- Chng 6 K thut truy nhp trong mng LAN

6.1. Tng quan v cc phng php truy nhp

Cc phng php iu
Khi ttruy nhp
Khin
h k
knh
h ttruyn

Medium Sharing Techniques

Static
Channelization

Dynamic Medium
Access Control

Scheduling

Random Access

(1) Static Channelization Knh truyn tnh

Ti nguyn truyn dn ca knh truyn c chia nh v cp pht cho
ngi
g s dng
d g
mi
u im: Khng xung t, tnh bnh ng Mi nt c n nh truyn dn tc
R/N trong sut thi gian truyn thng
Nhc im: ngi s dng ch c cp pht mt phn nh trong ti nguyn truyn
dn ca knh truyn k c khi ngi dng khc khng truyn thng trn knh truyn

Cc phng php iu khin truy nhp knh truyn

(2) Dynamic Medium Access Truy nhp knh truyn ng
u im: Khi truy nhp knh truyn, mi nt s dng ti a ti nguyn
truyn dn, v hot ng tc ln nht c th
Nhc im: Khng cho php ng thi nhiu ngi dng truy nhp knh
truyn Khi c nhiu hn hai ngi dng truy nhp knh truyn xy ra xung
truyn.
t (collision). Xung t c th hn ch thng qua c ch iu hnh truy nhp
hoc iu khin truy nhp ngu nhin

Ring Network
Bus Network
3

Cc phng php iu khin truy nhp knh truyn

6.2. iu khin truy nhp knh truyn ng

ALOHA Phng php truy nhp ngu nhin c pht trin sm nht
(1970s) vn c s dng cho mng truyn dn khng dy, mng t ong do tnh
cht n gin
Mt trm pht khi c d liu cn truyn
s thc hin truy nhp v pht d liu ln
knh truyn vi tr nh nht c th, v
ch nhn d liu phn hi ACK
Nu
N c
nhiu
hi h
hn h
haii trm
t
cng
ttruy
nhp knh truyn cng lc, tn hiu pht
ln bi mi trm s giao thoa v gy ra li
d liu xy ra xung t
Nu mt trm khng
ACK nhn c ACK
trong khong
thi gian timeout (tng ng
data
vi 2 ln thi gian tr lan truyn tn hiu),
Mt trm s thit lp khong thi gian ch
ngu
g nhin - backoff time (( ggim thiu
kh nng xy ra xung t trong nhng ln
truyn k tip)
Trm
Trm pht s truyn li gi d liu b li
do xung t sau khong thi gian backoff
time

6.2.1. ALOHA
Xung t d liu
Station 1

1.1

1.2

1.3

Transmission
Time
(F)
2.1

22
2.2

Station 2

R
3.2

3.1

Station 3

Xung t
hon ton

Xung t
Mt phn

Broadcast
channel

ALOHA
Chu k tn thng Gi thit kch thc khung l c nh v c gi tr l (L) v
- Vulnerable Period- khong thi gian pht i cc bt ca mt khung lnh knh truyn
l (X=L/R)
Ch nh mt khung bt u c pht i ti thi im
to Khung
Kh
s
c truyn
thnh
h h cng
nu
khng
kh c
xung
t d liu xy ra, hay khng c mt trm khc pht i d
trongg khong
g thi gian
g
[t0, t0+X], hoc
trongg khong
g
liu
thi gian tng ng vi X trc khi trm gi d liu ln
knh truyn (trong khong thi gian t [t0 -X, t0]
Nu c mt trm khc gi d liu ln knh truyn trong
cc khong thi gian trn xy ra xung t
Chu k tn thng = [ t0 X,
X t0+ X ] (vi khung d liu
c pht ln knh truyn t mt trm)
Thi im bt u truyn
y
Backoff period B

Truyn li nu
cn thit
t

t0-X

t0

t0+X

t0+X+2tprop
Chu k tn thng Tr truyn dn

t0+X+2t
X 2tprop+B
B
7

ALOHA
Gi G l s lng khung trung bnh (bao gm cc khung cn truyn i
v cc khung truyn li) trong sut qu trnh truyn d liu ca mt trm
S l s lng khung truyn thnh cng trong khong thi gian quan st
P0: xc sut truyn tt mt khung khi khng c xung t xy ra vi khung
c truyn. Nh vy

S = GP0
Xt vi mi trm, xc sut cc trm khc truyn i k khung trong
kh thi gian
khong
i
ang xt
t ttruyn
i khung
kh
d li
liu ca
mt
t ttrm
c
xc nh theo phn b Poisson nh sau:

P [k ] =

( T ) e T
k

k!

