26 NgoThiNguyetAnh MT1201

B GIO DC V O TO
TRNG I HC DN LP HI PHNG
------------------------------
ISO 9001 : 2008
KHA LUN TT NGHIP

NGNH: K THUT MI TRNG
Sinh vin
: Ng Th Nguyt nh
Ging vin hng dn : PGS.TS. Trn Hng Cn
ThS. Nguyn Th Mai Linh
HI PHNG - 2012
B GIO DC V O TO
-----------------------------------
TNH TON THIT K H THNG X L NC

THI NH MY BIA CNG SUT 3000 m3/ngy m
KHA LUN TT NGHIP I HC H CHNH QUY

NGNH: K THUT MI TRNG
Sinh vin
: Ng Th Nguyt nh
Ging vin hng dn: PGS.TS. Trn Hng Cn
ThS. Nguyn Th Mai Linh
HI PHNG - 2012
B GIO DC V O TO
--------------------------------------
NHIM V TI TT NGHIP
Sinh vin: Ng Th Nguyt nh

M SV: 110834
Lp: MT1201
Ngnh: K thut mi trng
Tn ti: Tnh ton thit k h thng x l nc thi nh my bia cng
sut 3000 m3/ngy m
NHIM V TI
1. Ni dung v cc yu cu cn gii quyt trong nhim v ti tt nghip
( v l lun, thc tin, cc s liu cn tnh ton v cc bn v).
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2. Cc s liu cn thit thit k, tnh ton..
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..
..
a im thc tp tt nghip.
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CN B HNG DN TI TT NGHIP
Ngi hng dn th nht:
H v tn:.............................................................................................
Hc hm, hc v:...................................................................................
C quan cng tc:.................................................................................
Ni dung hng dn:............................................................................
..
..
Ngi hng dn th hai:
H v tn:.............................................................................................
Hc hm, hc v:...................................................................................
C quan cng tc:.................................................................................
Ni dung hng dn:............................................................................
..
..
ti tt nghip c giao ngy thng nm 2012
Yu cu phi hon thnh xong trc ngy thng nm 2012
nhn nhim v TTN
Sinh vin
giao nhim v TTN

Ngi hng dn
Ng Th Nguyt nh
Hi Phng, ngy ...... thng........nm 2012
Hiu trng
GS.TS.NGT Trn Hu Ngh
PHN NHN XT CA CN B HNG DN

1. Tinh thn thi ca sinh vin trong qu trnh lm ti tt nghip:
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2. nh gi cht lng ca kha lun (so vi ni dung yu cu ra
trong nhim v .T. T.N trn cc mt l lun, thc tin, tnh ton s
liu):
..
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3. Cho im ca cn b hng dn (ghi bng c s v ch):
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Hi Phng, ngy thng nm 2012
Cn b hng dn
(K v ghi r h tn)
DANH MC CC HNH
Hnh 1.1: S quy trnh cng ngh sn xut malt ............................................ 10
Hnh 1.2: S dy chuyn cng ngh tng qut sn xut bia ......................... 18
Hnh 3.1: S phng n thit k 1 ................................................................. 34
Hnh 3.2: S phng n thit k 2 ................................................................. 36
Hnh 4.1: S song chn rc ............................................................................ 42
Hnh 4.2: S cu to v nguyn tc hot ng ca b UASB........................ 55
Hnh 4.3: Tm chn kh v hng dng UASB .................................................. 57
Hnh 4.4: S lm vic ca h thng b Aerotank .......................................... 71
Hnh 4.5: S h thng phn phi kh trong b Aerotank ............................... 77
DANH MC CC BNG
Bng 1.1: Phn loi v c im ca cc kiu bia. ............................................... 3
Bng 1.2: Sn lng bia trn th gii trong giai on 2001-2006 ...................... 4
Bng 1.3: Tnh hnh tiu th bia trn th gii nm 2007 ..................................... 5
Bng 1.4: Sn xut v tiu th bia ti Vit Nam trong cc giai on t 1980
2010 ....................................................................................................................... 6
Bng 1.5: Mt s cng ty ln trong ngnh sn xut bia ...................................... 6
Bng 1.6: Cc ch tiu ca nc cp trong cng nghip sn xut bia .................. 9
Bng 1.7: Cc thnh phn chnh trong malt kh ................................................. 12
Bng 1.8: Thnh phn ca hoa houblon .............................................................. 14
Bng 1.9: Cc ngun cht thi chnh trong sn xut bia ..................................... 19
Bng 1.10: Lng cht thi rn pht sinh khi sn xut 1 hectolit bia ................. 20
Bng 1.11: Tnh cht nc thi t sn xut bia .................................................. 22
Bng 4.1: H s iu ha chung (TCXDVN 51:2008) ....................................... 39
Bng 4.2: Thng s nc thi u vo................................................................ 39
Bng 4.3: Cc thng s xy dng mng t song chn rc .............................. 42
Bng 4.4: Bng h s an ton .............................................................................. 43
Bng 4.5: Bng tng kt s liu thit k hm tip nhn ..................................... 44
Bng 4.6: Thng s thit k li chn rc tinh (hnh nm) ................................ 44
Bng 4.7: Mi quan h gia vn tc v ng knh ng dn kh ....................... 47
Bng 4.8: Cc thng s thit k cho b iu ha ................................................ 48
Bng 4.9: Cc thng s thit k cho tuyn ni.................................................... 51
Bng 4.10: Cc thng s thit k cho b trung ha............................................. 51
Bng 4.11: Thng s u vo b UASB ............................................................. 52
Bng 4.12: Ti trng cht hu c da vo nng nc thi ............................ 53
Bng 4.13: Thng s thit k b UASB .............................................................. 64
Bng 4.14: Thng s u vo b Aerotank ......................................................... 65
Bng 4.15: Cc thng s thit k c bn ca b Aerotank khuy trn hon ton
............................................................................................................................. 66
Bng 4.16: Cc h s ng hc ca qu trnh x l bng bn hot tnh ............ 67
Bng 4.17: Cc kch thc in hnh ca b aerotank khuy trn hon ton ..... 69
Bng 4.18: Cng sut ha tan oxy vo nc ca thit b phn phi kh vi bt
kh mn ................................................................................................................. 74
Bng 4.19: Thng s tng kt b Aerotank ........................................................ 78
Bng 4.20: Ch tiu thit k b lng t 2........................................................... 79
Bng 4.21: Cc thng s thit k b lng ng .................................................. 82
Bng 4.22: Tng hp b kh trng ..................................................................... 84
Bng 5.1: Chi ph xy dng mt s hng mc trong h thng x l nc thi .. 85
Bng 5.2: Chi ph mt s thit b s dng trong h thng x l nc thi ......... 85
Bng 5.3: Chi ph ha cht s dng trong qu trnh vn hnh h thng ............. 86
MC LC
Li cm n
Li m u.1
Chng I: Tng quan ...................................................................................... . 2
I.1 S ra i ca ngnh bia v phn loi cc kiu bia ................................... . 2
I.1.1 S ra i ca ngnh bia............................................................................... . 2
I.1.2 Phn loi bia ................................................................................................ . 2
I.2 Tnh hnh sn xut v tiu th ca ngnh bia trn th gii v Vit
Nam.4
1.2.1 Tnh hnh sn xut v tiu th bia trn th gii ......................................... . 4
1.2.2 Tnh hnh sn xut v tiu th bia Vit Nam ........................................... . 5
I.3 Cng ngh sn xut bia6
I.3.1 Cc phng php sn xut bia ................................................................... . 6
I.3.1.1 Phng php ln men truyn thng ......................................................... . 6
I.3.1.2 Phng php ln men hin i................................................................. . 6
I.3.2 Thnh phn cc cht c trong bia thnh phm ........................................... . 7
I.3.3 Nguyn, liu ph liu s dng cho sn xut bia..8
I.3.3.1 Nguyn, liu chnh trong ch tc bia8
I.3.3.2 Cc cht ph gia trong cng ngh sn xut bia13
I.3.3.3 Th liu.16
I.3.4 Nng lng trong quy trnh sn xut bia.17
I.3.4.1 in..17
I.3.4.2 Nhit.17
I.3.5 S dy chuyn cng ngh sn xut bia..18
I.4 Cc cht thi pht sinh trong qu trnh sn xut bia .............................. 19
I.4.1 Kh thi20
I.4.2 Cht thi rn20
I.4.3 Nc thi.21
I.4.3.1 Ngun gc pht sinh nc thi trong quy trnh sn xut bia...21
I.4.32 c tnh v ti lng ca nc thi pht sinh trong quy trnh sn xut
bia22
Chng II: Cc phng php x l nc thi ............................................... 24
II.1 Tng quan v cc phng php x l nc thi ..................................... 24
II.1.1 Phng php x l c hc ........................................................................ 24
II.1.2 Phng php x l ha-l ......................................................................... 25
II.1.3 Phng php x l sinh hc ...................................................................... 25
II.2 Mt vi phng php ng dng trong x l nc thi Bia ................... 27
II.2.1 Song chn rc............................................................................................. 27
II.2.2 B lng ....................................................................................................... 27
II.2.3 B iu ha28
II.2.4 B tuyn ni...28
II.2.5 B trung ha...29
II.2.6 B UASB...29
II.2.7 B Aerotank...30
II.2.8 B kh trng..31
Chng III: xut v la chn phng n x l nc thi sn xut
bia.. ...................................................................................................................... 32
III.1 C s la chn quy trnh x l nc thi sn xut bia ........................ 32
III.2 c trng nc thi ca c s la chn thit k v phn tch la chn
cng ngh x l .................................................................................................. 32
...................................... 32
III.2.2 Phn tch c trng nc thi la chn cng ngh thit k ............... 32
III.3 Phng n thit k 1 ................................................................................. 34
III.3.1 S h thng .......................................................................................... 34
III.3.2 Thuyt minh h thng .............................................................................. 35
III.4 Phng n thit k 2 ................................................................................. 36
III.4.1 S h thng .......................................................................................... 36
III.4.2 Thuyt minh h thng...37
III.5 Phn tch v la chn phng n thit k.............................................. 37
III.5.1 Phn tch cc phng n thit k ............................................................. 37

III.5.2 La chn phng n thit k.................................................................... 38
Chng IV: Tnh ton mt s cng trnh n v trong h thng x l nc
thi sn xut bia................................................................................................. 39
IV.1 Nc thi u vo c cc c trng. ....................................................... 39
IV.2 Song chn rc th...................................................................................... 39
IV.2.1 Nhim v .................................................................................................. 39
IV.2.2 Tnh ton .................................................................................................. 39
IV.3 Hm tip nhn ........................................................................................... 42
IV.3.1 Nhim v .................................................................................................. 42
IV.3.2 Tnh ton .................................................................................................. 42
IV.4 Song chn rc tinh .................................................................................... 44
IV.4.1 Nhim v .................................................................................................. 44
IV.4.2 Tnh ton .................................................................................................. 44
IV.5 B iu ha ................................................................................................ 45
IV.5.1 Nhim v..45
IV.5.2 Tnh ton..45
IV.6 B tuyn ni...48
IV.6.1 Nhim v..48
IV.6.2 Tnh ton thit k.48
IV.7 B trung ha..51
IV.7.1 Nhim v..51
IV.7.2 Tnh ton..51
IV.8 B UASB.52
IV.8.1 Nhim v ca b...52
IV.8.2 Tnh ton b..52
IV.9 B Aerotank...64
IV.9.1 Nhim v ca b...64
IV.9.2 Tnh ton b..65
IV.10 B lng 2...78
IV.10.1 Nhim v b lng...78

IV.10.2 Tnh ton b lng79
IV.11 Mng kh trng82
IV.11.1 Nhim v82
IV.11.2 Tnh ton....83
Chng V: Tnh ton kinh t...85
V.1 Chi ph u t xy dng85
V.1.1 Chi ph xy dng cng trnh..85
V.1.2 Chi ph thit b...85
V.2 Chi ph vn hnh h thng x l nc thi..86
V.2.1 Chi ph ha cht s dng...86
V.2.2 Chi ph in...86
V.2.3 Chi ph nhn cng.86
V.2.4 Chi ph bo dng my mc thit b.87
V.3 Gi thnh x l 1 m3 nc thi..87
Kt lun .............................................................................................................. 88
Ti liu tham kho
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
M U
Hin nay, ngnh cng ngip sn xut bia v ang pht trin rt mnh
trn th gii cng nh ti Vit Nam. Tr thnh mt trong nhng ngnh cng
nghip hng u em li gi tr kinh t cao cho nn kinh t th gii ni chung
cng nh ti Vit Nam ni ring. Tuy nhin, cng vi tc pht trin nhanh
v mnh ca ngnh cng nghip bia em li rt nhiu li ch v kinh t th
ngnh cng nghip bia cng em li khng t cc vn v mi trng cho mi
trng xung quanh.
Trong qu trnh hot ng sn xut th cc nh my bia ngoi to ra sn
phm l bia thng phm, cn pht sinh mt lng ln cht thi, trong c
bit ng quan tm l nc thi. Mc d, hin nay khi cc nh my bia c
xy dng th u quan tm n vic xy dng ng b h thng x l nc thi
phc v cho nh my. Nhng do mt s vn khch quan cng nh ch quan:
cha xy dng xong, cng sut x l khng bo m, h thng xy dng khng
ng b, cht lng nc thi u ra khng t tiu chun, yu t kinh t m
hin nay c mt s nh my bia thi trc tip nc thi cha qua x l ra mi
trng, em li tc ng xu nh hng n m quan cho mi trng xung
quanh, cng nh cht lng sng ca ngi dn sng xung quanh cc nh my
bia.
Vy nn vic thit k mt h thng x l nc thi cho nh my bia
phn no hn ch c nhng tc ng xu do cc nh my bia mang li cho
mi trng hin nay cng tr nn cn thit khng ch Vit Nam m trn c th
gii. V vy, em chn ti Tnh ton, thit k h thng x l nc thi nh
my bia cng sut 3000m3 / ngy m lm ti kha lun tt nghip ca mnh,
vi mong mun gp mt phn cng sc ca mnh vo cng cuc bo v mi
trng ngnh bia ni ring v mi trng cng nghip ni ring.
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
Lp: MT1201
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
CHNG I : TNG QUAN

I.1 ) S ra i ca ngnh bia v phn loi cc kiu bia
I.1.1) S ra i ca ngnh bia [8,14]
T 7000 nm trc cng nguyn, ngi dn Babilon bit sn xut bia t
i mch. Tri qua hng nghn nm sn xut v ung bia ngi ta vn cha bit
c nhn t no lm chuyn ha ngun nguyn liu thnh sn phm bia. Mt
thi gian di sau cng nguyn con ngi pht hin ra vai tr ca hoa houblon
v n nm 1875, Lui Paster khm ph ra hot ng ca nm men to nn
cht v hnh thnh hng v c bit ca bia. Sau , mt s nh khoa hc ca
M v Nga chng minh rng nm men to nn cc enzym v cc enzym ny
c kh nng chuyn ha ng thnh ancol, axit v CO 2 l cc thnh phn
quan trng nht ca bia.
Vy ni mt cch tng th bia l mt loi ung cha cn c sn xut
bng qu trnh ln men ng l lng trong mi trng lng v n khng c
chng ct sau khi ln men. Ngun nguyn liu ch yu dng ln men l ng
cc. Mt khc nhng loi ung cha cn cng c sn xut t vic ln men
ng nhng c ngun gc khc khng l ng cc ni chung khng c gi l
bia, mc d chng cng c sn xut bng cng mt phn ng sinh hc gc
men bia.
Qu trnh sn xut bia c gi l nu bia. Do cc thnh phn s dng
sn xut bia c s khc bit ty theo tng khu vc, cc c trng ca bia nh
hng v v mu sc cng thay i rt khc nhau v do vy c khi nim phn
loi cc kiu bia khc nhau.
I.1.2) Phn loi bia [14]
C nhiu loi bia khc nhau, mi loi bia c coi l thuc v mt kiu bia
c th no .
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
Lp: MT1201
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
Bng 1.1 : Phn loi v c im ca cc kiu bia

STT Tn kiu bia
c im
Ale
-c ln men bng phng php ln men nh hay cn

gi l ln men ni.
-Nhit ln men cao: 15-230C; 60-750F.
-V c nhit ln men cao nh vy nn cc men bia ale
c kh nng to ra mt lng ng k cc ester, cc
hng liu th cp v cc sn phm to mi khc.
-Cc khc bit v kiu gia cc loi ale l nhiu hn so
vi cc loi lager, nhiu loi ale rt kh phn loi
chng thuc kiu g.
Lager
-c sn xut bng phng php ln men y hay cn

gi l ln men chm.
-L loi bia c tiu th nhiu nht trn th gii.
-Bt ngun t vng Trung u, tn gi ny c ngun gc
t ting c (lagerbier).
-Nhit ln men: +Ban u bia lager c ln men
nhit 7-120C (45-550F)(pha ln men)
+Sau c ln men th cp
nhit 0-40C (30-400F)(pha lager ha).
-V nhit ln men thp nn vic sn xut ra cc ester
v cc ph phm khc c hn ch hn. To ra
hng v kh v lnh hn ca bia.
-Gm 2 dng chnh l dng bia c mu sm v dng bia
c mu sng (a phn bia hin nay c sn xut ra c
mu sng).
Bia lai
-C c trng pha trn ca c bia ale v bia lager. Hay

bia lai l kiu bia s dng cc nguyn liu v cng ngh
hin i thay v (hoc b sung cho) cc kha cnh truyn
thng ca sn xut bia.
-Mc d c mt s bin thi gia cc ngun khc nhau,
nhng ni chung bia hn hp c th l:
+Bia rau qu v bia rau c
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
Lp: MT1201
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
+Bia tho mc v bia gia v
+Cc loi bia tn tr trong cc thng g
+Bia hun khi
+Bia c bit
Hin nay, cc loi bia v ang c s dng rng ri hu ht cc nc

trn th gii vi sn lng ngy cng tng, v ang tr thnh ngnh cng
nghip mi nhn trong nn kinh t ca nhiu nc trn th gii ni chung v
nc ta ni ring .
I.2) Tnh hnh sn xut v tiu th ca ngnh bia trn th gii v Vit Nam
I.2.1) Tnh hnh sn xut v tiu th bia trn th gii [7]
i vi cc nc c nn cng nghip pht trin, i sng kinh t cao th bia
c s dng nh mt th gii kht thng dng. Hin nay, th gii c trn 25
nc sn xut bia vi sn lng trn 150 t lt/nm, trong : M, c, mi
nc sn xut trn di 10 t lt/nm, Trung Quc 7 t lt/nm. Thng k bnh
qun mc tiu th hin nay mt s nc cng nghip tin tin nh: c, an
Mch, Tip trn 100 lt/ngi/nm.
Bng 1.2: Sn lng bia trn th gii trong giai on 2001-2006
STT Vng
Nm
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Chu u
35,1
35,3
34,9
34,1
34,1
33,4
Chu /Trung ng
26,0
26,5
26,9
28,5
28,5
30,0
Bc M
22,1
21,7
22,2
21,4
20,9
20,1
Nam M
11,1
10,7
10,2
10,2
10,7
10,7
Chu Phi
4,2
4,3
4,4
4,4
4,5
4,6
Chu c
1,5
1,5
1,4
1,3
1,3
1,2
Tng
100
100
100
100
100
100
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
Lp: MT1201
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
Bng 1.3: Tnh hnh tiu th bia trn th gii nm 2007

