“AL 1.1 Determine the dimensions, in both the FLT system and the MLT system, for (a) the product of mass times velocity, (b) the product of force times volume, and (c) kinetic energy divided by area. (a) mass x velocity = (M)CT) = Met! Sine Fo ms7? mass x velecity = CFL'T VT) = fr (4) force x volume = FL? (eT?) = Metre (c) kmetic energy = fle ct area Le =—=42 [42] 1.2 Verify the dimensions, in both the FLT and MLT systems, of the following quantities which appear in Table 1.1: (a) angular velocity, (b) en- ergy, (c) moment of inertia (area), (d) power, and (e) pressure. (4) angular velocity = anguler dypleerert 5 me (5) energy ~ capacity of body to do work Since work = torcex distante, Cnergy = FL or with opt? energy = (MLT*)(L) 3 ML* (¢) moment of inerha(area) = second moment of arca = (1*)(L) 4 L* (a) power = rate of doing work = FL FLT! 7 7 6h. 2 Gar Mir) 2 oer force» Fos py? area LO = (mit )(L7) = 4 (€) pressure =43 1.3. Verify the dimensions, in both the FLT system and the MLT system, of the following quantities which appear in Table 1.1: (a) acceleration, (b) stress, (€) moment of a force, (4) vol- ume, and (e) work, lan . velocity 2 Lo ppt ) acceleration = pa = LT (L) stress = force 1 E Aree Since FS MLT, . stress = ar = ALT * ce) mmement of a force = force x distance = FL slqir dl + Aer? 3 (a) volume = Cengts) 72 (e) work = force x ditine = Fl SULT YL = ML?[4Z¥ Jo 1.4 tepise force and x a length, what are the dimensions (in the FLT system) of (a) dP/ dx, (b) d'P/dx', and (c) §P dx? dP 2. F = a, 2s (a) i z FL ) 2 sf = pp3 dex? L3 =— © [ous eb LS 1S If p is a pressure, V a velocity, and p a fluid density, what are the dimensions (in the MLT system) of (a) p/p, (b) Vp, and (c) p/pV*? p.m pepe (@F 2p F veer tb) pyp= Gar) (ut!) (93) = mel Ts Pp. n't ots PV? (me) (LT & MPLET? (dimensinless)6 1.6 If Visavelocity, Ca length, and va fluid property having dimensions of L?7~', which of the following combinations are dimensionless: (a) Vl, (b) Velv, (e) V2», (A) Vibe? cay Vev = (LTV yaer) = LIT * (not dimensionless) ws) VE 2 (LT NL) 2 pore Vv (itr) te) Vv = fer) 12277) = LIT? (not dimensionless) (dimension less) @) yo = oer) = > (not dimensionless) LT 1.7 Dimensionless combinations of quan- tities (commonly called dimensionless parame~ ters) play an important role in fluid mechanics. Make up five possible dimensionless parameters by using combinations of some of the quantities listed in Table 1.1. Some possible examples: acceleration x time , (L777) = = L°T? velocity (LT) £ UL Frequency x time (TT) = T° (velocity) . » (er* length « acceleration (L)(LT™ forcextime . (FAT) , LET) rmementum (M LT) lereyr) density x velocity « length , (me *MLT NL), dynamic viscosity ML Tt 2PpL7? = M‘LT*1.8 The force, P, that is exerted on a spher- ical particle moving slowly through a liquid is given by the equation P = 3nuDV where jis a fluid property (viscosity) having di- mensions of FL“*T, D is the particle diameter, and V is the particle velocity. What are the di- mensions of the constant, 3x? Would you classify this equation as a general homogeneous equa- tion? P= 3muDV fF) Bole [FJ= (an) 0rd “ 37 4s and the eguaton: is a general homogeneous eguation. Yes.LF /0 1.10 The pressure difference, Ap, across a partial blockage in an artery (called a stenosis) is approximated by the equation wv ‘Ay 2 Determine the dimensions of the constants we kt (2-1 pv? where V is the blood velocity, 1 the blood vis- According to information found in an old hydraulics book, the energy loss per unit weight of fluid flowing through a nozzle connected to a hose can be estimated by the formula hh = (0.04 t0 0.09)(D/a)'V?/2g where /is the energy loss per unit weight, D the hose diameter, d the nozzle tip diameter, V the fluid velocity in the hose, and g the acceleration of gravity. Do you think this equation is valid in any system of units? Explain. 4 = (0,04 & 0.09) aye FL]. BTL? Fy [E£]= [oor 4 0.09] CAE} E | z [1 ]= [0.0% » o0gf LL] Since each term tn The eguation must have the Same dimensions, the Constant term (0.04 40,04) must be dirnensienless, Thus, The egaation i & general homogeneous epuatiwn that is Valid fn any system of units. Yes. ‘cosity (FL-*T), p the blood density (ML~"), D the artery diameter, Ay the area of the unob- structed artery, and A, the area of the stenosis. and K,,. Would this equation be valid in any sys- tem of units? a ee [rei] = [«,] [SVE] oe) -) EI) fe’) = fk] [ec] + (ke) (Fe*] Since each term must have the same dimensions, K, and K, are dimensionless. Thus, the equation is a general homogeneous e4uation that would be valicl ta ang Consistent system of units. Yes. I-71.11 Assume that dhe speed of sound c in id depends on an elastic modulus, E,, with dimensions FL, and the fluid density, p. in the form ¢ = (E,)"(p)". If this is 0 be a dimen- sionally homogeneous equation, what are the values for @ and 1? Is your result consistent with the standard formula for the speed of sound? (See Eq. 1.19.) = ean Since CLT SFLe psPl ty? [ele [4 eo] OE 5] w For a elimensionally homogeneous eguakion each term in The eguation must have the same dimensions. Thus, the right hand side of £3.(1) must have The dimensicas of LT! There fore, arbh=o (to eliminate F) 2bh=-1 Cte satisty condition onT) Lat¢b=-1l Ch atsty cnditon on L) Lt fellows Tet az4 ana b:-4t So That This result is consistent with The standard Aorinuln tr the Speed of sound, Yes. I?(AZ 112 A formula for estimating the volume rate of flow, Q, cover the spillway of a dam is Q= CV2gB(H + V2/2e) where C is a constant, g the acceleration of gravity, B the spillway width, H the depth of water passing over the spillway, and V the velocity of water just upstream of the dam. Would this equation be valid in any system of units? Explain. 3, @= Cia 8 CH4 HR) ferye elbegter 03 (+l ED) (er) fe] ve) [e417] (Cod 1)" (or7)=[en)fer-) Since each term sn the eguation must have the same dimensions The Constant CVZ must be dimension less. Thus, The eguation ss a general homogeneous eguation thet would be valid in any Consistent set of units. Yes. AS, al xae. 1.14 Make use of Table 1.3 to express the following quantities in SI units: (a) 10.2 in./min, (b) 4.81 slugs, (c) 3.02 Ib, (d) 73.1 ft/s*, (e) 0.0234 Ib-s/ fe? @) 10.218, » (10.2 %,) (ewe i) ( Le) =< -3 4m amr = 4a2x/o° Sos 432 em (6) 481 slgs= (#81 sags ) (4459410 4)= 70,2 bg (t) 3.02 b= (R02 )( ame &)= saeW 1 ee A) 731 = (12/4) (oxen fi )= 223 & zp (TTS lbs [bes M3 €) 0.0234 = (0.0034 22) (4 19900 Fe ) tt ( sa ) ( hs Nv ar = s = 1/2 esLIE 1.15 Make use of Table 1.4 to express the following quantities in BG units: (a) 14.2 km, (b) 8.14 N/m’, (c) 1.61 kg/m®, (€) 0.0320 N-m/s, (e) 5.67 mm/hr. (a) 142 bm = (ax?) (3201 )= 466 x10! Ht ib (a) am Ay = (8.14%) (6 306210? FB) = 5194107 4, mM Im 3 a ; ce) Le) 44, = (61 2, ) (94010? FB 3.12 x10" shess tz Fe Re. ot Mm ; <1 fb cd) 0.0320 2" = (0,0320 “") (1 31x10 #4 ) eam - 3 = 2abxie? FEB == ce) ona a thr 5.67 (.47.x10? 7 320 t) (Le -6 = 5/7 x10 ufL1G 1.1G Make use of Appendix A to express the following quantities in SI units: (a) 160 acre, (b) 742 Btu, (c) 240 miles, (d) 79.1 hp, (e) 60.3 °F. : (a) eo acre = (100 acre) (¢3st.c10" & ) (Gate eae) = 6472/08 m?* (4) 742.870 = (7¥2 87U) (nose20* SZ) 783 x 10° J CC) 240 me = (240 me) (609.210 2.) 286 410° om ) 72 bp = (Al hp) (r9s7 x10? L)= S400" W hp () T= F (ea3-32) = 15.7 C k " (5.7 °C +273, = 289K 4 J-{21.17 Clouds can weigh thousands of pounds due to their liquid water content. Often this content is measured in grams per cubic meter (g/m?). Assume that a cumulus cloud occupies 1 volume of one cubic kilometer, and its liquid water content is 0.2 g/m’. (a) What is the volume of this cloud in cubic ‘miles? (b) How much does the water in the cloud weigh in pounds? (a) Volume = Cem) = 10" m? Since (m= 3.281 £4 3 Aelune . Qe'n) (2.201%) 5. 