COMP 206: Computer Graphics

Lecture 5: Transformation
ENG:- Ibraheem alhejri 2013

Transformation
Definition

.
The operation of changing one configuration
or expression into another in accordance with
a mathematical rule .

Transformation
Scaling
.
The most basic transformation is a scale
.
This transformation can change length and
possibly the direction

(x , y)
Note what this does to a vector with
Cartesian components (x , y)
x = x * sx
y = y * sy

Transformation
2D Scaling
Y

sx 3
sy 2

6
5

Side effect:
House shifts
position
relative to
origin

4
3
2
2
1

6
2

3
1

9
2

0
1

v = Sv

where

x
x'
,
v
'

y '
y

v
and

sx 0
S

0
s
y

10

x' s x x
y' s y y

Transformation
Uniform Scaling
For example the matrix that shrinks
x and y uniformly by a factor of two
Sx=Sy

Transformation
Non-Uniform Scaling
A matrix which halves the
horizontal and increases to threehalves in the vertical

:-Note
scaling factor <1 minimizing
normal
scaling factor =1
scaling factor >1 enlarging

Transformation
2D Shearing
.
A shear is something that pushes
things sideways

Transformation
2D Shearing
The horizontal shear matrix is

x = x + hx*y
The vertical shear matrix is

y = y + hy*x

Transformation
2D Shearing

Transformation
2D Translation
Y

5
6

6
5

dx = 2
dy = 3

(Note: Points are at objects

local coordinate system origin)

3
3

3
2
1
0

v = v + t
and

where

10

x
x'
dx
,
v
'

,
t

y '
dy
y

x = x + dx
y = y + dy
To move polygons: translate vertices (vectors)
and redraw lines between them

Transformation
2D Rotation

Side effect:
House shifts
position
relative to
origin

Rotation of vectors through

x an angle
x'

v = R v

where

,
v
'

y '
y

and x = x cos y sin

y = x sin + y cos

sin

sin

cos

cos

Transformation
2D Rotation
For example , a matrix that rotates
vectors by 45 counter clockwise is
represented as

Transformation
2D Rotation
A matrix rotates 30 in the clockwise
direction is represented as

Transformation
3D Rotation
Rotate around X-axis
y = y cos() - z sin()
z = y sin() + z cos()
x=x
Rotate around Y-axis
x = x cos() + z sin()
z = -x sin() + z cos()
y=y
OR

z = z cos() - x sin()
x = z sin() + x cos()
y=y
Rotate around Z-axis
x = x cos() - y sin()
y = x sin() + y cos()
z=z

Transformation
2D Reflection
We can also reflect a vector around
the x-axis using the following

3D Reflection

Transformation
2D Reflection
Similarly, reflecting about y-axis

3D Reflection

Transformation
2D Rotation and Scale are Relative to Origin
,
.
:
, .

Objects local coordinate

system origin

Transformation
*Additional
3x3matrix

4x4 matrix

Transformation
*Additional
4x4 matrix