(123doc - VN) - Chuong 4 Bai Giang CNMT Moi Sua 3 2010

Bi ging
Cng ngh mi trng

Ging vin : GS.TS ng kim Chi
Vin KH & CN Mi trng HBK H ni
H ni 2-2009
CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L

NC v nC THI
CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC v nC

THI
I. Khi nim
1. Nc cp
-Dng cho sinh hot, sn xut
-Ngun nc cp: nc mt, nc ngm
Mun x dng nc theo nhu cu phi x l
2. Nc thi
-L nc pht sinh sau khi s dng nc cp
-Nc thi sinh hot: cha nhiu cht hu c, cht v c, SS, coliform
-Nc thi sn xut: thnh phn ph thuc c th sn xut.
-Cch phn loi khc: Nc thi th, nc thi bnh vin, nng
nghip
-Mun x li vo ngun tip nhn phi x l.
CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI

II. Mt s thng s nh gi cht lng nc
1. pH
pH= -log[H+]
-pH thay i dn n thay i thnh phn trong nc.
VD: pH<8 Al(OH)3 Zn(OH)2
pH>4 Pb2+, Zn2+, Al3+, Cd2+
-pH c th lm tng hoc gim vn tc phn ng ha hc trong nc.
2. axit v kim
-L s xut hin ca cc axit v c (c nhiu trong nc ngm khi chy qua lp
khong cha bn cht lu hunh) v CO2
- kim: Hydroxit (tnh kim mnh), bicacbonat (tnh kim yu), cacbonat.
kim nh hng n s sng ca sinh vt v cng ca nc.
- axit: Do axit v c H2SO4, HNO3, HCl
Do CO2
II. Mt s thng s nh gi cht lng nc ( tip)

3. Mu sc
-Mu thc: Mu do cht hu c, nhiu chit ca thc vt gy nn (to, cht hu c
gy nhim c mu). Mu ny kh tch.
-Mu biu kin: Do cc cht v c gy nn. Mu ny d x l.
4. c
-Do ht rn l lng, cht hu c phn r
-n v tnh: 1mg SiO2/1l nc sch.

5. Hm lng cht rn trong nc
-L phn cht rn bao gm: cht v c, cht hu c, cht hu c tng hp
-Tng cht rn (TS): l trng lng kh tnh bng mg ca phn cn li sau khi bay
hi 1 lt nc trong ni hp thy, sy kh 103oC cho n trng lng khng i.
-Cht rn huyn ph (SS): l cht rn dng l lng trong nc, tnh bng trng
lng kh ca phn cht rn cn li trn giy lc si thy tinh khi lc 1 lt mu
nc, sy kh 103oC cho n trng lng khng i. n v: mg/l
-Cht rn ha tan (DS): DS=TS-SS (mg/l)
-Cht rn bay hi (VS): Trng lng mt i khi nung cht rn huyn ph 550 oC
-Cht rn c th lng: l lng th tch tnh bng ml ca phn cht rn c trong 1 lt
nc mu lng xung sau mt khong thi gian xc nh (thng thng l 1h)

6. cng ca nc
- cng vnh cu (phi cacbonat): Ca2+, Mg2+ do cc mui sunfat v clorua gy
nn. Sau khi un th khng mt cng ny.
- cng cacbonat: ca mui MgCO3, CaCO3 sau khi un to cn lng c th
tch cng tm thi.
7. Hm lng Mn, Fe trong nc
-Do s ha tan Fe, Mn c trong nc ngm.
-To mu, mi tanh, tc ng ng:
Mn2+Mn4+
Mn+O2MnO2en
Fe2++O2Fe3+ nu

8. Hm lng oxi ha tan (DO)
-L lng oxy trong khng kh c th ha tan trong nc, tham gia qu trnh trao
i cht, ti sn xut cc vi sinh vt, ng vt trong nc.
-DO thp: nc c nhiu cht hu nhim tiu th nhiu O2.
-DO cao: nhiu rong to, tham gia qu trnh quang hp gii phng O2.

9. BOD: nhu cu oxy sinh ha
-BOD tnglng oxy cn dng cho oxy ha cht hu c tngcht hu c tng.
-nh gi mc nhim cht hu c (VSV) trong nc. n v: mgO 2/l
10. COD: nhu cu oxy ha hc
-c trng cho nhim hu c. BOD<COD
Vd: nc thi sinh hot BOD/COD=0,7
Nc thi nhum BOD/COD=0,3-0,5