230«03 ) 3 = 0.240 rm? (4) DW = ¥x Volume x= pg = (0.2 5)? $t) (931% )= 96110 as By = (1.462 x07 X, )(J0%m?) = [962 x10" N = (1,962 xn )(2.248 110% ) = 441 x |b 1-13£18 | 4.48 For Table 1.3 verify the conversion re- lationships for: (a) area, (b) density, (c) velocity, and (d) specific weight. Use the basic conversion relationships: 1 ft = 0.3048 m; 1 Ib = 4.4482 N; and 1 slug = 14.594 kg (a) / fet (140)ffasore)‘a04]- 0.09290 m* ft Thus, rultiply #4% by 9.240 E-2 +o convert tom”. i) ug 2 (/ seg As Tt fe 1 48 + (1 8) (5% 53) la sordFon Ra = S/S.4 Fas Thus, multiply slug ft? by S1S¥ E+2 to convert to g/m} ey y He (] £4) (03047 @)= O3049 & Thus, multiply ft/s by 3.048 E-| + convert to m/s. @) 1 fe (i Z a ) (eons # (ae 3] = 17% Thus, multiply Ib/f? by [S21 Et2 to convert to V/s ilt[47 Tha For Table 1.4 verify the conversion re- lationships for: (a) acceleration, (b) density, (e) pressure, and (4) volume flowrate. Use the basic conversion relationships: 1 m = 3.2808 ft 1N = 0.22481 Ib; and 1 kg = 0.068521 slug. (a) (3: (1% )(3.280 ee) 3.29) Thus, rrultiply m/s? by 3.281 #0 convert to #t/s2, & Aa. : asa) slugs) [ Lem? | 2 Shee (1 Vostsses 2) eter = |. 940 x10 Stags Thus, multiply Ry/m? by 1.440 E-3 to convert to slugs/fe3, ce | Me (| B,) (oaryar F aera (3.2808) Ft* 2.089 x10 * Thus, mulkiply N/m? 2.084 E-2 to convert to Ib / Fe. (a) | a () 2 2) [Ge as08y. “eh 35.3! a? Thas, multiply ams by 3531 E+! to convert to 4%. IB120 1.20 Water flows from a large drainage pipe at a rate of 1200 gal/min. What is this volume rate of flow in (a) m*/s, (b) liters/min, and (c) ft/s? (a) 3 flowrate = (128° gel ) (6,309.09 “F ) “0 Gal = 757 x10" wee (6) Since | iter = 10? 03, flowrate = (757 x10? an?) (107 trees) be: ) _ liters = ¥54o me 7A, old (2) flowrate = (757x102) (3 s31 x10) 3 | = 2.67 Pe ol I-lb7 1.21 A tank of oil has a mass of 30 slugs. (a) Determine its weight in pounds and in new- tons at the earth’s surface. (b) What would be its mass (in slugs) and its weight (in pounds) if lo- cated on the moon’s surface where the gravita- tional attraction is approximately one-sixth that at the earth’s surface? ca) weight = mass x J =(30 slugs ) (3228 = (ao slugs) (54 AE ) (9.81 %)= (6) mass = 30 slugs (rmass dots not depend on gravitational attraction ) | weights (30 slugs ) (22 %) = Jel lb LAZ 1.22 _ A certain object weighs 300 N at the earth's surface Determine the mass of the object (in kilograms) and its weight (in newtons) when located on a planet with an acceleration of gravity equal to 4.0 fi/s. weight é B00 N_ _ 306 kg fel — for 4+ #0 ft/s? (30.6 4g ) (40 £) (0.3048 ) 373 N mass n weight a /-1723 1.23 An important dimensionless parameter the Froude number using SI units for V, g, and in certain types of fluid flow problems is the Froude _¢. Explain the significance of the results of these number defined as V/Vgl, where Vis a velocity, _ calculations. & the acceleration of gravity, and (a length. De- termine the value of the Froude number for V = 10 ft/s, g = 32.2 ft/s’, and (= 2 ft. Recalculate Ln 86 anits , ft 105 YY. = We \VGnQeH In SI units: V= lio £ \ (e307 H)s 3.05 F Ft g= 231 Q= (244) (0.3048 @)= ObIOm Thus, 3 OS vs. 2 Var 1 )0.c10m) The value of a dimensionless parameter 1s Independent of The Unit 2gstem. fe Gaul} S = 125 I-/872¥ 1,24 — The specific weight of a certain liquid is 25.3 Ib/ft, Determine its density and specific gravity. lb pris 85 Fee 2.5 Slugs 4 3224 ft? zn a 2, 2a Be ~ @ #4 lugs ‘no? * 14 tes 1.25 A hydrometer is used to measure the specific gravity of liquids. (See Video V2.6.) For a certain liquid a hydrometer reading indicates a specific gravity of 1.15. What is the liquid’s density and specific weight? Express your answer in SI units.126 [2G An open, rigid-walled, cylindrical tank contains 4° of water at 40 °F, Over a 24-hour period of time the water temperature varies from 40 °F to 90 °F. Make use of the data in Appendix B to determine how much the volume of water will change. For a tank diameter of 2 ft, would the corresponding. change in water depth be very noticeable? Explain mass of water = WP where 7% 4 Tne volume and / The density. Since The mass mast remain constant as The temperature changes es Lays . Uhoe = 1,940 shag a) From Table B.1 4, > CMF = 143) bts Pry @ garg = 1 PL EE Therelore, from £4.) slygs 44,= 492M 90 HE) oth #2 eck cee 2 193] 238s Thus, The increase tr volume ss 4 b1gl -#ooo= 20186 ft? The change 1A water depth, AL, vo €guel t ay . 01 6 ~: des LE S424 HL 0.0710in © af This 3mall change 1s depth would met be very hobceable. No. Note: 4 slightly differest value for SL will be obtained 1f specific weignt of eter Is used feTher Than density. This 13 due to the fact that there is some ancertuity In The fourth signiticent tigure of these, wo values, and Phe Solution «sensitive tp Tus uncertainty I-201.2% A liquid when poured into a graduated cylinder is found to weigh 8 N when occupying a volume of 500 ml (milliliters). Determine its spe- cific weight, density, and specific gravity. _ weight aN ao AN volume ~ [asooe) (13am?) ams lume ~ [asea 8) (Fa) 2 - X=: (GAM m8 = 168 x AE p= 4 781 2 7m 3 sa ——— akg 34, 163 x10 I-2)L27 1.29 The information on a can of pop indicates thatthe can contains 355 mL. The mass of a full can of pop is 0.369 ke while an empty can weighs 0.153 N. Determine the specific weight, density, and specific gravity of the pop and compare your results with the corresponding values for water at 20 °C. Express your results in SI units _ Weight of Flucd a) r= volame ef Flacd total weigt = massxg = (3bthg)(981% ) = 2hew weight ef can= O153N Volume of Fluid = G55 x09 L) (02-22 )= 495.x10“m Thus, tron Eg. 1) ye 3242 ~ 2153N _ 9775 4, z ase PSS X10 am wv et ALL W3* gq 48 P= 3° es = 996 > = 796 4 a 4 796 9 94k sg: £ & (no @#¥C tony AE For water at 20°C (see Table B.2 14 Appendix 3) = 77894. p= 4. sg Yi ° 7787-4, e, 96.2 %E » Sq 209982 A companson of These Values hr water with those fr The pop shows Thal The specie Weight, density, aun gpecihé gravity & The pep are al| Slightly Jower Than the corresponding Values tor wader¥ £.32*) 1.30% The variation in the density of water, p, with temperature, 7, in the range 20°C = Ts 60 °C, is given in the following table. Desy (ky?) [9962 | 971 995.7] 994, sp. | 9881 Temperature CO) | 29 bas 30 raalreatys Use these data to determine an empirical equa- tion of the form p = ¢ + ¢T + oT? which can be used to predict the density over the range indicated. Compare the predicted values with the data given. What is the density of water at 42.1 °C? To solve This problem use POLREG. LEBEAU IIE III III IAA III IOI III II TAI I IATA ** This program determines the least squares fit ** ** for any order polynomial of the form: il + y = dO + ditx + d2¥x°2 + d3*x°3 +... a SOB OIA III III I IO III IIA ARI II I A TAI A IA Enter number of terms in the polynomial Enter number of data points: 7 x dat 2 20,998. 2 25,997. 2 30,995. 35,994 40,992. 45,990. 50,988. points (X , Y) The coefficients of the polynomial are: a2 = -4.0983E-03 di = -5.3332E-02 do = +1,0009E+03 x Y Y(predicted) +2.0000E+01 +9.9820E+02 +9,9825E+02 +2.5000E+01 +9.9710E+02 +9.9706E+02 Q000E+01 +9.9570E+02 +9,9566E+02 +3,5000E+01 +9.9410E+02 +9.9407E+02 +4,0000E+01 +9,9220E+02 +9.9226E+02 +4.5000E+01 +9.9020E+02 +9.9026E+02 +5.0000E+01 +9.8810E+02 +9,8805E+02 Thus, (221001 = 0.05333 T = 0.004095 7 Note thet p (predicted) ts 1m good agreement iyjth 2 (given). At T= #2.1°C, a P= 100! 0.08333 (42.1°C) - 0.004085 (42.1%) = 991.5 #2, (-43 JL32 1.32 The density of oxygen contained in a tank is 2.0 kg/m* when the temperature is 25 °C, Determine the gage pressure of the gas if the atmospheric pressure is 97 kPa. P=PRT = (2.0%) (ast8 Fa) [ae 279)4] (ss 42 (abs) P (ge9¢)= By, ~ By, = %(S6AR-T4R = SPAR 1.33 Some experiments are being conducted ina laboratory in which the air temperature is 27 °C, and the atmospheric pressure is 14.3 psia. Determine the density ofthe air. Express ‘your answers in slugs/f and in kg/m? pzPRT Temperature = 27°C = [3 lar)+32"] °F = $0.6 °F 2 _ (43 pe Mie a) RT (7? = 4 "e] - slugs = 0.00222 ae —————— P= (0. 