Takyelpat and Akampat are the low lying areas.
The Imphal Master Plan area covers 13,528 Hectares of the Greater Imphal area where its
topography is generally flat with a gentle slope from North to South. The rivers Nambul, Kongba,
Waishel, Iril and Naga nullah are the principal drainage channels of Imphal town and these drain
into the Loktak lake and Manipur river.
The average annual rainfall of Manipur is 2050 mm The Greater Imphal area does not have much
of a planned drainage system. The coverage of roadside drainage is not considered to be
spatially adequate. Small lengths of main drains in Greater Imphal are of open masonry. These
are mostly along the National Highways and some State Highways. The rest are kutcha drains
mostly in the residential areas. Most of the drains are inadequate in capacity. There is thus
frequent overflowing of drains in the rainy season. These drains carrying dirty water from various
users pollute the areas through their overflows.
Chronic water logging is a serious problem particularly in the low-lying areas. These results in
inconvenience for the people, high possibility for spread of diseases and damage to roads.
99
10.4.2 Current Status

The table below indicates the drainage basins for the entire planned area:
Sl. No.
Basins
Core Area (Hectares)
Non-Core Area
(Hectares)
Nambul River Basin
2120.52
3700.93
Waishel River Basin
798.20
1647.90
Turel Amanbi (Chandranadi Basin)
180.25
986.78
Imphal River Basin
187.51
1237.61
Kongba River Basin
498.52
1048.99
A major issue is the improvement of Leikai roads, Leikai drains, construction of culverts etc. The
Leikai roads are naturally narrow and the approximate width of these roads is about 3 metres.
Many of the Leikai roads are not black topped or cemented. The Leikai roads do not have proper
side drains and are prone to waterlogging. The normal course of the drains is from residences to
shallow drains to minor drains to medium drains and finally to the main drainage channels.
The table below indicates the ward wise details of the roads and the drains:
Coverage
Ward No. 1-27
Total Road Total Drains

length (Kms) length (Kms)
144.2
769.5
Note
50% drains are kutcha
80% of the balance 50% require new construction
There is not much of a planned drainage system at present. It is thus necessary to draw up an
integrated drainage and sewerage system for the city. Thus the city is designing and
implementing an integrated system in a phased manner. The drainage plan shall be worked out
on the basis of Master Plan, GIS, Land Use and Control Plans factoring in the existing drainage
channels.
100

Drains shall generally be provided along the existing and proposed roads / rails. The cost of the
Integrated Drainage System shall be worked out through Detailed Studies and Assessment and
will be taken up for implementation thereafter.
However the present situation merits urgent attention and requires implementation of immediate
improvement schemes. In view of the same, immediate Action Plans have been worked out for
implementation.
10.5
Sanitation
10.5.1 Present Status

Imphal town does not have any modern sewerage system. It has been assessed that about 60%
of houses have septic tanks and the balance 40% have dry / wet latrines.
The effluent of the septic tank and human excreta from those houses, which do not have septic
tanks, are directly discharged to nearby nullahs, which join ultimately with the Naga Nullah,
Nambul and Imphal rivers. The outfall of the Nambul river is the Loktak Lake which is the biggest
fresh water lake in India. This leads to an ecological imbalance in the main lake of Manipur. This
also pollutes water sources and results health hazards for the citizens.
The methods commonly used for disposal of wastewater from households and commercial units
are as indicated below:
Treatment through septic tanks
Disposal into natural streams with / without septic tank treatment
Disposal in storm water drainage system with or without treatment
Disposal of waste water through open channels or storm water drainage system
Open defecation
The table below indicates a baseline assessment of the present sewerage system in Imphal:
Present Service
delivery
Effect
Proposals for
improvement
Septic tanks and

pit latrines used
Soil and water

contamination
Open defecation
by low income
groups
Septic
tanks
drained in the
natural drainage
channels
101
Public sewerage
system required in
the
city
Community toilets
need
to
be
constructed
10.5.2 Service Indicators for Sewerage and Sanitation in Project Cities
Component
Imphal
Sewerage
Quantity of Sewerage (MLD)
Sewer Length (Km)
Treatment Capacity (MLD)
No. Of Connections
Sanitation
% Of Holding Covered by UGD Network
% Of Households Using Public Shared Toilet
% Of Households Having Individual Toilet
% Of Households practicing Open Defecation
% Of Households dissatisfied with existing Sanitation
System
102
24
0
0
0
0
31.2
64.5
4.2
56.4
10.6 Solid Waste Management

10.6.1 Background
Overall the present solid waste management process covering the entire Imphal Region is found
to be highly inadequate. The drains on either side of existing roads are overflowing and also are
open. Plastic materials have created a nuisance blocking the natural flow
of drains, which eventually leads to overflowing of the drains.
10.6.2 Present Institutional Structure of Solid Waste

Management at Imphal
The responsibility of managing solid waste generated within the city is
vested on the engineering division of IMC. No separate solid waste
management department exist in the city, the whole process is controlled
and supervised by the engineering division directly. The engineering department address
major programmes such as Construction and maintenance, Building licensing, and
SWM activities including drain cleaning.
10.6.3
Service Level Indicators for Solid Waste Management in
North Eastern States:
Indicators
Total waste
Generated
per day
(Tons)
Waste
Generated
per
capita(Gms)
Waste
collected
(Tons)
No of
Collection
Bins
Vehicle
adequacy
ratio
% of waste
collected
Number of
vehicles
Number of
Trips/ Day
Dust bin
spacing (m)
Agartala
Aizawal
Gangtok
Guwahati
Imphal
Itanagar
Kohima
137
104
59
373
100
38
33
350
400
250
460
450
457
414
114
40
16
314
73
10
52
NA
65
220
55
90
65
75
136
81
169
50
55
84
80
40
30
80
70
20
30
29
15
75
14
2240
190
290
900
650
3
133
3
NA
103
One
(7K
ms)
Disposal
sites
Open
dumping &
composting
Open
dumping
203
209
Daily
Twice a
week
Municipalty &
NGOs
LAD
Type of
Disposal
Conservancy
staff
Frequency of
collection
Agencies
involved
One
20Kms)
One
(15
Kms
)
One
(15Kms)
Open
dumping
50
nce in 2
3 days
One
(2K
ms)
Open
dumping
Open
dumping
Open
dumping
1100
Na
Na
38
Daily
Twice a week
GMC
Twice a
week
Municipalt
y & NGOs
UDHD
Source: ADB report.
10.6.4 Sources of Solid Waste in Imphal

The major sources of waste generation in Imphal are Domestic(79.65%), Construction(14.03%)
and Agriculture(5.26%) activities. The Bio-medical waste contribute to less than 1%. The sources
of waste generation in Imphal are given below table:
Sl No.
Waste Source
% Generation
Domestic
79.65
Construction
14.03
Agriculture
5.26
Bio-medical
0.06
Total
100
10.6.5 Composition of Waste

The compostable waste constitute about 60% whereas non-compostable constitute 40%. The
break up of the composition is given below:
Sl No
Type
% By weight
Organic Waste
60
Paper
10
Plastic
Glass
Leather
Textile
Rubber
Wood
Porcelain, Stone, Clay
10
Metals
11
Fine Fraction (<10mm)
Total
100
104
Two
(810Km
s)
Open
dumping
Twice a week
UDHD
One
(10
Km
s)
Town
committee

10.6.6 Quantity of Waste Generation
Based on the survey conducted by National Buildings Construction Corporation Limited- NBCC,
the present quantity of waste generation of Imphal, with a per capita contribution of 0.300
kg/person/day is estimated to 70.20 tonnes per day. The waste generation per day from other
sources such as markets, hotels, lodges, restaurants and other commercial areas is estimated at
25.66 tonne per day. The cumulative total waste generation thus works out to 95.86 tonnes per
day. The assessment is based on analysis carried out by National Environmental Engineering
Research Institute.
10.6.7 Present System

The Imphal Municipal Counclis responsible for collection, transportation and disposal of solid
waste.
An analysis of the present situation is as follows:

Functional
Details
element
Segregation
& Storage at
source
Generally absent. Waste is deposited in community

bins /thrown on the streets/drains / rivers
Primary
collection
Collected through street masonry corner bins.
Waste
storage
depot
Very unscientific. Waste is stored on open

sites/masonry enclosures
Transportati
on
Frequency of
Manual loading in open trucks
removal
Regular along major roads. In by-lanes and

other areas-Irregular
Processing
No processing is carried out
Disposal
Site available however large scale Instances of

dumping of water into drains and rivers seen
105
Chapter 11
Action Plan: Water
11.1
Vision
The City of Imphal shall provide safe and sustainable water to all its citizens at a
competitive and affordable price with the ultimate goal of reaching a 24/7 situation in a
phased manner within the scheme period.
11.2
`Action Plans
It will be thus the endeavor of the City to ensure that the people in the region have access to
efficient, responsive, and sustainable water and sanitation services. In achieving the objectives,
the City shall provide resources and support to encourage and implement approaches that are
people-centered, market-based, and environment-friendly. Emphasis will be made on creating
facilities, which are self-sustaining.
The following components constitute the Proposed Plan:
11.3
Creation of Water Treatment Plants
The supply is presently insufficient to meet the full drinking water demand and there is a gap
between demand and supply. However, with the increase in demand, creation of a new water
treatment plants are necessary.
The existing plants supplying water to the Imphal, is primarily situated in the Greater Imphal Area.
The new Water Treatment Plant will be situated in the Greater Imphal Area due to technical
feasibility as well as fact that the land is not available in the Imphal area. In view of this, the
proposed plant will require to take in account a part of additional water requirement of en route
area. The Gap identified for Imphal as detailed out works out to 3.5 MGD.
Based on discussion with the Government Department, the same is estimated at 1.5 MGD and
hence the total plant under this head is at 5 MGD.
106
Particular
Population including floating
population
Increase in population in
past decade
Supply Norms (lpcd)
Shortfall (lpcd, considering
UFW 15%)
In MGD
2001
2011
2021
2031
275257
302783
333061
366368
135
27526
135
30278
135
33306
135
0.303
4371735
0.963
4808909
1.059
5289800
1.165
Demand for en route area