11. Hm lng phtpho trong nc
-y l mt loi dinh dng cho sinh vt: HPO 42-, H2PO4-, PO43-, phtpho hu c,
Poly P.
12. Hm lng nito
-y l mt loi dinh dng cho sinh vt: NH4+, NO3-, NO2-, N hu c, N tng.
13. Hm lng kim loi nng
-d>5mg/cm3. L vi lng trong nc c kh nng tch t trong c th sng.
Vd: Pb, Fe, Hg, Cd, Zn, Mo, Sn, Cr

14. Hm lng phenol
-Thng trong nc thi cha cyanua.
-Gy nh hng n sc khe, c kh nng gy ung th
15. Hm lng thuc bo v thc vt
DDT666, Clodan, Aldrin, Dialdren
16. Hm lng vi sinh vt trong nc
Vi trng, siu vi trng, rong to, coliform
17. Hm lng du, m khong
18. Nhit
19. Cht phng x
20. Hm lng Sunfat
2. Cc tip cn vic x l nc thi bn vng v

hiu qu
Nm c cc Quy nh v mi trng hp php ho nhu cu xc
nh cc mc tiu x l nc thi ca cc cng ng v cc c s
cng nghip
Phn loi v xc nh c tnh ca nc

thi l bc mu cht trong la chn cc
cng ngh x l nc thi ph hp
Lm ch cc cng ngh x l nc thi l cha kho thit k

cc trm x l nc thi bn vng .
2.1 Qu trnh la chn cng ngh tt

nht hin c (BAT)
Cc qu trnh ng dng x l nc thi cng nghip
Ngun: Tin x l cht thi cng nghip, S tay Thc hnh FD-3, WEF,
trang 34, bng 3.1
Cht nhim
Cc qu trnh
Cc cht hu c bn (CODBOD)
-Oxy ho ho hc
-Hp ph bng cacbon
Cc hp cht hu c bay hi -Sc kh, oxy ho ho hc

-Hp ph, x l sinh hc
Tng cht rn l lng
C hoc khng c keo t/ng t:

-Lng
-Tuyn ni
-Lc
2.1. Qu trnh la chn cng ngh tt

nht hin c (BAT)
Ngun: Tin x l cht thi cng nghip, S tay Thc hnh FD-3, WEF, trang
34, bng 3.1
Cht nhim
Cc qu trnh
Nit
-Tch amonia
-Nitrat ho v kh nitrat
-Kh bng clo
Pht pho
-Kt ta
-Hp th sinh hc
-Trao i ion
Kim loi nng
-Kt ta ho hc
-Trao i ion
-Lc mng
Cht rn v c ho tan
-Trao i ion
-Thm thu ngc
-Thm tch bng in
Du m
-Keo t / ng t / tuyn ni
-Siu lc

nht hin c (BAT)
Mt s cng ngh tng ng nhau c th c la chn s b ti bc ny
Cc cng ngh c la chn s b trn c s cn nhc nhng cht nhim chnh

Ngun: Tin x l cht thi cng nghip, S tay Thc hnh FD-3, WEF,
trang 34, bng 3.1
Cht nhim
Cc qu trnh
Cht hu c phn hu sinh

hc (BOD)
X l sinh hc hiu kh:

-Bn hot tnh, mng oxy ho
-H hiu kh
-Lc nh git
-a sinh hc quay (RBC)
-H n nh
-Thit b phn ng kiu m
X l sinh hc ym kh
-H ym kh
-Lc ym kh
-Tip xc ym kh
-Thit b phn ng tng si
Ngnh CN
Mc tiu th nc,
m3/tn sn phm
Mc tiu th nc,
galon/tn sn phm
Min
Max
Min
Max
u xanh
50,0
70,9
12 000
17 000
o, l
15,0
20,0
3 600
4 800
Cc loi rau qu khc
4,0
35,0
960
8 400
Bia
10,0
16,0
2 400
3 840
Bnh m
2,0
4,0
480
960
Tht ng gi
15,0
20,0
3 600
4 800
Sn phm t sa
10,0
20,0
2 400
4 800
Whisky
60,0
80,1
14 400
19 200
Amonic
100,1
300,2
24 000
72 000
CO2
60,0
90,1
14 400
21 600
Lactose
600,5
800,6
144 000
192 000
Sunphua
8,0
10,0
1 920
2 400
Bt giy
250,2
792,3
60 000
190 000
Giy
120,9
158,5
29 000
38 000
hp
Thc phm v ung
Ho cht
Giy v bt giy

nht hin c B.(BAT)
A. Cc c trng chung ca
Kim tra k cc thng s
nhim :
dng thi cng nghip :
Kim loi nng