00222 4H) (5.154 x10 ‘oe +) = 14 28 a aN butABH 1.34 A closed tank having a volume of 2 fi? is filled with 0.30 Ib of a gas. A pressure gage attached to the tank reads 12 psi when the gas temperature is 80 °F. There is some question as to whether the gas in the tank is oxygen or helium. Which do you think itis? Explain how you arrived at your answer. _ weight _ 230h Density of Gas in tank p= Eaiciane Ga#y. Ye eS) 3 3 Bp slags Abb x lo oe Since Po ge wrt ps (lan reT) poe Catmosphent pressure assumed to be & I#7 pia) and wi T= (0° + kbo)°R st Allows thee 6 in™ = (20.7 jh.) BT) ne shas (yy BR (S40°R) - « a3 From Table 7 R=LSS#XIO? for oxygen and R= 1242x104 Ft: for helium Slug °R Thus, trom F9.li) £ the gas is oxygen = 7/2 slugs 2 sexy? sluas e 1554103 fF fE3 ana ter Feluim -y 2? 7 = £73 X10 ess Lz¢2.xi0* A Comparisoo of These Values with The actual dens; ty of the 94s ia The tank indicates That The Gas rnust be Ok ygen. 1-25436 1.36 A tire having a volume of 3 ft’ contains air at a gage pressure of 26 psi and a temperature of 70 °F. Determine the density of the air and the weight of the air contained in the tire. & (26 fe nr ®) (ny ie P= RTF Ciba OT) (MB) 4p x/0? slugs (1% # a 1a) [2 #400)" eas weight = pg x volume = (44x stags) (3224) (34°) = 0.622 bb 2b£37 1.37 A rigid tank contains air at a pressure of 90 psia and ‘a temperature of 60°F. By how much will the pressure increase a the temperature is increased to 110 °F? p= PRT (&q. 1.8) For @ rigid Closed tank The ate mass and Volume are Constant go P= constant. Thus, From ©3148 (wits R constant) Pi - fe a) Tk Th = b0°F +¥h0 = 520°R, = SIR. From £G.0) 2 a= ser) (10 psia) = 98. 8.1 pata where p= GO psia, T, and Ty = (0°F +460 1-27138% “1.38 Develop @ computer program for calculating the density of an ideal gas when the gas pressure in pascals (abs), the temperature in degrees Celsius, and the gas constant in Akg. K are specified. For an tdeal gas paPrt so thet - -2 where p is absolute pressure, R the gas constant, and T 1s absolute temperature. Thus, 1f The temperature Us tn °C Then T= °C #27315 A. spreadsheet (EXCEL) program tor caleulating Pp follows . [This program calculates the density of an ideal gas_| lwhen the absolute pressure in Pascals, the temperature in degrees C, and the gas constant in J/kg-K are speci To use, replace current values with desired values of temperature, pressure, and gas constant. [a8 t ure,| Gas constant,| Density. | | Pressure. ‘Tem 7 ture, Soaaw a iy | Pa [akg | gin _[ 15) 2868 1.23 —_ Formula i |=A10/((B10+273.15)°C10) example. Caleulate P for p= Zook, temperature = 20°C, ana R= 289 Thy kK, [A | 8 —c¢ | b_| | | | Pressure, | Temperature,| Gas constant, | Density, | —— kim? | 2.38L37* "1.39 Repeat Problem 1.38 for the case in which the pressure is given in psi (gage). the temperature in degrees Fahrenheit, and the gas constant in ftlb/slug°R. For an cdeal gas p=PRT = 2 C= Re where p ts absolute pressure, ana T ts absolute temperature. Thus, a temperature tn °F and pressuve ih psi, Then i = + 45947 ana pl pO) hy, Costa) x44, A posited (EXCEL program for caleulating 0 follows . so thet [This program calculates the density of an ideal gas [when the gage pressure in psi, the atmospheric [pressure in psia, the temperature in degrees F, and the gas constant in ftib/slug deg R are specified |To use, replace current values with desired values of |gage pressure, atmospheric pressure, temperature, land gas constant. are; | Diana slugsitt? | [=(A12+D12)*144)/((C12)"(B12+459.67)) euarroeeenecraneraee et) _} Example: Calculate tr P= Fopsi, temperature = /00F, Bb = 147 pate, ana R= 1716 #-lb/slug ’R. 1-29Lo 1.440 _ Make use of the data in Appendix B to determine the 31L42 1.42 The viscosity of a soft drink was determined by using ‘capillary tube viscometer similar to that shown in Fig. PI.41 and Videw V1L3, For this device the kinematic viscosity, v, is directly proportional to the time, ¢, that it takes for a gi amount of liquid to flow through a small capillary tube. That is, v = Kt, The following data were obtained from regular pop and diet pop. The corresponding measured specific gravities are also given, Based on these data, by what percent is the absolute viscosity, u, of regular pop greater than that of diet Pop? Regular pop Diet pop 108) 371 SG 1.044 greeter = [reg x loo Pais Since V=fifp, V=kt, and p= (SANA, @ yee rt follows that prey 5 D -! of Greater ra diet x 100 =| (EL 54) reg {]x 100 Chex S4)diet =/(377.8s)(Low) _ 1] x 100 (300.3 s)CI. 003) = 310° 1-321.43 The time, f, it takes to pour a liquid from a con- tainer depends on several factors, including the kinematic viscosity, v, of the liquid. (See Video V1.1.) In some labo- ratory tests various oils having the same density but differ- ent viscosities were poured at a fixed tipping rate from small 150 ml beakers. The time required to pour 100 ml of the equation for the pouring time in seconds was 1 = 1 + 9 x 10% + 8 x 10°? with v in m/s. (a) Is this a general ho- mogeneous equation? Explain. (b) Compare the time it would take to pour 100 ml of SAE 30 oil from a 150 ml beaker at 0°C to the corresponding time at a temperature of 60°C. Make use of Fig. B.2 in Appendix B for viscosity ‘oil was measured, and it was found that an approximate data, @) b= 14+ Pxe10Ue BxJorp? (rye [I+ Law?) [2] + [exw] [4] Since each term in the eguation must have the same dimensions the tonstents appearing 1 The eguation Must have dimensions, Le 2 [2x ] 73 O]= ry [axwr)= [2] 0) Thus, with a change tin units The value of The Constants wedld change and This 1s not a general homogeneous eguation, No. (4) From Table B.2 1 Appendix B: (hep SHE%0 011 @ OC) V= 2.34107 ame Chor SAE 0/) @00°C) VF 40x 0? ms Thus, From FB.) 3(2.3x 09)" @ oe de fe Gun? (23x + 8x072.3x)0 = Zils 2 @ bore ee 1+ 9x0 (box) + wxi8 Cox) = L045LF 1.44 The viscosity of a certain fluid is 5 x 10-* poise. Determine its viscosity in both SI and BG units. From Appendie A 10" “3, = / poise, Thus, fo (5 210 *peise ) (107 “3 - 0 BE es Seo Ms ; Re Pelse ana From Table 1.4 , 1 = (5x0 ° M8) (2,089x10" 4g j= Lat io Nes, ws Ms 4S 1.45 The kinematic viscosity of oxygen at 20 °C and a pressure of 150 kPa (abs) is 0.104 stokes. Determine the dynamic viscosity of oxygen at this temperature and pressure. poe, = (50x 10° Fe C2 Bye em ig & er (264.8 (oe +413) k\ i=) 2 V= 0,/o4 stokes = 0./04 4 P= (0.104 & *) (00 \ (497 #2) So - = Qosu/d) Ak = gos nig? MS 4s am 1-34L¥G* "1.46 Fluids for which the shearing stress, 7, is not linearly related to the rate of shearing strain, 7, are designated as non- Newtonian fluids. Such fluids are commonplace and can exhibit unusual behavior as shown in Video V1.4, Some experimental data obtained for a particular non-Newtonian fluid at 80 °F are shown below. ra | o [2a | 782 | 0 jt . ye) To 150 F100 Tso T 200 Plot these data and fit second-order polynomial to the data using a suitable graphing program. What is the apparent viscosity of this fluid when the rate of shearing strain is 70 s~'? Is this apparent viscosity larger or smaller than that for water at the same temperature? Rate of Shearing shearing stress, strain, 1/s_ Ib/sq ft 0 ° | 50 211 | 400782 150 185 | 200817 Rate of shearing strain, is From the graph t= 0.000887 4 0.003% where T 1 the sheanng Stress ii (b/$t* and ¥ 13 The rate of shearing strain in s~'. Plapperent = gg (2)(0.0008)¥ + 0.0035 At ¥= Tos" 1b-s® = _ Ib. Heappannt = (2)(0.0008 Gea (Tos ‘) + 0.0035 He - lbs = o.tle ee —F Ib. From Table 8.1 1 AppeadicB, Ay, gore = 174) x10 e and since water is a Newtonian fluid This value 1% independent of &§ + Thus, The unknown Non-New konan flutd has a much Jarger value.L4T 1.47 Water flows near a flat surface and some measure- ments ofthe water velocity, u, parallel tothe surface, at different heights, y, above the surface are obtained. At the surface y = 0. Alter an analysis of the data, the lab technician reports that the velocity distribution in the range 0 < y < 0.1 ft is given by the equation u= 081 + 9.2y +41 x 10 with w in fs when y is in ft (a) Do you think that this equation would be valid in any system of units? Explain. (b) Do you think this equation is correct? Explain. You may want to look at Video 1.2 to help you arrive at your answer. fa) us 0.914924 4 Alergy? fir Js Bei GL] + fra] Each term sa The eguation must have the same oh mensions, Thus, The teastant Oe! aust have dimensions of LT, GZ dimensvons of T', and 41X10? dimenswas of 1 zl Since The Constants ja The eguatios have dimensuns Melt Values will change with a change tn units. No- 6b) Equation Cannot be correct since at Y=0 K= 0.8! ttle, a non-7er value which would Violate the ‘no-slip Condition. Not correct. 