Xp
Nc
hng
Tiu th
Xp
Nc
(l/ng/nm) hng
Tiu th
(l/ng/nm)
Cng ha Czech
156,9
Canada
68,3
Ailen
131,1
10
Aixlen
59,7
115,8
11
B o Nha
59,6
109,9
12
Bulgari
59,5
108,3
13
Nam Phi
59,2
Anh
99,0
14
Nga
58,9
Nam T
93,3
15
Venezuela
58,6
93,0
16
Romania
58,2
Chu l mt trong nhng khu vc c lng bia tiu th ang tng nhanh,
cc nh nghin cu th trng bia ca th gii nhn nh rng Chu ang dn
gi v tr ng u v tiu th bia trn th gii.
Sn xut bia tr thnh mt ngnh cng nghip quan trng, ng vai tr
ln trong s tng trng ca kinh t th gii. Khng nm ngoi quy lut pht
trin ca ngnh cng nghip bia trn th gii hin nay, ngnh cng nghip sn
xut bia Vit Nam cng v ang c nhng bc pht trin ln, ng gp
ng k cho nn kinh t quc dn.
I.2.2) Tnh hnh sn xut v tiu th bia Vit Nam [6]
Trong 5 nm tr li y, nn kinh t Vit Nam c nhng bc pht trin
vt bc, mc sng ca ngi dn cng dn c ci thin. Ngnh cng nghip
bia vi tc tng trng bnh qun l 14,9%. Chng hn nh nm 2003, sn
lng bia t 1.290 triu lt, tng 20,7% so vi nm 2002, t 79% so vi cng
sut thit k, tiu th bnh qun u ngi t 16 lt/nm, np ngn sch nh
nc khong 3.650 t ng
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
Lp: MT1201
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
Bng 1.4: Sn xut v tiu th bia ti Vit Nam trong cc giai on

t 1980 2010
Nm
Sn lng (tr.l)
Bnh qun(l/ng)
1980
60
1,3
1986
87
1,4
1990
100
1,5
1994
330
4,4
2000
624
2005
990
10
2010
1.500
25
Vit Nam hin c khong 350 c s sn xut bia c tr s cc tnh thnh

ln trn c nc. Trong s ny c hn 20 nh my t cng sut trn 20 triu
lt/nm, 15 nh my c cng sut ln hn 15 triu lt/nm, v c ti 268 c s c
nng lc sn xut di 1 triu lt/nm.
Bng 1.5: Mt s Cng ty ln trong ngnh sn xut bia
Tn cng ty
SABECO
VBL
HABECO
Cc sn phm
chnh
Cng sut nm
2006 (triu lt/ nm)
Bia 333, bia Si

Gn , bia Si
Gn xanh
Heineken, Tiger,
Ankor, Bivina,
Foster, BGI
Bia hi, bia H
Ni
600
400
> 200
a im
H Ch Minh,
Cn Th, Sc
Trng, Yn Bi
H Ch Minh,
H Ty
H Ni, Thanh
Ha, Hi
Dng
I.3) Cng ngh sn xut bia

I.3.1) Cc phng php sn xut bia [9]
Bia c sn xut theo hai phng php ln men c bn:
+Ln men truyn thng
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
Lp: MT1201
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
+Ln men hin i

I.3.1.1) Phng php ln men truyn thng
Qu trnh sn xut bt buc phi tri qua nhng giai on ch yu sau y:
- ng ha tinh bt thnh ng nh enzym amylase ca malt hoc
amylase ca vi sinh vt (nu s dng ngun tinh bt thay th malt).
- Ln men chnh.
- Ln men ph, to sn phm.
I.3.1.2) Phng php ln men hin i
Cc qu trnh cng tng t nh trn. Tuy nhin c iu khc c bn l
ngi ta tin hnh qu trnh ln men chnh v ln men ph trong cng mt thit
b. iu khin qu trnh ln men ny bng h thng lm lnh cc b. Bng h
thng lnh c lp t trong thit b ln men, ngi ta iu khin qu trnh ln
men chnh, ph xen k v cui cng ton b h thng c ln men ph.
Hin nay, phng php ln men truyn thng vn c p dng trong sn
xut v c pht trin rt mnh nhiu nc trn th gii.
I.3.2) Thnh phn cc cht c trong bia thnh phm [11]
Thnh phn quan trng nht trong bia phi c nhc n l nc. Nc
chim 92% v mt th tch trong bia..
Trong bia v mt dinh dng, mt lt bia c cht lng trung bnh tng
ng vi 25 gram tht b hoc 150 gram bnh m loi mt, hoc tng ng
vi nhit lng l 500 kcal, bng 2/3 nng lng c cung cp t cng mt th
tch sa.
Ngoi ra trong bia cn cha mt s cht b dng khc nh:
-Cht m: c bit l m ha tan chim 8-10% cht tan, bao gm:
protein, peptit v amino acid.
- Glucid: Glucid tan (70% l dextrin, pentosan - sn phm caramel ha).
- Vitamin: Ch yu l vitamin nhm B (vitamin B1, B2, PP).
- Lupulin: C trong bia v hoa houblon c tnh gip an thn, d ng.
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
Lp: MT1201
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
- CO2 ha tan: C tc dng lm gim nhanh cn kht cho ngi ung bia,
gip tiu ha nhanh thc n v n ung ngon ming, gim mt mi v tng phn
tnh to nu nh ngi ung s dng mt liu lng thch hp.
Yu t quyt nh n cc gi tr thnh phn trong thnh phm, quyt
nh t l cc ph phm hay cht thi pht sinh ca cng nghip bia th ngoi
phng php sn xut, ln men th yu t nguyn, ph liu u vo cho dy
chuyn sn xut cng c vai tr quan trng, quyt nh cht lng sn phm u
ra.
I.3.3) Nguyn, ph liu s dng cho sn xut bia
I.3.3.1) Nguyn liu chnh trong ch tc bia [9,12]
a) Nc
Mc tiu th nc trong nh my bia vn hnh tt (nhng nh my m tiu
hao nng lng v nhim mc thp nht) nm trong khong 4-10 hl/hl bia
(1 hl bia = 100 lt bia). C th ni nc l nguyn liu chnh sn xut bia do
trong bia hm lng nc chim n 90-92% trng lng bia.
Nc s dng trong cng ngh sn xut bia c chia thnh 2 loi l:
-Nc cng ngh: L nc tham gia trc tip vo quy trnh cng ngh
(nh ngm i mch, nu malt, lc dch nha, ln men, trong cng on chit
rt,) to nn sn phm cui cng. Thnh phn v hm lng ca chng nh
hng rt ln n quy trnh cng ngh v cht lng bia thnh phm.
-Nc phi cng ngh: Khng trc tip c mt trong thnh phm ca sn
phm nhng rt cn thit trong quy trnh sn xut v cng nh hng n
cht lng ca sn phm cui cng. Nc ny c s dng vo nhiu mc
ch khc nhau nh: cp cho ni hi, v sinh thit b, v sinh nh xng,
thanh trng,
Thnh phn v hm lng cc cht c trong nc nh hng rt ln n
quy trnh cng ngh v cht lng bia thnh phm.
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
Lp: MT1201
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
Chnh v vy nc dng trong quy trnh sn xut bia u c x l s b

p ng cc yu cu nht nh sau m bo cho cht lng ca bia cng
nh hiu qu ca tng giai on sn xut.
Bng 1.6 : Cc ch tiu ca nc cp trong cng nghip sn xut bia
STT
Ch tiu
Mu sc
Mi v
Khng mi, khng v.
cng tm thi
< 7 mg ng lng/lt
cng vnh cu
0,4-0,7 mg ng lng/lt
Hm lng mui cacbonat
< 50 mg/l
Hm lng mui Ca
< 100 mg/l
Hm lng mui Mg
< 80 mg/l
Hm lng mui Cl
< 75-150 mg/l
pH
6,5 -7
10
Hm lng CaSO4
130 200 mg/l
11
Fe
2+
Yu cu
Trong sut, khng mu.
< 0,3 mg/l
12
NH3, NO3_, NO2_
Khng c
13
Hm lng cc ion kim loi
Khng c
14
Vi sinh vt
< 100 t bo / ml
15
Vi sinh vt gy bnh (E.coli, coliform)
Khng c
b) Malt [10,12]
L tn gi ca ng cc ny mm (i mch, tiu mch, ht go, thc go,
thc mm). Loi ng cc thng c s dng sn xut malt l i mch, tuy
c th thay th mt phn nguyn liu khc (th liu) nhng nguyn liu ch yu
vn l i mch ny mm. Nc ta hin cha trng c i mch nn thng
phi nhp malt t nc ngoi. i mch cng ging nh nhng loi ng cc
khc, bao gm hai thnh phn chnh l glucid, protein nhng i mch c hm
lng cao hn so vi cc loi ng cc khc, quan trng nht l t l
glucid/protein cn i thch hp cho sn xut bia. L nguyn liu chnh sn
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
Lp: MT1201
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
xut bia nn thng lng malt/th liu cn cung cp cho quy trnh sn xut
l kh ln (1000 lt bia cn 150 kg malt v nguyn liu thay th).
i mch c xp theo h hordeum gm c: Hordeum.Sativum;
Hordeum.Murinum; Hordeum.Jubatum. i mch dng sn xut bia thng
dng a mch 2 hng (gi l H.Distichum).
i mch c ch bin tr thnh malt, ngun nguyn liu chnh
sn xut ra bia qua qu trnh sau:
i mch
Nc
Ngm/lm t
m mm
Sy
Tch mm ,
r malt
R , mm
Malt
Hnh 1.1 : S quy trnh cng ngh sn xut malt
m bo cht lng ca bia th ngun i mch c chn lm malt
phi p ng c cc yu cu cht lng sau:
Yu cu v cm quan:
Tt c cc ht thc phi thuc mt loi i mch, ng nht v kch c,
khng ln ct , rm rc v nhng ht thuc loi thc khc.
Ht thc phi c v mng, mu vng nht ng nh, khng c vt trn v
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
Lp: MT1201
10
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
i mch tt phi c mi thm ca rm r, khi cn ht thc thy c

mi tinh bt v v hi ngt.
Sinh l:
Lc ny mm phi t 80-85%
Trng lng tuyt i thng 35-45 g/1000 ht
Kh nng ny mm 90-95%
Yu cu v thnh phn ha hc:
V: khng vt qu 7-9% trng lng ht
Hm lng m: w=10-15%
Hm lng Protit: 8-14% cht kh ca ht
Hm lng Glucid: chim 55-62% trng lng ht (hoc 63-66% trng
lng cht kh).
Sau qu trnh ch bin, malt phi t c cc ch tiu:
T l thu hi malt kh: 100 kg i mch c w =15% s sn xut c 7578 kg malt kh c w=2-4%
Kim tra cm quan:
Mu: malt vng c mu vng rm, malt en c mu sm hn, v malt
phi ng nh, kch thc v hnh dng phi ging nh ht i mch kh.
Mi v v: Phi c mi thm c trng cho tng loi malt, khng c
mi l, nu c mi chua hoc mc chng t malt cn m, c v ngt.
V sch: Khng ln tp cht, ht khng b v (lng ht v ti a l
15%), lng ht bnh ti a l 1 %, lng ht khng ny mm ti a l 5%.
Trng thi malt: Xp v kh.
Ch s c hc:
i vi malt rt nh: 480-500 g/l
Loi nh: 500-530g/l
Trung bnh: 530-560 g/l
Loi nng: 560 g/l
Trng lng tuyt i ca malt l t 28-38g/1000 ht
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
Lp: MT1201
11
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
Thnh phn ha hc:

m malt (w) < 4,5% v trong bo qun tt cho php w<7%.
Thi gian ng ha ca malt vng l 10-20 pht 700C, malt en l
20-30 pht 700C.
Cht ha tan trung bnh l 65-82% cht kh.
Hm lng maltose ca malt vng l 70% cht ha tan, malt en l 5965% cht ha tan.
axit: pH ng ha t 5,5-6,5
Nhng thnh phn chnh ca malt kh (% cht kh)
Bng 1.7: Cc thnh phn chnh trong malt kh
Thnh phn
T l
Thnh phn
(%)
T l
(%)
Tinh bt
58
ng kh
4,0
Pentose ha tan
Protein ( n*6,25 )
10
Protein ha tan
3,0
Hexozan v pentozan khng tan
9,0
Xenlulose
Cht bo
2,5
Sacarose
Cht tro
2,5
c th bin i t malt thnh bia phc v cho i sng con ngi th

malt s c em i ln men. Yu t ng vai tr quyt nh trong qu trnh ln
men chnh l men bia (nm men).
c) Men bia (nm men)[10]
Nm men ng vai tr ht sc quan trng trong cng nghip sn xut bia.
Nh c tnh sinh dng ca nm men l qu trnh chuyn ha dch ng thnh
ru v sinh ra kh CO2 l thnh phn chnh ca bia. Trong ngnh sn xut bia,
cc ging nm men c chia thnh 2 nhm:
Nhm nm men ni ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae ):
Nhit ln men: 10-250C.
Ln men mnh, qu trnh ln men xy ra trn b mt ca mi trng.
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
Lp: MT1201
12
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
Khi qu trnh ln men kt thc, cc t bo kt chm, chui, to thnh
lp dy trn b mt cng vi bt bia, bia t trong chm.
Kh nng ln men ng tam (rafinose) km (ch t 33%).
Nhm nm men chm ( Saccharomyces carlbergensis )
Nhit ln men 0-100C.
Qu trnh xy ra trong lng mi trng nn kh nng ln men tt
C kh nng ln men hon ton (v c th ln men ng rafinose
hon ton).
Khi ln men xong, cc t bo kt thnh chm hoc chui kt lng
xung y thng ln men rt nhanh, nh vy bia chng t trong hn ln

men ni. Kh nng kt lng ca nm men ph thuc vo nhiu yu t:
+ Cu to thnh t bo nm men .
+ Hm lng nit ha tan trong mi trng .
+ Nhit , pH ca mi trng
C kh nng ti s dng tt (6-8 i), t l t bo cht < 10%.
Nm men c s dng t nm men thun chng, men c gi di dng

men kh, sau nhn ging trung gian ri a vo s dng trong sn xut bia.
Hin nay, nhm nm men c cc nh my bia trn th gii v Vit Nam s
dng ph bin trong sn xut l nhm nm men chm.
d) Hoa bia (hoa houblon)[7]
Sau nc, malt v nm men th nguyn liu cn bn tip theo trong quy
trnh sn xut bia l hoa bia (hoa houblon). Hoa bia c nh gi l nguyn liu
c bn th hai sau malt i mch, l linh hn ca bia, gp phn to nn mi v
v c trng cho bia.
Houblon thuc h dy leo, sng lu nm (30-40 nm), c chiu cao trung
bnh 10-15 m. Hin nay trn th gii ang trng trn 100 ging hoa houblon
khc nhau. Loi thc vt ny ch thch hp vi kh hu n i nn c trng
nhiu c, Tip, Lin Bang Nga, Php, M,
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
Lp: MT1201
13
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
Hoa houblon c hoa c v hoa ci ring bit cho tng cy, trong sn xut
bia ch s dng hoa ci cha th phn. Hoa c khng c s dng v n rt
nh, cha t lng phn hoa (lupulin), cht ng cng rt km
Hoa houblon lm cho bia c v ng du, hng thm rt c trng, lm
tng kh nng to v gi bn bt, lm tng bn keo v n nh thnh phn
sinh hc ca sn phm. Do nhng c tnh cc k c bit nh vy nn hoa
houblon vn gi mt vai tr c tn v l nguyn liu khng th thay th trong
ngnh sn xut bia.
Bng 1.8: Thnh phn ca hoa houblon
Thnh phn
Hm lng(%)
Nc
10-11
Nha ng tng s
15-20
Tinh du
0,5-1,5
Tanin
2-5
Monosaccarit
Pectin
Amino axit
0,1
Protein
15-17
Lipit v sp
Cht tro
5-8
Xenluloza, lignin v cc cht khc
40-50
Hoa houblon c s dng trong cng nghip sn xut bia hin nay gm
cc dng sau:
Dng hoa houblon ti nguyn cnh
Dng hoa houblon cnh kh
Dng hoa houblon ht, vin
Dng hoa cao trch ly
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
Lp: MT1201
14
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
I.3.3.2) Cc cht ph gia trong quy trnh cng ngh sn xut bia[7]
Ty theo yu cu k thut, cng ngh m nhng nguyn, ph liu hoc cc
ha cht ny c s dng vi hm lng khc nhau, gi chung nhng dng ny
l ph gia v chia thnh hai nhm chnh:
Nhm ph gia trc tip: Gm tt c nhng nguyn liu v ha cht c mt
trong thnh phn ca sn phm vi s kim sot cht ch hm lng cho php:
Cc ha cht x l cng, iu chnh kim ca nc cng ngh
nh HCl, Al2(SO4)3.16H2O, CaSO4,
Cc ha cht a vo ngn chn qu trnh oxy ha nhng thnh
phn trong bia nh acid ascorbic, H2O2,
Cc ha cht dng iu chnh pH nh: H2SO4, acid lactic, CaCl2,
Cht to mu cho bia: caramen.
Nhm ph gia gin tip: Nhm ny bao gm tt c nguyn liu v ha
cht c s dng trong quy trnh cng ngh nhng khng c php c mt
trong sn phm:
Cc bt tr lc: PVPP, kizelgua,
Cc ha cht v sinh thit b, v sinh phn xng nh: H2SO4,
KMnO4, NaOH,
Cc cht c dng nh tc nhn lm lnh nh NH3, glycol, nc mui,
Tc dng ca cc cht ph gia ny i vi quy trnh sn xut bia l:
Cc ch phm enzym: Tng cng hot v nng cc enzym, nng
cao hiu sut ca qu trnh ln men.
Caramen: to mu cho bia
CaCl2: tng bn vng ca enzym Amylaza nhit cao
Acid ascorbic: bo qun, chng oxi ha, c ch cc qu trnh bin cht
ca bia.
Colluplie: chng oxi ha protein
Malurex I: rt ngn thi gian ln men ph, gim lng diacetyl to thnh
trong qu trnh ln men chnh
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
Lp: MT1201
15
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
Cc ha cht v sinh cng nghip (Clorin, NaOH): dng ty ra st