Cc c tnh chung (hu c v v
c)
Mc tiu th v thi nc ca qu
trnh sn xut
D. La chn cui cng:
Nghin cu k cc cng ngh

c la chn s b
Xem xt cc phng n khc nhau
Tng hp cc tiu ch la chn
Sp xp cc cht nhim chnh vo cc

nhm thng s (cc cht rn lng c,
TSS, TDS, SS bay hi, v.v)
Th nghim pilot nhm xc nh kh
nng x l hoc kho st thc t ti cc
c s x l tng t hin c
C. La chn s b:
Lit k cc cng ngh hin c

Cng ngh xut cho cc loi hnh
cng nghip
D on hiu sut qu trnh

III. Cng ngh x l nc thi
1. Phn loi qu trnh v phng php x l nc thi
Nc thi
(khng t TCMT)
Tch cht rn v c
Song/li
Tch cht rn l lng

th (b tuyn ni)
Tch cht hu c
ha tan
Tch Ni
Tch cht rn l
lng mn
Tch cht vi lng
Kh vk
Tch cht hu c(lc,
bay hi, lm lnh,
trch ly, thm thu
ngc)
Tch cht v c (in
thm, trao i ion)
-Chia ba cp x l:
+ Cp 1(x l s b): tch cht rn th, vt rn ni c kch thc ln. X l
cp 1 gm cc qu trnh: lc, song chn, tuyn ni, lng, tch du m, trung
ha.
+ Cp 2 (x l th cp): tch cc cht hu c ha tan gm cc qu trnh
sinh hc ( dng vi sinh vt x l), ha hc.
+ Cp 3: khi yu cu v cht lng nc cao. X l cc vi sinh vt gy bnh
gm cc qu trnh sau: kt ta, ng t, hp ph, trao i ion, thm thu
ngc, kh trng bng clo, ozon. Tch cc cht dinh dng N, P.
2. Phng php x l c hc trong x l nc thi

Mc ch: tch ht rn l lng m c th nh hng n ng ng.
Cc phng php thy c: lc qua song chn hoc li, lng di tc dng
ca lc trng trng, iu ha thnh phn v lu lng nc thi.
Nguyn tc la chn phng php: ph thuc kch thc v tnh cht ha l
ht l lng, hm lng cht rn l lng, lu lng nc thi v yu cu cht
lng nc sau x l.
.
2. Phng php x l c hc trong x l nc thi (tip)

a. Lc
-Song chn: lc vt rn th, lm bng kim loi, t ca ngoi knh, nghing
mt gc 60-75o.
-Li lc: tm kim loi un thnh hnh tang trng, kch thc l 0,5-1,0 mm,
quay vi vn tc 0,1-0,5m/s. Ch cho nc thi qua b mt li, cn vt rn b
gi li trong b mt li s c co ra.
b. B iu ha lu lng: nhm n nh lu lng nc thi v thnh phn
nc thi trc khi vo h thng x l. y l b thu nc t cc ngun khc
nhau c gom li vo h thng x l chung.

c. B lng
-Tch cht l lng di tc dng ca trng lc.
-Phn loi da theo chc nng:
+B lng ct: tch ct v tp cht v c khng tan (dht=0,2-2mm)
+B lng cp 1: tch cht hu c, cht rn cn li
+B lng cp 2: tch bn sinh hc khi nc thi v cht rn cn li.
-Phn loi theo cch khc:
+B lng ngang
+B lng ng
+B lng hng tm

d. Lc
-Tch cht rn l lng c kch thc nh m b lng khng tch c.
-Cu to: thng l cc vch ngn xp, cho dng nc i qua v gi li cc ht
rn l lng.
-ng lc ca qu trnh: di tc dng p sut thy tnh, p sut cao trc vch
ngn hoc p sut chn khng sau vch ngn.
-Yu cu: tr lc nh, bn, do c hc, bn ha hc, khng b trng n hoc ph
hy trong iu kin lc.

d. Lc
-Phn loi:
+Lm vic gin on: thit b lc ht, lc tm, lc p.
+Lm vic lin tc: lc hnh trng, lc a, lc thng quay, chn khng.
+Lc bng vt liu ht: ct, si, than cc, than nu, than bn, than gyu cu c
xp, b mt ring ln.
+Lc chm: Nclp ctsi t chy qua vi tc lc 0,2-0,3 m 3/h. Sau
mt khong thi gian 30 ngy, phi thay khong 4-5cm lp ct v lp vt liu
mng i. Kh nng lc sch cao nhng kch thc b ln, cng sut nh.
+Lc nhanh: dng cc loi vt liu lc khc nhau, lp trn c kch thc ht ln
hn lp di.
+Lc ly tm: cht lng chuyn ng xoay trn trong thng quay, c tm li lc
hoc vi lc. nh k cht bn dnh trn li s c ly ra ngoi
3. Phng php ha l trong x l nc thi