1-36148 148 Calculate the Reynolds numbers forthe flow of water and for air through a 4-mm-diameter tube, if the mean velocity is 3 m/s and the temperature is 30 °C in both cases (see Example 1.4), Assume the ai is at standard atmospheric pressure For water at 30°C (trom Table 8,2 i Appendix B)+ 4 . kM, pz 7957 *, Ae 1916 a Z 7g = CUD «(9951 A) (3 F)(eceven) - 7.995 x10" MS a For adr at Bott ( From Table B.4 in Appendix B) : = ag = -5 NN Plies SS, Pe N86 AIO as Re = pve _ (1.105 4 £) (3 F) (2.004 m) 780. "2 = = & Wh ab x10 8 1-37L494 1.49 For air at standard atmospheric pressure the values of the constants that appear in the Sutherland equation (Eq. 1.10) are C = 1.458 x 10°* kg/(m-s-K?*) and $ = 110.4 K. Use these values to predict the viscosity of air at 10 °C and 90 °C and compare with values given in Table B.4 in Appendix B. 3 3 ri oo jot 4 2 - - a =" (0459 «10 tt) Te Tr no4ak For T= 10°C = (0°C +A73,15 = 28215K, a6 3h LASE XID Ag3I5K = pe (L458 re ye htesa ek Mes Ag IEK + 10,4 ee From Table Ba, he Le nto” Met For T= 70°C = 90°C + ATRIG = 363,I5K, )% ma = (L458 x 107°) ( 363 16 -= = 13X10 5315 Ke MO.4 From Table B.4, Be 214 x joe Mes ne[440] 1.50* Use the values of viscosity of air given in Table B.4 at temperatures of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 °C to determine the constants C and S which appear in the Sutherland equation (Eq. 1.10). Compare your results with the values given in Problem 1.49. (Hint: Rewrite the equation in the form Te 1 Ss a (er te and plot 7°%/y versus 7. From the slope and in- tercept of this curve C and $ can be obtained.) Equation 1.10 can be writen in The form ah T=(4 T+ = sw oc - ic and with The deta from Table BY: ° ara Is Lux 2.b40x0® ao A436 hen xi0-© 2758x108 \ ” 313,15 L87%10 abso! bo 33315 a7 kOe 3.087% 10 80 35315 dork lo 2. 206X10 100 373.15 2174 10> 3. 322.x10 A plot of TM/e vs. T 1s shown below: i 5x10" 5 = = | (I | eee eee a ee | Th 30x : | iy 1 { i 16 apeee 2x0 tho 280 320 Seo. #00 Tle) o Tec) Tk) usin) Tih [i *ag/ns)]L50* (cent) Since The deta plot as an appronmute straight line, 4.01) aan be represented by an eguation of the so tut C= 14a x1 hy fim fo ” Yr bxre where yo Te, xX~T, b~ Vo, ana am Sic To obtain a and b use LINREG2, RS BARI ISSA IERIE SE III IBAA IDI IAAI IGE AOE IE ** This program determines the least squares fit ¥* ** for a function of the form y= a+b * x cad AERO O GID O IIIS EGS IE GEES IEEE SE AEE I Number of points: 6 Input X, ¥ 2 273.15,2.640E8 2 293.15,2.758E8 2 313.15.2.963E8 2 333.15,3.087E8 2 253.15,3.206E8 2 373.15,3.322E8 = +7.4U1E+07 +6. 969E+05 vw x Y Y(predicted) +2.7315E+02 +2.6400E+08 +2,6476E+08 #2.9315E+02 +2.7580E+08 +2.7869E+08 +3,1315E+02 +2.9630E+0@ +2.9263E+08 +3.3315E+02 +3.0870E+08 +3.0657E+08 +3,5315E+02 +3.2060E+08 +3.2051E+08 43. 7315E+02 +3.3220E+08 +3.3444E+08 Thus , fabs bregx pe s: K*) a ee (A SAd and 7 Sea = 744 x10 Cc and therefore S= /07 K These values hr Cand S are in geod agreement w/t values given in Problem |. #7. /-40LST 1.51 The viscosity of a fluid plays a very important role in determining how a fluid flows. (See Video V1.1.) The value of the viscosity depends not only on the specific fTuid but also on the fluid temperature. Some experiments show that when a liquid, under the action of a constant driving pressure, is forced with a low velocity, V, through a small horizontal tube, the velocity is given by the equation V = K/q. In this equation K is aconstant for a given tube and pressure, and is the dynamic viscosity, Fora particular liquid of interest, the viscosity is given by Andrade’s equation (Eq. 1.11) with D = 5 x 1077 Ib « s/ft? and B = 4000 °R. By what percentage will the velocity increase as the liquid temperature is increased from 40 °F 10 100 °F? Assume all other factors remain constant. - K a Vie = Tg Voge Ae (2) 0 Foot Viest — Vi = [\ °, nave | oe! 100 hy increase | Te. and from &¢.ue(2) oh Increase In V = {epee S K [Paet From Andrades equation hoo Mie = 5% oe THF rto} Yooo & F 5K wile CooF F460) 109° = | Lae —1] «100 () Foot and (3) Thus , From Ey. exile ee of increase in V = rte = 13b% I-4152 of water given in Table B.2 at temperatures of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 °C to determine the constants D and B which appear in Andrade’s equation (Eq. 1.11). Calculate the value of the viscosity at 50 °C and compare with the value given in Table B.2. (Hint: Rewrite the equation in the form Inu =(B)E+ nD and plot In 1 versus 1/T. From the slope and intercept of this curve B and D can be obtained. If a nonlinear curve fitting program is available the constants can be obtained directly from Eq. 1.11 without rewriting the equation.) Eguation (i can be written in the form In -la)4 + Ind and with The data trom Table B.2- TC) Tk) fT) Pp Wstoa*) In ° 73 IS 3.bb/ £10" to B93, 15 34 L107 ho 313.15 S13 x107 bo 3335 3.002 x07 GO 353,15 2.832 410° /00 373.15. t? L787 x07 ~ 6.327 1.002410" = 6,906 6529 Kp" ~ 7.334 KbeSto* = -7.bI0 ZSKTLIO* =~ 7.444 2elexio* — - B.174 A plot of /np vs. WT & shown below: ~ Lorre ep)152% (tent) Since the data plot as an approximebe straight Ine, £4.) can be used +o represent These data To obtetn Bann D use EXPAT. SEES BS SEI RIESE IE EES IEE III IIS III IOI IIE ** This program determines the least squares fit ** ** for a function of the form y = a*e * btx #* ERIE SCO S IBIBO EIEIO IESE ERIE II DI ICA I Number of points: 6 Input X, ¥ 2 3.661E-3,1,787E-3 3.411E-3,1.002E-3 3.193E-3,6.529E-4 3.002E-3,4.665E-& 2,832E-3,3.547E-4 ? 2.680E-3,2.818E-4 +1. 767E-06 +1.870E+03 x Y Y(predicted) +6610E-03 +1.7870E-03 +1.6629E-03 4110E-03 +1.0020E-03 +1.0418E-03 +1930E-03 +6.5290E-04 +6,.9298E-04 +3.0020E-03 +4.6650E-04 +4.8482E-04 +2,8320E-03 +3,5470E-04 +3,5277E-04 +2.6B00E-03 +2.8180E-04 +2.6548E-04 Thus, 7 2 Dz=a@= 1767 x10" Ns/lam and 3 Bz b= 81K K so Tht , 1870 Baber xe At 50°C (323./5K), ry a u fo bn7 xe e : 5.76 x10" 5 fon From Table 8.2, m= & 68X10. s/n® I-4353 | 1.53 Crude oil having a viscosity of 9.52 x 10~* Ibs/f? is contained between parallel plates. The bottom plate is fixed ‘nd upper plate moves when a force P is applied (see Fig. 1.3) If the distance between the two plates is 0.1 in., what value of P is required to translate the plate with a velocity of 3 fi/s? The effective area of the upper plate is 200 in? P= Tx plate area de ph Cap Ges “ - 3 P= Gsaxp'? 4228 44154 1.54 As shown in Video V1.2, the “no slip” condition ‘means that a fluid “sticks” to a solid surface. This is true for both fixed and moving surfaces. Let two layers of fluid be ‘dragged along by the motion of an upper plate as shown in Fig, 154, The bottom plate is stationary. The top fluid puts a shear stress on the upper plate, and the lower fluid puts a shear stress ‘on the botton plate, Determine the ratio of these two shear stresses. Fluid Por Fluide om 3 t= (4H) = (02 88)( £2) st tom arias Thus , TT N Cop surfrce 20m _ | Nw Craton surface 7° ae 1-45" 5 (64 Re (358). tO155 1.85 There are many fluids that exhibit non-Newtonian behavior (see for example Video V1.4). For a given fluid the distinction between Newtonian and non-Newtonian behavior is, usually based on measurements of shear stress and rate of shearing strain, Assume that the viscosity of blood is to be determined by measurements of shear stress, 7, and rate of shearing strain, du/dy, obtained from a small blood sample tested in a suitable viscometer. Based on the data given below determine ifthe blood is a Newtonian or non-Newtonian fluid. Explain how you artived at your answer. rim?) [0.04 | 0.06] 0.12_| 0.18 | 0.30 | 0.52 | 1.12) 2.10 dudy 6-12.25) 4.50111.25122.5145.01 90.0 1225 T4s0 For 2 Newkonian Fluid The ratio cf t t du/dy 1s & Constant. For the data given: cr Nos/m3, dujty ) The ratio 15 not a Conslent but decreases as the rete of shearing Strein mereases. Thus This Fluid Cblood) 4 4 pron-Medtonan Flurd. 