Total (in MGD)
11.4
Cumliative
Shortfall
3.490
1.500
5
New Water Supply Schemes for pipelines and taps
Construction of collector well, reservoir, overhauling and adding new pipelines to the areas, which
are presently not being served, and also to the areas where there is a huge amount of
transmission loss. The network to supply water should be increased to cover all the required
areas.
11.5
Operation and Maintenance
It is noted from the available statistic that the cost incurred by the Government department is low
in many years. One of the reasons for the same is that expenditure in maintaining plants have
been kept at very low levels. As a result of this the assets created are not well maintained and
gradually loose their efficiency.
Operation and maintenance of water supply pipes and water treatment plant is necessary to meet
the future demand of water. The above strategy will fail if there is no proper operation and
maintenance. All the pipelines leakages are need to be identified to prevent loss of water. While
the ULBs shall enhance the tariff base over a period time to ensure that O&M is payable from the
revenues, there is an immediate requirement of O&M funds so as to ensure that the assets
created under this scheme are properly maintained. A reserve is proposed to be created till the
point the projects are self-sustaining.
107
11.6
Upgradation Of Distribution Network
People of the area are forced to experience shortage of water, for which they have to depend
partly on deep masonry wells, which unfortunately get dried up during summer. Due to geological
condition, ground water is scarce in the area.
Based on the location of the water treatment plant, zonal reservoir and to ensure an
implementable and seamless distribution of the network the supply area has been divided into 25
zones. The distribution network improvement program for each of the zone has been prepared
accordingly. Implementation of the project could go a long way in reducing the distribution losses
that are presently affecting the sector.
11.7
Capacity Building & Workshop
A program and a series of definite measures would be drawn up to improve the overall
management performance of the existing agencies through capacity building, induction of
professional expertise, introduction of IT enabled tools, and induction of HR techniques. In
nutshell, approach has to be more scientifically and technically oriented.
11.8
Reduction of Losses in Water Supply by Public Awareness
A series of workshops should be organized across the region to create public awareness on the
importance of water as a national resource and the severe consequences of wasting and
polluting of water.
The low level of cost recovery should be taken care and the following steps need to be taken.
Rationalization of User charges so that revenues exceeds cash O&M expenses over the
period of the mission;
Reach full cost recovery (O&M, depreciation and financing costs) through a realistic and
sequential approach through a combination of efficiency gains and increased revenues;
100% metering of commercial and industrial users and different slab of water charges
need to be maintained. For drinking purposes the charges have to be minimum and for
industrial use the charges have to be maximum;
Water connection to be made a compulsory requirement for approval of Building Plans
108
11.9
Affordability
Reduce O&M Cost through a program of renovation and modernization
Design a tariff structure that meets simplicity and equity criteria in addition to financial
objectives;
Implement specific projects for supplying affordable water to the urban poor. Poverty
targeted projects shall be given due attention.
11.10 Improvement in Performance and Reliability:

It is essential to improve the reliability of the Water Services. Apart from the reliability the
performance in Water Services must also be improved. It is this performance and reliability which
will bring confidence among the citizens and which will induce them to pay more.
11.11 Structured Public Private Participation

Private Sector Participation is desirable in the PPP format in the sector so that there is a balance
between the risks and responsibilities between the Government Agencies and the Private Sector.
In view of the same, Private Sector Participants shall be invited to leverage on the following
possible benefits:
Reduction of involvements of Public finance or redirecting them to the poor;
Induction of greater technical and management expertise;
Provision of a more responsive service to the customers;
Sourcing of additional financing;
Initially outsourcing of Operation & Maintenances and some of the commercial activities through
Management Contracts to professional and reliable operator shall be done This would greatly
facilitate induction of technical and system knowledge and pave the way for future larger private
Sector Involvement. At the same time it is recognized that while private investment and
management shall play, a growing role, the same must be coupled with a strong legal, contractual
and regulatory framework, which would be carried out simultaneously.
109
11.12 Summary of Key Investments
Sl. No.
Name of the Scheme
Cost in crores
5 MGD Water Treatment Plant
1
40.00
Pipelines for fringe area
2
11.00
Augmentation of existing Water Treatment Plant
3
12.00
Operation & Maintenance of existing and new Water
Supply Scheme
4
5.40
Upgradation of Distribution network including metering
5
120.00
Construction of overhead tanks, ground sumps, zonal
reservoir at various zone for equitable distribution
6
46.00
Community awareness project for all region and capacity
building.
7
2.00
Total
236.40
110
Chapter 12
Action Plan: Transportation
12.1
Vision
The City aims to provide its citizens a integrated pro-active transportation system and
infrastructure which would provide comfortable, reliable and affordable transportation options
covering the felt needs of the various strata of the society. One of the critical requirements of the
system shall be to facilitate de-congestion in the Central Business District and provide equitable
growth in the entire Imphal Urban Area.
12.2
Background
.
It is recognized that an efficient and easily accessible transport system is necessary for both
social and economic development for the region. It is not only the key infrastructural input for the
growth process but also plays a significant role in promoting social and economic integration with
the rest of the country, which is particularly important in a large country like India. Imphal being
the only class one city in the region plays an important role in the development of the entire state.
Additionally Imphal provides a critical connectivity to Myanmar.
The transport system plays an important role of promoting the development of the backward
regions and integrating them with the mainstream economy by opening them to trade and
investment. In a liberalized set- up, an efficient transport network becomes all the more important
in order to increase productivity and enhance the competitive efficiency of the economy in the
world market.
2
Route Length (km) and Route density (Per 100 km ) in North Eastern Region
States
Route length
Route Density
1.4
North Eastern Region
2435.2
1.1
All India
63140
Manipur
Table Source 12.1: North Eastern Region Urban Sector Profile Project Report
111
12.3
Action Plan & Strategic Options
12.3.1 Overall Plan

The Plan shall address the requirements in three phases, Short Term, Medium Term and Long
Term. The following table represents the strategy:
Short term measures including bringing about immediate improvement and developing and
implementing a Transportation System Management (TSM). Components of TSM include actions
such as junction improvements, signalisation, lane markings, delineators and signs to be taken up
regularly. These measures shall be taken up on a continuous basis as the travel characteristics
and loading of different links, intersections etc. change very frequently owing to natural growth
and changes in land use. Further, planning development of access areas to public transportation
systems and Intermediate Public Transport (IPTs) need to be looked at under this head.
Enforcement of lane discipline and traffic rules needs to be addressed urgently.
Medium term action plan is aimed at development of transport infrastructure over the perspective
plan period to bring about coordinated development among different components and enhance
carrying capacity of entire system. These measures include development and implementation of
various infrastructure projects, which will be directed at network improvements such as By
passes, parallel roads, link roads, slip roads, corridors for cycle moovment, Grade separations,
alternate transport systems, restructuring of bus based transportation systems to a direction
based strategy in the place of multiple destination based approach.
Long-term action plan is aimed at development of structure plan for the Urban Area with Transit
as one of the lead components, which will direct the Urban Growth so as to bring about a
structural fit between transit infrastructure and Urban Growth. This will examine a comprehensive
multi-modal public transit system to bring about the most optimal mix of commuting within the
Urban Area and thus providing a sustainable transit solution. New facilities will be created to
improve level of service and to cater to the increased population growth.
The above plans needs to be translated implementable action points which needs to be taken up
during the mission period so as to translate the vision of the city in to reality. Keeping this in mind
a package of action plans has been identified and enlisted below. It is envisaged that these action
plans shall be taken up for implementation and completion within the mission period.
112

12.3.2 Key Individual Priority Components
12.3.2.1
Improvement along NH-39, NH-53
One of the critical focal point for any transportation needs to address decongestion of the NH-39
and NH-53. NH39 and NH53 is virtually acting as internal Road and presently caters to both local
and through traffic. One of the critical areas of congestion is NH39, NH53 and NH150. Similarly
NH150 is facing a sever congestion. The steps proposed to be taken up in this regard to resolve
the severe congestion are follows:
Creation of Ring Road
Development of Bridge and Flyovers over critical Bottleneck on NH
Relocation of commercial establishments
Proper development and implementation of Traffic Management System on the highways
Improving Accessibility to NH39, NH 150 and NH53 by improving and augmenting the
existing roads and construction of missing links.
12.3.2.2
Improvement of Roads and Resolution of Bottlenecks on Crossings
Roads need to be improved so that traffic can move smoothly and the number of accidents can
be reduced. Steps recommended to be implemented are as follows:
Improvement of quality of existing roads
Identification and resolutions of bottlenecks and accident points
In this connection the following points have been identified for implementing Traffic
Management/Improvement Projects
NH 39 crossing leading to Old Thumbuthong
Thangmeiband Road crossing leading to Watham Leirak
Krishna Premi oil city crossing
Pandon, Khuman Lampak, Minuthong crossing
Lamlong bazaar crossing
Palac Gate Crossing leading to Govindjee Temple
Singjamei Chinga crossing
Kwakeithel Bazar crossing
Khoyathong Traffic Point connecting Thangmeiband Road
Khoyathong Traffic Point leading to North AOC
In front of Directorate of Transport and Imphal West District Police HQ
Wahengbam Leikai/Nupa Keithel Traffic Point
MinuthongHatta crossing
113

