Anatomy and Physiology, Sixth Edition

Rod R. Seeley
Idaho State University
Trent D. Stephens
Idaho State University
Philip Tate
Phoenix College

Chapter 03
Lecture Outline*
*See PowerPoint Image Slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes.

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Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Chapter 3

Cell Structure and Function

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Cell Characteristics
Plasma Membrane
Outer cell boundary

Cytoplasm
Cytosol
Cytoskeleton
Cytoplasmic inclusions

Organelles
Specialized structures that perform specific
functions
3-3

Functions of the Cell

Basic unit of life

Protection and support
Movement
Communication
Cell metabolism and energy release
Inheritance
3-4

3-5

Plasma Membrane

Intracellular versus extracellular

Membrane potential
Glycolipids and glycoproteins
Fluid-mosaic model

3-6

Membrane Lipids

Phospholipids form a lipid bilayer

Hydrophilic (water-loving) polar heads
Hydrophobic (water-fearing) nonpolar heads

Cholesterol: Determines fluid nature of membrane

3-7

Membrane Proteins
Integral or intrinsic
Extend from one
surface to the other

Peripheral or extrinsic
Attached to either the
inner or outer surfaces
of the lipid bilayer

3-8

Marker Molecules
Allow cells to identify
on another or other
molecules
Glycoproteins
Glycolipids
Examples:
Immune system
Recognition of oocyte
by sperm cell

3-9

Channel Proteins
Nongated ion channels
Always open

Ligand gated ion channel

Open in response to small
molecules that bind to
proteins or glycoproteins

Voltage-gated ion channel

Open when there is a
change in charge across the
plasma membrane
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Receptors
Receptor molecules
Exposed receptor site

Linked to channel
proteins
Acetylcholine

Linked to G proteins
Alter activity on inner
surface of plasma
membrane
3-11

Enzymes and Carrier Proteins

3-12

Movement through the Plasma

Membrane

Diffusion
Osmosis
Filtration
Mediated transport mechanisms
Facilitated diffusion
Active transport
Secondary active transport
3-13

Diffusion
Movement of solutes from an area of higher
concentration to lower concentration in
solution
Concentration or density gradient
Difference between two points

Viscosity
How easily a liquid flows

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Diffusion

3-15

Osmosis
Diffusion of water (solvent) across a
selectively permeable membrane
Important because large volume changes
caused by water movement disrupt normal
cell function
Cell shrinkage or swelling
Isotonic: cell neither shrinks nor swells
Hypertonic: cell shrinks (crenation)
Hypotonic: cell swells (lysis)
3-16

Osmosis

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Osmosis

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Filtration
Works like a sieve
Depends on pressure difference on either side of
partition
Moves from side of greater pressure to lower
Example: In kidneys in urine formation

3-19

Mediated Transport Mechanisms

Involve carrier
proteins
Characteristics
Specificity
To a single type of
molecule

Competition
Saturation
Rate of transport
limited to number of
available carrier
proteins
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Saturation of a Carrier Protein

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Mediated Transport Mechanisms

Facilitated diffusion
Higher to lower
concentration without
metabolic energy

Active transport
Requires ATP

Secondary active
transport
Ions or molecules move
in same (symport) or
different direction
(antiport)
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Secondary Active Transport

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Endocytosis
Internalization of
substances by
formation of a vesicle
Types
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Receptor-mediated
endocytosis

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Pinocytosis and
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

3-25

Exocytosis

Accumulated vesicle secretions expelled from cell

Examples
Secretion of digestive enzymes by pancreas
Secretion of mucus by salivary glands
Secretion of mild by mammary glands

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Cytoplasm
Cellular material outside
nucleus but inside plasma
membrane
Cytosol: Fluid portion
Cytoskeleton: Supports
the cell
Microtubules
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments

Cytoplasmic inclusions
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Organelles
Small specialized structures for particular
functions
Most have membranes that separates interior
of organelles from cytoplasm
Related to specific structure and function of
the cell

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Centrioles
In specialized zone
near nucleus:
Centrosome
Each unit consists of
microtubules
Before cell division,
centrioles divide,
move to ends of cell
and become spindle
fibers
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Cilia
Appendages projecting
from cell surfaces
Capable of movement
Moves materials over
the cell surface

3-30

10

Flagella
Similar to cilia but
longer
Usually only one
exists per cell
Move the cell itself in
wavelike fashion
Example: Sperm cell

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Microvilli
Extension of plasma
membrane
Increase the cell
surface
Normally many on
each cell
One tenth to one
twentieth size of cilia
Do not move
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Ribosomes
Sites of protein
synthesis
Composed of a large
and small subunit
Types
Free
Attached to
endoplasmic reticulum

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11

Endoplasmic Reticulum
Types
Rough
Attached ribosomes
Proteins produced and
modified

Smooth
Not attached ribosomes
Manufacture lipids

Cisternae: Interior
spaces isolated from
rest of cytoplasm
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Golgi Apparatus
Modification,
packaging, distribution
of proteins and lipids
for secretion or
internal use
Flattened membrane
sacs stacked on each
other
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Function of Golgi Apparatus

3-36

12

Action of Lysosomes

3-37

Peroxisomes and Proteasomes

Peroxisomes
Smaller than lysosomes
Contain enzymes to break down fatty and amino
acids
Hydrogen peroxide is a by-product of
breakdown

Proteasomes
Consist of large protein complexes
Include several enzymes that break down and
recycle proteins in cell
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Mitochondria
Provide energy for cell
Major site of ATP
synthesis
Membranes
Cristae: Infoldings of
inner membrane
Matrix: Substance
located in space
formed by inner
membrane
3-39

13

Nucleus

DNA dispersed throughout

Consists of :
Nuclear envelope: Separates nucleus from cytoplasm
and regulates movement of materials in and out
Chromatin: Condenses to form chromosomes during
cell division
Nucleolus: Assembly site of large and small ribosomal
units

3-40

Chromosome Structure

3-41

Overview of Cell Metabolism

3-42

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Overview of Protein Synthesis

3-43

Overview of Protein Synthesis

Transcription
Copies DNA to form
mRNA
tRNA carries amino
acids to ribosome

Translation
Synthesis of a protein
at ribosome

3-44

Translation

3-45

15

Cell Life Cycle

Interphase
Phase between cell
divisions

Mitosis

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

Cytokinesis
Division of cell
cytoplasm
3-46

Mitosis

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Mitosis

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16

Meiosis

3-49

Comparison of Mitosis
and Meiosis

3-50

Cellular Aspects of Aging

Cellular clock
Death genes
DNA damage
Free radicals
Mitochondrial damage

3-51

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