4 plot of the data & shown below. For 4 Newlonen tluid The curve would be a straight sine win « slope ef / to 1. lo.caso |c.0oy7 10. 0178 | 0.0133 | 0. 107 | 0.0080] 0.0067 | 0.0058 Rake of shonny strain, %4/dy, 46456 1.56 A 40-Ib, 0.8-ft-diameter, 1-fc-tall cylindrical tank slides slowly down a ramp with @ constant speed of 0.1 fUs as shown in Fig, P1.56. The uniform-thickness oil layer on the amp has a viscosity of 0.2 Ib «s/f. Determine the angle, @, of the ramp. M FIGURE P1.56 _ eit T. Thus, “es N te te W sing= TA a) Since Tp £ , where Ui is the velocity of tank ana b is Thickness of oi! layer te - bs\/ Ol = ab Ts (02 =) 0.002 FE )~ 10 ye From F¢.C1) Go lb) sino = (10 a)(H) (0.8) ana sin@= 0.1257 so Met 9=7.22°1.57 A piston having a diameter of 5.48 in. and a length of, 9150 in. slides downward with a velocity V through a vertical pipe. The downward motion is resisted by an oil film between the piston and the pipe wall. The film thickness is 0,002 in..and the cylinder weighs 0.5 Ib, Estimate V if the oil viscosity is (0.016 Ibs/f. Assume the velocity distribution in the gap is linear ZF vertical ° ral a ft Th 4 It “S ye TA aa | I Where A = TDL . { And (veloc) 2 4M D Ts Cig tdaasy / a se thet We (p t )Grve ) Et Follows ae ws. (ost) (2.002 6) Vi DEK” ar(SH¥ ee) 250 fe)(« 01645 ) = 0.00459 & bot158 1.53 ANewtonian fluid having a specific gravity of 0.92 and a kinematic viscosity of 4 x 10~* m'/s flows past a fixed surface. Due to the no-slip condition, the velocity at the fixed surface is zero (as shown in Video VI. velocity profile near the surface is shown in Fig. termine the magnitude and direction of the shearing stress developed on the plate. Express your answer in terms of U and 6, with U and 6 expressed in units of meters-per sec- ond and meters, respectively. a FIGURE P1.5 4 aU 5 O55LF “ln® chig te left on ple " 1-491.54 When a viscous fluid flows past a thin sharp-edged 4 plate, a thin layer adjacent wo the plate surface develops in which the velocity, sf, changes rapidly from zero to the approach ve locity, U, in a small distance, 8. This layer is called a Boundary layer. The thickness of this layer increases with the distance x along the plate as shown in Fig. PI.59. Assume that u = U y/ and 8 = 3.5 Vvx/U where v is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid. Determine an expression for the force (drag) that would Plate be developed on one side of the plate of length /and width b. wlR=2 | FF Express your answer in terms of J, b, v, and p, where p is the fluid density Ding, B= fT dA Where a= bax . ‘o So Tut ph Be [te bee hs i LY Since tet & (4%) and 4 F wit fe 35 [= ) It follows From &B.U) b= 3 b. 4 est gry Gnd with Y= 4 b= 0.571 be Voie Thus, 1 7h 4 2 4 a % ny [5% au ae ae fe 4 . o ay) 1-501e0*] 1.60* Standard air flows pasta flat surface and (a) Assume the velocity distribution is ofthe form velocity measurements near the surface indicate ee the following distribution: ated y (ft) 105 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.06) 0.08 and use a standard curve-fitting technique to de- seo toe trattoria termine the constants C, and C;. (b) Make use See eee tee ee of the results of part (a) to determine the mag- The coordinate y is measured normal to the sur- nitude of the shearing stress at the wall (y = 0) face and u is the velocity parallel to the surface. and at y = 0.08 ft (a) Use nonlinear regressién program, such as SAS-WLIN, te obtain Cefbrcients C, end C,. This pregram produces Jeast squares estimates ef The parameters of a nonhnvar model. Fer the data given, 1 C2 53S! a ‘ 4350 #675" (4) Since, du Th ag it follows that Top (G+ 369) Thus, at the wall (y=0) Top = (a.7¢x 07 HS \(issd) = sraxi” x At y= 0.05 #£ ) 2 T-(3% wv Bs) [ead + 3 (4350 = Nooste) | ~s Jb = O94 x Be1.6! The viscosity of liquids can be measured through the use of a rotating cylinder viscometer of the type illustrated in Fig. P1.61., In this device the outer cylinder is fixed and the inner cylinder is rotated with an angular velocity, «. The torque ‘required to develop w is measured and the vis- cosity is calculated from these two measurements. Develop an equation relating 1, «, 5, 6 R, and R,. Neglect end effects and assume the velocity distribution in the gap is linear. Torgue, 17, due to shearing shess on saner cylinder 13 egual 47= TAA where Jh=(k:d0)£, Thus, 47? FOL Te and forgne veguired to rotate inner cylinder is ap [e 2 Je RAT = ark 2h tT For a linear velocity distribution in Top that Ts Ree Je an RAK eo Ro- Re 2 Fixed outer oylinder Liquid cylinder IZZIE Ri Ro’ FIGURE P1.61 4 i top view (A cylinder length ) the gap1.62, The space between two 6-in. long concentric cylinders is filled with glycerin (viscosity = 8.5 x 107 Ibs/ft?). The inner cylinder has a radius of 3 in, and the gap width between cylinders is 0.1 in. Determine the torque and the power required to rotate the inner cylinder at 180 rev/min. The outer cylinder is fixed. Assume the velocity distribution in the gap to be linear. From Froblem |.bb, T= ark Sw BR and with w= (a0 re (ar rad ) Lee) er vad es 3 3 bs a vad 3 4 5x10 BS (er 'F TT an (Be) (gel(ases? Ki )or ) = 0.944 fils oo fe) Since power = Tro ct follows That power = (0.944 fe-lb)lor Ht) = 178 eB 1-531.63 One type of rotating cylinder viscometer, called a Stormer viscometer, uses a falling weight, W’, to cause the cyl- inder to rotate with an angular velocity, «, as illustrated in Fig, 1.63. For this device the viscosity, 1, of the liquid is related to W and w through the equation W = Kyu, where K is a constant that depends only on the geometry (including the liquid depth) of the viscometer. The value of K is usually determined by using a calibration liquid (a liquid of known viscosity). (a) Some data for a particular Stormer viscometer, obtained using glycerin at 20 °C as a calibration liquid, are given below, Plot values of the weight as ordinates and values of the angular velocity as abscissae. Draw the best curve through the plotted points and determine K for the vis- cometer. Wb) o22 | 066 | t1o | 154 | 220 wiev/s) | 053 | 159 [279 T 383 1 5.49 (b) A liquid of unknown viscosity is placed in the same viscometer used in part (a), and the data given below are obtained. Determine the viscosity of this liquid. Wb) oos | or | 022 | 033 | 044 wev/s) | 072 | 189 373 T saa T 742 Wiignt 1 — Fixed outer evlnger Luis m FIGURE P1.63 (2) Since W= KW “he slope of The QW) us, W earve As _ Wh) slope = Kf = oo) Se thet slope (45 ) m k= bs A Far the glycerin data (see plot on next page) The slope Cbesed on a least squares Fit of The dete) Slope (glycerin) = 0.398 los Since fh Ggheenin) = 2300s Then 0.398 BS fer Ke = 27, 13 X10 toes Fee (4) For the unknown fluid debs (see plot on neck page) The Slope (based on « least sguars Fit of the data ) Us Slope Cunkeewn Purid) = Sobor BS (cont) 54(ont ) Thus, from ql) (bs Slope 2.000/ “rev Hanon Hi)” “= Te # 1-551.64* The following torque-angular velocity data were obtained with a rotating cylinder vis- cometer of the type described in Problem 1.61. Ib) 39.5 | $2.7 | 64.9 | 78.6 Torque (1 ‘Angular velocity (rad/s) | 1.01 2.01 3.01 401 5.0! 