a. Phng php tuyn ni
-Tch hp cht khng tan v kh lng, c kh nng tch c cht bn ha tan nh
l cht hot ng b mt.
-Qu trnh: sc cc bt kh nh vo pha lng, chng kt dnh vo cc ht, khi lc ni
ca tp hp cc bong kh ln s ko cc ht ln b mt, sau chng tp hp li
to ra lp bt cha hm lng cc cht bn cao hn trong cht lng ban u.
-Vi cc ht rn k nc: khi bng kh dnh cht vo cc ht s to ra mt ng bc
ly bn ngoi pha rn lng lm kch thc ht tng ln nhng khi lng ring ht
gim i s ni ln trn.
3. Phng php ha l trong x l nc thi (tip)

a. Phng php tuyn ni (tip)
-Tc nhn tuyn ni: khng kh c s dng ph bin nht
+Tuyn ni bng kh ha tan: sc khng kh vo p sut cao, sau gim p.
+Tuyn ni bng khng kh: sc kh p sut thng thng.
+Tuyn ni chn khng: bo ha khng kh p sut kh quyn, sau thot kh ra
khi nc p sut chn khng
-u im: c th tch hon ton cc ht nh nh khi ht ni thnh vng trn b mt
v c thu gom bng b phn vt bt. Chi ph u t vn hnh khng ln, thit b
n gin, hiu sut tch cao, bn c m thp.
-ng dng: trong x l nc thi cng nghip ch bin lng thc thc phm, du
m, si tng hp, giy, da

b. Phng php ng t- keo t
-Cht nhim thng di dng keo, tch ra cn tng kch thc v khi
lng ring ca ht bng cch lien kt thnh tp hp ht.
-Lng trng lc: trung ha in tch cc ht keo, sau lin kt cc ht keo trung
ha li vi nhau.
-Qu trnh ng t: qu trnh trung ha cc ht keo.
-Qu trnh keo t: qu trnh lien kt cc ht keo vi nhau to thnh ht ln hn.
-Hai qu trnh trn lun lun i lin vi nhau v dung ha cht lm tc nhn ng
keo t.
-VD:
Phn nhm Al2(SO4)3.18H2Oha tan tt, r, hiu qu cao.
Phn st Fe2(SO4)3.2H2O, FeSO4.7H2O, FeCl3kh nng keo t tt

nhit thp, di pH rng, kch thc keo ln, c th kh c mi v, tuy nhin
sinh mu do c st.
- tng hiu qu keo t cho thm cht tr keo (cht hu c tng hp, diosilic
xSiO2.H2O).

c. Phng php hp ph
-L phng php gi cht ha tan trn b mt cht rn.
-Cht hp ph l cht rn (than hot tnh, oxit Al, cht tng hp, tro, x, mt
st, t st)
-Cht b hp ph thng l cc cht hu c ha tan sau khi x l sinh hc
hoc x l cc b nm trong pha lng.
-Hiu sut qu trnh ph thuc: nng , bn cht, cu trc cht tan, nhit
nc thi, c tnh cht hp ph.
-Ti sinh cht hp ph: khi n t n bo ha.
-ng dng: tch cht hu c (phenol, Alkyl benzene,), cht hot ng b
mt (sunfonic axit), thuc nhum hu c, cc ha cht thm.

d. Phng php trao i ion
-L qu trnh ion nm trn b mt ca pha rn s trao i vi cc ion cng in
tch trong nc khi xy ra qu trnh tip xc.
-Cht trao i ion: ionit, l cc cht rn, v c hoc l hu c.
-Cht trao i ion l cc hp cht t nhin: Zeolit t nhin, khong, t st,
Na2OAlO3nSiO2.mH2O, [Ca5(PO4)]F, hidroxit apatit [Ca3(PO4)2]OH.
-Cht trao i ion tng hp: hidroxit kim loi (Al 2O3, Ca2O3), hu c (R.SO3H,
R-COOH,).
-Ti sinh: anionit bng dung dch kim, cationit bng dung dch axit.

d. Phng php trao i ion (tip)
-ng dng: tch kim loi nng nh Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Hg, Mn, Cd..v cc kim
nh CN, AsO33+, PO43-, cc cht phng x
Cht trao i ion tng hp:
- Hidorxit kim loi: Al2O3, Cr2O3, Zi.
- Hu c: R.SO3, H, R-COOH, R(OH), R-PO3H.
R-SO3H + M+ R-SO3-Me + H+
Cht rn
Tan trong nc
d. Phng php trao i ion (tip)