Xc sut
ny cho ta bit
c s
trung bnh khung c truyn
i (do
cc trm khc) xt trong khong thi gian mt trm truyn i khung
ca mnh. s lng
g khung
g ny
y s q
quyt
y nh

xc sut xy
y ra
d liu
xung t vi khung ang xt.
8

ALOHA
: S lng trung bnh khung d liu c pht i ti mt trm trong mt khong
thi g
gian. = G / X
Nh vy xt trong khong thi gian c th b tn thng vi khung d liu c
pht i mt
p
trm,
, tng
g ng
g vi T = 2X th xc sut ny
y c
xc nh

nh sau:

(2G ) k e 2G
P [k ] =
k!
Xc sut khng c khung no c truyn i trong khong thi c th b tn
thng s l :

Psucc
S ra
Suy

(2G )0 e 2G
= P [ 0] = P0 =
= e 2G
0!

S = G P0 = Ge
G 22GG

Khi G = 0.5
05

C ngha
g
l ti a 18% knh truyn
y dnh cho q
qu trnh ca 1 trm
d liu

truyn i khng b tc ng bi vic xung t d liu vi cc trm khc

9

Slotted ALOHA - ALOHA Phn chia theo thi gian

Trong phng
T
h
php
h ny
cc
khong
kh thi gian
i
c chia
hi thnh
th h cc

khe c chiu di tng ng vi khong thi gian pht i mt khung L/R.

Qu trnh truyn mi trm ch bt u ti thi im bt u ca mt
khe thi gian.
Nguyn tc x l ca phng php ny cng ging nh phng
php ALOHA thun tu ch khc im l cc mc thi gian c ch
nh trong cc khe.

10

Slotted ALOHA
Chu k tn thng
g vi mi khung
g d liu
c
truyn
y i :
Xt qu trnh truyn i d liu ca mt trm ti thi im t0. Gii thit
g d liu
chun b truyn
y sn sng
g ti
thi im trong
g khe thi g
gian
khung
[k , k + 1]
Vi p
phng
g p
php
p sloted ALOHA, mt
g
gi d liu
c
truyn
y
i thnh
cng nu khng c khung d liu no khc n (hay i qua) trm ang
chun b pht khung d liu ca mnh trong khong thi gian t [t0 + X, t0]

Khong thi gian c th b tn thng vi khung d liu s l [t0 - X, t0]

11

Slotted ALOHA
Nh vy

G k eG
P [k ] =
k!

Suy ra

(G )0 e G
P0 =
= eG
0!

S = G P0 = Ge
G G
Smax = 0.36 khi G = 0.5. Nh vy s lng khung truyn i thnh cng vi
phng php ny cao hn ALOHA thun tu.
tu
Slotted ALOHA gim thiu kh
nng
gy
ra xung t nhng
h
lm tng khong thi gian tr
trong qu trnh truyn

12

6.2.2. CSMA
Nhc im
ca ALOHA

CSMA

Vi phng php truy nhp ALOHA, Mi nt quyt nh

truyn c lp vi nt mng khc trn knh truyn chia s
1 Nt khng quan tm n cc nt khc c thc hin
truyn d liu ln knh truyn hay khng.
1 nt s khng dng qu trnh truyn
nu
c xung t
xy ra, khng c kh nng pht hin c xung t

Gin thiu xc sut xy ra xung t bng c ch xc nh trng

thi knh truyn trc khi pht d liu:
Cm nhn sng mang - carrier sensing: Nt s lng
nghe
(listens) knh truyn trc khi truyn, nu cm nhn knh
truyn ri thc hin truyn i khung d liu
Nu cm nhn knh truyn knh truyn bn Ch sau
khong thi gian ngu nhin s thc hin qu trnh cm nhn
knh truyn i d liu
h t
host

h t
host

h t
host

h t
host
13

Truy nhp knh truyn cm nhn sng mng - CSMA

Chu k tn thng vulnerable period = tprop
Ch : Nu tprop > tframe, CSMA khng hiu qu bng phng php
truy nhp knh truyn ALOHA phn chia theo thi gian.