trng nh xng, dy chuyn, my mc.
Than hot tnh: Thu hi lng CO2
Ngoi ra trong sn xut bia ph thuc vo cc iu kin ch quan v khch
quan, nhm mc ch h gi thnh sn phm, to ra cc sn phm bia c cht
lng khc nhau, ci thin mt vi tnh cht ca sn phm, theo n t hng
ca ngi tiu dng th ngi ta thm cc th liu vo cng vi malt trong sn
xut bia.
I.3.3.3) Th liu[10]
Yu cu i vi th liu l phi c ngun glucid di do m t di tc
dng ca enzyme trong malt, lng glucid ca th liu s chuyn ha thnh
ng ha tan. V vy cc loi ng cc thng c chn lm th liu trong sn
xut bia. Cht lng ca th liu cng l yu t s nh hng trc tip n cht
lng ca bia thnh phm (mu sc, mi v). Do cn quan tm n thnh
phn ha hc ca th liu.
nc ta hin nay th liu c s dng ph bin l go. i vi bia
Heniken l 100% i mch, i vi bia Tiger 80% i mch v 20% go. V go
c sn nhng u im sau:
C sn trong nc vi gi r v cht lng cao.
Do hm lng glucid v protein kh cao, kh nng chuyn ha thnh cht
ha tan tt c th t 90% cht kh. Thc t v thc nghim cho ta thy c
th thay th go cho malt n 50% (nu malt c hot tnh enzym tt).
Ngoi ra mt s ni cn c th s dng cc loi th liu khc nhau, ph
hp vi iu kin sn xut nh:
Bp c s dng cc nc chu Phi hoc M la tinh
Go m.
u: hm lng tinh bt trong u khng ln, thng nh hn 40% trng
lng, v vy trong nu bia ngi ta dng u khng phi vi mc ch th liu
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
Lp: MT1201
16
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
cho malt, m vi vi mc ch lm cho bia c kh nng to bt mnh (trong u

c cha nhiu glucozit), l ngun thc n tt cho nm men v sau.
ng saccharose: c s dng nh mt th liu cao cp.
Vic vn hnh v sn xut trong cc nh my bia ngoi yu cu cn c
cung cp mt lng ln cc nguyn liu, cng nh cc cht ph gia th cng cn
c cung cp mt lng kh ln nng lng, phc v cho sn xut.
I.3.4) Nng lng trong quy trnh sn xut bia[12]
I.3.4.1) in
in tiu th cho nh my bia vn hnh tt trung bnh t 8 n 12 kwh/hl,
ph thuc vo qu trnh v c tnh ca sn phm.
Cc khu vc tiu th in nng l: khu vc chit chai, my lnh, kh nn,
thu hi CO2, x l nc thi, iu ha khng kh, cc khu vc khc nh bm,
qut, in chiu sng.
I.3.4.2) Nhit
Tiu th nhit ca mt nh my bia vn hnh tt nm trong khong 150-200
mJ/hl i vi nh my bia khng c h thng thu hi nhit trong qu trnh nu
hoa nhng c h thng bo n tt, thu hi nc ngng, h thng bo tr tt.
Tiu hao nng lng trong nh my bia ph thuc vo c tnh ca nh my
nh qu trnh cng ngh, phng php ng gi sn phm, k thut v loi thit
b thanh trng, cng ngh x l sn phm ph.
Cc qu trnh tiu hao nng lng trong nh my bia bao gm: Nu v
ng ha, nu hoa, h thng v sinh (CIP) v tit trng, h thng ra chai, h
thng thanh trng bia. Trong tiu th nhit nhiu nht l ni nu hoa chim
n 30-40% tng lng hi dng trong nh my.
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
Lp: MT1201
17
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
I.3.5) S dy chuyn cng ngh sn xut bia [11]

Malt
Go
in
Chun b
- Nghin
ng
Nc
Hoa houblon
in
Hi
Men
in
Bt tr lc
CO2
in
V chai, lon, keg

Nhn, mc
in
Bi(K)
Ting n(K)
Nu
- H ha, ng ha
- Lc dch ng
- Nu hoa
- Lng nng
Nc thi(L)
B hm(R)
Nhit
Mi(K)
Ln men
- Lm lnh
- Ln men chnh
- Ln men ph
Men(R)
Kh CO2(K)
Nc thi(L)
Hon thin
- Lc bia
- n nh, bo ha
CO2
- Pha bia
- Lc v trng
ng chai, lon, keg v

thanh trng
Nc thi(L)
Bt tr lc(R)
Men(R)
Nc thi(L)
Chai v(R)
Nhn mc hng(R)
Sn phm Bia chai,

Bia lon, Bia hi
Hnh 1.2: S dy chuyn cng ngh tng qut sn xut bia
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
Lp: MT1201
18
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
I.4) Cc cht thi pht sinh trong qu trnh sn xut bia

Bng 1.9: Cc ngun cht thi chnh trong sn xut bia[12]
STT
Ngun thi
Nghin
nguyn liu
Nu
Tc nhn nhim
- Bi
- Ting n
- Xt v axit cho h CIP
- Thi lng cht hu c cao
- Bi
- Gy ra cc mi kh chu cho cc khu vc xung quanh
Ln men
- Xt v axit cho h CIP

- Pht thi CO2
- Thi lng cht hu c cao (do nm men v vic v
sinh thit b gy nn, nc thi c nng cht hu
c, nitrat v photpho cao).
Lc bia
- CO2
- Thi lng cht hu c cao (nm men, bt tr lc)
ng gi
thanh trng
Cc hot ng
ph tr: ni
hi t than
hoc t du,
my lnh
- Nc thi c pH cao v cht l lng nhiu

- Tiu hao nhiu nc nng v nc lnh
- Pht thi CO2, NOX v PAH (polyaromactic
hydrocacbon)
- Nguy c r r du
- Nguy c r r v pht thi NH3
- Nguy c r r v pht thi CFC
T s dy chuyn cng ngh tng qut sn xut bia (hnh 1.2) v Bng
1.9 cho thy cc ngun thi chnh trong ngnh bia gm: Kh thi, nc thi, cht
thi rn. Trong nc thi l vn ln trong ngnh bia, c nh hng v tc
ng trc tip ti mi trng sng
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
Lp: MT1201
19
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
I.4.1) Kh thi [13]

Hi pht sinh t qu trnh nu, hi kh nn b r r, bi t qu trnh chun b
nguyn liu
Ngun bi pht sinh ch yu trong nh my bao gm trong qu trnh chun
b nguyn liu, qu trnh tip liu, qu trnh xay malt, qu trnh nghin go
Tuy nhin ti lng bi y rt kh c tnh ph thuc nhiu vo cc yu t
nh loi nguyn liu, m ca nguyn liu, tnh trng/tnh nng ca thit b
my mc
Nhit ta t qu trnh nu, ni hi (ngun nhit rt ln) v t h thng lm
lnh (ngun nhit lnh) v ting n do thit b sn xut (my bm, my lnh,
bng chuyn) nh hng trc tip n sc khe ca cng nhn v mi trng
xung quanh.
I.4.2) Cht thi rn [12]
Cc cht thi rn chnh ca qu trnh sn xut bia bao gm b hm, b men,
cc mnh thy tinh t khu vc ng gi, bt tr lc t khu vc lc, bt giy t
qu trnh ra chai, giy, nha, kim loi t cc b phn ph tr, x than, du thi,
du phanh. B hm v b men l cht hu c, s gy mi cho khu vc sn xut
nu khng thu gom v x l kp thi.
Bng 1.10 : Lng cht thi rn pht sinh khi sn xut 1 hectolit bia
Cht
nhim
B hm
Lng
Tc ng
kg
21 27
nhim ngun nc, t, gy mi kh chu
Nm men
kg
34
V chai v
chai
0,9
Gy tai nn cho ngi vn hnh
Bn hot tnh
kg
0,3 0.4
Nhn, giy
kg
1,5
Bt tr lc
kg
0,2 0,6
Plastic
kg
Ti lng cht thi rn cao, bi cha ln
Kim loi
kg
Ti lng cht thi rn cao, bi cha ln
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
Lp: MT1201
20
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
I.4.3) Nc thi [12]

I.4.3.1) Ngun gc pht sinh nc thi trong quy trnh sn xut bia.
Gm 2 ngun thi:
Nc thi sinh hot: C lu lng khng ln
Nc thi sn xut: bao gm

Nc thi lc b hm: Nc thi pht sinh t giai on lc hm nn
chng b nhim bn bi cc cht hu c, cn b hm, cc vi sinh vt.

Nc thi lc dch ng: Nc thi ny thng b nhim bn cht hu
c, lng Gluco trong nc ny cng mc cao, l mi trng thun li cho
s pht trin ca cc loi vi sinh vt. C c v mu kh cao.
Nc thi t cc thit b trao i nhit: L dng thi c lu lng ln
nht, nhng c xem nh l sch. Mc d c nhit cao t 45-500C v c
th ln mt t lng du m khng ng k.
Nc thi t qu trnh ra chai: y l mt trong nhng dng thi c
nhim cao nht trong dy chuyn sn xut bia. V nguyn l ng
chai th chai phi c ra qua cc bc: ra vi nc nng, ra bng dung
dch kim long nng (1-3% NaOH), tip l ra sch bn v nhn bn
ngoi chai v cui cng l phun kim nng ra bn trong v bn ngoi chai,
sau ra sch bng nc nng v nc lnh. Do , nc thi pht sinh t
qu trnh ra chai c pH cao khi c tp trung vo dng thi ca c quy
trnh khin cho dng thi ca c quy trnh c pH kim tnh.
Nc thi pht sinh t cc thit b lc bi v bi thi x than: c lu
lng v hm lng cn l lng (bi than) rt ln. Dng thi ny xut hin
khi ni hi c cung cp nhit nh than.
Nc thi t qu trnh ra thit b: thng c hm lng cht hu c
cao ng thi cha du m, cn v trong trng hp ra ni hi c th cha
c acid v kim.
Lu lng dng thi v c tnh dng thi trong cng ngh sn xut bia,
cn bin i theo chu k v ma sn xut.
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
Lp: MT1201
21
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
I.4.3.2) c tnh v ti lng ca nc thi pht sinh trong quy trnh sn

xut bia
Tuy cc nh my bia khc nhau v phng php ln men, v s qun l ni
vi, ti lng nc thi v hm lng cc cht nhim, nhng nc thi ca cc
nh my bia vn c cc c tnh chung:
Hm lng cht hu c d phn hy sinh hc cao
Hm lng cht rn (dng tng s, dng l lng) trong nc cao, do cn
ln nhiu xc men, b.
Nhit cao.
pH dao ng mnh v thay i kh ln t mc acid mnh n kim
mnh.
Thng c mu xm en.
C cc ha cht c s dng trong qu trnh sn xut nh xt, soda
Ti lng cc cht nhim trong nc thi ca ngnh bia kh cao. Hm
lng cc cht nhim c trong nc thi thng vt qu tiu chun cho php.
Bng 1.11: Tnh cht nc thi t sn xut bia
Thng
s
n
v
tnh
pH
Khong gi
tr
QCVN
40:2011
Tc ng n mi trng
68
69
5,59
30
50
nhim
75 150
nhim
BOD5
mg/l
900 1.400
COD
mg/l
1.700 2.200
SS
mg/l
500 600
Tng N
mg/l
30
20
40
Gy hin tng ph dng
Tng P
mg/l
22 25
Kch thch thc vt pht trin
NH4+
mg/l
13 16
10
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
Lp: MT1201
50 100 Gy ngt th cho thy sinh
c hi cho c nhng li thc

y thc vt pht trin
22
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
Ghi ch: * Cc thng s quy nh trong tiu chun, cha xt h s lin quan
n dung tch ngun tip nhn v h s theo lu lng ngun thi.
A Thi vo ngun tip nhn dng cho mc ch sinh hot.
B Ngun tip nhn khc, ngoi loi A.
Thnh phn nc thi sn xut bia thng vt rt nhiu ln quy chun
Vit Nam, nu khng c x l trc khi thi ra ngoi ngun tip nhn th y
s l ngun gy nh hng n mi trng nc v sc khe con ngi
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
Lp: MT1201
23
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
CHNG II : CC PHNG PHP X L NC THI

II.1) Tng quan v cc phng php x l nc thi [1]
Trong x l nc thi, ngi ta phn bit 3 phng php x l nc thi:
- X l c hc
- X l ha l
- X l sinh hc
II.1.1) Phng php x l c hc
Phng php x l c hc s dng nhm mc ch tch cc cht khng ha
tan v mt phn cc cht dng keo ra khi nc thi. Nhng cng trnh x l
c hc bao gm:
- Song chn rc: Chn gi cc cn bn c kch thc ln hay dng si:
giy, rau c, rc v.v c gi chung l rc. Rc c chuyn ti my
nghin nghin nh, sau tr li trc song chn rc hoc chuyn ti
b phn hu cn (b metanten). Trong thi gian gn y ngi ta p dng loi
song chn rc lin hp va chn gi va nghin rc.
- B lng ct: Tch cc cht bn v c c trng lng ring ln hn nhiu
so vi trng lng ring ca nc thi nh x than, ct v.v ra khi nc
thi. Ct t b lng ct a i phi kh trn sn phi v ct kh thng
c s dng li cho nhng mc ch xy dng.
- B vt du m: Thng c p dng khi x l nc thi c cha du
m (nc thi cng nghip), nhm tch cc tp cht nh. i vi nc thi
sinh hot khi hm lng du m khng cao th vic vt du m thc hin
ngay b lng nh thit b gt cht ni.
- B lc: Nhm tch cc cht trng thi l lng kch thc nh bng
cch cho nc thi i qua lp lc c bit hoc qua lp vt liu lc, s dng
ch yu cho mt s loi nc thi cng nghip.
Phng php x l c hc c th loi b c n 60% cc tp cht khng
ha tan c trong nc thi sinh hot v gim BOD n 20%.
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
Lp: MT1201
85
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
tng hiu sut cng tc ca cc cng trnh x l c hc c th dng bin

php thong gi s b, thong gi ng t sinh hc, hiu qu x l t ti 75%
theo hm lng cht l lng v 40-45% theo BOD
Trong s cc cng trnh x l c hc phi k n c b t hoi, b lng hai
v, b lng trong c ngn phn hy l nhng cng trnh va lng va phn
hy cn lng.
Nu iu kin a phng cho php th sau x l c hc nc thi c kh
trng v x vo ngun, nhng thng thng th x l c hc ch l giai on x
l s b trc cho qu trnh x l sinh hc.
II.1.2) Phng php x l ha-l
Thc cht ca phng php x l ha hc l a vo nc thi cht phn
ng no gy tc ng vi cc tp cht bn, bin i ha hc, to thnh
cht khc di dng cn hoc cht ha tan nhng khng c hi hay gy
nhim mi trng. V d phng php trung ha nc thi cha axit v kim,
phng php xy ha v.v
phng php ha l thng p dng x l nc thi l keo t, hp thu,
trch ly, bay hi, tuyn ni
Cn c vo iu kin a phng v yu cu v sinh m phng php ha
l l gii php cui cng hoc l giai on x l s b cho cc giai on x l
tip theo.
II.1.3) Phng php x l sinh hc
Da vo s sng v hot ng ca cc vi sinh xy ha cht bn hu c
dng keo v ha tan c trong nc thi.
Nhng cng trnh x l sinh ha phn thnh 2 nhm:
- Nhng cng trnh trong qu trnh x l thc hin trong iu kin t
nhin.
- Nhng cng trnh trong qu trnh x l thc hin trong iu kin nhn
to.
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
Lp: MT1201
86
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
Nhng cng trnh x l sinh hc thc hin trong iu kin t nhin l: Cnh
ng ti, bi lc, h sinh hc v.v Qu trnh x l din ra chm, da ch yu
vo ngun oxy v vi sinh c trong t v nc.
Nhng cng trnh x l sinh hc trong iu kin nhn to l: B lc sinh
hc (Biphin), b lm thong sinh hc (Aeroten) v.v Do cc iu kin to nn
bng nhn to m qu trnh x l din ra nhanh hn, cng mnh hn.
Qu trnh x l sinh hc trong iu kin nhn to c th t mc hon ton
(x l sinh hc hon ton) vi BOD gim ti 90-95% v khng hon ton vi
BOD gim ti 40-80%
Giai on x l sinh hc tin hnh sau giai on x l c hc. B lng sau
giai on x l c hc gi l b lng t I. chn gi mng sinh hc (sau b
Biphin) hoc bn hot tnh (sau b Aeroten) dng b gi l b lng t II.
Trong trng hp x l trn b Aeroten thng a mt phn bn hot tnh
tr li b Aeroten to iu kin cho cng trnh t hiu qu cao hn. Phn
bn hot tnh cn li gi l bn hot tnh d, thng a ti b nn bn lm
gim th tch trc khi a vo b Metanten thc hin qu trnh ln men.
Qu trnh x l sinh hc trong iu kin nhn to khng loi tr trit cc
loi vi khun, nht l vi trng gy bnh. Bi vy sau giai on x l sinh hc
trong iu kin nhn to cn thc hin giai on kh trng nc thi trc khi
x vo ngun.
Trong qu trnh x l nc thi bng bt k phng php no cng to nn
mt lng cn ng k (bng 0,5-1% tng lu lng nc thi). Cc cht l
lng khng ha tan b lng t I gi l cn ti, cn gi li b lng II gi l
mng vi sinh (sau b Biphin) hoc bn hot tnh (sau b aeroten)
Ni chung cc loi cn trn u c mi hi thi kh chu (nht l cn ti)
v nguy him v mt v sinh. Do vy nht thit phi x l cn thch ng.
gim hm lng cht hu c trong cn v t cc ch tiu v sinh thng p
dng phng php x l sinh hc k kh trong cc cng trnh t hoi, b lng hai
v hoc b metanten.
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
Lp: MT1201
87
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
B t hoi v b lng hai v thc hin ng thi hai nhim v: lng cn v

ln men cn lng.
B Metanten l cng trnh tng i hin i ch ng dng ln men cn
lng. i khi b ny cng cn c s dng x l s b nc thi cng
nghip c nng cao.
gim m ca cn ln men thng s dng cc cng trnh: h bn
(i vi trm x l nh), sn phi bn, thit b sy kh bng c hc, lc chn
khng, lc p Khi lng cn kh ln c th s dng phng php sy nhit.
II.2.1) Song chn rc [1]
chn gi nhng rc bn th (giy, rau c, rc) ngi ta dng song
chn rc. Song chn rc l cng trnh x l s b chun b iu kin cho vic
x l nc thi sau . Trng hp trm bm chnh t song chn rc vi
kch thc 16 mm th khng nht thit phi t n trn trm x l na (i vi
trm cng sut nh).
Song chn rc gm cc thanh an sp xp cnh nhau trn mng dn
nc. Khong cch gia cc thanh an gi l khe h (mt li). Song chn rc
c th phn thnh:
+ Theo khe h: Loi th (30-200 mm)
Loi trung bnh (5-25 mm)
+ Theo c im cu to: Loi c nh
Loi di ng
+ Theo phng php ly rc: Loi th cng
Loi c gii
II.2.2) B lng [1]
Lng l phng php n gin nht tch cc cht bn khng ha tan ra
khi nc thi. Ty theo cng dng ca b lng trong dy chuyn cng ngh m
ngi ta phn bit b lng t I v t II. B lng t I t trc cng trnh x
l sinh hc. B lng t II t sau cng trnh x l sinh hc.
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
Lp: MT1201
88
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
C th phn bit cc loi b lng da trn:

