For a COMPRESSIBLE FLUID:

The density of a gas may change significantly with changes in

pressure and temperature, however since the density of gases
is small, the pressure gradient in the vertical direction is
correspondingly small.
But for situations in which the variations in heights are large,
attention must be given to changes in specific weight, .

If the ideal gas assumption is made,

For a COMPRESSIBLE FLUID:

By separating variables:

If temperature is constant (i.e. T=T0):

MEASUREMENT OF FLUID PRESSURE:

A standard technique for measuring pressure involves the

use of liquid columns in vertical or inclined tubes, which are
called manometers.

PIEZOMETER TUBE:
The simplest type of manometer consists of a vertical tube, open
at the top, and attached to the contained in which the pressure is
measured.
The equation

p=h+p0 gives the absolute pressure.

The major disadvantages are:

It is only usable for liquids
Suction pressures can not be measured
Pressure to be measured must be relatively small, so that the
required height of the column is reasonable.
p
0

h
p

U TUBE MANOMETER:
A widely used manometer type consists of a tube formed into a Ushape
The fluid in the manometer is called gage fluid.
The pressure is evaluated in a summation process in which if one travels downward
in the fluid, the pressure increases, otherwise it decreases by h
The major advantage is that the gage fluid can be different from the fluid
in the container in which the pressure is measured. Depending on the
pressure values to be measured a heavy or a light gage fluid may be used.
It should be noted that the pressures at equal elevations in a continuous
mass of fluid at rest must be the same

The Manometer

The tube is open to atmospheric air

The basic
manometer.

P1gas=P2=Patm+fluidgh

Patm

6
f

the pressures at equal elevations in a continuous mass of fluid at rest must be the
same so P1gas=P2

The Manometer
It is commonly used to measure small and moderate pressure differences. A manometer
contains one or more fluids such as mercury, water, alcohol, or oil.

In stacked-up fluid layers, the pressure

change across a fluid layer of density
and height h is gh.

The Manometer
Differential manometers are employed to measure the
difference in pressure between two containers or two points in a given
system.

Measuring the pressure

drop across a flow
section or a flow device
by a differential
manometer.

Example

Inclined manometer