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Linearlaw JEP PDF
Linearlaw JEP PDF
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LINEAR LAW
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dditionalmathematicsadditionalmath
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mathematicsadditionalmathematicsa
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mathematicsadditionalmathematicsa
Name
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LINEAR LAW
2.1 Understand and use the concept of lines of best fit
2.1.1 Draw lines of best fit by inspection of given data
Criteria of the best fit line :
1. points lie as close as possible to the line
2. line pass through as many points as possible
3. points that do not fit onto the line should be more or
less the same on both sides of the line
Exercise 1. Draw the line of best fit.
1
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c
x
Exercise 2. Write the equation of the line of best fit for each of the following graphs
y
Example:
(ii) Example:
(i)
(1, 6)
(4, 6)
(5, 1)
x
Find m:
62
40
6 1
1 5
5
Find m:
Find c:
c = y-intercept
c=2
Find c:
V = mt + c
The line passes through (1, 6)
t , V
5
1 c
4
29
c
4
6
Substitute into y = mx + c
The equation of the line : y = x + 2
Substitute into V= mt + c
5
29
The equation of the line : y x
4
4
V
(1, 5)
x
x
(7, 1)
(8, 1)
2
17
y x
3
3
y=x+9
F
x
x
y = 2x 8
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(8, 8)
(3, 6)
(6, 4)
v
y = 3x 3
y = 3x2 + 11
y = 2x2 + 6
1
P v4
2
9 27
s t
2
2
5
7
p q
6
6
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3
p v5
2
(2.8, 3.3)
(3.6, 22)
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2.2
2.2.1
Y = mX + c
Variables for the y-axis
coefficient = 1
Example :
m = gradient
or Y = mX , c = 0
(i)
Y = y,
X = x2 , c = 3
y
= 3x2 5
x
(ii)
Y=
m = 2,
y
,
x
m = 3,
X = x2 , c = 5
Exercise 4. Reduce the following non-linear equation to linear equation in the form of Y = mX + c.
Hence, identify Y, X, m and c.
Example:
Example:
3y = 5x2 + 7x
Create the y-intercept
3 y 5x2 7 x
x :
x
x
x
3y
5x 7
x
Create coefficient of y = 1 &
arrange in the form Y = mX + c
3 y 5x 7
3 :
3x 3 3
y 5x 7
x 3 3
Compare to Y = mX + c
y 5x 7
x 3 3
y
5
7
Y = , m = , X = x, c =
3
3
x
y = px2
Create the y-intercept
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Compare to Y = mX + c
log10 y 2 log10 x log10 p
Y =log10 y, m = 2, X = log10 x, c = log10 p
a)
Equation
y2 = ax + b
b)
y = ax2 + bx
c)
y2 = 5x2 + 4x
d)
y=
5
c
x
e)
xy = a + bx
f)
xy
g)
y = a ( x+ b)2
h)
y= a x b
a
bx
x
i)
a b
1
y x
j)
y = abx
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Y = mX + c
2.2.2a Determine values of constants of non-linear relations when given lines of best fit
Example :
a
The variables x and y are related by the equation by x where a and b are constants.
x
The diagram below shows part of a line of best fit obtained by plotting a graph of xy against x2.
xy
Find the values of a and b.
(4, 50)
(1, 35)
x2
b
b
b
x
x a
b bx
x x a x
x : x y
b
bx
1
a
xy x 2
b
b
Compare with Y = mX + c
1
a
Y = xy , m = , X = x2 , c =
b
b
50 35
m
5
Find m from the graph :
4 1
Find c, substitute X = 1, Y = 35, m = 5 into the equation Y = mX + c
35 = 5 (1) + c
c = 30
a
30
1
b
m 5
a
b
Find the variables a and b :
30
1
1
b
5
5
a6
y
Exercise 5.
1
[y = 2x + 4]
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[y2 = 5(1/x) + 2]
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y
x
y2
(2, 9)
(4, 10)
(2, 6)
(6, 1)
1
x
x
The variables x and y are related by the equation
y = px2 + qx.
Find the values of p and q.
p = 2, q = 13
(i) k = 2, c = 2 (ii) x = 1
10 log y
(3, 6)
1(1, 9)
1
1
1
x
log x
a = 3, b = 3
a = 11, b = 8
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1.0
6.0
2.0
4.7
3.0
5.2
4.0
6.2
5.0
7.1
6.0
7.9
Solution :
1.
2.
3.
x
y
x2
xy
6.
1.0
6.0
1.0
6.0
2.0
4.7
4.0
9.4
3.0
5.2
9.0
15.6
37
1.233
30
Hence, h = 1.233
4.0
6.2
16.0
24.8
5.0
7.1
25.0
35.5
6.0
7.9
36.0
47.4
xy
50
0
x
45
40
0
x
35
30
0
25
20
0
x
15
0
10
0
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10
0
15
0
20
0
25
30
0
35
0
40
0
x2
Exercise 6.
1.
The table below shows some experimental data of two related variable x and y. It is known that
x and y are related by an equation in the form y = ax + bx2, where a and b are constants.
x
y
a)
b)
2.
1
7
2
16
3
24
4
24
5
16
6
0
y
against x.
x
Hence, use the graph to find the values of a and b.
7
24
a = 1, b = 10
The table below shows some experimental data of two related variable x and y.
x
y
0
1.67
2
1.9
4
2.21
6
2.41
8
2.65
10
2.79
3.
The table below shows two variable x and y, which are obtained from an experiment. The
r
variables are related by the equation y px
, where p and r are constants.
px
x
y
0
1.67
2
1.9
4
2.21
6
2.41
a)
b)
8
2.65
10
2.79
p =1.38, r = 5.52
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