Cc kiu CSMA Cc ch nh
x l vi CSMA khi knh truyn
y
bn:
Non-Persistent CMSA: Ch sau khong thi gian back-off, thc hin
cm nhn knh truyn truyn li Tr ln

1-Persistent CMSA: Bt u truyn ngay lp tc sau khi knh truyn

chuyn sang trng thi ri tr thp

P-Persistent CMSA : Ch n khi knh truyn ri, quyt nh truyn

vi xc sut
p

14

1-persistent CSMA
Thut ton x l ca 1-persisten
1 persisten CSMA

15

nonpersistent CSMA
- Trc khi truyn i mt khung,
s cm nhn
trng
g thi ca
trm
knh truyn. Nu khng c d liu
no ang c truyn trn knh
truyn tc l knh truyn ri th th
trm s ngay lp tc truyn i d
liu ca mnh
- Nu knh truyn ang c
dng, th trm s ch mt khong
thi gian ngu nhin v thc hin
li bc trn c th truyn i
d liu ca mnh
Nh vy khc vi giao thc 1 persident CSMA th
phng thc ny khng thc hin truyn ngay d liu

trng
g thi ri ca ng
g
i m vn tin hnh xc nh
truyn trc khi gi i gi d liu ca mnh sau mt
khong thi gian ngu nhin backoff.

Xc
sut
xy
ra xung t
s thp
hn phng php
trc,
tuy vy

thi gian truyn d liu ca trm s di hn.

16

p-persistent CSMA
nm
gia 0 v 1
P l mt s
Pha pht truyn i khung d liu ca
mnh
h vi
i xc
sut
t l p nu
nh
h knh
k h
truyn ri gim xc sut xy ra xung
t vi trng hp c 2 trm u xc nh
k h truyn
knh
ri
i v
truyn
i d
d li
liu ca

mnh ti mt thi im.

Thi gian cng c chia thnh cc khe
v ch nh cc trm ch c truyn i d
liu ti thi im bt u ca mt khung.
Xc sut xy ra xung t vi phng php
ny ph thuc vo gi tr p, tuy vy hiu
sut ca phng php ny c th cao hn
so vi cc phng php CSMA va cp

17

CSMA/CD
CSMA with Collision Detection CSMA/CD
CSMA/CD l phng php iu khin truy nhp cm nhn sng mang v

g t.

xung
xc nh
Pha pht s lun lng nghe knh truyn xc nh xung t trong
sut qu trnh truyn i d liu ca mnh. (c ch xc nh xung t)
Qu trnh s b hu ngay khi xc nh c xung t xy ra.

CSMA/CD c p dng tt cho mng

LAN s dng dy dn kt ni gia
cc nt mng
mng. Khi vic xc nh
xung t c th thc hin d dng
bng cch so snh mc tn hiu pht
i v tn hiu nhn c ti mt trm
Vi mng LAN khng dy th c ch
xc nh xung t tng i phc tp
18

CSMA/CD
Nguyn tc x l ca CSMA/CD
Trc khi truyn i mt khung d liu th mt trm s xc nh xem knh
truyn c ri hay khng. Nu knh truyn ri th trm s ngay lp tc truyn i d
liu ca mnh.
Trong qu trnh truyn trm s lng nghe knh truyn xc nh xung t i
vi khung d liu m n va gi i.
Nu
N k
knh
h ttruyn
bn
b th n
vn
tip
ti tc
t lng
l
nghe
h v
ch
h cho
h n
khi knh
k h
truyn ri.
Trong qu trnh truyn dn nu trm xc nh c c xung t xy ra th n s
dng ngay lp tc vic truyn d liu i v ch mt khong thi gian ngu nhin
sau s quay tr li bc trn. Trong qu trnh ch trm s pht ln knh
truyn mt chui bt tranh
tranh chp knh truyn
truyn vi cc trm khc

19

CSMA/CD

20

CSMA/CD
Xc nh xung t i vi khung d liu

Tprog l khong thi gian lan truyn tn hiu ca mt khung d liu.

liu
Khong thi gian xc nh xung t ng vi mi khung l 2Tprog.
Tprog cng ln tng xc sut xy ra xung t , tng thi gian x l (thi gian
tr) khi c xung t xy ra
CSMA ch p dng tt vi mng c kch thc nh (kt ni gia cc phn
t ngn). Khi mng c kch thc ln th phng php ALOHA cho hiu qu
tt hn

CSMA/CD yu cu kch thc khung thng tin ln TF > 2Tprog.

21