Sau mt thi gian cc ionit s bo ho, cn c ti sinh, cc catrionit bng
dung dch axit v cc anont bng dung dch kim. Trao i ion lm sch nc
thi khi cacs kim loi nng nh: Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Hg, Mn, Cd, cng nh
tch cc nh kim: CN, , , cc cht phng x.
e. Phng php mng
Mng l mt pha c vai tro ngn cch gia cc pha khc nhau, m c th l
mt cht rn, keo trng ni, cht lng. Cc qu trnh tch cht hp tan trong
nc bng mng gm:
- Phng php thm thu ngc (Reurve Osmosis)
- Phng php siu lc (Utia filtration)
- Thm tch, in thm tch

d. Phng php thm thu ngc
Mng
Nc thi
Nc sch
Mng
Mng
Nc thi
Nc sch
Nc sch
* Qu trnh thm thu

- Tch ht c khi lng phn t thp, P thm thu cao
- Siu lc: Tch cht P thm thu nh, ht c khi lng phn t cao > 500.
- (3): Tch Anon, cation nh

4. Phng php ho hc
a. Phng php trung ho
a PH ca nc thi v 6,5 8,5: khong pH thch hp cho qu trnh x l tip
hoc trc khi thi Ngun tip H
Gm:
- Trn nc thi c tnh axit vi nc thi c tnh kim ((PH<5) (PH>8)).
- B sung cc cht ho hc vo nc iu chnh PH ca nc thi axit: NaOH,
KOH, Na2CO3, NH3.H2O, Ca(OH)2, Dolomit (CaCO3.MgCO3)
- Nc thi kim: H2SO4, HCl, CO2
- Cho nc thi chy qua vt liu lc c kh nng trung ha nc axit, a qu
vi, tro, x, xi mng.
- Trung ho bng kh: Nc thi c tnh kim: Sc HSO 2, NOx, HCl
Nc thi c tnh axit: Sc NH3.
4. Phng php ho hc (tip)

b. Phng php oxi ho kh
Dng cc cht c oxi ho_kh chuyn cht trong nc thi Cc cht t
c hn, tch ra khi nc.
+ Oxy ho bng Cl:
Cl2 + H2O HOCl + HCl
HOCl H+ + OCl- (mang tnh oxi ho mnh)
Cl2 + OH- + CN- CNO- + 2Cl- + H2O
CNO- + 4OH- + 3Cl CO2 + 6Cl- +N2 + 2H2O
+ Oxy ha bng H2O2
4. Phng php ho hc
b. Phng php oxi ho kh (Tip)
Dng cc cht c oxi ho_kh chuyn cht trong nc thi Cc cht t
c hn, tch ra khi nc.
+ Oxy ho bng ozon (O3)
FeSO4 + H2SO4 + O3 Fe2(SO4)3 + H2O + O2
MnSO4 + O3 +H2O H2MnO3 + O2 + H2SO4
+ Kh bng NaHSO3, FeSO4
4H2CrO4 + 6NaHSO4 + 3H2SO4 2Cr2(SO4)3 + 3Na2SO4 + 10H2O
6FeSO4 + 3CrO3 + 6H2O + 6H2O 3Fe2(SO4)3 +Cr2(SO4)3 + 6H2O
5. Phng php sinh hc

- S dng hot ng ca vi sinh vt phn hu nhng cht hu c. Trong qu
trnh vi sinh vt nhn cht dinh dng xy dng t bo sinh trng v sinh sn
nn sinh khi ca chng s pht trin.
- Nc thi khi x l bng phng php sinh hc c c trng bng BOD, COD.
- Yu cu ca nc thi khi x l bng sinh hc khng cha c cht vi vi sinh vt,
khng cha cc mui kim loi hoc kim loi nng.

5. Phng php sinh hc (tip)
- C th phn loi phng php x l sinh hc theo 2 cch chnh:
+ Phng php hiu kh:
L phng php s dng nhm vi sinh vt hiu kh phn hu cc cht hu c.
Cn b sung O2 lin tc v nhit x l t20 - 40 0C; pH = 6,5 8,5, c cht dinh
dng nui vi sinh vt.
+ Phng php ym kh: Phng php s dng vi sinh vt ym kh l vi sinh vt
khng ly oxy trong khng kh m ly oxy trong hp cht ho hc khc.
Trong nc thi, phng php hiu kh tc dng hn.

a. Phng php hiu kh
Gm b thng kh sinh hc, lc kh sinh hc, b lc sinh hc, h sinh hc.
* Phng php biu kh s dng b thng kh sinh hc (b aeroten)
Trong b aeroten, cc vi sinh vt sinh trng trng thi huyn ph. Nc
thi cha cht hu c tx cc bn l lng cha vi sinh vt.Qu trnh phn hu
biu kh c xy ra vi m bo oxy bo ho v bn c gi l bn
hot tnh phi trng thi l lng.
Phng trnh tng qut:
CxHyOz)n + (X + Y/4 +2/3 + 3/4)O2
Vi sinh vt
xCO2 + (y 3/2)H2O + NO3
Trong bn hot tnh:

CxHyO2 + NH3 + O2
vsv
bn hot tnh
C5H7NO2 + CO2
Lng
Lng 2
K2
Bn
Bn hot tnh
K2
Ra

* Phng php hiu kh s dng b lc sinh hc
-B lc sinh hc l thit b trong cc vi sinh vt sinh trng c nh trn lp
mng bm vo mt vt liu lc.
-Nc thi c ti t trn xung qua vt liu lc, tip xc vi vi sinh vt xy ra
qu trnh phn hu hiu kh.
-Lp vt liu lc rt mng song cng c th xy ra song song 2 qu trnh st b
mt l qu trnh phn hu ym kh v lp ngoi c phn hu hiu kh c O 2.
Nc
thi
Lng
Lng
Bn x
l
Bn
Ra

* Phng php hiu kh s dng h sinh hc
-H sinh hc l mt chui t 3 - 5 h. Nc thi chy vo ht ny vi th tch
khng ln
- Trong h nc thi c lm sch bi cc qu trnh t nhin gm c to, vi
khun.
- Cc vi sinh vt s dng O2 sinh ra trong qu trnh quang hp ca to, v oxy
ho tan t khng kh phn hu nhng cht thi hu c trong nc v to s
dung CO2, NH4+, PO43-, HPO42-, H2PO4- c gii phng t qu trnh phn hy
cc cht hu c thc hin qu trnh quang hc.
- H sinh hc cn m bo pH thch hp, nhit ti u 3 loi h sinh hc:
. H oxy ho cp 3 ( trc khi thi nc vo ngun)
. H sc kh
. H oxy ho hiu - ym kh.
b. Phng php ym kh
*Nguyn tc
- Dng vi sinh vt ym kh ln men cc kh, cht nhim. Sn phm cui cng l
CH4, H2, mt s cc kh c tnh kh: H2S, RSH, NH3.
- Gm 3 giai on:
+ Giai on thy phn nguyn liu u vo vi khun s dng cc cht dinh
dng
+ Giai on to thnh axit: nguyn liu, cht nhim, vi khun, vi sinh vt ym kh
phn hu to axit hu c: CH3COOH, C2H5COOH.
+ Giai on phn hu axit hu c to metan, CO 2
b. Phng php ym kh (tip)

-Cc yu t nh n 3 giai on ca qa trnh him kh
-+ Nhit ti u: 350C
+ Liu lng cht dinh dng c trong bn v mc khy trn
+ T s C/N tt nht l 25 30/1
+ pH ti u: 6,5- 7,5
+ nh hng ca dng vi khun, chng loi vi khun, thi gian lu
+ Khng c cht c i vi vi khun
- u im: Sinh t bn thi.
. XNguyn
L YM KH (UASB)
l v thit k
H thng ym kh c dng chy ngc (UASB) Cng ty

Lassonde, Marieville, Canada
V d h thng x l nc thi ca qu trnh ng hp nc tri

cy
Thit k cc hp phn:
B m n nh
dng vo (lu lng,...)
Li chn
nh lng ho cht
:
cn bng pH
cung cp dinh
dng
mui st tng
hiu qu to bng
ca ht, cht nn
v sinh khi
Thit b chnh
Tun hon kh sinh hc
t kh sinh hc cn li
X l mi
Duy tr s pht trin n
nh ca sinh khi

b) Phng php ym kh (tip)
* H ym kh
- H su, oxy khng n c y, cc vi khun ym kh s phn hu cc cht
hu c CO2, CH4
- ng dng ca phng php ym kh: X l cht hu c hm lng cao:
Protein, m, khng cha cht c, c cht dinh dng.
- u im ca ym kh so vi hiu kh: Sinh ra t bn, khng cn thy sc kh,
nhng phn hu khng trit , cn nhit cao (350C) thng ng dng
x l tip.
Nn bn li bng lng
i vo tch nc
sy kh lm phn bn
t ly nhit
phn
Bn
Composting
C c
Bn
Tch nc
tiu hu n nh
Kh trng
Chn lp
Lm phn bn
IV. Mt s s cng ngh x l nc thi