Sangakpham Bazar/NH 39
Maharani Bridge Crossing
IM road from 0-2 k.m
RIMS road connecting Nagampal road
Paona Bazaar road & Thangal bazaar road
MG Avenue
Khoyathong crossing from Nagampal road to NH-150
North AOC Junction of NH 150 and NH 39
Some of the identified critical projects which needs to be implemented on a priority basis so as to
resolve the severe bottlenecks are as follows:
4-Lane Flyover At Keishampat,
Keishampet junction is one of the important intersections in Imphal city. At this intersection road
coming from Raj Bhavan side and going towards Kwakeithel meets the State highway No 1. As
two important arterial roads are meeting at this intersection, traffic going to different directions is
conflicting here. In order to solve the traffic problem, Government. of Manipur proposed to
construct a 4-Lane Fly over to divert the traffic. For this the survey was conducted in the peak
hours to study the traffic volume and the project has been designed on the basis of the assessed
needs.
Fig 11.1 Proposed Flyover at Keshampet
114
Ring Road
NH39 and NH53 has also started as internal arterial roads and presently catering to both local
and through traffic. This is resulting in thru traffic moving through the city and creating bottleneck.
In view of this, a Ring Road has been proposed. The alignment of the proposed ring road is as
given below:
Fig 11.1 Proposed Ring Road
115

Other projects include development of 2nd Khwai Bridge other wise called as B T Road Flyover,
which is accessible to Kangla West gate, and Khuyathon.
12.3.2.3
Construction of Bus Terminal and Truck Terminals
The major problem of the region is the mixing of intercity and intra city vehicles, which causes
various traffic problems in the area. Constructing new logistic hubs outside the cities can solve
this problem.
The logistic hub will include both truck and bus terminal for inter city vehicles. This will ensure that
the inter city vehicles do not enter the city causing trouble for intra city vehicles. A logistic centre
is proposed on both ends of the city on the Highway.
The present bus terminals handles both inter city and intra city bus routes affecting traffic
movement in the cities. So it is better to have separate bus terminals for inter city and intra city
bus terminals. The inter city bus terminal can be constructed in the logistic hub only. On the other
hand the bus terminals inside the cities should handle only intra city routes. Also options of Bus
bays shall be explored at appropriate locations.
11.3.2.4 Creation of Parking Facilities

Parking lots are be proposed to be constructed in Imphal city at identified locations. 10 Off-street
parking sites have been identified so as to eliminate parking on the roads which have been a
major obstacles for free movement.
An Appropriate parking pricing methodology shall be developed so as to enable the projects to be

implemented with Private Sector Participation.
For Imphal, the existing bus terminus can be converted into parking cum commercial complex,
taking care of illegal parking and small time traders on pavement in the vicinity to some extent.
Entry of Trucks may be banned from 8 a.m to 8 p.m, with strict enforcement will assist in solving
the problem of congestion in the daytime in the core areas of Imphal city.
116
12.3.2.5
Proposal for Cycle track
It is observed that bicycles are used in large number in Imphal city of which substantially used by
women and children. Cycle track can be proposed in side the city level and in those areas entry
and exist of heavy vehicles may be restricted, to maintain an eco-friendly transportation and
maintain a clean and green environment. Plantation of trees can be proposed along with the cycle
track in terms of environmental point of view. A pro bicycle policy will not only access
decongestion in the city, but also help in preserving the ecological balance in the city. The project
has been strongly appreciated by the consultative workshops.
12.3.2.6
Pedestrian Facility in City Core
As mentioned above earlier that Pedestrian facility is not adequate enough the cater the demand
in the Imphal municipal area. Therefore this facility needs to be provided in the Central Business
District areas of the city where entry and exist of heavy vehicles needs to be restricted
12.3.2.7
Traffic Management Plan
Above all an effective Traffic Management Plan needs to be implemented for smooth and free
flow of Traffic. One-way entry and exist of Traffic could solve the problem. Proper signalling
facilities needs to implemented for functional flow of traffic. Computerised Traffic signals needs to
be provided in all the major Junctions of the city. Training of traffic personnel is one of the
important components of an effective Traffic Management Plan.
12.3.2.8
Improved rural connectivity
To improve the connectivity with the rural areas of the region the following measures can be
considered.
Conversion of LTM roads to Black Top Roads
In the region most of the roads are of LTM (Light Transport Modal) construction. So it is an urgent
need to develop the roads to black top so that the roads can handle the pressure of increasing
number of heavy vehicles in the region.
117

Developing Roads Linking to Villages
In this region the density of roads is not same in all the areas. This is a major reason for under
development in the villages of the region. This plan aims at constructing roads linking major
villages of the region with concrete roads of at least two lanes. This will help farmers to sell their
produce in the city markets, which will ultimately help the economy of the villages.
Given the complexity of the problem, it is evident that isolated solutions directed at one or two
facets, such as building flyovers, road widening etc., will at best assuage the problem temporarily
but will not be able tackle the problem comprehensively. Only a multifaceted approach duly
integrating land use with transportation at the planning stage as a long-term measure to
structurally integrate this sector with the overall growth of the urban area will be able to give best
benefits at least possible cost. It is felt that a concerted and sustained campaign duly addressing
issues as under will be able to address transportation related problems comprehensively.
12.3.2.9
Other Important Measures
Intersection improvements
One of the major contributors for reducing the efficiency of free flow of traffic is the performance
of intersections. This is an area of immediate intervention that can be implemented with marginal
investments and where improvement in the performance can be felt. It is observed that several
intersections in Imphal do not have road markings or dividers to direct merging, crossing and
diverging flows into specific channels. At these locations considerable delays are occurring due to
in disciplined behaviour of 2- wheeler traffic not obeying the yield principle.
Since junction improvement is a constant process, and also loading at intersection depend to a
great extent on the land use along the corridor, it would be difficult to pin point those
intersections, which would require improvement in the coming years. However based on the
available information and observing the delays, major intersections will be identified, that would
need immediate attentions.
Street Lights
Minimum spacing required between successive lampposts is dependent on the road width, traffic
volume and land use on a particular road. For formal 2-lane road, preferred spacing is about
30mt. The existing fixtures in all the project towns are mainly restricted to major spines. In many
cases the streetlights are malfunctioning.
118

As far as study made by LASA in 2003 the additional street lightning requirements are as follows
Particulars
Units
Tube light
5024
Sodium Vapour Light
90
Isolated Traffic Signals and Traffic Management Measures
While channelization of approaches to intersections reduces the conflict area, they function only
when the volume are low in nature and has large time and space headways in the cross traffic,
sufficient for merging. These gaps decrease the volumes of flows thereby necessitating physical
stoppage of one of the conflicting flows to facilitate the movement of the other. In view of this
Signal system optimization and Area traffic control measures needs to be identified and
implemented commensurate to the growth of traffic.
The traffic in the city being mixed in nature and the carriageway being a non-standard format, all
the carriageways need adequate traffic signs and road markings to provide guidance for
disciplined and safe driving. It is necessary to standardize the lane markings, edge markings,
median markings, pedestrian crossings, parking zones, traffic delineators, and traffic signs and
implemented on all important travel corridors.
As a significant proportion of the trips of up to 2 km in length are performed on foot and since
pedestrians are more vulnerable in being in being involved in accidents, it is necessary to protect
them through provision of Guard Rails, Zebra Crossings, Pelican Signals or through Grade
separations. Warrants for pedestrian crossings are as follows:
119
12.4
Sl.No
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Summary of Key Investment Requirements
Name of the Scheme

Improvement
Highway)
of
Road
Improvement of MDR and ODR
Improvement of IVR
Activities Under Scheme

Improvement of Arterial Roads; A stretch of 45.85 kms incl
(State 0.3 km for rigid pavement under Sate Highway has been
identified for Improvement
Improvement of Arterial Roads; A stretch of 54.07 kms
Under MDR and ODR has been identified for Improvement
Improvement of Sub-Arterial Roads; A stretch of 360.13
kms under Internal Village Roads has been identified for
immediate attention
A stretch of 17.40 kms has been identified for construction
of Outer Ring road to decongest the City Road
Ring road
Constructing of BT Flyover at Keshampat junction is an important intersection of roads
where to decongest, fly over is necessary
Keshampat
Development
around
Maharani Development around Maharani Bridge is also one of the
important junction for decongestion
Bridge and Khwai Bridg
Cycle track and Pedestrian facilities encourages
Cycle Track for 10 kms
decongestion, environment friendly atmosphere and
Pedestrian for 10kms
keeps away from slow moving vehicles.
Street lightning can be a major component of city
beautification and safety of the citizens.
Street Lighting
Junction Improvement (7 Nos)
7 Nos of important junctions has been identified, which

needs to be improved for decongestion
This is one of the major component of public transport
system which needs to be improved for inter and intra
regional connectivity.
Bus Terminus (10)