+ Theo ch lm vic: B lng hot ng gin on
B lng hot ng lin tc
+ Theo chiu nc chy trong b: B lng ngang
B lng ng
B lng Radian
+ Ngoi ra: B lng trong: mt b cha ng c bung keo t bn
trong
B lng tng mng l mt b cha hoc kn hoc h.
II.2.3) B iu ha [2]
Lu lng v cht lng nc thi t h thng cng thu gom chy vo h
thng x l thng xuyn dao ng theo cc gi trong ngy. Khi h s khng
iu ha K>1,4, xy dng b iu ha cc cng trnh x l lm vic vi lu
lng u trong ngy s kinh t hn.
C 2 loi b iu ha: B iu ha c lu lng v cht lng
B iu ha ch iu ha lu lng
II.2.4) B tuyn ni [3]
L phng php da trn nguyn tc: Cc phn t phn tn trong nc c
kh nng t lng km, nhng c kh nng kt dnh vo cc bt kh ni ln trn
b mt nc. Sau ngi ta tch cc bt kh cng cc phn t dnh ra khi
nc. Thc cht y l qu trnh tch bt hoc lm c bt. Trong mt s trng
hp, qu trnh ny cng c dng tch cc cht ha tan nh cc cht hot
ng b mt
Tuyn ni c th t giai on x l s b (bc 1) trc khi x l c bn
(bc II) - b tuyn ni c th thay th cho b lng, trong dy chuyn n ng
trc hoc sau b lng, ng thi cng c th giai on x l b sung (hay
trit - cp III) sau x l c bn.
C hai hnh thc tuyn ni vi:
- Sc kh p sut kh quyn gi l tuyn ni bng khng kh.
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
Lp: MT1201
89
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
- Bo ha khng kh p sut kh quyn sau thot kh ra khi nc

p sut chn khng gi l tuyn ni chn khng.
II.2.5) B trung ha [3]
Nc thi thng c nhng gi tr pH khc nhau. Mun nc thi c x
l tt bng phng php sinh hc phi tin hnh trung ha v iu chnh pH v
vng 6,6-7,6.
Trung ha bng cch dng cc dung dch acid hoc mui acid, cc dung
dch kim hoc oxit kim trung ha dch nc thi.
II.2.6) B UASB [3]
L mt b x l sinh hc k kh, p dng qu trnh ln men kh metan, c
s dng kh ph bin hin nay. Quy trnh cng ngh gm ba giai on:
- Giai on lng ha nguyn liu u vi khun d s dng cc cht dinh
dng
- Giai on to thnh acid
Vi khun
H2A
cc acid hu c
- Giai on to thnh metan
Cc acid hu c Vi khun CH4 + CO2
Cc yu t nh hng ti hiu sut qu trnh phn hy ym kh to thnh
kh metan:
- Nhit : ti u 350C. C th thc hin iu kin m (30-350C)
hoc nng (50-550C). Khi nhit di 100C vi khun to metan hu nh
khng hot ng.
- Liu lng np nguyn liu (bn) v mc khuy trn
- T s C/N: t s ti u cho qu trnh l (25-30)/l
- pH: ti u t 6,5-7,5
- Dng vi khun , thi gian lu nc, khng cha cc ha cht c, c
bit l kim loi nng
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
Lp: MT1201
90
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
Sn phm kh thng c hm lng CH4 vo khong 65-70%, CO2 vo

khong 25-30% v lng nh cc kh khc. Lng bn tch t di y b
c nh k x ra ngoi
II.2.7) B Aeroten [2]
L cng trnh lm bng b tng, b tng ct thp vi mt bng thng
dng l hnh ch nht. Hn hp bn v nc thi cho chy qua sut chiu di
ca b
Bn hot tnh l loi bn xp cha nhiu vi sinh c kh nng oxy ha v
khong ha cc cht hu c cha trong nc thi. gi cho bn hot tnh
trng thi l lng v m bo oxy dng cho qu trnh oxy ha cc cht hu
c th phi lun m bo vic thong gi
Thi gian nc lu trong b Aeroten khng lu qu 12 gi (thng l 4-8
gi).
B aeroten c phn loi da trn :
+ Theo nguyn l lm vic:
-B aeroten thng thng: B aeroten x l sinh ha khng hon ton
B aeroten x l sinh ha hon ton
-B aeroten sc cha cao
+ Theo s cng ngh:
-Aeroten mt bc
-Aeroten hai bc
+ Theo cu trc dng chy
- B aeroten - y
- B aeroten - trn
- B aeroten kiu hn hp
+ Theo phng php lm thong
- Aeroten lm thong bng bm kh nn
- Aeroten lm thong bng my khuy c hc
- Aeroten lm thong kt hp
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
Lp: MT1201
91
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
- Aeroten lm thong p lc thp, tc l khng dng bm kh nn m

dng qut gi
II.2.8) B kh trng [2]
Nc thi sau khi x l bng phng php sinh hc cn cha khong 105106 vi khun trong 1ml. Hu ht cc loi vi khun c trong nc thi khng phi
l vi trng gy bnh, nhng khng loi tr kh nng tn ti mt vi loi vi khun
gy bnh no . Nu x nc thi ra ngun cp nc, ao, h,, th kh nng
lan truyn bnh s rt ln. Do phi c bin php tit trng nc thi trc khi
x ra ngun tip nhn. Cc bin php thng dng trong qu trnh kh trng l
dng ha cht nh clo hi, hypoclrit-canxi dng bt (Ca(ClO)2), nc zavel
(NaClO), ozon, hoc tia cc tm (UV)
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
Lp: MT1201
92
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
Khi la chn mt cng ngh x l nc thi cn phi cn c vo cc yu

cu sau:
Lu lng, thnh phn v tnh cht ca nc thi.
Din tch mt bng hin c, cng nh cc iu kin m nh my c th
chp nhn.
Tiu chun u ra ca dng thi.
c tnh ca ngun tip nhn.
Kinh ph u t ban u v chi ph vn hnh.
m bo kh nng x l khi nh my m rng sn xut
Nc thi ngnh sn xut bia c: + BOD5 = 1600 mg/l

+ COD = 3000 mg/l
+ SS = 400 mg/l
= 60 mg/l
= 8 mg/l
III.2.2) Phn tch c trng nc thi la chn cng ngh thit k
Ta thy BOD5/COD = 0,6 nm trong khong 0,5 0,75 chng t hm
lng cht hu c trong dng thi kh cao nn x lt hiu qu cao tt hn
ht ta dng bin php x l sinh hc, v nc thi trong sn xut bia cha ch
yu l cc cht hu c d phn hy sinh hoc: Protein, acid hu c,
Do nng cht hu c trong nc thi kh ln nng COD l 3000 mg/l
nn cng ngh x l sinh hc kt hp hai qu trnh k kh v hiu kh.
Cng ngh x l k kh b UASB l ph hp so vi yu cu ca h thng
x l nc thi sn xut bia, nh vo cc u im ca cng trnh nh vn hnh
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
Lp: MT1201
85
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
n gin, chu c ti trng cao, lng bn sinh ra rt t, c th iu chnh ti

trng theo thi k sn xut bia. Ngoi ra bn c kh nng tch nc tt, nhu cu
cung cp cht dinh dng thp, nng lng tiu th t, thit b n gin cng
trnh t tn din tch v khng pht sinh mi kh chu.
Nc thi sau khi qua b UASB c nng COD khong 400-800 mg/l
cha t tiu chun x thi do cn phi tip tc x l sinh hc hiu kh. Trong
cng ngh x l hiu kh, c rt nhiu n v cng trnh x l sinh hc hiu kh
khc nhau nh: cc dng h x l t nhin, h lm thong c hc, mng oxy
ha, b Aerotank, b lc sinh hc, b tip xc Cn phi la chn sao cho ph
hp vi iu kin thc t (lu lng, nng cc cht nhim, v tr ni x l,
c im ngun tip nhn) v chn t l F/M cho h thng l rt quan trng. Do
chn b Aeroten l thch hp.
Do SS=400mg/l nn phi cn dng thm b lng t I hoc b tuyn ni
gim bt hm lng SS khi i vo b UASB v b Aeroten.
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
Lp: MT1201
86
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
1
Nc thi vo
Song chn rc
H gom (hm thu)
Li tch rc tinh
Rc
B iu ha
My nn kh
B tuyn ni
Ha cht
(kim , acid)
B trung ha
B UASB
My thi
kh
B Aerotank
B Lng II
Ha cht
(chlorine)
B nn bn
Hnh 3.1: S phng n thit k 1

Mng kh trng
Nc thi t cc khu sn xut v sinh hot c thu gom vo h thng

QCVN 40/2011 ct B
cng dn vo trm x l.u tin, nc qua song chn rc loi rc, cn, np
chai, ming chai ... c kch thc ln. Sau , rc s c thu gom v ch n
bi rc x l.Nc thi sau khi qua song chn rc c dn n h gom ri
qua li chn rc tinh nhm loi b mt lng ln cn, b hm gip gim ti,
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
Lp: MT1201
87
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
trnh gy tc nghn cho cc cng trnh pha sau.Nc t h gom c bm vo

b iu ho n nh lu lng, nhit v nng cht nhim ca nc
thi, gim kch thc cc cng trnh pha sau.Trong b iu ho c b tr h
thng phn phi kh nhm trnh cc ht cn l lng lng xung, trnh sinh mi
hi.Tip n nc thi c a vo b tuyn ni nhm gim lng cn m
bo nc thi vo cng trnh x l sinh hc pha sau c SS < 150 mg/l, m
bo hiu qu ca cng trnh.B trung ha, ti y nc thi c chm ha cht
iu chnh pH nc thi n gi tr ph hp trc khi vo b UASB.Nc
thi sau c dn qua cc cng trnh x l sinh hc.Ti b k kh UASB nh
hot ng phn hu ca cc VSV k kh bin i cht hu c thnh cc dng kh
sinh hc, chnh cc cht hu c tn ti trong nc thi l cc cht dinh dng
cho cc VSV.Sau khi qua b k kh nc thi tip tc n b Aerotank. Ti b
Aerotank, cc cht hu c cn li s c phn hu bi cc VSV hiu kh, hiu
qu x l ca b Aerotank dt t 75-90% .Sau thi gian lu nc nht nh nc
c a sang b lng II lng cc bng bn hot tnh. Bn t y b lng II
c a vo h thu bn c 2 ngn mt phn bn trong b s c bm tun
hon li b Aerotank nhm duy tr nng bn hot tnh trong b, phn bn d
dc a qua b nn bn. Ti b nn bn bn d c nn bng trng lc nhm
gim th tch ca bn. Bn sau khi nn c a qua my p bng ti v mang
i chn lp hp v sinh hay lm phn bn. Nc sau khi qua lng tip tc cho
qua mng kh trng trc khi x ra ngun thi.
2
Nc vo
B cha
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
Lp: MT1201
B lng ct
88
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
chnh pH, t0
Tu
QCVN 40/2011
Hnh 3.2: S phng n thit k 2
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
Lp: MT1201
89
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
, CH4, CO2, H2S, NH3
, Aerot
1 .
-B
.
)
-
2 SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
Lp: MT1201
90
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
Lp: MT1201
91
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
.
Lu lng thit k:
= 3000m3/ng.
= 125m3/h
Lu lng trung bnh gi:

Lu lng trung bnh giy:
= 34,72l/s
Lu lng gi ln nht:
x Ko
Trong : Ko l h s khng iu ha chung ca nc thi

Bng 4.1: H s iu ha chung (TCXDVN 51:2008)
(l/s)
Ko (max)
15
20
50
100
300
500
1000
5000
2,5
2,1
1,9
1,7
1,6
1,55
1,5
1,47
1,44
= 125 x 1,9 = 237,5 (m3/h)
Lu lng gi ln nht:
Bng 4.2: Thng s nc thi u vo

TT
Ch tiu
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
pH
Hm lng cn l lng
BOD5
COD
Tng Nito
Tng Photpho
n
v
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
Nc thi trc
x l
8
400
1600
3000
60
8
QCVN : 40/2011
BTNMT ( loi B)
5.5- 9
100
50
150
40
6
IV.2) SONG CHN RC TH:

IV.2.1) Nhim v:
Gi li cc thnh phn rc c kch thc ln nh: l cy, bao nilon nh
trnh lm tt my bm, ng ng. y l bc quan trng nhm m bo
an ton v iu kin lm vic thun li cho c h thng x l nc thi.
IV.2.2) Tnh ton:
Song chn rc c t nghing mt gc 60o so vi mt t.
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
Lp: MT1201
85
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
S khe h ca song chn rc

n=
x ko
Trong :
: lu lng ln nht ca dng thi (m3/s).
=
= 0.066 m3/s.
b : b rng khe h gia cc song chn rc (mm), t 15 25 mm.

Chn b = 20 mm
ko : h s tnh n thu hp ca dng chy khi s dng cng c co rc
c gii, ko = 1,05.
h : chiu su mc nc qua song chn (m) thng ly bng chiu su mc
nc trong mng dn. Chn h = 0,1m.
vmax : tc chuyn ng ca nc thi trc song chn rc ng vi lu
lng ln nht, t 0,6 1,0 m/s. Chn vmax = 1 m/s.[3]
0,066 x 1,05
=> n =
= 34,65 (khe) => Chn n = 35 khe.
0,02 x 0,1 x 1
Chiu rng song chn rc:
Bs = S(n 1) + b.n = 8(35-1)+2035 = 972mm chn Bs = 1,0 (m).
Trong :
S: l b rng thanh an hnh ch nht, chn S = 8mm
(n-1): s thanh an ca song chn rc
Kim tra li tc dng chy phn m rng trc song chn ng vi lu
lng nc thi Qmax = 0.066 m3/s. Vn tc nc khng c nh hn 0,3
m/s.[5]
vktra =
Bs
Bs x
x hh =
0,066
1,0 x 0,1 = 0,66 (m/s)
Tn tht p lc qua song chn rc:

hs
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
Lp: MT1201
2
x Vmax
xk
2g
86
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
Trong :
vmax = 1 m/s
g : gia tc trng trng (m/s2)
k : h s tnh n s tng tn tht do rc ng li song chn.
k = 2 3, chn k = 3.
: h s tn tht cc b ti song chn rc ph thuc vo tit din thanh
song chn c tnh bi:
S
sin
: h s ph thuc tit din ngang ca thanh. Hnh ch nht vi b mt trn
1,83
: gc nghing song chn rc,
= 60o
0,008
1,83x
0,02
sin60 o
0,47
0,47 x 12
x 3 = 0,072 (mH2O)
2 x 9,81
=> h s
Chiu di on knh m rng trc song chn:

L1
Bs - Bk
2tg
1.0 0.3
= 0,96 (m)
2 x tg20o
Trong :
:
gc m rng ca bung t song chn rc. Chn =20o
Bk : chiu rng ca mng dn nc thi vo. Chn Bk = 0,3 m

Chiu di on thu hp sau song chn:
L2 = 0,5 x L1 = 0,5 x 0,96 = 0,48 (m) chn L2 = 0,48 (m)
Chiu di xy dng mng t song chn rc:
L = L1 + L2 + L3 = 0,96 + 0,48 + 1,2 = 2,64 (m)
L3 : chiu di bung t song chn rc, L3 > 1m chn L3 = 1,2m
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
Lp: MT1201
87
Khoa mi trng
Bs
Bk
Kha lun tt nghip
L3
L1
L2
Hnh 4.1: S song chn rc.

Sau khi qua song chn rc th nng SS, BOD5 gim 4%. Vy nng
SS, BOD5 ca nc thi cn li:
SS = 400
(100 - 4)% = 384 mg/l
BOD5 = 1600 (100-4)% = 1536 mg/l

Bng 4.3: Cc thng s xy dng mng t song chn rc
STT
STT Tn thng s
n v
S liu thit k
B rng khe
mm
20
S khe h
khe
18
Chiu rng mng dn nc vo
0,2
Chiu rng song chn
0,7
Chiu di on knh trc song chn
0.41
Chiu di on thu hp sau song chn
0.21
Chiu di mng t song chn
1.82
IV.3) HM TIP NHN:

IV.3.1) Nhim v:
Gip cc cng trnh n v pha sau khng phi thit k m su trong t.
IV.3.2) Tnh ton:
Kch thc hm:
Th tch hm tip nhn:
V=
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
Lp: MT1201
t = 237,5
= 79,16 (m3)
88
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
Vi t: thi gian lu trong hm tip nhn, t = 10 30 pht. Chn t = 20 pht.

Chn chiu su hu ch ca b hi= 3,5 m.
Chn chiu cao bo v hbv= 0,5m.
Vy chiu su tng cng ca hm tip nhn:
H = 3,5m + 0,5m = 4,0(m).
Din tch hm tip nhn:
S=
= 22.62 (m2)
chn S = 24 (m2)
Chn chiu di hm L = 6m v chiu rng B = 4 m

Tnh ton bm bm sang h thng x l pha sau:
Chn loi bm nhng chm t ti hm thu gom c
237,5(m3/h).
Cng sut ca bm
N=
= 8,63 kw
: Lu lng nc thi theo gi ln nht, (m3/h).

H: Ct p ca bm, H = 10m H2O (Ct p H = 810m).
: Khi lng ring ca nc,
= 1000kg/m3.
g: Gia tc trng trng, g = 9,81m/s2.

: Hiu sut ca bm, = 0,73 0,93. Chn = 0,8.
Cng sut thc t ca bm(vi h s an ton l = 1,2)
Ntt = N = 1,2 N = 1,2 8,63 = 10,36 (kw).
: h s an ton da vo bng sau:
Bng 4.4: Bng h s an ton
N(kw)
1
15
5 50
>50
2 1.5
1.5 1.2
1.2 1.15
1.1
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
Lp: MT1201
89
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
Tnh ton ng dn nc:

ng knh ng dn nc thi ln song chn rc tinh
= 237,5 m3/h.
Lu lng nc thi
D
4 Q
v
4 237,5
= 0,2(m).
2 3600 3,14
Trong :
: Lu lng gi ln nht (m3/h)
v: vn tc nc vo( c bm t 1 2 m/s), chn v = 2 m/s.
Bng 4.5: Bng tng kt s liu thit k hm tip nhn
Tn thng s
STT
n v
S liu thit k
Chiu rng hm tip nhn (W)
Chiu di hm tip nhn (L)
Chiu su hm tip nhn (H)
3,5+ 0,5 = 4
Cng sut bm
kw
8,63
IV.4) SONG CHN RC TINH:

IV.4.1) Nhim v:
Gi li cc thnh phn rc c kch thc nh.
IV.4.2) Tnh ton:
Bng 4.6: Thng s thit k li chn rc tinh (hnh nm)
Thng s
n v
Li c nh
Li quay
5 - 25
5 - 25
l/m2.pht
400 - 1200
600 - 4600
mm
0,2 1,2
0,25 1,5
Tn tht p lc
1,2 2,1
0,8 -1,4
Cng sut motor
HP
0,5 - 3
Chiu di trng quay
1,2 3,7
ng knh trng
0,9 1,5
Hiu qu kh cn l lng
Ti trng
Kch thc mt li
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
Lp: MT1201
90
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
Chn li c nh c kch thc mt li d = 0,35mm, tng ng vi ti

trng LA = 700 (l/m2.pht).
Gi s li chn rc c chn thit k c kch thc:
BLH = 1m 1,5m 1,5m
Din tch b mt li yu cu:
A=
= 5,654 (m2)
S li chn rc:
n=
= 3,769 (li) => Chn s li chn n = 4
Din tch b mt thc t:

A = nBL = 411,5 = 6 (m2)
Ti trng b mt lm vic thc t l:
LA =
= 659,7 (l/pht.m2)
Sau khi qua song chn rc th nng cht rn l lng gim 15%, BOD 5
gim 4%, COD gim 6%.
Vy nng nhim ca nc thi cn li:
SS = 384 (100 - 15)% = 326,4 mg/l
BOD5 = 1536(100- 4)% = 1474,56 mg/l
COD = 2400(100- 6)% = 2256 mg/l
IV.5) B IU HA:
IV.5.1) Nhim v:
iu ha lu lng v nng cht hu c, trnh cn lng.
Lm thong s b, qua oxy ha mt phn cc cht hu c.
Tng cng hiu qu x l nc thi
To iu kin thun li cho cc cht l lng v cht ni trong nc thi
phn b ng nht trc khi qua cc cng trnh x l pha sau.
Tng hiu qu kh BOD.
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
Lp: MT1201
91
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
IV.5.2) Tnh ton:

Thi gian lu nc trong b l t = 4 12 gi, chn tlu = 5 h
(Lm Minh Trit Nguyn Thanh Hng Nguyn Phc Dn, 2010, X l nc
thi th & cng nghip Tnh ton thit k cng trnh, NXB i hc Quc
gia Tp.H Ch Minh).
Th tch b cn thit l:
Vct = Qhtb t = 125 5= 625 m3
L B = 11 m 9 m
Chiu su mc nc: H = 6 m
Chiu cao bo v: Hbv = 0,5 m
Chiu cao tng cng ca b: Ht = 6 + 0,5 = 6,5 m
Th tch thc t b iu ha, Vh = 1196.5 = 643,5 m3
Chn Vtth = 644 m3.
Tnh ton lng kh cn xo trn trong b :
S dng kh nn, tc R = 12 l/m3.pht
Lng kh nn cn thit cho xo trn:
qkh = R x Vct = 0,012m3/pht.m3 x 625 m3= 7.5 (m3/pht) = 125 (l/s).
Trong :
R: tc kh nn, R = 12 l/m3.pht = 0,012m3/m3.pht,chn theo bng
Lu lng kh thi qua a l 0,02 0,12 m3/pht
Chn a c lu lng kh: r = 0,12m3/pht
S a khuch tn kh
n=
= 62,5 (ci)
Tnh ton ng dn kh:

Kh c dn t my thi kh qua ng ng chnh, sau kh c dn
qua 6 ng nhnh.
Mi ng nhnh nh cch thnh b 0,5 mt v cch ng k bn 1,6 mt.
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
Lp: MT1201
92
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
Lu lng kh trong mi ng nhnh nh:

Qng =
qkh
6
60x7.5
6
75(m 3 / h) = 0,021(m /s).
:
Bng 4.7: Mi quan h gia vn tc v ng knh ng dn kh
, mm
, m/s
25 75
69
100 250
9 15
300 610
14 20
760 1500
19 33
= 15 m/s
:
D=
qkhi
7,5 4
= 0,103 m
3,14 60 15
hp c ng knh d = 110 mm.
v=
q khi
4
D
7,5 4
= 13,2 m/s ( tha mn 9 15m/s)
3,14 60 0,112
:
n
d=
Q nh
4
vn
= 9 m/s
0,021 4
= 0,0545 m = 54,5 mm
3,14 9
c lm bng thp c ng knh d = 0,055 m.

:
vn=
Qn 4
d2
0.021 4
= 8,84 m/s ( tha 6 9 m/s)
3,14 0,0552
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
Lp: MT1201
93
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
Tnh ton cc ng dn nc vo v ra khi b iu ho:

Nc thi t hm tip nhn c bm ln li tch rc tinh vi d = 0,2m.
Chn ng knh ng dn nc t li tch rc tinh xung b iu ha cng
l d = 0,2m.
Chn vn tc ng dn nc, v = 1,5m/s, v = 0,8 2 (m/s)
ng knh ng:
D=
4 Qtb
v
4 3000
1,5 3600 24
0,171 (m)
Vy chn ng knh ng l d = 170mm

Kim tra li vn tc:
v
4 Qhtb
D2
4 125
1,53(m / s) (tmk
0,17 2 3600
)
Bng 4.8: Cc thng s thit k cho b iu ha
TT
Thng s
n v
Phn thit k xy dng
1
Lu lng gi trung binh, Q
m3/gi
2
Thi gian lu nc, t
gi
3
Th tch hu dng, Vhd ( 1 n nguyn)
m3
4
Th tch xy dng, Vxd
m3
Kch thc (mt bng hnh ch nht 1
n nguyn):
m
5
Chiu di
m
Chiu rng,
m
Su tng cng, H
Gi tr
125
5
625
644
11
9
6.5
IV.6) B TUYN NI:

IV.6.1) Nhim v:
Thit b tuyn ni dng tch cn hoc du, m ra khi nc. Qu trnh
tch cn, du, m xy ra khi ha tan vo nc nhng bt kh nh. Cc bt kh
ny bm vo cc ht cn lm cho t trng ca t hp cn kh gim, lc y ni
xut hin, khi lc y ni ln, hn hp cn, kh ni ln mt nc v c gt
ra ngoi. Do cht l lng trong nc thi giy ch yu l b men c kch thc
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
Lp: MT1201
94
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
nh v cn nh kh lng, nn ta dng b tuyn ni s lm gim c thi gian

lng v dung tch b.
IV.6.2) Tnh ton thit k
Kt qu thc nghim cho m hnh tuyn ni khng tun hon
o
t s kh/cht rn, A/S = 0,03 mg kh/ mg cht rn t hiu qu ti u
Nhit trung bnh 27oC
ha tan ca khng kh Sa = 16,4 (ml/l)
T s bo ha f = 0,5
ti trng b mt tuyn ni 48
ngy t hiu qu kh cn l lng
90%, kh du m 85 %
o
Hm lng COD qua tuyn ni gim 50% v BOD5 gim 36%
( Trang 451 Lm Minh Trit v cng s - X l nc thi th & cng

nghip )
p sut yu cu theo ct p:
( )=
Trong :
o
A/S: t s, kh/cht rn, ml kh/mg cht rn. Chn A/S = 0,03
f: Phn kh ha tan p sut P, thng thng f = 0,5
Sa: Hm lng bn, mg/l, Sa = 326,4 mg/l
sa: ha tan ca khng kh sa = 16,4 ml/l
P: p sut trong bnh p lc (at), c xc nh:

0,03 =
Vy: p = 2,92 atm = 188,7 kPa

Lu lng thit k:
= 125 m3/h = 2,0833 m3/pht
Th tch bnh p lc
V=
t=
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
Lp: MT1201
2 = 4,17 (m3)
95
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
Vi t = thi gian lu nc bnh p lc (0,5 3) pht. Chn t = 2 pht

Chn chiu cao bnh p lc H = 2m. Vy ng knh ct p lc:
D=
= 1,63 (m)
Chn ng knh bnh p lc D = 1,7 m

Thit k b tuyn ni hnh ch nht:
Lu lng thit k:
= 125 m3/h = 2,0833 m3/pht
Chn thi gian lu nc trong b tuyn ni l 20 pht ( 20 60 pht).

Chn ti trng b mt tuyn ni 48m3/m2.ngy
Chn chiu cao phn tuyn ni: Htn = 3 m
Din tch b mt tuyn ni:
Chia lm 2 b vi din tch b mt A1= A2= A/2= 31,25 (m2)

Chn b hnh ch nht, kch thc tit din mt b: L B = 6 m 5,2m
Chn chiu di ca ngn phn phi nc ra: Lra = 0,8m
Vy chiu di tng cng ca b l: Ltc = L + Lra = 6 + 0,8 = 6,8m
Chiu su tng cng ca b tuyn ni: H = Hn +hb + hbv
Trong :
Hn : Chiu cao phn tuyn ni, Hn = 3m
hb : chiu cao phn bn lng, hb= 0,7m
hbv : Chiu cao bo v, chn hbv = 0,5m
H = 3 + 0,7+ 0,5 = 4,2 m
Th tch b tuyn ni xy dng:
V = L B H = 6,8 5,2 4,2 = 148,512 (m3)
Th tch ca vng tuyn ni:
V = L B H = 6 5,2 3 = 93,6 (m3).
Kim tra thi gian lu nc ca b tuyn ni:
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
Lp: MT1201
96
Kha lun tt nghip

t=
Khoa mi trng
= 45 (pht) tha mn (20 6 pht).
Hiu qu x l:
Qua b tuyn ni hm lng cht nhim SS, BOD, COD ln lt gim
85%, 30%, 40%.
Css = 326,4 (100 85)% = 48,96 (mg/l)
CBOD = 1474,56 (100 30)% = 1032,192 (mg/l)
CCOD = 2256 (100 40)% = 1353,6 (mg/l)
Bng 4.9: Cc thng s thit k cho tuyn ni.
TT
Thng s
Phn thit k xy dng ( thi gian lu 45 pht)
1
Chiu di, L
2
Chiu rng, B
3
Chiu cao, H
n v
Gi tr
m
m
m
6,8
5,2
4,2
IV.7) B TRUNG HA:

IV.7.1) Nhim v:
Dng nng lng cnh khuy to ra dng chy ri trn u nc thi
vi cc ho cht cho vo iu chnh pH nc thi nm trong khong thch
hp trc khi x l bng phng php sinh hc v cung cp thm dinh dng
cho hot ng ca vi sinh vt.
IV.7.2) Tnh ton:
t= 125 5/60 =10,42 (m3)
Th tch b trung ha: V =

Trong :
: lu lng nc thi vo b trong 1 gi (m3/h).

t: thi gian lu nc ( gi), chn t = 5 pht.
Din tch b trung ha : F =
= 50 (m2)
Trong :
h: chiu cao b, chn h = 2,5m.
Kch thc b : L
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
Lp: MT1201
h = 5m 4m 2,5m
97
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
Chiu cao thc t ca b : hxd = 2,5+ 0,3 = 2,8(m)

Bng 4.10: Cc thng s thit k cho b trung ha
TT
Thng s
n v
Gi tr
Phn thit k xy dng
1
Chiu di, L
M
5
2
Chiu rng, B
M
4
3
Chiu cao, hxd
M
2.5
Cc thng s nhim nc thi qua b trung gian vi thi gian lu ngn 5
pht, xem nh khng thay i.
IV.8) B UASB:
IV.8.1) Nhim v ca b:
X l sinh hc bng vi sinh k kh nhm phn hy cht hu c, v c, x
l n nh cn, x l nc thi hm lng BOD, COD cao gim ti trng cho b
Aerotank x l hiu qu.
duy tr s n nh ca qu trnh x l k kh cn cc yu cu sau:
- Khng c oxy
- Khng c hm lng qu mc ca kim loi nng
- Gi tr pH t 6,6 7,6.
- Phi duy tr kim khong 1000 1500 mg/l lm dung dch m
ngn cn pH gim xung di 6,2.
- Nhit ca hn hp nc thi 27 38oC.
- Phi c cht dinh dng theo t l COD: N: P = 350:5:1 v nng thp
ca cc kim loi.
(Theo TS. Trnh Xun Lai, 2000, Tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh x l nc
thi, NXB xy dng.)
IV.8.2) Tnh ton b:
Bng 4.11: Thng s u vo b UASB
Ch tiu u vo UASB
pH
SS
COD
BOD
N
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
Lp: MT1201
n v
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
Gi tr
6,6 7,6
48,96
1353,6
1032,192
60
98
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
P
Xc nh hiu qu x l:
mg/l
Hiu qu x l BOD ca b UASB l 65%

Hm lng BOD sau khi ra khi b UASB: 0,35 1032,192(mg/l) =
361,267 (mg/l)
SS gim 20% sau x l bng b UASB.
Hm lng SS sau b UASB: 48,96 (mg/l)0,8 = 39,2 (mg/l)
Chn hiu qu x l COD l 70% ti b UASB
Nng COD cn li sau khi ra khi b UASB:
CODR= 1353,6 0,3 = 406,08 (mg/l)
Lng COD cn x l trong mt ngy:
G = Q(CODV - CODR) = 3000(1353,6 406,08)10-3 = 2842,56 (kg/ngy)
Lng N, P cn thit cho vo nc u vo tnh theo COD x l:
N=
= 13,536 mg/l
P=
= 2,707 mg/l
Kch thc b
Th tch phn phn ng:
B UASB lm vic trong iu kin SS 150 (mg/L). Kim sot qu trnh
bn ym kh trong b UASB dng ht.
Trong :
Th tch hu ch (m3)
Vn tc nc dng trong b UASB (m/s)
Q
Lu lng (m3/h)
Th tch thc phn phn ng (m3)
Nng COD vo (kgCOD/m3)
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
Lp: MT1201
99
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
Ti trng hu c th tch (kgCOD/m3.ngy)

E
H s hiu qu, l t s gia th tch hu ch trn th tch thc

phn phn ng, chn E = 0,8
4.12: Ti trng cht hu c da vo nng nc thi
T l COD Ti trng th tch 300C, kg COD/m3.ngy

khng tan, Bn bng
Bn ht
Bn ht
%
(khng kh
(kh SS)
SS)
10 30
24
8 24
24
2000
30 - 60
24
8 14
24
10 30
35
12 18
35
2000 - 6000
30 60
48
12 - 24
26
60 - 100
48
26
10 30
46
15 20
46
6000 - 9000
30 60
57
15 24
37
60 - 100
68
38
9000 18000
10 30
58
15 24
46
(Ngun: X l nc thi th & Cng nghip Lm Minh Trit)
Nng
nc thi,
mgCOD/l
Chn ti trng th tch hu c l
= 8(kgCOD/m3.ngy)
Th tch hu ch:
Vn =
=355,32 m3
Th tch thc:
VL =
=444,15 m3
Din tch b mt b: A=
Trong :
: lu lng trung bnh u vo ca nc thi m3/h
v: vn tc dng hng ln, gi cho lp bn trng thi l lng, tc nc
dng ln trong b phi gi trong khong 0,60,9 m/h. chn v = 0,8 m/h
(Trang 192 - TS. Trnh Xun Lai, 2000, Tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh x l
nc thi, NXB xy dng.)
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
100 Lp: MT1201
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
A=
= 156,25 m2
Chn A = 160 m2
Kim tra li vn tc: v = Q/A = 125/160 = 0,78 m/s (Tha mn 0,6 0,9 m/h)
Xy dng 2 n nguyn. Vy din tch ca mi n nguyn l F = 80 m2
Chiu cao phn phn ng (phn x l k kh)
Hkk =
= 4,4415 m
Chn chiu cao mc nc vng lng (phu thu kh) H2 =1,5m >1m
(Theo TS. Trnh Xun Lai, 2000, Tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh x l nc
thi, NXB xy dng).
Chiu cao bo v H3 =0,5m
Chiu cao tng cng b UASB l:
H = Hkk + H2 + H3 = 4,4415 + 1,5 + 0,5 = 6,4415 m => Chn chiu cao H = 7m
Hnh 4.2: S cu to v nguyn tc hot ng b UASB

( Theo hnh 12-1 T194 Tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh x l nc thi Trnh Xun Lai)
Vy kch thc xy dng mi b UASB chn:
Chiu di L = 10 m
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
101 Lp: MT1201
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
Chiu rng B = 8 m
Chiu cao H = 7 m
Th tch xy dng mi n nguyn ca b UASB:
Vb = L B H = 1087 = 560 m3
Thi gian lu nc trong mi n nguyn ca b
(Tha mn HRT nm trong khong 4 12h)

Tnh chiu cao ngn lng:
Trong mi n nguyn b tr 4 tm chn kh v 2 tm hng dng. Nc
trc khi i vo ngn lng s c tch kh ra khi hn hp nc thi bng cc
tm tch kh t nghing so vi phng ngang mt gc t 45 60o. Chn gc
nghing gia cc tm kh v phng ngang l 55o. Cc tm ny t song song
nhau v chia b thnh 2 ngn lng.
V khi t ng thu kh cn phi tr i khong t ng v cng nhm mc
ch to np b tng cho vic gi cc tm chn kh.
K = L 0,64 = 10 0,64 = 7,6 m
Ta c:
Chiu cao ngn lng:
Khi thit k b UASB tng chiu cao ngn lng Hnglng (k c chiu cao
vng lng) v chiu cao bo v chim trn 30% tng chiu cao b.
Kim tra li
Vy chiu cao xc nh l thch hp

Thi gian lu nc trong ngn lng
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
102 Lp: MT1201
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
Vi th tch ngn lng: Vlng = Hng.lngL/2B = 2,810/28 = 112(m3).
( Tha mn iu kin tlng 1h, Cng trnh x l nc thi, TS. Trnh xun lai).
Tnh tm chn kh v tm hng dng
B vi 2 ngn lng gm 8 tm chn kh v 4 tm hng dng.
Chn khe h gia tm chn kh di v tm chn kh trn, gia tm chn
kh di v tm hng dng l nh nhau, cng nghing mt gc 600.
Tng din tch cc khe h chim t 15- 20% din tch ca b.
Chn Fkhe = 15%Fb
Din tch 1 khe h: F khe
B rng mt khe h : b k
0,15 Fbe
n
Fkhe
B
1,5
8
0,15 80
1,5(m 2 ) vi n s khe h n =8.
8
0,188(m)
Tm hng dng
Hnh 4.3: Tm chn kh v hng dng UASB

Tm chn kh di
Chiu di l1 = B = 8(m)
Chiu rng b1:
Chiu cao tm chn kh di: h1 = b1 Sin 60o = 1,3 m
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
103 Lp: MT1201
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
Tm chn kh trn:
on xp m gia hai tm chn kh ly bngly bng 0,3m
Chiu di l2 = B = 8(m)
Chiu rng b2 = x1 + x2
Vi h=bk sin(90 60)0 =0,188sin300=0,094 (m)

Chn x1 = 0,3m, x2 = 2,2m
Tm hng dng
Tm chn dng c chc nng ngn chn bn i ln t phn x l ym
kh ln phn lng thu nc, c t nghing so vi phng ngang mt
gc
= 55o v cch tm chn kh di b = 150mm

= 180 2 =70o
Gc nh tm hng dng:
Khong cch gia 2 tm chn kh di l

l = 2X
Vi X =
= 0,22 m
Vy l = 20,22 = 0,44 m
Tm hng dng c chc nng chn bn i ln t phn x l ym kh ln
phn lng nn rng y D gia hai tm hng dng phi ln hn l.
on nh ra ca tm hng dng nm bn di khe h t 10 - 20 cm,
chn phn nh ra 130mm.
(Bng 10 9/456 Lm Minh Trit Nguyn Thanh Hng Nguyn Phc
Dn, 2010, X l nc thi th & cng nghip Tnh ton thit k cng trnh,
NXB i hc Quc gia Tp.H Ch Minh).
D = 440 + 260 = 700 mm
- Chiu di tm hng dng b = B = 8m
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
104 Lp: MT1201
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
Tnh h thng phn phi nc:

i vi b UASB s dng bn hot tnh khi ti trng x l a > 4 kg
COD/m3.ngd th t 2 m2 din tch b mt b tr ln ta b tr mt v tr phn phi
nc. (Theo Metcalf & Eddy Waste water engineering treating)
S u phn phi nc l:
S u phn phi =
A
2m /
2
80
= 40 u
2
Nc t b trung ha c bm vo b UASB theo ng ng chnh phn

phi u ra h thng 5 ng nhnh nh h thng van v ng h o lu lng t
trn ng ng. Mi nhnh c 8 u phn phi, ng phn phi t cch y b
300mm.
ng knh ng chnh:
Vn tc nc chy trong ng chnh l ng y ca bm dao ng t 1.4
2.5 m/s. Chn Vng = 1.5 m/s
ng knh ng chnh:
4 Q
V
Dng =
4 3000 / 2
= 0.12 m
1.5 24 3600
Vy chn ng chnh l ng nha PVC c ng knh
120mm
ng knh ng nhnh:
Vn tc nc chy trong ng nhnh v = 2 4 m/s. Chn v = 3 m/s
Lu lng trn mi ng nhnh:
q=
Q
5
3000 / 2
= 300 m3/ngy.
5
ng knh ng nhnh:
d=
4q
4 300
= 0.038 m
3 24 3600
Chn ng knh ng nhnh d = 40 mm c lm bng nha PVC

Kim tra li vn tc nc trong ng nhnh:
v =
4 q
d2
4 300
= 2,8 (Tha mn v = 24 m/s).
3.14 0.042 24 3600
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
105 Lp: MT1201
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
L phn phi nc:

- Ta c: 1 ng nhnh c 8 u phn phi
- Ti 1 u phn phi nc ta b tr 2 l theo 2 pha ca ng ng
- Lu lng qua l phn phi: ql =
q
16
300
= 18,75m3/ngy
16
- Vn tc nc qua l phn phi vl = 1.5 m/s

ng knh l phn phi:
4 ql
dl =
4 18,75
= 0.0136 m = 13,6 mm
1.5 24 3600
vlo
Chn ng knh l dl = 14 mm, l quay xung di.

Kim tra li vn tc nc qua l:
v =
4 qlo
d2
4 18,75
0.0142 24 3600
= 1,41(t)
Lng kh sinh ra trong b UASB v ng thu kh
:
= 0.5 m3/1kg COD
= 0.5 m3/kg COD
0.7 1599= 1119 m3
Th tch
= 1599 m3
3198 kg COD
70%
.
ng knh ng thu kh:

- Vn tc kh trong ng Vkh = 10 15 m/s.
- Chn vn tc kh trong ng Vkh = 10 m/s
- Lp 3 ng dn kh: 2 bn thnh b v mt ng gia b dc theo chiu
di b
ng knh ng nhnh dn kh:
Dkh =
4 Qkh
Vkh n
4 1599
= 0.028 m = 28 mm
10 3 24 3600
Trong :
n l s ng nhnh dn kh; n = 3 ng
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
106 Lp: MT1201
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
Chn ng knh ng dn kh Dkh = 30 mm lm bng ng thp.

ng knh ng dn kh chnh D = 50 mm
Lng bn sinh ra v ng thu bn:
a) Lng bn sinh ra
Tnh lng bn cn cho vo b thi im ban u:
Chn loi bn nui cy ban u cho vo b UASB l bn phn chung,
hm lng bn trong b Css= 20 80(kgVSS/m3).
(Theo bng 2 12.Cc loi bn nui cy ban u cho b x l k kh-Lm Minh
Trit, Nguyn Thanh Hng, Nguyn Phc Dn-X l nc thi th & cng
nghip, tnh ton thit k cng trnh, NXB i hc Quc gia TP.HCM).
Lng bn nui cy ban u cho vo b:
Css Vkk
TS
M bun
Trong :
Mbun=lng bn nui cy ban u cho vo b, tn.
Th
tch
ngn
phn
ng(th
tch
phn
kh),
Vkk= Vn = 399,7(m3).
Css: Hm lng bn trong b chn Css=30kgSS/m3
TS: Hm lng cht rn trong bn nui cy ban u, chn TS=5%
30kgSS / m 3 399,7 m 3
1 tan
0,05
1000kg
M bun
240 (tn)
b) Tnh lng bn sinh ra hng ngy

Lng sinh khi sinh ra mi ngy:
Px
Y (CODvao COD ra ) Q
1 Kd c
Y G
1 Kd c
(Theo trang 548 Lm Minh Trit Nguyn Thanh Hng Nguyn Phc Dn,
2010, X l nc thi th & cng nghip - Tnh ton thit k cng trnh, NXB
i hc quc gia TP. H Ch Minh.)
Trong :
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
107 Lp: MT1201
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
Y: H s sn lng sinh t bo. Y = 0,04 gVSS/gCOD

Kd: H s phn hy(1/ngy), Kd = 0,025 ngy -1
c: Thi gian lu bn(c=23 thng), chn c = 60 ngy
(Theo trang 197-TS. Trnh Xun Lai, 2000, Tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh x
l nc thi,NXB xy dng).
G: lng COD cn kh trong 1 ngy
Px
0,04kgVSS / kgCOD 3198kg / ngy

1
51(kgVSS / ngy)
1
0,025
60ngay
ngy
Th tch bn sinh ra mi ngy:

Vi:MLVSS:MLSS=0,75(kgVSS/kgSS)
Qw
Px
kgVSS
kgSS
0,75
(C ss ) 3
kgSS
m
51kgVSS / ngy
0,75kgVSS / kgSS 30kgSS / m 3
2,3(m 3 / ngy)
Lng bn sinh ra trong 1 thng l:

Vbn=2,3m3/ngy30 ngy= 69(m3)
Lng cht rn t bn d:
Mss=QwCss=2,3m3/ngy30kgSS/m3= 69 (kgSS/ngy)
Chiu cao bn trong 1 thng ca mt b:
hbun
Vbn
Fbe
69 / 2m 3
80m 2
0,43(m)
c) ng thu bn
Chn thi gian x bn l 60 pht
Lu lng bn x
Q xa
Vbun
60 phut
69m 3
1,15(m 3 / phut)
60 phut
Chn 3 ng ly bn dc theo chiu rng ca b.

Qng x = 1,15/3 m3/phut= 6,410-3 m3/s
Bn c bm qua b cha bn v qua h thng x l bn
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
108 Lp: MT1201
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
Chn ng x bn bng inox, bn c bm ra vi vn tc khong v=0,5

2(m/s).
Chn v=1m/s.
ng knh ng x bn:
4 6,4 10-3 m 3 /s
4 Qongxa
Dongxa
Chn ng knh ng x bn
0,09(m)
100mm.
Kim tra li vn tc trong ng x bn:

v
4 Qong
D2
4 6,4 10-3 m 3 /s
0,12
0,8(m / s) (tha mn)
S l c trn ng thu bn:

Chn vn tc c qua l thu bn v=0,6(m/s)
Chn ng knh l dl=40(mm)
Din tch l: fl =
= 1,25
10-3 (m2) = 0,00125 (m2)
Tng din tch l trn mt ng x bn:

Flo
Q xa
v
6,4 10 3 m 3 / s
0,6m / s
0,01067(m 2 )
S l trn 1 ng x bn l:
Chn s l c l 10(l).
ng knh ng chnh chn
= 160mm
d) Ly mu:
Ly mu l kim tra tnh cht, cht lng bn, h vi sinh theo chiu cao
ca b, kim tra nng kim, dinh dng trong b.... Vic ly mu bn theo
chiu cao v kim tr nh k l cng vic rt cn thit nhm m bo hiu qu
x l ca b nh trong thit k.
Dc chiu cao ca b t cc van ly mu. Vi cc mu thu c cng
mt van, c th c on lng bn cao t van tng ng. Da vo kt
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
109 Lp: MT1201
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
qu o c v quan st cht lng bn, t c nhng iu chnh thch hp gip

h thng vn hnh ch tt nht.
Trong iu kin n nh, ti trng ca bn gn nh khng i, do mt
bn tng ln u n. Vic ly mu nn thc hin hng ngy.
Khi m van, cn iu chnh sao cho bn ra t t m bo thu c
lng bn c trng ging trong b, v nu m ln qu th nc s thot nhiu
hn. Th tch ly mu thng l: 500 1000(ml)
B cao 7m, c th t dc theo chiu cao ca b 6 van ly mu, cc van
cch nhau 1m. Van di cng cch y 0,5m.
Chn ng v van ly mu bng nha PVC cng
32mm. trnh tc
cn, sau mi ln ly mu phi v sinh u ng phng nga bn kh gy tc

ng.
Bng 4.13: Thng s thit k b UASB
THNG S
GI TR
N V
Kch thc xy dng tng n nguyn ca b UASB
1.
Chiu cao ca b H
7
m
2.
Chiu rng b B
8
m
3.
Chiu di b L
10
m
Tm chn kh di, tm chn kh trn v tm hng dng c chiu di l = B =
8m, v lm bng thp khng r c b dy l 6mm
4.
B rng mt khe h, bkhe
0.188
m
5.
Kch thc tm chn kh di, b1
1,5 8
m
B
6.
Kch thc tm chn kh trn, b2
2,5 8
m
B
7.
rng y gia 2 tm hng
0,7
m
dng
ng phi nc c chia thnh 5 ng nhnh, t cch y b 0,3 m
8.
ng knh ng chnh
120
mm
9.
ng knh ng nhnh
40
mm
10. S l trn mi ng nhnh
8
l
11. ng knh l
14
mm
Mng thu nc t dc chiu ngang b, c h thng rng ca gng vo thnh
mng
12. Chiu di mng l
8
m
13. Chiu rng mng R
0,3
m
STT
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
110 Lp: MT1201
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
STT
THNG S
GI TR
N V
14. Chiu cao mng
0,2
m
15. ng knh ng thot
100
mm
ng thu kh phn thnh 3 im thu kh gia b v 2 bn thnh
16. ng knh ng chnh
50
mm
17. ng knh ng nhnh
30
mm
ng thu bn c chia thnh 3 ng nhnh t cch y 0,9 m
18. ng knh ng nhnh thu bn
100
mm
19. ng knh ng chnh
160
mm
20. S l trn ng thu
10
l
21. ng knh l
40
mm
IV.9) B AEROTANK:
IV.9.1) Nhim v ca b
Loi b cc hp cht hu c ho tan c kh nng phn hu sinh hc nh
qu trnh vi sinh vt l lng hiu kh.
Cc cht l lng c th l mt s cht rn c th l cht hu c cha phi
l dng ha tan. Cc cht l lng l ni vi khun bm vo sinh trng, pht
trin, thnh cc ht cn bng. c gi l qu trnh x l bm dnh l lng.
Trong b c b tr h thng a thi kh nhm cung cp lng oxy cn
thit cho qu trnh hot ng ca vi sinh vt, ng thi ngn nga vic lng bn
trong b - trnh xy ra s phn hy ym kh gy nh hng n qu trnh.
iu kin u vo b Aerotank:
Nhit nc thi 25 30oC
iu chnh pH = 6,5 7,5
Cc nguyn t c c tnh lm km hm sinh trng ca vi sinh vt.
Phi c cht dinh dng theo t l BOD: N: P = 100:5:1 v nng thp
ca cc kim loi.
Khng c cc cht c hi vt tiu chun quy nh
(iu 6.15.3 TCXD 51-84).
Tnh ton thit k b Aerotank cn c vo cc yu t sau:
Thnh phn v tnh cht nc thi
Nhu cu oxy cn cho qu trnh sinh ha
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
111 Lp: MT1201
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
Mc lm sch nc thi
Hiu qu s dng khng kh
IV.9.2) Tnh ton b
Chn Aerotank kiu xo trn hon ton.
Bng 4.14: Thng s u vo b Aerotank
Ch tiu u vo
Aerotank
pH
SS
COD
BOD
N
P
n v
Gi tr
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
6,5 7,5
39,2
406,08
361,267
44,75
4,95
Bng 4.15: Cc thng s thit k c bn ca b Aerotank

khuy trn hon ton
Tham s
K hiu
Gi tr
n v
Thi gian lu bn
ngy
5 15
c
T l F/M
F/M
0,2 0,6
kg/kg.ngy
Ti trng th tch
LV
0,8 1,92 kgBOD5/m3b.ngy
Nng MLSS
2500 4000
mg/l
T s th tch/lu lng
W/Q
3 5
h
gi
Nng bn hot tinh
X
2500 4000
mg/l
trong b
T s tun hon bn hot
Qr/Q
0,25 0,1
tnh
(Ngun : Lm Minh Trit v cng s (2004), X l nc thi th v cng
nghip, NXB i hc Quc gia TP HCM, trang 143)
Thng s vn hnh:
Lng bn hot tnh trong nc thi u vo: X0 = 0
Nng cn lng y b lng t 2 v cng l nng cn tun hon l
10.000 (mgMLSS/l).
Nng cht rn l lng bay hi hay nng bn hot tnh (MLVSS)
c duy tr trong b Aerotank l X=3500(mg/l)
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
112 Lp: MT1201
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
(Theo bng 6 1/91 [TS. Trnh Xun Lai, 2000, Tnh ton thit k cc cng
trnh x l nc thi, NXB xy dng.] - B Aerotank khuy trn hon ton)
tro ca cn hu c l lng ra khi b lng l z=0,35 (65% l cn bay
hi).
(Theo iu 7.127 - TCXDVN 51 2008/66).
Thi gian lu bn trong b Aerotank l c = 10 ngy.
T s chuyn i: BOD5 = 0,68 x BOD20 hay BOD5= 0,68 COD.
Ch thu lc khuy trn hon chnh.
Hiu qu x l COD t 80%,
COD cn li u ra CODra=406,080,2=81,216 mg/l

Gi tr cc thng s ng hc
Bng 4.16: Cc h s ng hc ca qu trnh x l bng bn hot tnh
H s
K
Ks
Y
Kd
n v o
-1
Ngy
mgBOD/l
mgCOD/l
mg bn hot
tnh/mgBOD
mg bn hot
tnh/mgCOD
ngy-1
Gi tr
Khong dao ng
2 10
25 100
15 70
0,4 0,8
0,3 0,6
0,02
0,1
Tiu biu
4
60
40
0,6
0,4
0,055
(Ngun : Lng c Phm, X l nc thi bng phng php sinh hc,NXB

Gio dc, trang 167)
H s phn hu ni bo Kd = 0,08 ngy-1
H s sn lng t bo ( t s gia lng t bo c to thnh vi lng
c cht b tiu th) Y = 0, 5
mgVSS
mgBOD5
Sau khi qua b Aerotank lng BOD cn li l 50mg/l (QCVN :40/2011

BTNMT, loi B)
Lng BOD5 cn x l: 361,267 50 = 311,267 mg/l.
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
113 Lp: MT1201
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
Lng N, P cn thit trong nc thi u vo m bo t l BOD: N: P=

100:5:1.
N
5 311,267
100
15,56(mg / l )
1 311,267
100
3,11(mg / l )
Lng N, P cn li sau UASB ln lt l: 28,95 mg/l; 1,79 mg/l.