60 For this viscometer R, = 2.50 in., R, = 2.45 in.. and (= 5.00 in, Make use of these data and a standard curve-fitting program to determine the viscosity of the liquid contained in the viscometer. The torque, ZT is related to the angular velocity, ws, through The eguation , 3 ak: Nn GF Tt sw G Bk ° (see solution 40 Problem 166). Thus, tor « tried yeomeiry and a 91en viscesity, &9.0) fs of The form y=bx (9”D and x~W) Where b 1s 4 Constant tgual fo 3 bs are eA (2) Re To obtoin b use ‘the dete sivtn with LINREG I. JESSE GES IEG III IOS AI DII IDOI AIDA AEE ‘+ This program determines the least squares fit ¥* ** for a function of the form y = b * x “ SERS E SE SEES ESS SEES EG HE ISIS IA RIG II EE IE Number of points: 6 Input X, 1.0.13. 20,26. 20,39 20,52.7 10,64.9 20,78.6 1 ° b = +1,308E+01 ft-lbs x Y Y(predicted) #1.0000E+00 +1.3100E+01 +1.3082E+01 #2.0000E+00 +2.6000E+01 +2.6165E+01 +3,0000E+00 +3.9500E+01 +3,9247E+01 +4.0000E+00 +5.2700E+01 +5.2330E+01 +5,0000E+00 +6.4900E+01 +6.5412E+01 +6.0000E+00 +7.8600E+01 +7.8495E+01 (con't ) /-56164 Ctent ) Thus, trom ‘2 pe (6) (o-R) ar Rk and with the cate gwen, 3.07 elhes (250-245 _ (aan files NAR ENE fe) 245 bes am (248. te)? (£22 #2) I-57Los 4.65 A 12-in-diameter circular plate is placed over a fixed bottom plate with a 0.1-in. gap between the two plates filled ‘with glycerin as shown in Fig. P1.6S. Determine the torque required to rotate the circular plate slowly at 2 rpm, Assume that the velocity distribution in the gap is Tinear and that the o.1sne Shear stress on the edge of the rotating plate is negligible Torgue,dT , due te shearnig stresses on Plate ci egual + a7T= + fda where dA= 2dr, Thus, ATs 4 T2rrdr ana 3 Taf rt dr o Sine T2 Uy and bra Irene velocity dst bution Cove figure) Te a rw s Taus, R ’ * op, cape [rar = MH8(E) | ana with the dete gwen or, (0, 0313 as dé (24 #¢)(4) = 0.0770 FE Velocity distribuben rey on a 0 4)" [1-58[427 J 1.67 A rigid-walled cubical container is completely filled with water at 40 °F and sealed. The water is then heated 10 100 °F. Determine the pressure that develops in the container when the water reaches this higher temperature. Assume that the volume of the container remains constant and the value of the bulk modulus of the water \$ constant and equal (© 300,000 psi. Since the water mass remains tonstont, ye Cr a#¥) fan ¥ he. where Kus volume and 4&4 ks Change in volume if water were Unconstraimed during heeting. Thus, From Table 8.1 19 Appendix B, 4,7 1440 HE and 2; 107 So That gh , he, ite -| = 0.00675 1927 se From ©4.h12 F By, > ~ a + fillws wir dee dt and Ap= SP That The Chanze yn pressure reguived 40 Compress the wader buck & ik original Volume 1s Ape - (400,000 pot )C0-00675) = 2,03x103 pst 1-54[ee Tye tna test to determine the bulk modus of a liquid it was found that as the absolute pres- sure was changed from 15 to 3000 psi the volume decreased from 10.240 to 10.138 in.’ Determine the bulk modulus for this liquid. 2. gt C&%. hia) y d¥/¥ S wee dp2z Ap= 3000-16 = 2965 psc ana dv & 44 = 10,240 ~- 10/32 = 0.102 ine bb Eye — 2985 In ( 2,102 in? ) 10.240 in? = 3.00 210% psc 1. Calculate the speed of sound in m/s for (a) gasoline, (b) mercury, and (c) seawater. B Ey (&.419) ? (4) For gasoline: = 1,38 fe 2.3510 Hy 136% pt 42, ~” w (¢) For seawater: c= DB4KIO me 103 «107 RE Tere (b) For mercury: C= [-60170. 1.70 Airis enclosed by a rigid cylinder con- taining a piston. A pressure gage attached to the cylinder indicates an initial reading of 25 psi. De- termine the reading on the gage when the piston has compressed the air to one-third its original volume. Assume the compression process to be isothermal and the local atmospheric pressure to be 14.7 psi. For isothermal compression, F = constant 30 That where tw Initial state and £~ fin) state. , = mass Diba Since p= MEE g : ‘ache! polume 3 Ler constant. ras) and therefore Be (3)((A5 + 19.7) psilatsy= 117 psd Gabe) er # Coage) =(119- Ma)pee = 104 psi Gere) [-elAq 1.1} Often the assumption is made that the flow of a certain fiuid can be considered as incompressible flow if the density of the fluid changes by less than 2%. If air is flowing through a tube such that the air pressure at one section is 9.0 psi and at a downstream section itis 8.6 psi at the same temperature, do you think that this flow could be considered an imcompressible flow? Support your answer with the necessary calculations. As- sume standard atmospheric pressure. For isothermal change 1a density so That & a te p e The percent change tn art clensityes Seturen sechons (1) 7G) 18 of change * os x 100 , -(|- 4 & ) too = (i- B) +00 (eae ce Thus ’ Change * i ~ (Ronie7) psa = 1.b9% Since 5h < 2% the Flow could be considered imeompress ble, Yes . 1-6272 1.72 Oxygen at 30 °C and 300 kPa absolute pressure ex- pands isothermally to an absolute pressure of 120 kPa. Deter- mine the final density of the gas. For /sotsermal expansion , = constant so that te S & where 6~ intial state and a 4 f~ final state. Thus, =» & p. 4+ Ha ty 300x10 Fa = 4 ee ——_~ = 38] *2 (4154 rg )[Gberer 272)k] Ve 120 hfe )(sa1 fe) = 152 48 £° | 300 Ba am fn ®7B 1.73 Natural gas at 70 °F and standard atmospheric pres- sure of 14.7 psi is compressed isentropically to a new absolute pressure of 70 psi. Determine the final density and temperature Of the gas. For /sentrepie compression , a = constant 50 That , * x where inv inihal state and o F £~ #ind/ state. 7 hus, 4. te ot fa ele t or Lp, fez [%E\"°4 a. (4) ip? Also , - # (4.7 ee ) 7 tt a7 3.09 ahah = x10 Sp , . ; 3 (- 4 x10 ES.) [rose] fe so that a . “3 . Be |20 PEG] (har xi? ee) = 425 1b” slugs 147 pst (obs) tt? Fe and aa ge = Co Mong) & 25 x10? slags * £1 [425 410 oe )(0%¢x10 Fie = 765 Re er Ge TO5R- Yoo = 305 F1.74 — Compare the isentropic bulk modulus of air at 101 kPa (abs) with that of water at the same pressure. For air (8.417), Ey: 4p = C40) (101 x whe) = 141 «10° RB For water (Table bb) y= 215 x%10'R Thus, E, (water) 2.15. 10"Pe ¥ ee SF NSA IO E, (ar) 141% 10°F az 1-6575 * 1.15* Develop 2 computer program for cal culating the final gage pressure of gas when the initial gage pressure. initial and final volumes, atmospheric pressure. and the type of process (isothermal or isentropic) are specified. Use BG units. Check your program against the results ob- tained for Problem 1.70. for compression or expensicn, 2B, = constent where 2#=/ for Isothermal process,and #+* specific heat vatid for isentropic process. Thus, Zt A where ba inthal Stabe, £0 titel stake, 50 That 2: (8B)*¢ a Since _ mass * Volume Then A. Ve a & where Ve We, are the initial and fiiel volumes, vespectively. Thus, trem £3.) t,t tim (FE y (4+ thew) a) Where the subscnpt g refers , Jage pressure. Eguatroiy 2) can be written as 4, ()" (ty +4 * hem) ~ Bom “3 A computer program tr Caley latvig bg Allows. (cont ) [+66175% (ton t ) 100 cls Q10 nt AGG REE E GOODS S SH OS SSE a HEI OS SEBO OO CRBE IAS a A AAEM 120 print "** This program calculates the final gage pressure of **" 130 print "** an ideal gas when the initial gage pressure in psi, **" 140 print "** the initial volume, the final volume, the en 150 print "** atmospheric pressure in psi, and the type of ee 160 print "** process (isothermal or isentropic) are specified *#" 770 Pint BEGG HERBS SEBS SOCKS ESERIES CESSES SSS AIRE GOCE GK 180 print 190 input "Enter initial gage pressure in psi, Pi = ",p 200 input "Enter initial volume, Vi 210 input "Enter final volume, Vf = ",vf 220 input "Enter atmospheric pressure in psi, Patm = ",patm 230 pabsi=p+patm 240 print:print "Enter type of process" 250 print "0 : Isothermal" 260 print "1 : Isentropic" 270 input pt 280 print 290 k=1 300 if pt=1 then input "Enter specific heat ratio, k 310 pabs£=pabsi*(vi/vf)"k 320 pf=pabsf-patm print 340 print using "The final gage pressure of the gas ® is PE = +. #8887 psi"ipt Run program using date trom Problem 1:70. SBS EGS EO IIIS EIDE SII IIIA IAAI IEA ASIA ** This program calculates the final gage pressure of ** ** an ideal gas when the initial gage pressure in