Truck Terminus cum Logistic Centre This helps in controlling the entry and exist of heavy
vehicles which creates traffic congection
(1 Nos)
This is a major activity under which traffic system can be
improved and accidents can be controlled.
Traffic Management System
Sub way is necessary for decongestion and safety
movement.
Sub-way
TOTAL
120
Cost Cr.
64.56
69.96
115.93
17.40
42.42
24.44
1.00
0.40
3.10
2.10
10.00
5.00
5.00
8.00
379.31
Chapter 13
Action Plan: Drainage & Sanitation
13.1
Vision
Universal access to healthy and hygienic conditions of sanitation and drainage to all citizens of
Imphal with a special focus on provision of safe sanitation to the urban poor through accessible
household and community models keeping in view the special conditions of the North Eastern
region in general and Manipur in particular.
13.2
Background
Imphal, the capital city of Manipur is a rapidly growing urban area and a bustling town. It is the
center of all cultural, commercial and political activities. It is a small and picturesque city and is a
tourist attraction.
121
Imphal lies in the valley of the Manipur river and is surrounded by the northeastern hills. Manipur,
also known as the land of jewels is naturally divided into two parts namely the hills and plains.
The town is in an alluvial plain at an altitude of 785 mtrs above the mean sea level. The cardinal
location of the place is 24o 48.5 N and 93o 57 E. It is the biggest urban area in the state and is
also the focal point of the road network in Manipur. The valley around Imphal town constitutes the
central region of the Manipur state.
The Greater Imphal area is about 33,429 acres, out of which the existing developed area is about
11,773 acres (35%). The Municipal area is around 4,320 acres which constitutes 12.9% of the
total area of Greater Imphal. Residential area constitutes about 63% of the total land area of the
town.
Agricultural and hilly land constitutes about 65% of the total area of Greater Imphal while
residential area is about 22%. The central area of the town comprises of the commercial / market
area and areas for public and semi=public buildings. Small scale industries are located along the
major roads outside the municipal limits.
Imphal has a salubrious climate with temperatures ranging from 1oC to 41oC. The coldest month
is January while May and June are the hottest months. The annual rainfall in the town ranges
from 825 mm (minimum) to 1808 mm (maximum) with average rainfall being 1309 mm. The
humidity varies from 28.3% to 100%.
Imphal became the capital with the declaration of statehood for Manipur in 1972. It has grown
tremendously but much of this growth has been haphazard.
In Imphal, the open pucca drains are mainly along the major roads such as NH-30, NH 150. State
Highways and other town roads. The residential areas of the town are having kutcha drains or in
many case the road itself is acting as the drain. A few areas in the Core Area have open masonry
drains, while most of the city has kutcha drains. The drainage system is extremely inadequate
and the limited drainage that the city has is silted due to accumulation of slush mucks. Due to
lack of proper drainage system, there is a chronic problem of water logging in the city. This
creates a severe health hazard for the people.
Many of the stakeholders expressed their severe concern on the health hazards that are
faced by the citizens due to coked drains and water logging/flooded city areas. Absence of
122

proper drainage carries serious water borne diseases, inconvenience to traffic and
pedestrian movement and also severely damages the road condition.
In respect to the views of the citizens a comprehensive action plan comprising of the
following key action points have been proposed:
Construction of new pucca drains

Upgradation of kutcha drains to pucca drains
Protection of natural drains
Conservation / Protection of Natural drains
Repair damaged drains
123
13.3
Sl
Name of Basin
No
Total
Total Cost
Length in (Rs in
Rm
Crores)
Name of Main Drains
IFCD-PHE Area
1 Imphal River Basin Sangaipar & Wangkhei Drainage
1) Turel Amansi
2 Chandranadi Basin
2) Chandranadi
1) Porompat Road
3 Kongba Basin
2) Takhelkhong
3) Pemikhong
1) Nambul River
2) Naga Nullah
4 Nambul Basin
3)Lamphelpat & National Village Area
5 Waishel Basin
1) Waishel Main Drain

2) Waishel Arteries Drain
7000
8383
6500
4300
2240
2930
5960
2880
7.00
10.00
4.00
5.00
3.25
3.50
75.00
11.00
12500
8500
19500
23.88
6.30
19.50
168.43
690000
151.80
191000
42.02
5000
5
198.82
5.00
372.25
Total
IMC Area
IMC
1. Road side drains of IVRs

2.Drains which are passing through the
household area
Total
Land Acquisition
124
Chapter 14
Action Plan: Sanitation
14.1
Sanitation Schemes: Action Plan
Imphal does not have an underground sewerage system at present. The actions required to
address the issues pertaining to the provision of a sewerage system are indicated below:
Vision
Environmentally safe
sanitation systems in
Imphal
Issues
Action required
Imphal city does not have

sewerage system. The
existing methods are
through septic tanks and
soak pits
Most of the sewage from

the septic tanks and toilets
is disposed off directly into
streams and drains
polluting the streams
Increased risk of pollution

of ground water, which is a
major source of drinking
water in the city
People living in the
downstream areas are
under the threat of serious
health hazard as the water
is used for household
works
125
Introduce underground
sewerage system
Expand sewer connections

to households
Launch a community
awareness and information
dissemination programme to
make people aware about
the benefits of sewerage
system
Laying of primary and

secondary sewer networks
in various parts of the city
Construction of sewage
treatment plants
Provide adequate disposal

systems for septic tank and
conservancy wastes
Provide public toilets

particularly for low income
people
Three sewerage zones (Zone1, Zone2 and Zone3) have been demarcated for the Imphal
Municipal Corporation area as indicated in the diagram below based on the land use patterns,
topography and natural barriers:
ZONE 1
The surface area of Zone1 is 1552 Hectares. Zone1 in turn has been sub-divided into 11 Subzones. The rate of water supply in Zone1 is around 135 lpcd. The present project is to provide
sewerage facilities to Zone1 of Imphal city covering the areas of Municipal Ward Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 14, 15, 24, 25 and 26. This is expected to benefit a population of 173,245 by treating 27
MLD of waste water. The sewer system will be of separate type.
In the first phase, the sewage of the above areas will be carried to Lamphelpat for treatment. The
type of sewage plant is Extended Aeration process with sludge dewatering using belt filters.
There are two kinds of sewer networks. One is the primary and the other the Secondary network.
The following is the synthesis of the sewer network:
Dia (mm)
Primary pipes (mtrs)
Secondary pipes (mtrs)
200
86,399
300
6048
5849
400
6571
303
500
2087
647
600
1327
339
700
4058
1000
4903
RCC pipes will be provided for sewer lines of 700 mm and 1000 mm dia. The others will be of
PVC. DI pipes will be used for pressure mains and river crossings.
The estimated cost of the project is Rs 135 crores. The project implementation timeframe
is 5 years.
126
ZONE 2
The surface area of considered for Zone2 is 932 Hectares. The restitution rate of water
consumed has been assumed as 80%. The daily flow rate has been calculated as 38,000 m3 per
day assuming a 135 litres average per capita water supply. Zone2 in turn has been sub-divided
into 6 Sub-zones. The sewer system will be of separate type. The proposed sewerage treatment
site is located at the eastern side of Imphal Airport which is only 5 Kms from the heart of Imphal
city. The characteristics of the raw sewage is 225 ppm BOD at 20oC. The characteristics of the
treated sewage effluent are:
Suspended solids: 30 mg
BOD: 20 mg
The sewage treatment is through water stabilization ponds. The effluent after treatment will be
discharged to Waishel river through an open channel drainage system.
The estimated cost of the project is Rs 126 crores and it is expected to be implemented
over a timeframe of 3 years. It is expected to provide around 15000 connections.
ZONE 3
The surface area of considered for Zone3 is 1291 Hectares. The restitution rate of water
consumed has been assumed as 80%. The daily flow rate has been calculated as 39,000 m3 per
day assuming a 135 litres average per capita water supply. Zone3 in turn has been sub-divided
into 7 Sub-zones. The sewer system will be of separate type. The proposed sewerage treatment
site is located at Kyamgei makha Leisangkhong which is around 6 Kms from the Imphal city
center. The characteristics of the raw sewage is 225 ppm BOD at 20oC. The characteristics of
the treated sewage effluent are:
Suspended solids: 30 mg / litre
BOD: 20 mg / litre
The sewage treatment is through water stabilization ponds. The effluent after treatment will be
discharged to Imphal river through an open channel drainage system.
The estimated cost of the project is Rs 134 crores and it is expected to be implemented
over a timeframe of 3 years. It is expected to provide around 15000 connections.
127
14.2
Sl. No.
1
Component
Cost in crores
Zone-I
50
Zone-II
126
Zone-III
134
Total
310
128
Chapter 15
Action Plan: Solid Waste Management
15.1
Background
In, India municipal wastes have to be managed as per the provisions of Municipal Solid Wastes
(Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 promulgated under Environment Protection Act, 1986.
As per these rules, all the biodegradable municipal solid wastes shall be required to be processed
by appropriate biological processing method.
Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2000 has made MSWM the Litigation
responsibility of urban local bodies (city corporations and municipal corporations), which asks for
source segregation of waste for cleaner composting and recycling. Further, the Supreme Court of
India, acting on Public interest Litigation directed all urban local governments to install scientific
solid waste treatment plants before a set deadline. Thus the installation of a scientific solid waste
management system, though a costly proposition for most of the urban bodies, has become a
necessity. Also the Ministry of Environment and Forest (MOEF), Government of India, has issued
the Municipal Solid Wastes (management and handling) Rules in the year 2000, which identify
the CPCB (Central Pollution Control Board) as the agency to monitor the implementation of these
rules.
Another serious concern pertaining to solid waste in an urban area relates to the generation of
bio-medical waste. These wastes, though are generated in small quantities, pose a great risk to
the community due to their potential biohazard.
The disposal of non hazardous industrial waste is also another problem area and is taken care
of through the Hazardous waste (Management and Handling) Rules. Though these wastes have
low components of hazardous components, the environment is threatened due to the volume of
such waste generated in a city.
With rapid industrialization and urbanization, waste generation has become inevitable. The
tremendous increase in population and sustained drive for economic progress and development
has resulted in a remarkable increase in the quantity of solid wastes from different processes for
example domestic waste, industrial waste etc.
129