1. Nguyn tc la chn cng ngh
a. S Cng ngh sn xut km dng thi
Cng nghip x l nc thi dt nhum

Nguyn liu
Ko si, chi nh
ng
H2O, tinh bt, ph
gia,hi nc
H si
Nc thi
Tinh bt
Ho cht
Dt vi
H2O, tinh bt, ph
gia,hi nc
NaOH, hi nc
Gi h
H2SO4, nc, cht

ty
X l axit, git
Nu
NaOH
Nc thi
H tinh bt, thy ngn
Nc thi
Nc thi
Ty trng
H2SO4, nc, cht
ty
NaOH, ho cht c
trng
Git
Nc thi
Lm bng
Nc thi
Nhum, in hoa
H2SO4, nc, cht
ty
Hi nc, h tinh
bt
Git
Nc thi
Hon tt
Nc thi
Sn phm

b. c im nc thi
- Cht hu c ho tan ( dung dch nhum, mu, c)
- pH ln (c kim cao), nhiu cht rn l lng (x, si)
- Nhit nc cao (lm mt nc, ngng t hi nc)
- Cht v c ho tan (kim loi nng, mui, axit, baz)
c. La chn phng php x l
- Phn lung nc thi
Nc ngng t t hi nc Tun hon li (1)
Nc git ln cui
(2)
Nc nhum, nc git ln u (dng nhim nng)
- Phng php x l
(1): tun hon li
(2): X l s b (lng, lc) ri tun hon li vi nc git ln cui.
- X l theo cp 1, 2, 3 i vi nc nhum
Phng php c hc: Sng, lng, lc
Phng php ho l:
. Trung ho kim, ng keo t kh mu
. Oxi ho, hp th x l bc 3
. Phng php sinh hc x l cht hu c ho tan trong nhum
. Phng php mng thu hi hp cht h tng hp

d.S cng ngh x l nc thi dt nhum
Nc thi
B iu ha
H2SO4
Trung ha kim
B sinh hc hiu kh
Lng
Bn
Gia nhit
Hp ph
Lng
Cht keo t
Bn
Keo t, kt ta
Lng
Lc
Lm mm nc
Thm thu
B cha
X
Cho mc ch khc
Bn
X l bn

3. Cng ngh x l nc thi giy
a. S cng ngh sn xut Nguyn
giy liu
(tre, na, g)
Nc ra
Gia cng
(cht, phn loi)
Nc thi
Bn, ct, l,
cnh
Hp cht nu
bt Hi nc
Nu bt
Nc ngng
Dch nu (en)
Nc ra
Ra bt
C c,
Nc
t
ra
Nc thi c mu
cao
COD, BOD cao
Hp cht ty
Ty trng
Nghin bt
Nc thi
Du
Phn
Nc, hoi nc
Xeo giy
Nc thi c cht l
lng, BOD
Hi nc
Sy giy
Nc ngng
Sn phm
Nc
ngng

b. c im dng nc thi
- Nhiu cht l lng do qu trnh nghin
- Nc thi ca giy c kim ln, c bit qu trnh nu
- C nhiu cht hu c ho tan c mu
- Nc ngng c nhit cao
- Nhiu ho cht ph gia
c. Phn lung x l
- Nc ngng lm mt tun hon li
- Nc ra nguyn liu cht bn lng cc h bng thi no vt bn.
-Nc nu bt BOD, COD cao, nhit Tch dch en (lignin) x l ring
-Nc xeo giy lng, lc tun hon (x l s b)
- Nc vi sinh nh xng, nc r r trong qu trnh sn xut, nc sau cng.
- Nc sinh hot ca cng nghip nh my x l chung
d. Chn phng php x l
-Phng php c hc: Sng, chn, lc, lng
-Phng php ho hc: trung ho, oxy ho kh trng, lc mng, thm thu
- Phng php ha l: truyn ni, ng keo t
- Phng php sinh hc: phng php ym kh, hiu kh, phng php h sinh hc.
* S CN x l nc thi giy
NT1
NT2
NT3
Trm bm
Sng chn rc
B iu ha
Lng s cp
iu chnh pH
B sung dung dch
B x l ym kh
UASB
X l bn
Bn
Lng
B sung dung dch
B sung oxy khng kh
B sinh hc hiu
kh
Lng th cp
H sinh hc
Ngun tip nhn
Tun hon bn mt phn
Bn
X l bn

4. CN x l nc thi m kim loi
Cng ngh m km dng nc thi
Vt cn m
Lm sch bng
c hc
Mi nhn nh
bng
Dung mi
H2SO4, HCl,
NaOH
CuSO4,
Cu(CN)2,
NaCN
NiSO4,
H2BO3
Kh du m
X l bng
in ha
Ha hc
Nc cha
axit v kim
Nc thi cha axit,
ng
M ng
M Niken
M crom
Axit, Niken
Axit, Cr+3
Nc thi
H2SO4,
CrO3
M km
CN-, axit, Zn+2
Zn(CN)2
NaOH
NaCN
HBO3

b. c im dng thi
Phn ha thp < axt >
Cha nhiu kim loi nng ha tan (c hi)
C du mi, dung dch hu c, mi trng ty ra
C nhiu cn tn, bi ct, v c, (g oxt kim loi)
c. Phn lung dng thi
- Nc thi c nhiu du m
- Nc thi cha Cr+3, Cr+ 6
-
Nc thi cha Niken
- Nc thi cha ng
d. Phng php x l
- Phng php c hc
- Phng php ha l ( tuyn, ng keo t ..)
- Phng php oxi ha - kh: Chuyn cht ha tan thnh cht d tch
- Phng php sinh hc: S dng thc vt, sinh vt tch kim loi nng dng vi
lng ra khi nc
- Phng php i ion: Thu li kim loi nng
- Phng php kt ta ha hc: ( ph bin Vit Nam )