psi, ** ** the initial volume, the final volume, the aad #* atmospheric pressure in psi, and the type of a ¥* process (isothermal or isentropic) are specified +* peecessereccerersrttt tree rtsrctr tere rT Sst rrr rset ers ares Enter initial gage pressure in psi, Pi =25 Enter initial volume, Vi = 1 Enter final volume, Vf = 0.3333 Enter atmospheric pressure in psi, Patm = 14.7 Enter type of process 0 : Isothermal 1: Isentropic 20 The final gage pressure of the gas is Pf = +l,o4#/E+02 psi 1-67476 1.76 An important dimensionless parameter concemed with very high speed flow is the Mach number, defined as Vic, where V is the speed of the object such as an airplane or projectile, and c is the speed of sound in the fluid surrounding the object. For a projectile traveling at 800 mph through air at 50 °F and standard atmospheric pressure, what is the value of the Mach number? Mach number = ue From Table 8.3 in Appendix B cad Nob = Carr @ 50° s Thus i Goo mph)(57 80.) (suxtt ) Mach mumboy = G20 mpbI(5280 5: )Cwass ) lob & 3 u 0G 1-68fT © 4 1.17 Jet airliners typically fly at altitudes between approx- imately 0 to 40,000 ft. Make use of the data in Appendix C to show on a graph how the speed of sound varies over this range ART (Ey. 20) Be k=1¢0 and R= 1716 fel hag" c= 40 TT From Table C1 ii Appendix C at an altitude of O 44 T= S7.00+ $0= SIGR 50 het cs #20 V 51% = 110 Similar caleulations Con be made tor cher altitudes and The resulting graph is shown below. Cc 100 | | g | | | Br0e0 J | Brose — | 5 rR 3 Bro«o | | 6 "1020 u S ] | ] 3 Bic00 a 900 } — © 5000 10000 +5000 20000 25000 9000 35000 40000 Altitude, ft 960 1-69478 | 1.78 — When a fluid flows through a sharp bend, low pres- Sures may develop in localized regions of the bend. Estimate the minimum absolute pressure (in ps) that can develop without causing cavitation if the fluid is water at 160 °F. Cavitation may occur when the local pressure eguals the vapor pressure. For water at 160°F (fom Table 6.1 va AyptedieB) b = 474 pst (abs) Thus, minimum pressure = 474 peclabs ) A719. 1.79 Estimate the minimum absolute pressure (in pascals) that can be developed at the inlet of a pump to avoid cavitation if the fluid is carbon tetrachloride at 20 °C. Cavitation may eccur when the suction pressure at the pump inlet eguals the Vapor pressure. Fer carlon betacrlwide at 20°C ps 13 &R (ads). Thas, minimum pressure = 13 &P (abs) /-7o80 1.30 When water at 90 °C flows through a converging sec~ tion of pipe, the pressure is reduced in the direction of flow. Estimate the minimum absolute pressure that can develop with- ‘out causing cavitation. Express your answer in both BG and SI units. Cavitehon may occur th The converging section of pipe when the pressure egaals the vapor pressure. trem Table 82 tn Appeadic B Ar water at 90°C, Be 70.) AR Cabs). Thus, lainimum pressuve = 70.1 RR Cabs) sq SD unts. Ln 86 units . -* Poe! Pruinimum pressure = fo.) x, \h $50 x10 aa ) x = [0,2 _ pst a —— 1.81 A partially filled closed tank contains ethyl alcohol at 68 °F. If the air above the alcohol is, evacuated what is the minimum absolute pressure that develops in the evacuated space? Minimum pressure = vapor pressure = 0.85 psc labs) 182 1,82 Estimate the excess pressure inside a rain drop having a diameter of 3 mm, ar (eg ar mire g. as) _ 2 (734407) 0.00/5 an /-7183 {,23 A 12-mm diameter jet of water discharges vertically into the atmosphere. Due to surface tension the pressure inside the jet will be slightly higher than the surrounding atmospheric pressure. Determine this difference in pressure. For eguilibrium (see hyure ), 4 pleesl)- 7 (2 St) So That p2rst peo excess pressure surface Htasion Forces © 250 I-221.84 As shown in Video VIS, surface tension forces can be strong enough to allow a double-edge steel razor blade to “float” on water, but a single-edge blade will sink Assume that the surface tension forces act at an angle 6 rel- ative to the water surface as shown in Fig. P1S4. (a) The mass of the double-edge blade is 0.64 x 10™*kg, and the total length of its sides is 206 mm, Determine the value of 8 required to maintain equilibrium between the blade weight at and the resultant surface tension force. (b) ‘The mass of the m FIGURE P1.84 single-edge blade is 2.61 X 10™kg, and the total length of its sides is 154 mm. Explain why this blade sinks. Support your answer with the necessary calculations blade o (0.4 x18 eg) C401 Omg) (134 x08?) (0.206 m ) sin sing = OWE 2 (b) For single-edge blade 3 DM saa F * (2.61 x0? bg) (4.31 mi) = 0.0256 N d and sing = (Ox lengh of blade) Sin 6 = (7.34x 10% Mm) (0.154 mm) sin B = 0.0113 sinB In order for blade +o “float” W< Tsine Since maximum Value for sine is |, 1+ follows tnat 2 >Tsing and single-edge blade will sink. (-73 Tr Tv (a) Ze =e 6 Ww = Tsin6 Ww where Urn x 4 and T= Ox length of sides. Surface tension _|LES ca) 1.83 To measure the water depth in a large open tank with ‘opaque walls, an open vertical glass tube is attached to the side of the tank. The height of the water column in the tube is then used as a measure of the depth of water in the tank, (a) For ‘a true water depth in the tank of 3 fi, make use of Eq, 1.22 (with @ = 0°) to determine the percent error due to capillarity as the diameter of the glass tbe is changed. Assume a water temperature of 80 °F Show your results on a graph of percent error versus tube diameter, D, in the range 0.1 in. < D < 1.0in. (b) If you want the error to be less than 1%, what isthe smallest tube diameter allowed? The excess height, h, caused be the surface tension is he Sen Eg, 1.22) Por OF O° with D=2R he 5 a) From Table B.| tn Appendix B for water at 80°F = 49 x0? fet and X= 62.22 1b/f2 Thus from 23.61) ~3lb - AG) = 4 (491 xF) . 379x107 (2) ib (62.22 fs) Bond Din.) Stee oh error = bt) Xx 100 (wort par eae depth + follows from £4 (2) that eb error = 377 x x 100 3 Din.) = 0.126 (3) Din.) A plot of %errer versus tube chameter 1s Shown en the ntct page.E85 T (cont? Diameter % Error &) For 1% error From £3.63) j= 228 Dia) D= 2126 in. of tube, in - ot 1.26 oo 015 0.84 | 02 063 03 0.42 5 a 04 0.32 a 0s 0.25 x - 06 021 07 one | o8 016 0 02 04 06 08 1 0.9 0.14 | Tube diameter, in. 1 043 | [Values obtained Irom Eq. (3) 1-75L&C 1.86 Under the right conditions, itis possible, due to surface tension, to have metal objects float on water. (See Video V1.5.) Consider placing a short length of a small diameter steel (sp. wt. = 490 Ib/ft!) rod on a surface of water. What is the maximum diameter that the rod can have before it wil sink? ‘Assume that the surface tension forces act vertically upward. Note: A standard paper clip has a diameter of 0.036 in, Partially unfold a paper clip and see if you can get it to float on water. Do the results of this experiment support your analysis? rh kh In order tor rod +o float (see figure) it follows that aol =W =E\O) Edel ak a z Jen: Thus, for The limiting case , D* = 274 so fax (EYL Vstee| TU steel WU, so Tat bb \\*% 8 (5. 03x1D y -. Dmax * ei) = sux ar C490 He) = 0.06/14 In. Sine a standard steel paper clip pas 4 diameter of 0.036 in, Which 1s less than 6. 0b In, 1E should Float. A simple experimat will verify This. Yes. I-761.87 Anopen, clean glass tube, having a diameter of 3 mm, is inserted vertically into a dish of mercury at 20 °C. How far will the column of mercury in the tube be depressed? Ae eee (2.1.22) For @= 130" 2 (peer ) cos 130° (133 x10? *, )(0, w015 om) Thus, column will be depressed 3.00 man -3 = — 3,00 x/D m 1.88 Anopen2-mm-diameter tube into a pan of ethyl alcohol and a diameter tube is inserted into a pan of water. In which tube will the height of the rise of the fluid column due to capillary action be the greatest? ‘Assume the angle of contact is the same for both tubes. As atente Pa TH, Catechol) CLalwhol) & (eater) (#22) Zim 4 (water) =F lwaker) FCaleshel) = (2.28107 f )(a.2000 &, 5) 4 mou) — (7.344107 % )(174x0?