Hm lng cht l lng trong nc thi cn t sau x l: C S = 100mg/l nhng
v SS vo Aerotank ch c 39,2 mg/l v th xem SS ra l 32,9 mg/l.
Gi s 63% cn c kh nng phn hy sinh hc.
Hm lng BOD5(20oC) trong nc thi cn t sau x l: a = BOD5(Ra)
=50mg/l.
Xc nh nng BOD5
Phn c kh nng phn hy sinh hc ca cht rn sinh hc u ra (hay
hm lng cn hu c trong nc ra khi b lng):
b= BOD5(phanhuy) = 0,63Cs(mg/l) =0,6339,2(mg/l)=24,7(mg/l)
Lng BOD5 cha trong cn l lng u ra:
d = 24,7 0,68 x 1,42=23,85(mg/l)
Nng BOD5 ha tan trong nc u ra(BOD5(hotan) theo quan h sau:
BOD5(ra) = BOD5 ha tan trong nc u ra + BOD5 ca cht l lng trong
u ra.
S = BOD5(hatan) = 50 23,85= 26,15(mg/l).
Tnh hiu qu x l E
Hiu qu x l c xc nh bng phng trnh:
E ht
BODV BOD R
BODV
100%
Hiu qu tnh theo BOD5 ha tan:

Eht
361,267 26,15
100% 92,76%
361,267
Hiu qu x l BOD5 tnh theo tng cng:

SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
114 Lp: MT1201
Kha lun tt nghip

Etc
Khoa mi trng
361,267 50
100% 86,16%
361,267
Xc nh kch thc b Aerotank.

Th tch b theo tui ca bn(theo c):
c: Thi gian lu bn(ngy), c=10 (ngy).

Q: lu lng tnh ton(m3/ngy), Q=3000(m3/ngy).
S0: hm lng BOD5 ca nc thi u vo(mg/l), S0=365,8(mg/l).
S:
Hm lng BOD5 ca nc sau khi ra khi b Aerotank(mg/l),
S=26,15(mg/l).
Kd: H s phn hy ni bo(ngy -1), Kd= kd = 0,08 (ngy -1).
(Theo bng 5 -1 [Lm Minh Trit Nguyn Thanh Hng Nguyn Phc
Dn, 2010, X l nc thi th & cng nghip - Tnh ton thit k cng trnh,
NXB i hc quc gia TP. H Ch Minh.] Kd=0,02 0,1 ngy-1)
Y: H s ti lng bn(mgVSS/mg BOD5), Y = 0,5 (mgVSS/mg BOD5)
X: Nng VSS trong hn hp bn(mg VSS/l), X = 3500 (mg VSS/l)
V=
= 797,89 m3
Bng 4.17: Cc kch thc in hnh ca b aerotank khuy trn hon ton
Thng s
Gi tr
Chiu cao hu ch, m
3,0 4,6
Chiu cao bo v, m
0,3 0,6
Khong cch t y n u khuch tn
0,45 0,75
kh, m
1,0:1 2,2:1
T s rng : su (W:H)
(Ngun : Lm Minh Trit v cng s (2004), X l nc thi th v cng
nghip, NXB i hc Quc gia TP HCM, trang 429.
Chn chiu cao cng tc ca b Aerotank: h = 4.5 (m),
Chn chiu cao bo v: hbv=0,5(m),
Vy chiu cao tng cng b Aerotank: H=h+ hbv=4,5 + 0,5 = 5 (m)
Din tch b mt b Aerotank:
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
115 Lp: MT1201
Kha lun tt nghip

A=
Khoa mi trng
=177,31m2
B xo trn hon ton, ta c: chiu rng:chiu cao=1:1 n 2,2:1

+ Chn chiu rng =2 chiu cao
Chiu rng b Aerotank: B=2 4,5=9(m)
+ Chiu di ca b:
L=
=19,7 m
Chn chiu di b L = 20 m
+ Th tch thc ca Aerotank:
VAerotank= L W H=209 5 =900(m3).
Tnh thi gian lu nc trong b:
Thi gian lu nc trong b:
=
= 6,38 h
Xc nh lng bn d thi b mi ngy:

H s sn lng quan st tnh theo cng thc:
Lng sinh khi gia tng mi ngy ( Tnh theo MLVSS):
= 279,287 (kg/ngy)
Bn gia tng tnh theo MLSS:
Px(ss) =
= 349,19 (kg/ngy)
Lng bn thi b mi ngy = lng bn tng cng tnh theo MLSS

hm lng SS trong dng ra khi b lng II.
M bunthai
Px ( ss )
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
116 Lp: MT1201
Q C S 10
(kg/ngy)
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
Mbn thi=349,19(kg/ngy) 3000(m3/ngy)39,210-3(kg/m3) = 231,59(kg/ngy)

Xc nh lu lng bn thi:
Gi s bn d c x b(dn n b nn bn) t ng ng dn bn
tun hon, Qe=Q v hm lng cht rn l lng d bay hi(VSS) trong bn
u ra chim 80%hm lng cht rn l lng(SS).
VX
QW
Qe X e (
c X th
(m3/ngy)
Trong :
c: Thi gian lu bn, c =10( ngy)
V: Th tch ca b Aerotank
X: Nng bn hot tnh trong b Aerotank, X=3500(mgMLVSS/l)
3
QW : Lu lng bn thi b, m /ngy.

Qe : Lu lng nc thi sau x l ( nc ra khi lng II), coi nh tht thot
nc theo bn l khng ng k Qe = Q = 3000 ( m3/ngy).

X e : Nng bn hot tnh trong nc x l, mg/l
Sinh khi ca bn hot tnh c tnh bng khi lng cht l lng bay hi
trong tng hm lng bn nn:
Xe = 0,8 Cs=0,839,2(mg/l) = 31,4 mg/l (80% l t l lng cn bay hi
trong tng s cn hu c, cn khng tro)
Xth: nng bn tun hon, vi tro z = 0,2 X th = 0,8 10.000
mgMLSS/l = 8000(mgMLVSS/l).
Th tch bn x hng ngy
Qw =
= 23,13 m3/d = 0,96 m3/h
Xc nh lu lng tun hon:

Xc nh t s tun hon bng cch vit phng trnh cn bng vt cht
i vi b Aerotank:
Phng trnh cn bng vt cht cho b Aerotank:
QX0 + QthXth = (Q +Qth)X
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
117 Lp: MT1201
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
Dng
vo
QS0 X0
Dng ra
Aerota
nk X S
Q+ Qth
Qth Bn
Xth tun
hon
Bn thi
Lng
II
Qb
Xth
Qw
Xu
Q-Qw
Xra
Dng
bn
xun
g
Hnh 4.4: S lm vic ca h thng b Aerotank.

Trong :
Q : Lu lng nc thi, Q = 3000m3/ngy
Qth: Lu lng bn hot tnh tun hon
X0: Nng VSS trong nc thi dn vo Aerotank, mg/l
X : nng VSS b Aerotank, X=3500(mg/l).
Xth : Nng VSS trong bn tun hon, Xth =8000(mgMLVSS/l).
X0 rt nh so vi X, Xth, c th b qua QX0.
Khi phng trnh cn bng vt cht s c dng :
QthXth=(Q+Qth)X
t : Qth/Q= ( c gi l t s tun hon), ta c :
Xth=X+ X
hay
X
X th
3500
8000 3500
0,78
Lu lng trung bnh bn hot tnh tun hon:

Qth = Q = 0,78 3000 m3/ngy = 2340(m3/ngy) = 97,5 (m3/h).
Kim tra vi ch tiu lm vic ca b Aerotank.
Kim tra t s F/M v ti trng hu c:
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
118 Lp: MT1201
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
T l BOD5 c trong nc thi v bn hot tnh:

(361,267 24)/(10 3500) = 0,25 ngy-1
Gi tr ny nm trong khong cho php thit k b khuy trn hon chnh l:
0,2 0,6(ngy-1)
Ti trng th tch bng La:
= 1,36 kg BOD5/m3.ngy
La =
Ti trng th tch nm trong khong 0,8 1,92 kg BOD5/m3.ngy.

Xc nh lng oxy cp cho b Aerotank:
Theo l thuyt, lng oxy cn thit cho qu trnh x l nc thi bng
sinh hc gm lng oxy cn lm sch BOD, oxy ha amoni NH 4+ thnh NO3, kh NO3Tnh cht nc thi khng cn x l N, nn lng oxy cn thit:
O2
S0 S
1000 f
1,42Px (kgO2 / ngy)
(Theo trang 105 TS. Trnh Xun Lai, 2000, Tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh x
l nc thi, NXB xy dng)
OC0: Lng oxy cn thit theo iu kin tiu chun ca phn ng 20 oC.
Q: Lu lng nc thi cn x l, Q = 3000 m3/ngy
So: Nng BOD5 u vo, So = 361,267 g/m3
S: Nng BOD5 u ra, S = 50 g/m3
f: H s chuyn i t BOD5 sang COD hay BOD20;
f=
BOD 5
= 0,68
COD
Px: Lng bn d x ra ngoi, Px = 300 kg/ngy

1,42: H chuyn i t t bo sang COD.
Khi lng Oxy cho qu trnh kh cc hp cht cha Cacbon
(CBOD):
3000 (361,267 30)/(1000 0,68) 1,42 300 =1035,47 kg/d
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
119 Lp: MT1201
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
Thiu oxy s cn tr qu trnh pht trin ca VSV, lm cho cc VS dng

si pht trin lm gim kh nng lng cng nh cht lng ca bn hot tnh.
Do , nng oxy duy tr mc 1,5
trong b Aerotank. Nu DO
4 mg/l ( gi tr thng dng l 2 mg/l)
4 mg/l th khng nhng khng lm tng hiu qu
x l ca b m cn tng ng k gi thnh ca vic sc kh

Lng oxy cn thit duy tr lng DO = 2 mg/l, trong iu kin nhit
200C trong b Aerotank:
OC t
OC 0 (
CS
C Sh C d
1
1,024(t
20 )
(Theo trang 106 TS. Trnh Xun Lai, 2000, Tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh x
Trong :
CS: Nng oxy bo ho trong nc 200C, CS20 = 9,08 (mg/l).
(Tra bng P2.2 ph lc 2 trang 317 PGS.TS Trn c H, 2006, X l nc
thi th, NXB Khoa hc v K thut.)
CSh: Nng oxy bo ha trong nc sch ng vi nhit (t 0C) v cao
so vi mt bin ti nh my x l(mg/l).
: H s hiu chnh lc cng b mt theo hm lng mui, i vi nc thi
thng ly =1.
Cd: Nng oxy ho tan cn duy tr trong b, Cd= 2 (mg/l)(Cd=1,5 2mg/l).
t =20oC.
Ly CSh CS.
OCt
1055,5
9,08
9,08 2
1
1,024( 20
Tnh lng khng kh cn thit:

Qkk
OCt
OU
f (m 3 / ngy)
Trong :
OCt: Lng Oxy cn thit, OCt =1322(kg/ngy)
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
120 Lp: MT1201
20 )
1322(kg / ngy)
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
f: H s an ton,( f =1,5 2). Chn f=1,5.

OU=Ouh,
OU: Cng sut ha tan Oxy vo nc thi ca thit b phn phi tnh theo
gam oxy cho 1m3 khng kh.
Ou: Cng sut ha tan oxy vo nc thi ca thit b phn phi tnh theo
gram oxy cho 1m3 khng kh,
h: su ngp nc ca thit b phn phi kh.
Chn h thng phn phi bt kh nh, mn cng sut ho tan oxy vo nc
thi da vo bng sau:
Bng 4.18: Cng sut ho tan oxy vo nc ca thit b phn phi kh
vi bt kh mn
iu kin th nghim
Nc sch iu kin T = 20oC
Nc thi =0.7
Ou = 7 grO2/m3.m
iu kin ti u
Ou =grO2/m3.m
12
8.5
iu kin trung bnh

Ou = grO2/m3.m
10
7
B su 6,5(m), su ngp nc h = 6 (m).

Cng sut ha tan ca thit b: OU =Ou h = 7 6 = 42(gramO 2/m3)
Vy lng khng kh cn thit:
Qkk
1322(kg / ngy)
1,5
0,042(kgO2 / m 3 )
47214,3(m 3 / ngy)
Qkk = 1967,3 m3/h = 0,55 m3/s

Lng khng kh thit k chn my: Qkk(thc t)=0,55 (m3/s)
Xc nh cng sut my thi kh:
p lc cn thit ca my thi kh tnh theo mt ct nc:
Hct=hd+hc+hf+H
(Theo trang 147 - Lm Minh Trit Nguyn Thanh Hng Nguyn Phc Dn,
2010, X l nc thi th & cng nghip - Tnh ton thit k cng trnh, NXB
i hc quc gia TP. H Ch Minh)
Trong :
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
121 Lp: MT1201
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
Tng Tn tht (hd+hc) 0,4(m)

Tn tht hf 0,5(m)
hd: Tn tht p lc do ma st dc theo chiu ng dn, (m).
hc: Tn tht cc b, (m).
hf: Tn tht qua thit b phn phi, (m).
H: Chiu su hu ch ca b, H = 4,5 (m)
Vy Hct= 0,4 + 0,5 +4,5 = 5,4(m)
p lc my thi kh tnh theo atmotphe:
Hm
H ct
10,12
5,4
10,12
0,534(atm)
(Theo trang 107 - TS. Trnh Xun Lai, 2000, Tnh ton thit k cc cng
trnh x l nc thi, NXB xy dng)
Cng sut my thi kh tnh theo qu trnh on nhit:
Pm
G R T1
29,7 n e
p2
p1
0 , 283
(Theo trang 108 - TS. Trnh Xun Lai, 2000, Tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh x
Trong :
Pm: Cng sut my thi kh(kW).
G: Trng lng dng khng kh, (kg/s).
G = Qkk
kh
= 0,55(m3/s) 1,3(kg/m3) =0,715(kg/s)
Qkk: Lu lng khng kh, Qkk = 0,55(m3/s).

: Khi lng ring ca khng kh,
= 1,3kg/m3
R: Hng s kh, i vi khng kh R=8,314(KJ/K.mol0K).

T1: Nhit tuyt i ca khng kh u vo
T1= 25+273=2980C.
p1: p lc tuyt i ca khng kh u vo, p1 1(atm)
p2: p lc tuyt i ca khng kh u ra,
p2= Hm+1(atm)=0,682+1=1,682(atm)
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
122 Lp: MT1201
K = 273 +t0C.
Kha lun tt nghip

n
Khoa mi trng
K 1
0,283 , v i vi khng kh K=1,395
K
29,7: H s chuyn i.
e: Hiu sut ca my t 0,7 0,8. Chn e = 0,8.
Cng sut my thi kh:
Pm
0,715 8,314 298

29,7 0,283 0,8
1,682
1
0 , 283
42( KW )
Chn my thi kh c cng sut 42(KW)

B tr h thng phn phi kh.
Chn h thng cp kh cho b gm 1 ng chnh, 15 ng nhnh vi chiu
di mi ng l 10 m t cch nhau 1 m.
Tc chuyn ng ca khng kh trong ng dn chnh, v qua h thng
phn phi: vkh = 10 15 (m/s). Chn vkh = 12(m/s).
(iu 6.40 TCXDVN51:2008)
ng knh ng phn phi kh chnh Dk.chnh:
4 Qk k
v kh
Dk .chnh
4 0,55(m 3 / s)
12(m / s)
0,24(m)
+ Chn ng dn kh bng thp khng r c
240(mm)
Qkk
15nhanh
Qkn: Lu lng kh trn ng nhnh, Qkn
0,55
15
vkn: Tc chuyn ng kh trong ng nhnh, vkn = 15 20(m/s)

ng knh ng phn phi kh nhnh Dkn:
Dkn
4 Qkn
v kn
4 0,037(m 3 / s)
18(m / s)
Vy chn ng knh ng nhnh c
0,05(m)
50(mm)
Chn a phn phi kh bt mn:

Chn lu lng thit k: Qa=12,5(m3/h)
Vy s a phn phi trong b Aerotank:
N
Qkk
Qdia
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
123 Lp: MT1201
1967,3(m 3 / h)
158 (a)
12,5(m 3 / h)
0,037 (m
/s)
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
Hnh 4.5: S h thng phn phi kh trong b Aerotank

Tnh ton ng dn nc thi v ng dn bn tun hon:
1. ng dn nc thi vo:
Chn vn tc nc thi chy trong ng: v = 0.7m/s(Vn tc nc thi
trong ng khong 0,5 1 m/s)
ng knh ng dn l:
D
4 Q TB h
3600 v
4 125
3600 0,7
0,25(m)
Trong :
QTB: Lu lng nc thi, QTBh= 125 m3/h
Chn ng nha PVC ng knh ng
= 250mm
2. ng dn bn tun hon:
Chn vn tc bn chy trong ng: v = 1,5m/s(Vn tc bn chy trong
ng trong iu kin bm, vb = 1 2 m/s)
Lu lng tun hon : Qth = 97,5 (m3/h).
ng knh ng dn bn tun hon l:
D=
4.Qth
3600.v.
4 97,5
3600 1,5
Chn ng nha PVC ng knh ng

SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
124 Lp: MT1201
0,15(m)
= 150mm.
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
Bng 4.19 Thng s tng kt b Aerotank

STT
THNG S
GI TR
N V
Kch thc b
1.
Chiu cao tng H
5
m
2.
Chiu rng W
9
m
3.
Chiu di L
20
m
Thng s chi tit
4.
Lu lng bn thi Qw
22,3
(m3/ngy)
5.
Lu lng bn tun hon (Qth)
97,5
m3/h
6.
T s tun hon bn,
0,78
7.
ng knh ng dn kh chnh
240
mm
8.
ng knh ng dn kh nhnh
50
mm
9.
ng knh ng dn bn tun 150
mm
hon
10. Cng sut my thi kh
42
kW/h
11. S lng a
157
Ci
IV.10) B LNG 2
IV.10.1) Nhim v b lng
Sau khi qua b Aerotank, hu ht cc cht hu c ha tan trong nc thi
b loi hon ton. Tuy nhin, nng bn hot tnh c trong nc thi l rt ln,
do vy bn hot tnh v cc cht rn l lng s c tch b lng t II
Lng v tch bn ra khi nc thi, phn nc trong a qua b tip xc.
Gi li MLVSS v SS li dng cn lng, lng bn lng mt phn tun hon
tr li b Aerotank, phn cn li a vo b nn bn.
Chn b lng ng v cng sut ca trm x l < 20000 m3/ngy.m.
(iu 7.50 - TCXDVN 51-2008).
IV.10.2) Tnh ton b lng
Bng 4.20: Ch tiu thit k b lng t 2
Quy trnh x
l
Ti trng b mt
m3/m2.d
Ngy
Ngy cao
trung bnh
im
Ti trng bn
m3/m2.d
Ngy
Ngy
trung bnh
cao
im
3,9 - 5,85
9,75
Sau b
Aerotank
Sau lm
thong ko di
Sau b lc
sinh hc
Sau b kh nito
16,4 - 32,4
41-49,2
3,2 - 16,4
Chiu
cao b
(m)
3,7 - 6,1
24,6-32,8
0,98 - 4,85
6,8
3,7 - 6,1
16,4 - 24,6
41 - 49,2
2,95 - 4,85
7,8
3,0 - 4,5
16,4 - 24,6
32,8 - 41
2,95 - 4,85
7,8
3,0 - 4,5
(Ngun: Trnh Xun Lai Tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh x l nc thi)
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
125 Lp: MT1201
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
Tnh kch thc b lng

V c dng tun hon t b lng 2 sang aerotank nn ta c thm lu lng
dng tun hon u vo b lng 2.
Lu lng dng vo b lng 2 l :
Qtt = Q + Qth = Q(1+) = 3000(1+0,78) = 5340 (m3/ngy) = 0,0618 (m3/s)
Din tch tit din t ca phn lng ca b lng ng t 2 :
Vi v0 0,5mm/s tc chy trong b lng ng(iu 7.57-TCXDVN 512008), chn vbl = 0,0005m/s.
Tnh ng trung tm
Din tch tit din t ca ng trung tm c tnh theo cng thc sau :
Vi : vtt : tc chuyn ng ca nc trong ng trung tm, khng ln hn

30 mm/s, chn vtt = 20mm/s = 0,02 (m/s). (iu 7.60 TCXDVN 51-2008).
Din tch tng cng ca b lng ng t 2 s l :
F = F0 + f =
= 126,7 (m2)
ng knh ng trung tm:
Chn d = 2 (m).
Chiu di ca ng trung tm ly bng chiu cao tnh ton ca vng lng:
htt = HL = 2,7m.
Chn ng knh v chiu cao ca ng loe ly bng 1,5 ln ng knh
ng trung tm. ng knh tm chn ly bng 1,3 ln ng knh ming ng
loe, gc nghing gia tm chn vi mt phng ngang l 17 o, chiu cao t mt
di tm chn n b mt lp bn cn bng 0,3m.
ng knh ng loe bng chiu cao ca ng loe:
dng loe = hng loe = 1,5 2 = 3 (m)
ng knh tm chn: dchn = 1,3 3 = 3,9 (m). Chn dchn = 4m.
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
126 Lp: MT1201
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
ng knh b :
D = 12,7 (m)
Tnh chiu cao ton b lng II:
Chiu cao tnh ton ca vng lng trong b lng c tnh theo cng thc :
)(nm trong khong 2,7- 3,8 m theo iu 7.60 TCXDVN 51-
htt
2008).
Vi t : thi gian lng, chn t = 2 h. (theo iu 7.57 TCXDVN 51-2008)

Chn chiu cao lp bn lng hb= 1,2m;
Chn chiu cao bo v hbv= 0,5m.
Chiu cao tng cng ca b lng ng l :
Tnh ton mng thu nc
thu nc lng, dng h thng mng vng chy trn xung quanh
thnh b. Thit k mng thu nc t theo chu vi vnh trong ca b, ng knh
ngoi ca mng chnh l ng knh trong ca b.
ng knh mng thu nc bng 0.8 ln ng knh b
Dm = 0.8D = 0.8 12.7 = 10.2 m
Chiu di mng thu nc:
Lm = Dm = 3.14 10.2 = 32 m
Chiu cao mng thu nc chn Hm = 250mm
Ti trng mng trn trn 1m chiu di mng:
Ld =
Q
Lm
5340
= 485.5 m3/m ngy = 20.23 (l/m.s).
11
Chn mng rng ca hnh ch V vi cc kch thc nh sau :

Chiu cao ca rng ca : 80 mm.
y ca rng ca : 160 mm.
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
127 Lp: MT1201
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
Chiu rng vt nh : 40 mm.

Khong cch gia 2 nh rng ca : 200 mm.
S rng ca trn mng thu nc :
Z=
Lm
0,2
32
= 160
0,2
Tnh ton ng ng:

Tnh ng dn nc sang b lng II:
Chn vn tc nc chy trong ng v = 0.7 m/s ( t v = 0.3 0.9 m/s)
Lu lng nc thi Q = 5340 m3/ngd
ng knh ng:
D=
4q
v
4 5340
= 0.335 m
3.14 0.7 24 3600
Chn ng PVC c ng knh
= 40 mm
ng dn bn thi:
Chn ng knh ng dn bn thi
= 150 mm ( = 150 200 mm theo
iu 6.69 TCXD 33-2006)

ng knh ng dn nc ra khi b lng:
Chn vn tc nc ra khi b lng II l v = 0.6 m/s
Lu lng nc Q = 3000 m3/ ngy m
ng knh ng:
D=
4Q
v
4 3000
= 0.27m
0.6 3.14 24 3600
Chn ng PVC c ng knh
= 40mm.
Bng 4.21: Cc thng s thit k b lng ng

Thng s
Thi gian lu nc, t
Kch thc b: D H
ng trung tm: d htt
ng knh mng thu, dm
ng knh ng nc vo v
ra
ng knh ng dn bn
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
128 Lp: MT1201
n v
h
mm
mm
m
mm
Gi tr
1.5
12.7 5.3
2 2.7
10.2
40
mm
150
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
IV.11) MNG KH TRNG:

IV.11.1) Nhim v
Kh trng l khu cui cng trong qu trnh x l nc thi trc khi thi
vo ngun tip nhn. kh trng nhm mc ch ph hy , tiu dit cc vi khun
gy bnh nguy him cha hay khng th kh b trong cc cng trnh x l pha
trc.
Ha cht kh trng c chn l chlorine. Chlorine l cht oxy ha mnh
thng c s dng dng bt [Ca(OCl)2]. Hm lng cn thit kh trng
cho nc sau lng : 3- 15 mg/l.
Thit b chuyn dng a chlorine vo nc gi l clorator.
Clorate c chc nng pha ch v nh lng Clo, c chia lm 2 loi:
Clorate p lc v clorate chn khng.
B kh trng c thit k vi dng chy zich zc qua tng ngn to
iu kin thun li cho qu trnh tip xc gia clo v nc thi.
IV.11.2) Tnh ton
Xc nh lng Clo hot tnh cn thit kh trng nc thi theo cng
thc:
Vmax
= a . Qh tb
Vi : a l liu lng Clo hot tnh (g/m3), c xc nh da theo quy

phm.
i vi nc thi sau khi x l sinh hc hon ton a = 3(mg/l).
(Theo iu 7.198 - TCXDVN 51:2008)
Vmax = 3(mg/l) 125 (m3/h) = 375 (g/h) = 9 (kg/ngy).
Ngn tip xc kh trng c thit k kt hp tha mn 2 yu cu :

Ha cht v nc thi tip xc ng u;
Clo hot tnh phn ng kh trng nc thi .
Chn thi gian tip xc l 30 pht

(Theo iu 7.200 TCXDVN51:2008, thi gian tip xc kh trn khng nh hn
30 pht)
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
129 Lp: MT1201
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
Th tch hu ch ca b kh trng c tnh theo cng thc:

Th tch b tip xc:
V = Q.t =
125m 3 / h
30 phut = 62,5 m3
60 phut / h
Trong :
Q : Lu lng nc thi a vo b tip xc, Q = 125 m3/h
t : Thi gian tip xc, t = 30 pht
Din tch b tip xc :
V
F=
h
62,5m 2
1,2m
52(m 2 )
Chn chiu su hu ch ca b, chn h = 1,2m.

B xy hnh ch nht c 10 ngn
Din tch mi ngn:
f
F
n
52m 2
7
7,4(m 2 )
Trong :
n l s ngn, n = 7
Kch thc mi ngn
Chiu di: ln = 5m
Chiu rng: B =1,2m
Chiu di c b kh trng:
L = nB + (n-1)b = 7 1,2 + 4 0,1 = 8,8 m
Trong :
b l b dy vch ngn, b = 0,1 m
Chiu cao bo v: hbv = 0,3 m
Chiu cao b: H = h + hbv = 1,2 + 0,3 = 1,5m
Bng 4.22: Tng hp b kh trng
Thng s
Chiu Di c b, L(m)
Chiu Rng c b (m)
Chiu Cao, H(m)
S ngn trong b
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
130 Lp: MT1201
Gi tr
8,8
5
1,5
7
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Khoa mi trng
CHNG V: TNH TON KINH T

V.1) Chi ph u t xy dng
V.1.1) Chi ph xy dng cng trnh
Bng 5.1: Chi ph xy dng mt s hng mc trong h thng x l nc
thi
Tn cng
Khi lng
trnh
hng mc
Hm tip nhn
96
B iu ha
B tuyn ni
B trung ha
B UASB
B aerotank
B lng II
B kh trng
Nh iu hnh
n v
m3
3
644
149
56
560
900
655
66
250
Tng cng
m
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
Gi thnh
Thnh tin
(tr vn/m3)
(tr vn)
5,5
528
3.542
819,5
308
3.080
4.950
3.602,5
363
1.375
5,5
5,5
5,5
5,5
5,5
5,5
5,5
5,5
18.568
V.1.2) Chi ph thit b

Bng 5.2: Chi ph mt s thit b s dng trong h thng x l nc thi
STT
Tn thit b
S
lng
Gi thnh
Thnh tin
(tr vn/ci )
(tr vn)
1
2
3
4
5
Song chn rc
Bm b tip nhn
Li chn rc tinh
My thi kh
Bm bn
1
1
4
9
8
9
35
20
30
15
9
35
80
270
120
4.000
4.000
Thit b khc
Tng cng
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
Lp: MT1201
4.514
85
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Tng vn u t c bn bao gm chi ph khu hao xy dng 20 nm v chi

ph khu hao my mc 10 nm
Tv = (18.568.000.000/20)+( 4.514.000.000/10) = 1.379.800.000 ( ng/nm)
V.2) Chi ph vn hnh h thng x l nc thi
V.2.1) Chi ph ha cht s dng
Bng 5.3: Bng chi ph ha cht s dng trong qu trnh vn hnh h thng
S
Tn
lng
n v
Gi thnh
Thnh tin
(vn/kg)
(vn/ngy)
Chlorine
kg/ngy
35.000
315.000
Acid
15
kg/ngy
5.000
75.000
Kim
15
kg/ngy
7.500
112.500
Tng cng
1.515.000
Vy chi ph ha cht s dng trong mt nm l:

Thc = 1.515.000 x 365 = 552.975.000 (ng/nm)
V.2.2) Chi ph in
Vi s lng bm hot ng, nhu cu thp sng v sinh hot c tnh in nng
tiu th l 2.000 kw/ngy
Gi cung cp in cng nghip l 2.500 ng/kw
Vy chi ph in nng cho mt ngy vn hnh l
T = 2.000*2.500= 5.000.000 (ng/ngy) = 1.825.000.000 (ng/nm)
V.2.3) Chi ph nhn cng
S lng nhn vin: 12 cng nhn v 3 k s
Mc lng thng
Cng nhn: 3.000.000 ng/ngi/thng
K s: 5.500.000 ng/ngi/thng
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
Lp: MT1201
86
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
Tng chi ph nhn cng:

Tnc= 12*3.000.000 + 3*5.500.000
= 52.500.000 (ng/thng)
= 630.000.000 (ng/nm)
V.2.4) Chi ph bo dng my mc thit b
Chi ph bo dng hng nm c tnh bng 1% tng s vn u t vo cng
trnh x l
Tbd= 1%*1.379.800.000=137.980.000 (ng/nm)
V.3) Gi thnh x l 1 m3 nc thi
Tng chi ph x l:
Tt=1.379.800.000+137.980.000+630.000.000+1.825.000.000+552.975.000
=4.401.573.000 (ng/nm)
=> Gi thnh x l cho 1m3 nc thi:
T=Tt/(Q*365)= 4.401.573.000/(3.000*365)= 4.100 ( ng/m3)
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
Lp: MT1201
87
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
KT LUN
Tuy cc nh my bia khc nhau v phng php ln, v s qun l ni vi, ti

lng nc thi v hm lng cc cht nhim, nhng nc thi ca ngnh bia
vn c cc c trng chung nh cha nhiu cht hu c d phn hy sinh hc,
gy nhim mi trng nghim trng.
ti chn i tng thit k l nc thi ca mt nh my bia c
u vo: Q = 3000 m/ngy m.
COD = 3000 mg/l
BOD = 1600 mg/l
SS = 400 mg/l
Yu cu nc thi u ra t QCVN 40/201- BTNMT vi
COD 150 mg/l
BOD 50mg/l
SS 100mg/l
ti thit k h thng x l nc thi p dng kt hp cc phng php
c, ha-l, sinh hc vi kt hp gia ym kh v hiu kh. Trong ti tnh ton
thit k h thng x l nc thi sn xut bia th c kt qu h thng nh sau:
1. Song chn rc vi chiu rng 0,7 m. C tc dng gi li cc thnh phn
rc c kch thc ln, m bo an ton v iu kin lm vic thun li
cho c h thng x l nc thi.
2. Hm tip nhn vi th tch cng tc l 96 m3. C tc dng gip cc cng
trnh n v pha sau khng phi thit k m su trong t.
3. Song chn rc tinh vi din tch b mt 6 m2, gm 4 li. C tc dng
gi li cc thnh phn rc c kch thc nh. X l 15%SS, 4%BOD5,
6%COD
4. B iu ha vi th tch xy dng l 644 m3. C tc dng iu ha lu
lng v nng cht hu c, trnh cn lng
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
Lp: MT1201
88
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
5. B tuyn ni vi th tch xy dng l 149 m3. C tc dng tch cc cht

l lng cn trong nc thi
6. B trung ha vi th tch xy dng l 56 m3. C tc dng iu chnh v
n nh pH ca nc thi nhm thch hp vi hot ng ca cc vi sinh
vt.
7. B UASB vi din tch xy dng l 560 m3. C tc dng gim COD v
BOD, nhm nng cao hiu qu x l ca b Aerotank
8. B Aerotanks vi din tch xy dng l 900 m3. C tc dng x l trit
COD, BOD ca nc thi.
9. B lng II vi din tch xy dng l 655 m3. C tc dng thu hi v gim
lng bn hot tnh v cc cht rn l lng ra khi nc thi.
10. B kh trng vi din tch xy dng l 66 m3. C tc dng ph hy, tiu
dit cc vi khun gy bnh cha hay khng th hy b trong cc cng
trnh x l pha trc.
S b tnh ton chi phi cho thy gi thnh xy dng h thng l 23078 t
ng tng ng vi 7693000 ng/m3 nc thi. Vi chi ph x l (vn hnh,
nhn cng. in, ha cht) l 4100 ng/m3 nc thi.
Chi ph ny tng i ph hp vi cc nh my bia hin nay s gip cho
cc nh my bia thc hin tt cong cuc bo v mi trng v pht trin bn
vng.
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
Lp: MT1201
89
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa mi trng
TI LIU THAM KHO
1:
, Ng
2002
4:
5: Lm Minh Trit v cng s (2004) - X l nc thi th v cng nghip

Nh xut bn i hc Quc gia TP HCM.
6: http://habeco.com.vn
7: http://Ti liu.vn/ xem ti liu/ gio trnh cng ngh sn xut malt v bia
8:
http://tailieu.vn/xem-tai-lieu/bao-cao-tot-nghiep-tieu-chuan-hoa-chat-luong-
san-pham-bia-hoi-ha-noi-.720854.html
9: http://tailieu.vn/xem-tai-lieu/giao-trinh-san-xuat-bia-part-1.680479.html
10: http://tailieu.vn/xem-tai-lieu/giao-trinh-san-xuat-bia-part-2.680480.html
11:
http://tailieu.vn/xem-tai-lieu/quy-trinh-san-xuat-bia-hang-dau-the-gioi-ks-
phan-quang-thoai-phanquangthoai-yahoo.341587.html
12:
http://tailieu.vn/xem-tai-lieu/tai-lieu-huong-dan-san-xuat-sach-hon-nganh-
san-xuat-bia.550500.html
13:
http://timtailieu.vn/tai-lieu/de-tai-thiet-ke-he-thong-xu-ly-nuoc-thai-san-
xuat-bia-tai-cong-ty-tnhh-sabmiller-viet-nam-khu-cong-nghiep-my-phuoc-ii6890/
14:http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia_%28%C4%91%E1%BB%93_u%E1%BB%
91ng%29
SV: Ng Th Nguyt nh
Lp: MT1201
90

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ISO 9001 : 2008

KHA LUN TT NGHIP

TNH TON THIT K H THNG X L NC

KHA LUN TT NGHIP I HC H CHNH QUY

Sinh vin: Ng Th Nguyt nh

giao nhim v TTN

GS.TS.NGT Trn Hu Ngh

PHN NHN XT CA CN B HNG DN

III.5.1 Phn tch cc phng n thit k ............................................................. 37

IV.10.1 Nhim v b lng...78

Kha lun tt nghip

Kha lun tt nghip

CHNG I : TNG QUAN

Kha lun tt nghip

Bng 1.1 : Phn loi v c im ca cc kiu bia

-c ln men bng phng php ln men nh hay cn

-c sn xut bng phng php ln men y hay cn

-C c trng pha trn ca c bia ale v bia lager. Hay

Kha lun tt nghip

Hin nay, cc loi bia v ang c s dng rng ri hu ht cc nc

Kha lun tt nghip

Bng 1.3: Tnh hnh tiu th bia trn th gii nm 2007

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Bng 1.4: Sn xut v tiu th bia ti Vit Nam trong cc giai on

Vit Nam hin c khong 350 c s sn xut bia c tr s cc tnh thnh

Bia 333, bia Si

I.3) Cng ngh sn xut bia

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+Ln men hin i

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Kha lun tt nghip

Chnh v vy nc dng trong quy trnh sn xut bia u c x l s b

Khng mi, khng v.

Hm lng mui cacbonat

< 100 mg/l

< 75-150 mg/l

130 200 mg/l

< 0,3 mg/l

NH3, NO3_, NO2_

Hm lng cc ion kim loi

Vi sinh vt gy bnh (E.coli, coliform)

Kha lun tt nghip

Kha lun tt nghip

i mch tt phi c mi thm ca rm r, khi cn ht thc thy c

Kha lun tt nghip

Thnh phn ha hc:

Hexozan v pentozan khng tan

c th bin i t malt thnh bia phc v cho i sng con ngi th

Nhit ln men: 10-250C.

Ln men mnh, qu trnh ln men xy ra trn b mt ca mi trng.

Kha lun tt nghip

Khi qu trnh ln men kt thc, cc t bo kt chm, chui, to thnh

lp dy trn b mt cng vi bt bia, bia t trong chm.

Kh nng ln men ng tam (rafinose) km (ch t 33%).

Nhm nm men chm ( Saccharomyces carlbergensis )

Nhit ln men 0-100C.

Qu trnh xy ra trong lng mi trng nn kh nng ln men tt