Keeping in mind that as of now, there is virtually no solid waste management system
capable of handling the overall generation, it is necessary to design a system capable of
handling the entire SWM generated by the area. The components of the strategy to
handle the Solid Waste shall thus comprise of the following:
Integrated Solid
Waste
Awareness
Campaign
Solid Waste
Common
Landfill facility
Strengthening of
Institutions
15.2
Setting up a Integrated Solid Waste Management
Since there is no preferred method, every community must create its

own best approach to dealing with its waste. However, all communities
have the same alternatives.
The strategy identified by the region is the development of an

integrated waste management system to identify the level or levels at
which the highest values of individual and collective materials can be
recovered. For this reason, the list starts with reduction using less
and reusing more, thereby saving material production, resource cost,
and energy. At the bottom of the list is ultimate disposal the final
resting place for waste. Integrated solid waste management includes
all the process shown in the diagram
Figure 12.1 : Hierarchy of
integrated SWM
130

Managing Municipal Solid Waste
Existing municipal solid waste management system needs to follow the following strategies for
efficient management in the future.
1.
Collection of waste: Increasing the coverage and efficiency of collection mechanism.
Would help in better management and in reducing the formation of unhygienic and Open
dumpsites. Segregation of waste into biodegradable and non-biodegradable Components are
also required at source or at primary collection centers.
2.
Treatment and disposal: On the basis of availability of land and financial resources with
the service provider, either of the methods aerobic composting, anaerobic Digestion or
sanitary land filling could be adopted for treatment and disposal of waste. However, since it
appears that land filling would continue to be the most widely Adopted practice in India in the
coming few years, in which case certain Improvements need to be done to ensure sanitary land
filling and not mere dumping of Waste.
3.
Managing the industrial waste: To ensure scientific management of hazardous waste
generated in the country, the strategy should encompass all the aspects of waste management
cycle starting from the generation of waste to its handling, segregation, transportation, treatment
and disposal, in addition to a primary focus on waste minimization/reduction.
Thus keeping in mind that as of now, there is virtually no solid waste management
system capable of handling the overall generation, it is necessary to design a system
capable of handling the entire SWM generated by the area. The components of the
strategy to handle the Solid Waste shall thus comprise of the following:
The Integrated Solid Waste Management Scheme shall be implemented with the following
components. A Project Report based on present costs and requirements have been already
prepared.
131
Based on a project report prepared for NBCC a Integrated Solid Waste Management
Schemes proposed, which has been designed in line with the Municipal waste
(Management and Handling Rule, 1999). The scheme has the following components.
Sl No
Component
MSW Collection and
Transportation System
Sub-components
Tri cycle bin
Tri cycle
Mobile bins at secondary collection points
Refuse collector with compacting arrangement
Wheel barrow
Replacement of equipment in future years
MSW Handling, Treatment

and Final Disposal at
SWDF Site
MSW Composting facility with equipment/

machinery for processing composting MSW
Sanitary Landfill Unit
Bio-medical Waste Handling Unit
Carcass Handling Unit
Site Infrastructures
15.3
Site Infrastructures

Projects
Cost (Rs crore)
Integrated Solid Waste Management
34
Land Acquisition
3
37
Total
The project is proposed to be implemented under a PPP format on a self-sustainable basis where
the Private sector shall be responsible for meeting the O&M Costs and running the unit efficiently.
132
Chapter 16
Other Activities Envisaged under JNNURM
16.1
Urban Renewal
In conformity with the overall vision of decongestion of the central core city of Imphal, it is necessary to
shift commercial establishment from non-confirming (inner city areas to confirming outer city areas).
Imphal being a old city has developed in a unplanned manner, in order to decongest the city in a
planned manner, certain commercial establishment in the core city have been identified for shifting
outside the city area.
The identified areas for shifting are as follows.
Particular
Rejuvenation of CBD Area
Rejuvenation of Identified area
45.31
A study is being made to identify other measures for implementing effective Urban
Renewal Measure.
16.2
Setting of a Crematorium
During the consultative process many of the participants informed that because of want
of fund, several traditional manual crematorium have been operating on the River Bank.
These were not only polluting the environment and destroying the beauty of the
riverbanks. The absence of electrical crematorium was creating hardships for the people.
In view of this, they proposed setting up of electrical crematoriums at suitable location. In
line with this it has been proposed that two crematorium at the city
Particular
Cost of Crematorium (in crores)
Setting up of two Crematorium
10
Total
16.3
10
Development of Working Woman Hostel
A substantial number of women are working in the city. Imphal being only class one city
in the state offers employment opportunity in the region. In order to enable women living
133

outside the city the opportunity to avail such employment, its necessary to create
workingwomens hostel in the city. Accordingly it is proposed to construct twoworkingwomen hostel in the city.
Particular
Cost of Hostel (in crores)
Working Women Hostel ( Two units
10
Total
10
134
Chapter 17
Profile of Imphal Municipal Council
17.1
Background
The Imphal Municipal Board came into existence in the year 1956 where the Board was formed
with 12 members representing 12 wards. The area originally under its jurisdiction was Babupura
Area, Secretariat Area and Khawai bazaar Area.
n the year 1992 the Manipur Board was converted into Manipur Imphal Council under the
Manipur Municipality Act of 1994.
135
17.2
Organization Structure
The Organization structure of the Imphal Municipal Council is indicated below:
IMPHAL MUNICIPAL COUNCIL

CHAIRPERSON
VICE CHAIRPERSON
COUNCIL
27 COUNCILLORS
STANDING COMMITTEE
8 COMMITTEES
EXECUTIVE OFFICER
ESTABLISHMENT
ENGINEERING
ACCOUNTS
REVENUE
ASSESSMENT
HEALTH &
SANITATION
PROJECTS
DY. EXEC. OFFICER
EXEC. ENGINEER
A/Cs OFFICER
REVENUE
OFFICER
ASSMT.. OFFICER
HEALTH OFFICER
PROJECTS
OFFICER
S/O ESTABLISHMENT
ASST. ENGRS
ACCOUNTANT
ADDN. REV OFFICERS
CLERKS
SANITARY OFFICER
ASST. PROJ.
OFFICERS
SECTION OFFICER
SECTION OFFICERS
CLERKS
INSPECTORS
136

17.3
Assessment of Functions carried our by the Council
The table below indicates suggested functions of Municipal Councils and the current work being
carried out by the Imphal Municipal Council:
Suggested Functions
Carried out by Imphal

Municipal Council
Carried out by
MUNICIPAL FUNCTIONS
Urban
Planning
including
Town Planning
Regulation of Land Use
Regulation of construction of
Buildings
Planning for economic and
social development
Roads and Bridges
Water Supply domestic,
industrial and commercial
Public
Health,
Sanitation,
Conservancy and Solid Waste
Management
Fire Services
Urban Forestry
Preventive Health Care
Provision of urban amenities
and facilities such as parks,
gardens and playgrounds
Burial and burial grounds,
cremations, cremation ghats /
grounds
and
electric
crematoria
Cattle Ponds
Prevention of cruelty to
animals
Registration of births and
deaths
Slum
improvement
and
upgradation
Street lighting
Parking lots
Bus
Stops
and
Public
conveniences
Regulation
of
Slaughter
Houses and Tanneries
Protection of Environment and
promotion
of
ecological
aspects
Safeguarding the interests of
No
Town Planning Dept.
No
No
Town Planning Dept.

Town Planning Dept.
No
State Planning Dept
Partly (Leikai roads)

No
State PWD
PHED Dept.
Yes
-------------------
No
Fire Services Dept (under

Home Dept)
Dept of Forests
Directorate of Health
Planning and Development
Authority
No
No
No
No
People of locality
Yes
No
-----------------------State veterinary department
Yes
--------------------------
N/A
No notified slums at present
No
Yes
No
Planning and Dev. Authority

and Power Dept
---------------------------------------------------
No
--------------------------
No
Environment wing and State

Pollution Control Board
No
Social Welfare Dept
137

Suggested Functions
weaker sections of society,
including the handicapped and
the mentally retarded
Urban Poverty Alleviation
Promotion
of
cultural,
education
and
aesthetic
aspects
Primary Education
Primary Healthcare
Carried out by Imphal

Municipal Council
Carried out by
No
No
Social Welfare Dept

Directorate of Art and Culture
No
No
Directorate of Education
Directorate of Health
It is thus evident that Imphal Municipal Council is not carrying out most of the functions indicated
in the table.
138
17.4
Financial Analysis of IMC
Financial Analysis of Imphal Municipal Council

(Rs in lakhs)
2003 - 04
2004-05
2005-06
242.28
242.28
235.44
235.44
179.79
179.79
0.84
5.67
10.06
5.23
21.8
2.75
17.86
4.27
9.24
0.001
34.121
3.72
7.38
5.18
9.13
0.007
25.417
3.82
2.97
2.82
39.80
55.00
Receipt
Own Sources (Tax)
Rent from Revenue Taxes
Sub Total (A)
Own Sources (Non-Taxes)

Rent from shops
Rent from stalls
Rent from vendor
Receipt from other charges
Interest from Bank
Sub Total (B)
State Transfer and Grants
Grant-in-aid for payment of
Honorarium
Grant-in-aid from 11th Finance
Comission Award
Grant-in-aid from NSDP
Grant-in-aid thru UBI
Grant-in-aid thru URIF
Grant-in-aid from Dumping
Grant-in-aid from Vehicle Repair
Sub Total (C)
8.11
2.46
28.54
43.62
68.54
16.83
27.05
18.85
94.09
307.70
338.10
299.30
Maintenance of Roads / Buildings

Office Expenses
Staff Expenses
Other Suspense Payment
Grant for payment of Honorariumn
Grant for 11th Finance Comission
3.85
16.09
270.68
4.75
3.82
23.99
24.09
31.13
204
0.5
14.11
46.05
50.82
58.39
180.48
11.78
16.89
Total Expenditure
323.18
319.88
318.36
Surplus
-15.48
18.22
-19.06
Total Receipts
EXPENDITURE
139

17,5 State of Readiness of the Council and need for Capacity Building
As per the 74th Constitutional Amendment, all urban services are to be provided by the Imphal
Municipal Council. However it has been assessed that the Council in its present form lacks the
capabilities to execute projects of the scale envisaged by JNNURM. This has also been pointed
out by many of the participants in the two consultative workshops.
The following are some of the pertinent issues that would hinder IMCs efforts to implement
JNNURM projects:
IMC presently has substantial resource crunch
There is virtually no computerization of its operations and accounts are still maintained
manually
Cash based single entry system of accounting is still being followed
There are no capabilities for E Governance / GIS as envisaged for Municipal Corporations
Reform of Property Tax with GIS has not been done
Levying of reasonable user charges for recovery of O & M charges has not been instituted
Budgets for basic services to the urban poor have not been earmarked
No significant training initiatives have been taken for the employees
There is a need to augment the office and other infrastructure facilities
140
Capability concerns
Financial Status
The table below indicates the Financials of the Imphal Municipal Council for the last 3 years:
Assessment of past financial performance
Rent from Revenue Taxes

300
Rs in lakhs
250
200
150
100
50
0
2003 - 04
2004-05
2005-06
Analysis of the past 3 years financial performance indicates that:
Rent from revenue taxes has been declining in the last three years
Rent from non-tax sources has been exhibiting fluctuations in the last three year
Revnue from Non-tax sources
Rs in lakhs
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
2003 - 04
2004-05
141
2005-06
State Transfers and Grants have been exhibiting increasing trends in the last 3 years.
State Transfer and Grants

100
Rs in lakhs
80
60
40
20
0
2003 - 04
2004-05
2005-06
The total receipts have been exhibiting fluctuating trends in the last 3 years:
Total Recipts
350.00
340.00
Rs in lakhs
330.00
320.00
310.00
300.00
290.00
280.00
270.00
2003 - 04
2005-06
The expenditure on Roads / Buildings have been increasing in the last three years:
Maintenance of Roads / Buildings
60.00
50.00
Rs in lakhs
2004-05
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
2003 - 04
2004-05
142
2005-06
Office Expenses have been increasing in the last three years:
Office Expenses
70.00
Rs in lakhs
60.00
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
2003 - 04
2005-06
Staff Expenses have been exhibiting decreasing trends in the last three years
Staff Expenses
300.00
250.00
Rs in lakhs
2004-05
200.00
150.00
100.00
50.00
0.00
2003 - 04
2004-05
143
2005-06
17.6
Profile of Institutions
Urban
Infrastructure
Water Supply
Sewerage
Drainage
Storm Water
Drainage
Solid Waste
Disposal
Municipal Roads
(incldg. Fly
Overs)
Street Lighting
PHED
Planning and design
Construction
PHED
PHED
PHED
PHED
PHED/PWD/IMC/PDA PHED/PWD/IMC/PDA
IFCD/PHED
IFCD/PHED
Operation and
Maintenance
PHED
PHED
IFCD
IMC
IMC
IMC
IMC/PWD
IMC/PWD
IMC/PWD
: Public Health Engineering DepartmentPWD
Public Works Department

IMC
: Imphal Municipal Council
PDA
: Planning & Development Authority
IFCD
: Imphal Flood Control Department
There is a multiplicity of organization in Drainage and Municipal Roads. In line with the
Constitutional Amendment, the responsibility of the services shall be handed over the IMC.
However, as mentioned earlier, this shall required substantial Capacity Building of IMC.
17.7
Action Plan
In view of the above, the following action plan is suggested for the Imphal Municipal Council:
IMC should formulate an action plan for increasing tax based revenue through conducting
detailed surveys and streamlining tax collection procedures
IMC should formulate an Action Plan for increasing non-tax revenues by conducting detailed
surveys, creating computer databases and streamlining non-tax based revenue collection
procedures for
144
IMC may consider the options of utilizing the services of private agencies for enhanced
revenue collection
IMC should adopt an action plan for rationalization of expenses
IMC should explore the options for additional sources of revenue
17.8
Provision for IMC
In view of the above, it is suggested that a sum of Rs 200,000,000 (Rs Twenty crores) be
provisioned for strengthening and capacity building of Imphal Municipal Council.
The component wise break-up of this amount is indicated in the table below:
Development Initiative
Assigned Amount
Accounting System Changeover
Rs 1.00 crore
Installation of GIS /. MIS
Rs 1.00 crore
Property Tax with GIS
Rs 1.00 crore
Hardware / Software
Rs 1.00crore
Computerisation of Land and Property
Rs 1.00 crore
Records
Training and Development
Rs 1.00 crore
Technical Capability Development
Rs 1.00 crore
Cost of Administrative / Structural Reforms
Rs 3.00 crores
Procurement of Office/Assets
Rs 10.00 crores
Rs. 20.00 crores
Total
145
Chapter 18
Reform Process
18.1 Background
The thrust of the JNNURM is to ensure improvement in urban governance and service delivery so
that ULBs become financially sound and sustainable for undertaking new Programmes. It is also
envisaged that, with the charter of reforms that are followed by the State governments and ULBs,
a stage will be set for PPPs.
The agenda of reforms is given in the section below. The National Steering Group (NSG) may
add additional reforms to identified reforms. A Memorandum of Agreement (MoA) between
States/ULBs/Parastatal agencies and the Government of India, a prerequisite for accessing the
Central assistance, would spell out specific milestones to be achieved for each item of reform. All
mandatory and optional reforms shall be completed within the Mission period.
All mandatory and optional reforms shall be completed within the Mission Period.
18.2
Reform Agenda
Mandatory Reforms
1. Mandatory Reforms at the Level of ULBs, and Parastatal Agencies
Adoption of modern accrual-based double entry system of accounting in ULBs and

parastatal agencies.
Introduction of a system of e-governance using IT applications, such GIS and MIS for
various services provided by ULBs and parastatal agencies.
Reform of property tax with GIS. It becomes a major source of revenue for ULBs an
arrangement for its effective implementation so that collection efficiency reaches at
least 85 per cent within next seven years.
Levy of reasonable user charges by ULBs and Parastatals with the objective that the
full cost of O&M or recurring cost is collected within the next seven years. However,
cities and towns in the North East and other special category States may recover only
146

50 percent of O&M charges initially. These cities and towns should graduate to full
O&M cost recovery in a phased manner.
Internal earmarking, within local bodies, budgets for basic services to the urban poor.
Provision of basic services to the urban poor including security of tenure at affordable
prices, improved housing, water supply and sanitation. Delivery of other existing
universal services of the government for education, health and social security is
ensured.
2. Optional Reforms (common to States, ULBs and Parastatal Agencies)
The following optional reforms are expected to be undertaken by ULBs, parastatal agencies
and State governments:
Revision of byelaws to streamline the approval process for construction of buildings,

development of site etc.
Simplification of legal and procedural frameworks for conversion of land from agricultural
to non-agricultural purposes.
Introduction of Property Title Certification System in ULBs.
Earmarking at least 20-25 per cent of developed land in all housing projects (both public
and private agencies) for EWS and LIG category with a system of cross subsidisation.
Introduction of computerised process of registration of land and property.
Revision of byelaws to make rain-water harvesting mandatory in all buildings and

adoption of water conservation measures.
Byelaws for reuse of recycled water.
Administrative reforms i.e. reduction in establishment costs by adopting the Voluntary

Retirement Scheme (VRS), not filling posts falling vacant due to retirement etc., and
achieving specified milestones in this regard.
147
Structural reforms.
Encouraging PPP.
148
Chapter 19
City Investment Plan
19.1
Background
The city investment plan for the Imphal Municipal area has been formed, keeping in mind the
following assumptions:
The project cost is proposed to be funded in the following manner:
Central Government will be providing 90% of the project cost as grants.
The balance project cost will be funded by the ULBs own finances, project on PPP, Funding
through State Govt & other funding mechanisms wherever possible.
19.2
Sustainability & Financial Options
It is recognized that the NURM Mission is an important landmark in making the Urban Local
Bodies self-sufficient and financially independent. It is also important to ensure that the assets
being created are adequately maintained and adequate resources are allocated for the same.
As mentioned earlier, comprehensive steps are being taken to identify opportunities to strengthen
the financial health of IMC. A range of short term and medium term interventions are being taken
up with the objective of generating adequate resources within IMC so it is able to operate and
maintain the projects. The measures include levy of surcharge on holdings used for commercial
purposes, conducting provisional assessment, enforcing collection drives and gradually
increasing tariffs so as to ensure that user charges are adequate to recover at least the operation
and maintenance costs of individual projects. This is particularly relevant for water projects where
present collection is far below the cost.
19.3
Summary of cost Investments in different sectors
Sector
Projects
Environment
Refer-Table A (17.6)
Tourism & Heritage
Refer-Table B(17.6)
Basic Services to Urban Poor
Refer-Table C(17.6)
Water Supply
Refer-Table D(17.6)
Transportation
Refer-Table E(17.6)
Drainage
Refer-Table F(17.6)
Sanitation
Refer-Table G(17.6)
Solid Waste Management
Refer-Table H(17.6)
Capacity Building of IMC
Refer-Table I(17.6)
Other Activities
Refer-Table J(17.6)
GRAND TOTAL
149
Cost (in crores)

133
195
125
236
379
372
310
37
20
66
1872
19.4Means of Funding
Sl.No
Mode of Financing
Source
Identified Investments
1
Grants
2
Loan / ULBs
19.5
JNNURM
Open
Market/
FIs
Amount
(Rs.
Crores)
1873
1685
186
% of Total
Investment
100%
90%
10%
Investment Pattern
Investment Requirement
195
66
20
142
37
237
100
236
395
447
Capacity Building of IMC

Water Supply
Drainage
Basic Services to Urban Poor
Tourism & Heritage
Enviroment
Transportation
Sanitation
Solid Waste Management
Other Activities
19.6 Break up of Investment Requirement

Table A- Environment
Name of the Scheme
Activities under the scheme
Development of Environmental
Environmental Improvement: Preparation of a
Plan
Plan for future
Conservation of Water Bodies
Environmental Improvement: Conservation of
Investment (Rs
crs)
2.00
87.26
identified Water Bodies in poor condition

3
Lake/River
Environmental Improvement: Conservation of
Restoration/Rejuvenation
Lake and control of Urban Lake
Total
43.79
133.05
150

Table B- Tourism
Name of the Scheme
Activities under the scheme
Investment (Rs
crs)
Kangla Fort Development
Beautification, Development and Heritage
145.00
Protection
2
Protects for protection of Heritage
City Beautification, Development and
Centre
Heritage Conservation
Total
50.00
195.00
Table C- Basic services to urban poor

Projects
Cost (Rs crore)
Community Hall
Health Care & Education
Development Programmes
Operation & Maintenance
Housing Projects
20
20
25
10
50
Total
125
Table D- Water Supply

Sl. No.
Name of the Scheme
Cost in crores
5 MGD Water Treatment Plant
40.00
Pipelines for fringe area
11.00
Augmentation of existing Water Treatment Plant
12.00
Operation & Maintenance of existing and new Water

4
Supply Scheme
Upgradation of Distribution network including metering
5.40
120.00
Construction of overhead tanks, ground sumps, zonal

6
reservoir at various zone for equitable distribution
46.00
Community awareness project for all region and capacity

7
building.
2.00
Total
236.40
151
Table E- Transportation
Sl.No
Name of the Scheme
Activities Under Scheme
Cost Cr.
Improvement of Arterial Roads; A stretch of 45.85 incl 0.3 km for rigid

1
Improvement of Road (State Highway)
pavement under Sate Highway has been identified for Improvement
64.56
Improvement of Arterial Roads; A stretch of 54.07 kms Under MDR and

2
Improvement of MDR and ODR
ODR has been identified for Improvement
60.96
Improvement of Sub-Arterial Roads; A stretch of 360.13 kms Under

3
Improvement of IVR
Internal Village Roads has been identified for immediate attention
115.93
A stretch of 17.40 kms has been identified for construction of Outer Ring
road to decongest the City Road
Ring road
Constructing of BT Flyover at Keshampat
decongest, fly over is necessary
17.40
Keshampat junction is an important intersection of roads where to

42.42
Development around Maharani Bridge and
Development around Maharani Bridge is also one of the important
Khwai Bridg
junction for decongestion
24.44
Cycle Track for 10 kms
Cycle track and Pedestrian facilities encourages decongestion,
1.00
environment friendly atmosphere and keeps away from slow moving

8
Pedestrian for 10kms
0.40
vehicles.
Street lightning can be a major component of city beautification and
Street Lighting
safety of the citizens.
3.10
There are 7 Nos of important junctions has been identified, which needs
10
Junction Improvement (7 Nos)
to be improved for decongestion
2.10
This is one of the major component of public transport system which

needs to be improved for inter and intra regional connectivity.
11
Bus Terminus (10)
10.00
12
Truck Terminus cum Logistic Centre (1 Nos)
13
Traffic Management System
14
Sub-way
15
Land Acquisition
10.00
TOTAL
379.31
This helps in controlling the entry and exist of heavy vehicles which
creates traffic congestion
5.00
This is a major activity under which traffic system can be improved and
accidents can be controlled.
Sub way is necessary for decongestion and safety movement.
152
5.00
8.00
Table F- Drainage
Sl
Name of Basin
No
Total
Total Cost
Length in (Rs in
Rm
Crores)
Name of Main Drains
IFCD-PHE Area
1 Imphal River Basin Sangaipar & Wangkhei Drainage
1) Turel Amansi
2 Chandranadi Basin
2) Chandranadi
1) Porompat Road
3 Kongba Basin
2) Takhelkhong
3) Pemikhong
1) Nambul River
2) Naga Nullah
4 Nambul Basin
3)Lamphelpat & National Village Area
1) Waishel Main Drain
2) Waishel Arteries Drain
5 Waishel Basin
7000
8383
6500
4300
2240
2930
5960
2880
7.00
10.00
4.00
5.00
3.25
3.50
75.00
11.00
12500
8500
19500
23.88
6.30
19.50
168.43
690000
151.80
191000
42.02
5000
5
198.82
5.00
372.25
Total
IMC Area
1. Road side drains of IVRs

2.Drains which are passing through the
household area
IMC
Total
Land Acquisition
Table G- Sanitation
Sl. No.
1
Component
Cost in crores
Zone-I
50
Zone-II
126
Zone-III
134
Total
310
Table H- Solid Waste management

Projects
Cost (Rs crore)
Integrated Solid Waste Management
34
Land Acquisition
3
37
Total
153
Table I- Capacity Building of IMC

Development Initiative
Assigned Amount
Accounting System Changeover
Rs 1 crore
Installation of GIS /. MIS
Rs 1 crore
Property Tax with GIS
Rs 1 crore
Hardware / Software
Rs 1crore
Computerization of Land and Property
Rs 1 crore
Records
Training and Development
Rs 1 crore
Technical Capability Development
Rs 1 crore
Cost of Administrative / Structural Reforms
Rs 3 crores
Procurement of Assets/Ofice
Rs 10 crores
Total
20
19.7 Public Private Partnership Projects

The region recognizes the importance of PPP not only as a funding mechanism but also as
an important tool for bringing in efficiencies as well as ensuring proper operation and
maintenance of the assets being created herein. This was also agreed as a priority during
the consultative process as well as by the State Level Nodal Committee during finalization
of the CDP.
A spectrum of PPP options ranging from agreeing frameworks (such as community contracts) to
full privatization has been thought about. Five partnership options which are most common are:
Service Contracts
Build Operate Transfer (BOT)
Concessions
Joint Venture
Community Based Provisions
However the choice of option in a given situation will depend on factors such as degree of control
desired by the ULBs, legal framework for Private Investment, regulatory mechanism and potential
of attracting financial resources form both the public and private sectors.
154

For example Service contract option of PPP has been considered for improving solid waste
management practices. PPP options in sectors such as Water supply, Sewerage and drainage
has been generally found difficult because of large investment requirement; long gestation period
and poor cost recovery. However with the JNURM funding and proper structuring, PPP is
possible.
One of the major goals of JNURM is to encourage PPP participation and also to make the ULBs
self - sufficient. Also the ULBs with the help of JNURM may be able to source funds to restructure
their balance sheet.
ULBs Fund Raising:
Presently it is difficult for the ULBs to raise resources independently. In view of the above, the
following steps are required to be taken in a phase wise manner for strengthening their financial
structure:
Phase I:
Balance Sheet Restructuring:

Balance sheet restructuring will involve activities which will aim to enhance the financial
strength of the Imphal Municipal Council (IMC)
Revaluation of Assets: In municipalities, the assets are generally not revalued for a long
time and are recorded in the books of accounts at the price at which it was purchased or
bought. So if the assets are revalued at a realistic price, this is expected to have a sound
impact on the balance sheet of the ULB.
Leveraging Idle Assets: The ULBs need to identify idle assets that they can leverage
and earn sufficient revenues.
Escrowable Receivables: Structured Financing against Escrowing of receivables can
also be a good mechanism to attract private players. The private players will feel
confident if the receivables are escrowed.
Phase II:
If the above activities are implemented properly, it will enhance the financial strength of the
Imphal Municipal Council. After the strengthening of the Balance sheet the following activities can
be resorted to:
155
Balance Sheet Funding: If the above mentioned factors are properly implemented, the
balance sheet of Imphal Municipal Council will become stronger which will help it to raise
funds by leveraging its strengthened balance sheet.
Stock & Bond issues: Only the larger municipalities raise loans in this way. A municipality
must be credit worthy to conclude deals of this nature successfully. On completion of the
restructuring, balance sheets are expected to be strong to raise resources.
Phase III:
User Group Fund: ULBs can raise funds from the common usage groups, by showing them
what benefits they will derive if the project is executed. The benefits can be expressed in
monetary terms with the help of cost benefit analysis.
Creation of infrastructure fund: It is recognized that the above measures shall take some
time for development and implementation. In the meantime in order to ensure that the assets
are properly operated and maintained, a fund shall be created. The fund shall be taken as a
part of project cost.
The above principles shall be taken into account while preparing individual project
proposals and shall be reflected in the respective DPRs.
Keeping in mind the above factors financing pattern for all the sectors have been provided below:
Sources of Finance
The City plans to give the highest priority to provision of Water Services to its citizens, followed by
provision of services to urban poor, provision of drainage and sewerage. The following is the
summary of the sectors identified for implementation. While the individual projects will be
prioritized according the the urgency of the requirements, the following also generally reflects the
sector prioritization.
156
Chapter 20
Financial Operating Plan
20.1
Background
Financial Operating Plan (FOP) is a multi-year forecast of finances of the local body for a medium
term. The investment has been phased out over the mission period according to the priorities as
well as construction period.
The finances of the Imphal Municipal Council has been computed over two scenarios as follows :
Business as Usual: In this scenario, the financial has been computed on the basis that the
council is running as per the earlier trend and there is no major improvement in the collections or
tariff. The scenario shows that IMC shall be in a massive deficit and it underscores the
requirement for IMC to take immediate action to resolve the same. This can be achieved through
a mix of rationalising User Charges, improving collection and coverage.
Improved Case Scenario: In this scenario, the performance of the council is improved though
better collection and tariff regime and higher efficiencies. It is then checked whether the surplus
can improved and utilised for the additional O&M expenses for the new assets being procured
under the JNNURM.
It will be observed that given the poor condition of the Municipal Council, low per capita of the
local people and the extent of investment required for developing the infrastructure as the present
level is very low, the Council will still require support from the State Government for covering the
O&M Expenses. However, the Council will have surplus on its own without taking into account the
O&M of the new assets.
The Government of Imphal & Imphal Municipal Councl shall be executing the Memorandum of
Understanding with the Government of India confirming rationalisation of the user charges,
improving organisation and developing institutional capacity to achieve self-sufficiency..
157
Projections: Business as Usual

F in a n c ia l O p e r a tin g P la n
o f Im p h a l M u n ic ip a l C o u n c il
(R s in la k h s )
P R O J E C T IO N S
2003 - 04
2 0 0 4 -0 5
2 0 0 5 -0 6
2 0 0 6 -0 7
2 0 0 7 -0 8
2 0 0 8 -0 9
2 0 0 9 -1 0
2 0 1 0 -1 1
2 0 1 1 -1 2
2 0 1 2 -1 3
2 4 2 .2 8
2 4 2 .2 8
2 3 5 .4 4
2 3 5 .4 4
1 7 9 .7 9
1 7 9 .7 9
1 8 5 .1 8
1 8 5 .1 8
1 9 0 .7 4
1 9 0 .7 4
1 9 6 .4 6
1 9 6 .4 6
2 0 2 .3 6
2 0 2 .3 6
2 0 8 .4 3
2 0 8 .4 3
2 1 4 .6 8
2 1 4 .6 8
2 2 1 .1 2
2 2 1 .1 2
0 .8 4
5 .6 7
1 0 .0 6
5 .2 3
2 1 .8 0
2 .7 5
1 7 .8 6
4 .2 7
9 .2 4
0 .0 0 1
3 4 .1 2
3 .7 2
7 .3 8
5 .1 8
9 .1 3
0 .0 0 7
2 5 .4 2
3 .8 3
7 .6 0
5 .3 4
9 .4 0
0 .0 0 7
2 6 .1 8
3 .9 5
7 .8 3
5 .5 0
9 .6 9
0 .0 0 7
2 6 .9 6
4 .0 6
8 .0 6
5 .6 6
9 .9 8
0 .0 0 7
2 7 .7 7
4 .1 9
8 .3 1
5 .8 3
1 0 .2 8
0 .0 0 7
2 8 .6 1
4 .3 1
8 .5 6
6 .0 1
1 0 .5 8
0 .0 0 7
2 9 .4 6
4 .4 4
8 .8 1
6 .1 9
1 0 .9 0
0 .0 0 7
3 0 .3 5
4 .5 8
9 .0 8
6 .3 7
1 1 .2 3
0 .0 0 7
3 1 .2 6
3 .8 2
2 .9 7
2 .8 2
2 .9 0
2 .9 9
3 .0 8
3 .1 7
3 .2 7
3 .3 7
3 .4 7
3 9 .8 0
5 5 .0 0
R e c e ip t
O w n S o u rc e s (T a x )
R e n t fro m R e v e n u e T a x e s
S u b T o ta l (A )
O w n S o u rc e s (N o n -T a x e s )
R e n t fro m s h o p s
R e n t f r o m s t a lls
R e n t fro m v e n d o r
R e c e ip t f r o m o t h e r c h a r g e s
In te re s t fro m B a n k
S u b T o ta l (B )
S ta te T ra n s fe r a n d G ra n ts
G r a n t - in - a id f o r p a y m e n t o f
H o n o r a r iu m
G r a n t - in - a id f r o m 1 1 t h F in a n c e
C o m is s io n A w a r d
G r a n t - in - a id f r o m N S D P
G r a n t - in - a id t h r u U B I
G r a n t - in - a id t h r u U R I F
G r a n t - in - a id f r o m D u m p in g
G r a n t - in - a id f r o m V e h ic le R e p a ir
S u b T o ta l (C )
8 .1 1
2 .4 6
2 8 .5 4
1
2
1
9
6 .8
7 .0
8 .8
4 .0
3
5
5
9
17
27
19
67
.3 3
.8 6
.4 2
.5 2
17
28
20
69
.8 5
.7 0
.0 0
.5 4
18
29
20
71
.3 9
.5 6
.6 0
.6 3
18
30
21
73
.9 4
.4 5
.2 2
.7 8
19
31
21
75
.5 1
.3 6
.8 5
.9 9
20
32
22
78
.1
.3
.5
.2
0
0
1
7
20
33
23
80
.7
.2
.1
.6
0
7
8
2
4 3 .6 2
6 8 .5 4
3 0 7 .7 0
3 3 8 .1 0
2 9 9 .3 0
2 7 8 .8 8
2 8 7 .2 5
2 9 5 .8 6
3 0 4 .7 4
3 1 3 .8 8
3 2 3 .3 0
3 3 3 .0 0
M a in t e n a n c e o f R o a d s / B u ild in g s
O f f ic e E x p e n s e s
S ta ff E x p e n s e s
O th e r S u s p e n s e P a y m e n t
G r a n t f o r p a y m e n t o f H o n o r a r iu m n
G r a n t f o r 1 1 t h F in a n c e C o m is s io n
3 .8 5
1 6 .0 9
2 7 0 .6 8
4 .7 5
3 .8 2
2 3 .9 9
2 4 .0 9
3 1 .1 3
204
0 .5
1 4 .1 1
4 6 .0 5
5 0 .8 2
5 8 .3 9
1 8 0 .4 8
1 1 .7 8
1 6 .8 9
5 2 .3 4
6 5 .4 0
2 0 2 .1 4
5 3 .9 1
7 3 .2 4
2 2 6 .3 9
5 5 .5 3
8 2 .0 3
2 5 3 .5 6
5 7 .2 0
9 1 .8 8
2 8 3 .9 9
5 8 .9 1
1 0 2 .9 0
3 1 8 .0 7
6 0 .6 8
1 1 5 .2 5
3 5 6 .2 4
6 2 .5 0
1 2 9 .0 8
3 9 8 .9 8
1 8 .9 2
2 1 .1 9
2 3 .7 3
2 6 .5 8
2 9 .7 7
3 3 .3 4
3 7 .3 4
T o ta l E x p e n d itu r e
3 2 3 .1 8
3 1 9 .8 8
3 1 8 .3 6
3 3 8 .8 0
3 7 4 .7 4
4 1 4 .8 6
4 5 9 .6 4
5 0 9 .6 5
5 6 5 .5 1
6 2 7 .9 1
S u r p lu s
-1 5 .4 8
1 8 .2 2
-1 9 .0 6
-5 9 .9 2
-8 7 .4 9
-1 1 8 .9 9
-1 5 4 .9 0
-1 9 5 .7 7
-2 4 2 .2 1
-2 9 4 .9 1
T o ta l R e c e ip ts
E X P E N D IT U R E
158
2003 - 04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
Rs lacs
2010-11
Receipt
Revenue Taxes
Sub Total (A)
242.28
242.28
235.44
235.44
247.21
247.21
259.57
259.57
272.55
272.55
286.18
286.18
300.49
300.49
315.51
315.51
0.84
5.67
10.06
5.23
0.00
21.80
2.75
17.86
4.27
9.24
0.00
34.12
2.89
18.75
4.48
9.70
0.00
35.83
3.03
19.69
4.71
10.19
5.00
42.62
3.18
20.68
4.94
10.70
5.25
44.75
3.34
21.71
5.19
11.23
5.51
46.99
3.51
22.79
5.45
11.79
5.79
49.33
3.69
23.93
5.72
12.38
6.08
51.80
43.62
68.54
43.62
68.54
27.01
33.76
60.76
26.50
33.12
59.62
26.75
33.44
60.19
27.01
33.76
60.76
27.26
34.08
61.35
27.53
34.41
61.93
Total Income (A+B+C)
307.70
338.10
343.80
361.81
377.49
393.93
411.17
429.25
Expenses
323.18
319.88
318.36
337.46
357.71
379.17
401.92
426.04
Cash Flow before JNNURM Projects
-15.48
18.22
25.44
24.34
19.78
14.76
9.25
3.21
2142.27
4199.01
5548.35
798.39
1707.78
2977.66
1343.88
2491.24
2570.70
Own Sources (Non-Taxes)

Rent from shops
Rent from stalls
Rent from vendor
Receipt from other charges
Interest from Bank
Sub Total (B)
Grant in Aid
Grant in Aid from Finance Commission
Sun Total ( C)
O&M Costs (JNNURM Projects)
User Charge Recovery (JNNURM Projects)

O & M Funding/Addl Govt Support
Financial Operating Plan with JNNURM Assets and State Govt. Support
159
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Income
State Grants
General Transfer
Grant in aid
Finance Commision Grant
15%
Rs 10 per capita
Rs 12.50 per captia
User Charges Recovery

Water Supply
Drainage
Sanitation
Solid Waste
10%
10%
10%
100%
15%
15%
15%
100%
25%
25%
25%
100%
45%
45%
45%
100%
50%
50%
50%
100%
60%
60%
60%
100%
O&M Charges
Water Supply
Drainage
Sanitation
Solid Waste
Urban Poor
4%
4%
4%
12%
3%
4%
4%
4%
12%
3%
4%
4%
4%
12%
3%
4%
4%
4%
12%
3%
4%
4%
4%
12%
3%
4%
4%
4%
12%
3%
Other Income Growth p.a.
5%
Expenses Growth p.a.
6%
Projected Population
264961
160
267498
270060
272646
275257
277393
161

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City Development Plan: Imphal

Map 1.1: Location of Manipur

Imphal Municipal Council