&. ) (mam) = 0.7817 Height of rise of water column is greatest, /-77189 * 1.81* The capillary rise in a tube depends on the cleanliness of both the fluid and the tube. Typically, values of h are less than those predicted by Eq. 1.22 using values of « and 0 for clean fluids and tubes. Some measurements of the height, ht, a water column rises in a vertical open tube of diameter, d, are given below. The water was tap water at a temperature of 60 °F and no particular effort was made to clean the glass tube. Fita curve to these data and estimate the value of the prod- uct @ cos 6. If it is assumed that ¢ has the value given in Table 1.5 what is the value of 6? If it is assumed that @ is equal to 0° what is the value of ” From Eg, 1ar #= 2 ese/(Z) * #2 ces6/+) ” with d=2R. Thus, €4.(1) 1s of the form f= bd! (2) Where: be worease ana d= 4 The constent,b, can be cbtemned by a Minerr least uans Feb of the given me C4 ana Yel) 54 4 t/d (ée"') fo 48 bo Bo 120 ito 4 (ft) 0.01108 0.00395 0.01650 0, 02275" 0.03508 0, 06633“27% (cont ) To obten b use LIWREG L. JES DOO HES SSSI RISE EDO SO SEARS ERD ESE EbE 4 This program determines the least squares fit ** 4 for a function of the form y = b * x 1 ESO GUESS SIE SESE SRO III AED GCE Number of points: 6 Input X, ¥ 7 40,0.01108 48,0.01375 60,0.01650 80,0.02275 120,0.03508 240.0.06633 b = +2,799E-04 #¢* K Y Y(predicted) +4,0000E+01 +1.1080E-02 +1.1195E-02 +4.8000E+01 +1.3750E-02 +1.3434E-02 +6.0000E+01 +1.6500E-02 +1.6792E-02 +8.0000E+01 +2.2750E-02 +2.2390E-02 +1.2000E+02 +3.5080E-02 +3.3584E-02 +2.W000E+02 46.6330E-02 +6.7169E-02 Thus, Tf = 5:03 x Bld , Then - 43K 0.869 Cos Rosales and o= arr? Tf 020° Then Cos@=40 and 3 ue ie 3b os #BTXO es Ks7 eB 70 1-79140 1.90 Fluid Characterization by Use of a Stormer Viscometer Objective: As discussed in Section 1.6, some fluids can be classified as Newtonian flu- ids; others are non-Newtonian, The purpose of this experiment is to determine the shearing stress versus rate of strain characteristics of various liquids and, thus, to classify them as ‘Newtonian or non-Newtonian fluids. Equipment: Stormer viscometer containing a stationary outer cylinder and a rotating, concentric inner cylinder (se Fig. P1.90); stop watch; drive weights forthe viscometer; three different liquids (silicone oil, Latex paint, and corn syrup). Experimental Procedure: Fill the gap between the inner and outer cylinders with one of the three fluids to be tested. Select an appropriate drive weight (of mass m) and attach it to the ‘end of the cord that wraps around the drum to which the inner cylinder is fastened. Release the brake mechanism to allow the inner cylinder to start to rotate, (The outer cylinder remains stationary.) After the cylinder has reached its steady-state angular velocity, measure the amount of time, t that it takes the inner cylinder to rotate N revolutions, Repeat the measurements us- ing various drive weights. Repeat the entire procedure for the other fluids to be teste. Calculations: |For each of the three fluids tested, convert the mass, m, ofthe drive weight to its weight, W = mg, where g is the acceleration of gravity. Also determine the angular ve- locity of the inner cylinder, o = N/t Graph: For each fluid tested, plot the drive weight, W, as ordinates and angular velocity, @, as abscissas, Draw a best fit curve through the data Results: Note that for the flow geometry of this experiment, the weight, W, is propor- tional to the shearing stress, 7, on the inner cylinder. This is true because with constant an- gular velocity, the torque produced by the viscous shear stress on the cylinder is equal to the {orque produced by the weight (weight times the appropriate moment arm). Also, the angu- lar velocity, is proportional to the rate of strain, d/dy. This is true because the velocity gradient inthe fluid is proportional tothe inner cylinder surface speed (which is proportional to its angular velocity) divided by the width of the gap between the cylinders. Based on your graphs, classify each of the three fluids as to whether they are Newtonian, shear thickening, or shear thinning (see Fig. 1.5). Data: To proceed, pint this page for reference when you wotk the problem and eck here to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem Rott nner eynder teen @ FIGURE P1.90 (cont ) 1-801. Fo (Cont ) Solution for Problem 1.90: Fluid Characterization by Use of a Stormer Viscometer m, kg N,revs. Silicone Oil Data 0.02 4 0.05 12 0.10 24 0.15 20 0.20 24 0.25 30 0.30 20 0.35 25 0.40 40 Corn Syrup Data 0.05 1 0.10 2 0.20 4 0.40 8 Latex Paint Data 0.02 2 0.03 2 0.04 5 0.05 10 0.08 10 0.07 10 0.08 10 0.09 10 0.10 20 ts 59.3 66.0 64.2 35.0 317 31.0 174 188 26.0 28.2 275 27.2 28.7 32.7 202 322 473 37.2 298 246 20.1 34.0 o,revis W.N From the graphs: Silicone oil is Newtonian Com Syrup is Newtonian 007 0.20, Latex paint is shear thinning 018 = 0.49 037 0.98, 057 0147 o=Nt 076 1.96 097 2.45, W=mg 1152.94 1333.43 154 3.92 0.04 0.49 007 098 015 1.96 031 3.92 0.06 = 0.20 010 © 0.29 016 = 0.39 021 0.49 0270.59 034 069 oat 078 050 0.88 059 098 (coat ) I-81£42 (cont) _ — - Problem 1.90 | Problem 1.90 lok, Wve angular Veo, 0 leg, Wve angular Voc, 0 or o siicone ot comeynp 4507 450 400 500 350 350 300 3.00 2250 2250 E200 = 200 150 150 100 100 | oso 080 | ovo 000 000 oo 01 ema” eee | | Problem 4.90 | | Weight, W, vs Angular Velocity, o | for | | Latex Paint | / 82L4/ 1.91 Capillary Tube Viscometer Objective: The flowrate of a viscous fluid through a small diameter (capillary) tube is a function of the viscosity of the fluid. For the flow geometry shown in Fig. P1.91, the kine- ‘matic viscosity, v, is inversely proportional tothe flowrate, Q. That is, » = K/Q, where K is the calibration constant for the particular device. The purpose of this experiment is to deter- mine the value of K and to use it to determine the kinematic viscosity of water as a function of temperature. Equipment: Constant temperature water tank, capillary tube, thermometer, stop watch, sraduated cylinder Experimental Procedure: Adjust the water temperature to 15.6°C and determine the flowrate through the capillary tube by measuring the time, ¢ it takes to collect a volume, V, ‘of water in a small graduated cylinder. Repeat the measurements for various water temper. atures, 7 Be sure that the water depth h, in the tank is the same for each trial. Since the flowrate is a function of the depth (as well as viscosity), the value of K obtained will be valid for only that value of A Calculations: For each temperature tested, determine the flowrate, Q = V/t. Use the data for the 15.6°C water to determine the calibration constant, K, for this device. That is, K = »Q, where the kinematic viscosity for 15.6°C water is given in Table 1.5 and Q is the measured flowrate at this temperature. Use this value of K and your other data to determine the vis- cosity of water as a function of temperature, Graph: Plot the experimentally determined kinematic viscosity, v, as ordinates and tem= perature, T, as abscissas. Results: On the same graph, plot the standard viscosity-temperature data obtained from Table B.2. Data: To proceed, print this page for reference when you work the problem and click here to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem. apa tbe Gradats cyinder @ FIGURE P1.91 (cont ) /- 8344 CCon’t ) Solution for Problem 1.91: Capillary Tube Viscometer Vimi ts T.degc Qmis — v,m*2Is 92 198 156 0.485 1.12E-06 97 188 263 0614 © 8.49E-07 92 168 21.3 0.548 © 9. S1E.07 91 213 123 0.427 1.22E-06 92 131 343 0.702 © 7.42E-07 94 101 504 0.931 — 5.60E-07 91 89 581 1.022 5.10E-07 v=KiQ KK, m*2mlls2 v (at 15.6 deg C), mr2/s 5.216-07 4.12E-08 K=vQ=1.12E-6 mf2is * 0.485 mils = 5.21E-7 m*2 mils*2 Problem 1.91 Viscosity, v, vs Temperature, T 1,5E-06 7 1.08-06 + 0.0€+00 0 20 40 60 80 T, deg C From Table B.2 T.degC v,m‘2is 10 1,316.06 20 1.00E-06 30 8.01E-07 40 6.58E-07 50 5.53E-07 60 © 4,75E-07 © Experimental | From Table B.2 1-84