* S x l
Nc thi
B cha khc nhau
iu ho
iu chnh pH
Ho cht
B phn ng
Thit b lng
H thc vt
Ngun tip nhn
Bn kim loi nng
X l theo
yu cu i
vi cht nguy
hi

5. Cng ngh x l nc thi sinh hot kt hp nc thi cng nghip
Nc thi sinh hot
Nc thi cng nghip
B iu ha
Tch c cht
Lng s cp
B iu ha lng s cp
B trn nc thi
B x l NTSH (hiu kh)
Lng th cp
Kh trng
Ngun tip nhn
Bn thi
X l ym kh to CH4
Tch nc khi bn
Bn kh
5. S x l nc thi cho cc nh my git thuc

cng ngh dt may
Ho cht keo t
iu chnh pH t
ng
B
B
lng
lng
Bc I
Bc I
B iu
B iu
ho lm
ho lm
thong
thong
Polime PAA
Hp
Hp
ph
ph
B phn
B phn
ng-Keo
ng-Keo
t
t
Lng
Lng
Lamen
Lamen
B
B
nn
nn
bn
bn
Lc
Lc
p
p
CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC CP

1. Nguyn tc
a. Xc nh thnh phn
b. Xc nh yu cu x l :
- Sinh hot
- Cng nghip
c. La chn phng php x l
d. S cng nghip
2. S cng nghip x l nc ngm thnh nc cp (VD )

Ging1
Ging 2
Khai thc
Lm thong (ui kh ha tan, b sung xy
t khng kh)
Khuy
Keo t to bng
Lng
Lc nhanh
Lm thong
B nc sch
Bm ln thp nc
Cung cp nc sch
Ging3

3. X l nc b mt nc cp
Nc sng, h
Knh dn nc
Li, song chn rc
B sung cht keo t
Khuy nhanh
Keo t to bng
Lng
Lc th
Lc tinh
Sc Ozon, Clo, nc
Javen
Kh trng
B cha
S dng
Bn thi
Tch cht rn sau kt ta
Tch cht mn
Loi vi sinh vt gy bnh

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Bi ging

Cng ngh mi trng

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC v nC

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI

II. Mt s thng s nh gi cht lng nc ( tip)

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI

II. Mt s thng s nh gi cht lng nc ( tip)

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI

II. Mt s thng s nh gi cht lng nc ( tip)

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI

2. Cc tip cn vic x l nc thi bn vng v

Phn loi v xc nh c tnh ca nc

Lm ch cc cng ngh x l nc thi l cha kho thit k

2.1 Qu trnh la chn cng ngh tt

Cc hp cht hu c bay hi -Sc kh, oxy ho ho hc

C hoc khng c keo t/ng t:

2.1. Qu trnh la chn cng ngh tt

Kim loi nng

2.1. Qu trnh la chn cng ngh tt

Cc qu trnh ng dng x l nc thi cng nghip

Cht hu c phn hu sinh

X l sinh hc hiu kh:

Cc loi rau qu khc

Thc phm v ung

2.1. Qu trnh la chn cng ngh tt

dng thi cng nghip :

Kim loi nng

D. La chn cui cng:

Nghin cu k cc cng ngh

Sp xp cc cht nhim chnh vo cc

Lit k cc cng ngh hin c

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI

Tch cht rn l lng

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI

2. Phng php x l c hc trong x l nc thi

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI

2. Phng php x l c hc trong x l nc thi (tip)

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI

2. Phng php x l c hc trong x l nc thi (tip)

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI

2. Phng php x l c hc trong x l nc thi (tip)

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI

3. Phng php ha l trong x l nc thi

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI

3. Phng php ha l trong x l nc thi (tip)

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI

Phn nhm Al2(SO4)3.18H2Oha tan tt, r, hiu qu cao.

Phn st Fe2(SO4)3.2H2O, FeSO4.7H2O, FeCl3kh nng keo t tt

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI

3. Phng php ha l trong x l nc thi (tip)

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI

3. Phng php ha l trong x l nc thi (tip)

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI

d. Phng php trao i ion (tip)

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI