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1.04.1 The Various Resources On Earth: Kepelbagaian Sumber Di Bumi
1.04.1 The Various Resources On Earth: Kepelbagaian Sumber Di Bumi
Specimen
Spesimen
Jellyfish
Obor-obor
95 98
Rabbit
Arnab
63 68
Earthworm
Cacing tanah
82 84
Strawberry
Strawberi
88 90
Salad
Salad
93 95
Carrot
Lobak merah
89 91
oxygen(21%)
oksigen(21%)
nitrogen
(78%)
nitrogen
(78%)
rare gases +
other substances (0.97%)
gas nadir + bahanbahan
lain (0.97%)
carbon dioxide (0.03%)
karbon dioksida (0.03%)
Fossil fuels consist of petroleum, natural gas and coal formed from
living things that died and were buried for a long time.
Bahan api fosil terdiri daripada petroleum, gas asli, dan arang
batu yang terbentuk daripada tumbuhan dan haiwan yang mati dan
tertimbus di bawah tanah untuk suatu jangka masa yang lama.
g. Living things
Benda hidup
a. Living things such as plants and animals are the main source of
our basic needs such as food, clothes, construction materials and
fuels.
Benda hidup seperti tumbuh-tumbuhan dan haiwan
merupakan sumber utama bagi memenuhi keperluan asas
manusia melibatkan makanan, pakaian, bahan binaan dan bahan
api.
Animal/plant
Haiwan/tumbuhan
Type of food
Jenis makanan
Cow
Lembu
Chicken/duck
Ayam/itik
Meat, eggs
Daging, telur
Fish
Ikan
Meat, oil
Daging, minyak
Paddy/wheat
Padi/gandum
Carrot
Lobak merah
Vegetables
Sayuran
Ginseng
Ginseng
Medicine
Ubat
Animal/plant
Haiwan/tumbuhan
Use
Kegunaan
Coconut tree
Pokok kelapa
Margarine, food
Marjerin, makanan
Big trees
Pokok besar
Nipah palm
Pokok nipah
Pandanas palm
Pokok mengkuang
Table 1.04.2
Jadual 1.04.2
c. Example
s of
clothing
derived
Animal/plant
Haiwan/tumbuhan
Use
Kegunaan
Sheep
Biri-biri
Silk worm
Ulat sutera
Crocodile
Buaya
Cotton
Kapas
Rubber tree
Pokok getah
Table 1.04.4
Jadual 1.04.4
Elements,
Compounds
and Mixtures
1.04.2
Metals
Unsur logam
i.
ii.
g. Non-metals
Unsur bukan logam
i.
ii.
Non-metals can occur in all three states, i.e. solid, liquid and gas, at
room temperatures.
Bukan logam boleh wujud dalam tiga bentuk iaitu pepejal, cecair
dan gas pada suhu bilik.
Metals
Logam
Non-metals
Bukan logam
Can be polished
Boleh digilap
Cannot be polished
Tidak boleh digilap
Malleable
Boleh ditempa
Not malleable
Tidak boleh ditempa
Ductile
Mulur
Brittle
Rapuh
Table 1.04.5 The properties of metals and non-metals
Jadual 1.04.5 Sifat-sifat logam dan bukan logam
2. Compounds
Sebatian
a. A compound is made up of two or more elements chemically
combined together.
Sebatian terbentuk daripada dua atau lebih unsur berlainan jenis
yang berpadu secara kimia.
b. A compound can only be separated into its component elements by
chemical processes.
Sebatian terdiri daripada zarah-zarah molekul yang hanya diurai secara
tindak balas kimia.
c. The composition of elements in a compound is fixed
Komposisi unsur bagi sesuatu sebatian adalah tetap.
Compound
Sebatian
Carbon dioxide
Karbon dioksida
Sodium chloride
Natrium klorida
Benzene
Benzena
Methane
Metana
Ammonia
Ammonia
Water
Air
carbon atom
atom karbon
oxygen atom
atom oksigen
Figure 1.04.3 The elements in a compound of carbon dioxide
Rajah 1.04.3 Unsur-unsur dalam sebatian karbon dioksida
3. Mixtures
Campuran
a. A mixture consists of two or more elements or compounds
physically mixed together.
Campuran terdiri daripada dua atau lebih unsur atau sebatian yang
bercampur secara fizikal.
b. A mixture has no bonding between its components. Therefore its
components can be easily separated physically bydistillation,
filtration and chromatography.
Campuran tidak mempunyai sebarang ikatan antara komponennya. Oleh
itu komponen-komponennya boleh diasingkan dengan mudah secara
fizikal seperti penyulingan, penurasan, dan kromatografi.
4. The differences between compounds and mixtures
Perbezaan antara sebatian dengan campuran
Mixture
Campuran
Compound
Sebatian
No chemical reaction
Tiada tindak balas kimia
5. The differences between a mixture of iron and sulphur with the compound iron(II)
sulphide.
Perbezaan antara campuran besi dan sulfur dengan sebatian besi(II) sulfida.
Iron(II) sulphide
Sebatian besi(II) sulfida
No attraction to a magnet
Tiada perubahan dengan magnet
Table 1.04.8 Differences between a mixture of iron and sulphur and the
compound of iron sulphide
Jadual 1.04.8 Perbezaan antara campuran besi dan sulfur dengan sebatian
besi(II) sulfida
c. dilutes blood.
mencairkan darah.
d. dissolves food substances and gases.
melarutkan bahan makanan dan gas-gas.
e. transports food substance and gases.
mengangkut bahan-bahan makanan dan gas.
f.