GIO N DY THM TON 7

Bui 1
n tp
BN PHP TNH TRONG TP HP Q CC S HU T
NI DUNG N TP:
KIN THC C BN:
Cng tr s hu t
x Q, y Q,
a
b
x ; y ( a , b, m Z )
m
m
a
b
ab
x y

;
m m
m
a
b
a b
x y

m m
m

Nhn, chia s hu t
1. Qui tc
a
c
; y (b, d 0)
b
d
a c ac
x. y .
b d bd
a c a d ad
x: y : .
b d b c bc
x

( y 0)
x: y gi l t s ca hai s x v y, k
hiu:

x
y

1
x

* x Q th x= hay x.x=1th x gi
l s nghch o ca x
x Q; y Q; z Q

Tnh cht

c:
a) Tnh cht giao hon: x + y = y
+x; x . y = y. z
b) Tnh cht kt hp: (x+y) +z =
x+( y +z)
(x.y)z = x(y.z)
c) Tnh cht cng vi s 0:
x + 0 = x;

Vi x,y,z Q ta lun c :
1. x.y=y.x ( t/c giao
hon)
2. (x.y)z= x.(y,z) (t/c
kt hp )
3. x.1=1.x=x
4. x. 0 =0
5. x(y+z)=xy +xz (t/c
phn phi gia php
nhn vi php cng)

B sung
Tnh cht phn phi ca php nhn i vi php cng
1

GIO N DY THM TON 7

1.

x y
x y

z
z z
x y
x y
( z 0)
z
z z

x0
y0
3. (x.y) = (-x).y = x.(-y)

2. x. y 0

H THNG BI TP
Bi s 1: Tnh
a)
c)

2 1 52 3 55

3
26
78
78
9 17 (9).17 (9).1 9
1
.

1
34 4
34.4
2. 4
8
8
1

11

b) 30 5

11 6
5
1

30
30 6

18 25 18.25 3.25 75
7
.

1
17 24 17.24 17.4 68
68
5 3 5 4 ( 5).4 ( 5).2 10
1
:
.

3 ;
e)
2 4
2 3
2.3
1.3
3
3
1
4
21 5
21.( 5) 3.( 1) 3
1
f) 4 5 : 2 5 5 . 14 5.14 2 2 1 2

d) 117 .1 24

Ch : Cc bc thc hin php tnh:

Bc 1: Vit hai s hu t di dng phn s.
Bc 2: p dng qui tc cng, tr, nhn, chia phn s tnh.
Bc 3: Rt gn kt qu (nu c th).
Bi s 2: Thc hin php tnh:
a)
b)

2
2
7 2
19
1
1 3
4. 4. 7
6
3
3
4 3
3
3
2 4
3
33
33 42 9 3
1
1 5
.11 7 .11 7
7

6
6
6
6
6
2
2
3 6

1 1

24 4

5 7
b)
7 5

c)

1 7

2 8

1 1 3
1 7 22 11

24 2 8
24 8
24
12

1
2 1
24 1 27
24 4
28 4

=

35 2
70
35
35
35
5
2
7 10

Lu : Khi thc hin php tnh vi nhiu s hu t cn:

Nm vng qui tc thc hin cc php tnh, ch n du
ca kt qu.
2

GIO N DY THM TON 7

m bo th t thc hin cc php tnh.

Ch vn dng tnh cht ca cc php tnh trong trng
hp c th.
Bi s 3: Tnh hp l:
2

16
3
3 2 16
3 22 3.( 22) 2

. =

9
11 9
11.9
3
9
11 11 3

2 1 5
1 13 5
b) : : =
21 7 7
2 14 7
7
1 13 2 1 5 1 13 1 1 5 6 2 5 22 7 22
:
:
.
1
:
21 5
15
15
2 14 21 7 7 2 14 21 7 7 14 21 7
4 1
5
4
59
63
1
4 59
c) : 6 : = 9 .(7) 9 .(7) (7). 9 9 (7). 9 (7).7 49
9 7
9

7
3

a) .
3 11

Lu khi thc hin bi tp 3: Ch c p dng tnh cht:

a.b + a.c = a(b+c)
a : c + b: c = (a+b):c
Khng c p dng:
a : b + a : c = a: (b+c)
Bi tp s 4: Tm x, bit:
a)
b)

2
4
x
;
3
15
8
20
:x
15
21

S:
S:

2
5
14
x
25
x

2 5

5 7
5 2
x
7 5
11
X = 1 35

c)

d)
e)

11 2
2

x
12 5
3

2 x x 0
7

11 2
2

x
12 5
3

2
11 2
x

5
12 3
2
1
x
5
4
1 2
X= 45
3
X = 20

d)

S:

3
20

S: x = 0 hoc x = 1/7

GIO N DY THM TON 7

f)

3 1
2
:x
4 4
5

S: x =-5/7

Bi tp s 5: Tm x, bit
a) (x + 1)( x 2) < 0
x = 1 v x 2 l 2 s khc du v do x + 1 > x 2, nn ta c:

x 1 0 x 1
1 x 2
x2 0 x 2

2
)
3
2
+ 3

b) (x 2) ( x +
x 2 v x

>0
l hai s cng du, nn ta c 2 trng hp:

* Trng hp 1:

x2 0 x 2

2 2 x 2
x 3 0 x 3
* Trng hp 2:

x 02 x2
2
2 2 x
x 0 x 3
3 3
HNG DN V NH:
* Xem v t lm li ccbi tp cha trn lp.
* Lm bi tp 14, 22, 23 (SBT tr 7); BT 17,17,19,
4

GIO N DY THM TON 7

*****************************************************************
******

Bui 2:
n tp
GI TR TUYT I CA MT S HU T
A. NI DUNG N TP
Kin thc c bn
a) nh ngha:
b) Cch xc nh:
c) Tnh cht:
x x
x x
x 0

du bng sy ra khi x = 0

H thng bi tp
Bi tp s 1: Tm x , bit:
a) x

4
4
x ;
7
7

c) x 0,749 x 0,479

3
3
x
;
11
11
1
1
d) x 5 x 5
7
7
b) x

Bi tp s 2: Tm x, bit:
a) x 0 x 0;

c) x 1

d)

b) x 1,375 x 1,375 x 1,375

khng tn ti gi tr ca x, v

3
3
, x 0 x
4
4

e) x 0,35 : x 0 x 0,35
Bi tp s 3: Tm x Q, bit:
2.5 x 1.3
a)
5

x 0

GIO N DY THM TON 7

=> 2.5 x = 1.3 hoc 2.5 x = - 1.3

x = 2.5 1,3 hoc x = 2,5 + 1,3
x = 1,2
hoc x = 3,8
Vy x = 1,2 hoc x = 3,8
Cch trnh by khc:
Trng hp 1: Nu 2,5 x 0 => x 2,5 , th
Khi , ta c: 2, 5 x = 1,3
x = 2,5 1,3
x = 1,2 (tho mn)
Trng hp 2: Nu 2,5 x < 0 => x . 2,5, th
Khi , ta c: -2,5+x = 1,3
x = 1,3 + 2,5
x = 3,8 (tho mn)

2.5 x 2,5 x

2.5 x 2,5 x

Vy x = 1,2 hoc x = 3,8

b) 1, 6 =0
x

0
,
2
=>
= 1,6
KQ: x = 1,8 hoc x = - 1,4
*Cch gii bi tp s 3: x a(a 0) x = a hoc x = -a
x 0,2

Bi tp s 4.Tm x, bit:
a)

2 3x 1 1 5

b)

x
1 3
2

c)

2 1
3,5
5
2

d)

1
1
2
3
5

Bi tp s 5: Tm x, bit:
9
1
: x 2
4
3
21
x 2
3: 6
5
4 3

a)

6,5

b)

11 3
1
7
: 4x
4
2
5
2

c)

15
3
1
2,5 : x
3
4
4
2

d)

Hng dn v nh:
* Xem v t lm li cc bi tp cha trn lp.
* Lm bi tp 4.2 ->4.4,4.14 sch cc dng ton v phng php gii Ton
7
*****************************************************************
*****8
6

GIO N DY THM TON 7

Bui 3
n tp
CC LOI GC HC LP 6 GC I NH
NI DUNG N TP:
Kin thc c bn:
1. Hai gc i nh:
* nh ngha:
Haigc i nh lag hai gc m mi cmh ca gc ny l tia i ca mi cnh
gc kia.
* Tnh cht:

j
O1i nh O2=> O1= O2

3
4 1 2
O

2. Kin thc b sung (dnh cho hc sinh kh gii)

- Hai tia chung gc cho ta mt gc.
- Vi n ng thng phn bit giao nhau ti mt im c 2n tia chunggc.
S gc to bi hai tia chung gc l: 2n(2n-1) : 2 = n( 2n 1)
Trong c n gc bt. S gc cn li l 2n(n 1). S cp gc i nh l: n(n
1)
Bi tp:
7

GIO N DY THM TON 7

Bi tp 1: Cho gc nhn xOy; v tia Oy l tia i ca tia Oy

a) Chng t gc xOy l gc t.
b) V tia phn gic Ot ca gc xOy;gcxOt l gc nhon, vung hay gc
t.
Bi gii

Bi tp 2:
a) V hnh theo cch din t sau: Trn ng thng aa ly im O. V tia
Ot sao cho gc aOt t. Trn na mt phng b aa khng cha tia Ot v tia
Ot sao cho gc aOt nhn.
b) Da vo hnh v cho bit gc aOt v aOt c phi l cp gc i nh
khng? V sao?
Bi gii:

Bi tp 3:
Cho hai ng thng xx v yy giao nhau ti O sao cho gc xOy = 450. Tnh
s o cc gc cn li trong hnh v.
Bi gii

Bi tp 4:
Cho hai ng thng xx v yy giao nhau ti O. Gi Ot l tia phn gic ca
gc xOy; v tia Ot l tia phn gic ca gca xOy. Hy chng t Ot l tia
i ca tia Ot.
8

GIO N DY THM TON 7

Bi gii
Bi tp 5:
Cho 3 ng thng phn bit xx; yy; zz ct nhau ti O; Hnh to thnh c:
a) bao nhiu tia chung gc?
b) Bao nhiu gc to bi hai tia chung gc?
c) Bao nhiu gc bt?
d) Bao nhiu cp gc i nh?
Bi gii
Bi tp 6:
T kt qu ca bi tp s 5, hy cho bit:Nu n ng thng phn bit ct nhau
ti mt im c bao nhiu gc bt? Bao nhiu cp gc i nh?
Bi gii:
C n gc bt; n(n 1) cp gc i nh.
B. HNG DN V NH:
* Xem v t lm li ccbi tp cha trn lp.
* Lm bi tp:
1) Cho hnhch nht ABCD, hai ng cho AC v BD giao nhau ti O. Gi tn
cc cp gc i nh c trn hnh v.
Hng dn: S dng nh ngha hai gc i nh
2) trn ng thng xy ly im O. V tia Ot sao cho gc xOt bng 300. Trn na
mt b xy khng cha Ot v tia Oz sao cho gc xOz = 1200. V tia Ot l tia
phn gic ca gc yOz. Chng t rng gc xOt v gc yOt l hia gc i nh.
Hng dn:

t
30

y
O
120
t
z
9

GIO N DY THM TON 7

- tnh gc tOz
- Tnh gc tOt
3) Cho 2004 ng thng phn bit ct nhau ti O; hnh to thnh c bao nhiu
cp gc i nh.
Hng dn: S dng kt qu ca bi tp 6

*****************************************************************
******
Bui 4
N TP
LU THA CA MT S HU T
A. . NI DUNG N TP
L THUYT:
1) N lu tha
xn =x .x . x . x ....( c n tha s bng nhau v bng x) trong x Q , n N, n> 1
a
b

a
b

nu x= th xn =( )n=

an
( a,b Z, b 0)
bn

2) Cc php tnh v lu tha

vi x , y Q ; m,n N* th :
xm . xn =xm+n ;
xm : xn =xm n (x 0, m n );
=xn .yn;

(xm)n =xm.n;

(x.y)n

x n xn
( ) n ( n 0)
y
y

3) M rng
* Lu tha vi s m nguyn m
x-n=

1
( x 0)
xn

* So snh hai lu tha

a) Cng c s
Vi m>n>0
Nu x> 1 th xm > xn
x =1 th xm = xn
0< x< 1 th xm< xn

b) Cng s m
Vi n N*
Nu x> y > 0 th xn >yn
x>y x2n +1>y2n+1
x y x 2n y 2n
( x) 2 n x 2 n
( x) 2 n 1 x 2 n 1

10

GIO N DY THM TON 7

BI TP:
DNG 1: TNH:
Bi tp s 1: Tnh:
a)

e)

;
21

3

7

b)

9
:

49

1
3
2

f)

c) 2,5 ; d)

7
3

1

2

: 2;

1
1
4

g) 253 : 52

Bi tp s 2: Tnh:
5

a)

1
5

.5 ;
5

b) 0,125 3 .512 ; c) 0,25 4 .1024 ;

d)

1203
403

e)

390 4
130 4

; f)

32
0,375 2

GV: Hng dn:

- Bin i cc lu tha v dng cc lu tha c cng c s hoc cng s
m.
- p dng cc cng thc v lu tha thc hin php tnh.
- Lu v tha t thc hin cc php tnh: Lu tha -> trong ngoc ->
nhn -> chia -> cng -> tr
DNG 2: VIT CC BIU THC S DI DNG LU THA
Bi tp s 3: Vit cc biu thc s sau di dng an (a Q, n N)
9.33.

a)

1
.32 ;
81

b)

4.25 : 23.
16

c)

2
32.25.

d)

1
. .9 2
3

Bi tp s 4: Vit cc s sau u di dng lu tha ca 3:

1; 243; 1/3; 1/9
GV: Hng dn:
Cch lm nh dng 1
DNG 3: TM S CHA BIT:

Bi tp s 5: Tm x Q, bit:
a)

0;

b) x 2 2

1;

c) x 2 3

8 ;

d)

1
16

GV: Hng dn:

- Bin i cc lu tha v dng cc lu tha c cng c s hoc cng s
m.
- p dng tnh cht: Nu an = bn th a = b nu n l; a = b nu n chn
(n N, n 1 )
- Tm x
Bi tp s 6: Tm tt c cc s t nhin n sao cho:
a) 2. 16 2n > 4;
b) 9.27 3n 243
11

GIO N DY THM TON 7

DNG 4: TNH GI TR CA BIU THC

Bi tp s 7: Tm gi tr ca cc biu thc sau:
0,8 5
4510.520
215.9 4
a)
;
b)
;
c)
6
0,4
7515
66.83
GV: Hng dn:
p dng cc qui tc ca cc php tnh v lu tha thc hin
DNG 5: SO SNH
Bi tp s 8: So snh
a) 291 v 535 ; b) 9920 v 999910
GV: Hng dn:
- Bin i cc lu tha v dng cc lu tha c cng c s hoc cng s
m.
- So snh
DNG 6: P DNG VO S HC
Bi tp s 9: Chng minh rng:
a) 87 2 18 chia ht cho 14
b) 106 57 chia ht cho 59
GV: Hng dn:
Bin i cc lu tha v dng cc lu tha c cng c s hoc cng
s m.
- p dng tnh cht phn phi ca php nhn i vi php cng t
tha s chung.
- Lp lun chng minh.
- B. HNG DN V NH:
* Xem v t lm li cc bi tp cha trn lp.
* Lm bi tp 5.15; 6.19; 5.13;6.28 sch cc dng ton v phng php
gii Ton 7
*****************************************************************
******
Bui 5
N TP
T L THC. TNH CHT CA DY T S BNG NHAU
A. NI DUNG N TP
L THUYT:
1. T l thc:
a) nh ngha:
12

GIO N DY THM TON 7

a
b

c
d

T l thc l ng thc ca hai t s bng nhau. hoc a : b = c : d

(a,b,c,d Q; b,d 0)
Cc s

a,d l ngoi t .
b,c l ngoi t .

b) Tnh cht:
T/c 1: Nu

a c
ad bc
b d

T/c 2 :Nu ad = bc (a,b,c,d 0)

a c a b d c d b
; ; ;
b d c d b a c a

2) Tnh cht ca dy t s bng nhau:

a c e ace

= ........
b d f bd f

(GT cc t s u c ngha)
BI TP:
LP T L THC T NG THC, T CC S, T T L THC
CHO TRC
Bi tp s 1: Lp tt c cc t l thc c th c t ng thc sau :
6. 63 = 9. 42
Bi tp s 2: Lp tt c cc t l thc c th c t t l thc sau:
1
1

6 : (27) 6 : 29
2
4

Bi tp s 3: Hy lp tt c cc t l thc t 4 trong 5 s sau y:

4; 16; 64; 256 ;1024
GV hng dn:
- Lp ng thc
- T ng thc suy ra mt t l thc.
- T t l thc suy ra ba t l thc cn li bng cch:
i ch trung t, gi nguyn ngoi t
i ch ngoi t, gi nguyn trung t.
i ch c ngoi t v trung t
DNG 2: CHNG MINH T L THC
Bi tp s 4: Cho t l thc
1)

a c 3a 2c

b d 3b 2d

3)

a.c a2 c2

b.d b2 d2

a
c

b d

. Hy chng t:

2)
4)

a c 2a 7 c

b d 3b 7 d

a2 3a2 2ac

b2 3b2 2bd

13

GIO N DY THM TON 7

GV hng dn:
- t

a
c

b d

= k => a = kb; c = kd (*)

- Thay (*) vo cc t s tnh v chng minh

Hc sinh c th trnh by cc cch chng minh khc
DNG 3:TM S CHA BIT TRONG T L THC.
Bi tp s 5: Tm x trong cc t l thc.
a)

x
2

27
3,6

c)

x
60

15
x

e) 3,8 : 2x =

b) 0,52 : x = -9,36 : 16,38

d)

1
2
:2
4
3

2 x

8
x
25

f) 0,25x : 3 =

5
6

: 0,125

GV hng dn:
- Tm trung t cha bit, ly tch ngoi t chia cho trung t bit
- Tm ngoi t cha bit, ly tch trung t chia cho ngoi t bit
Bi tp s 6: Tm a,b,c bit rng:
1) a:b:c :d = 2: 3: 4: 5 v a + b + c + d = -42
2)

a b c
, a 2b 3c 20 ;
2 3 4

b b

Bi tp s 7: Tm cc s x, y, z bit :
a) x : y : z = 3 : 5 : (-2) v 5x y + 3z = - 16
b) 2x = 3 y, 5y = 7z v 3x 7y + 5z = 30;
260

d)

x y

2 4

3) 2 3 ; 5 4 ,

a b c 49

c) 4x = 7y v x2 + y2 =

v x2y2 = 4;

e) x : y : z =

4 : 5 : 6 v x2 2y2 + z2 = 18
GV hng dn: p dng tnh cht ca dy t s bng nhau tm s cha bit
Bi tp s 8.Tm x, y, z bit:
a)

x y

v xy = 54
2 3

b)

x y

; x2 y2 = 4 vi x, y >
5 3

x y

2 3

d)

x2 y2

v x2 + y2 = 100
9 16

0
c)

y z

v x + y + z = 92
5 7

GV hng dn: p dng tnh cht ca dy t s bng nhau tm s cha bit

Tiu kt:
14

GIO N DY THM TON 7

Dng bi tp ny tng i phc tp, nu khng lm v trnh by cn thn

th rt d b nhm ln. Kin thc th khng phi l qu kh nhng rt cn
n kh nng quan st v k nng bin i. Cng cn n s kho lo a
bi ton v dng quen thuc bit cch lm dng 1.
B HNG DN V NH.
Tm cc s x, y, z bit rng:
a)

3x 2 y , 7 y 5 z

b)

x y z 32

2 x 3 y z 50

c)

2 x 3 y 5z

d)

x y z 95

x 1 y 2 z 3

2
3
4
x y z

2 3 5

xyz 810

Bui 6
N TP
T L THC. TNH CHT CA DY T S BNG NHAU (TIP)
DNG 4: TON C LI VN
I.Phng php chung:
-Loi bi tp ny u bi c cho di dng li vn, s kh khn khi cc
em chuyn li vn thnh biu thc i s tnh ton.
- Khi th hin u bi bng bu thc i s c ri th vic tm ra p n
cho bi ton l n gin v cc em lm thnh tho t cc dng trc,
nhng a s hc sinh qun khng tr li cho bi ton theo ngn ng li vn
ca u bi. Phi lun nh rng: Bi hi g th ta kt lun y!
Lu : Khi gi k hiu no l d liu cha bit th hc sinh phi t iu
kin v n v cho k hiu da vo i lng cn t k hiu. V kt qu
tm c ca k hiu phi c i chiu vi iu kin ban u xem c
tho mn hay khng. Nu khng tho mn th ta loi i, nu c tho mn th
ta tr li cho bi ton.
15

GIO N DY THM TON 7

II.Mt s v d:
V d 1. Tm phn s

a
bit rng nu cng thm cng mt s khc 0 vo t v
b

vo mu ca phn s th gi tr phn s khng i.

Da vo yu t bi cho lp dy t s bng nhau.
Li gii:
Theo bi: Nu ta cng thm cng mt s x 0 vo t v vo mu ca phn s
th gi tr phn s khng i .
Ta c:
Vy:

a
a x

=
b
b x

a
= 1.
b

a
ax
a xa
x
=
=
= =1
b
b x
b x b
x

V d 2. Tm hai phn s ti gin. Bit hiu ca chng l:

3
v cc t t l
196

vi 3; 5 v cc mu t l vi 4; 7.
Tht khng n gin cht no. Hc sinh c bi xong thy cc d kin
bi cho c ri tung ln, phi lm sao y?
Gio vin c th g ri cho cc em bng gi nh: Cc t t l vi 3; 5
5
3
cn cc mu tng ng t l vi 4; 7 th hai phn s t l vi: v 7 .
4

Nh vy, hc sinh s gii quyt bi ton ngay thi !

Li gii:
Gi hai phn s ti gin cn tm l: x, y.
Theo bi ton, ta c :

5
3
x : y = : 7 v
4

Hay :

x 21
=
y 20
x
y
=
21 20

v
v

xy=

3
.
196

3
196
3
xy=
196

xy=

p dng tnh cht dy t s bng nhau, ta c:

3
x
y
x y
3
= =
= 196 =
21 20
21 20
196
1
x
3
3
9
x=
+) =
.21 = .
21 196
196
28

+)

y
3
3
15
y=
=
.20 =
20 196
196
49
16

GIO N DY THM TON 7

Vy: hai phn s ti gin cn tm l:

9
15
v
.
28
49

V d 3. Tm 1 s c 3 ch s, bit rng s chia ht cho 18 v cc ch s

ca n t l vi 1; 2; 3.
c u bi th cc em thy ngn, n gin, nhng khi bt tay vo tm
li gii cho bi ton th cc em mi thy s phc tp v kh khn. V tm
c p n cho bi ton ny th phi s dng linh hot kin thc mt cch
hp l, lp lun logic t nhng d kin u bi cho v mi quan h gia cc
yu t tm ra p n cho bi ton.
Li gii:
* Gi 3 ch s ca s cn tm l: a, b, c (/k: a, b, c N; 0 a, b, c 9 v a, b,
c khng ng thi bng 0)
Ta c 1 a+b+c 27.
V s cn tm M18 = 2.9 m (2;9)=1
Nn a+b+c c th bng 9; 18; 27
(1).
Ta c:

a b c abc
= = =
1 2 3 1 2 3

abc
6
a=

V a N* nn a + b + c M6
T (1) v (2) suy ra: a + b + c = 18

(2).

18
a b c abc
Khi : = = =
= 6 =3
1 2 3 1 2 3
a
= 3 a = 3.1 = 3
1
b
+)
= 3 b = 3.2 = 6
2
c
+)
= 3 c = 3.3 = 9
3
M s cn tm M18 nn ch s hng n v phi l ch s 6 .

+)

Vy: s cn tm l : 396 hoc 936 .

V d 4.
Mt ca hng c 3 tm vi, di tng cng 126m. Sau khi h bn i
vi th nht,

1
tm
2

2
3
tm vi th hai v tm vi th ba, th s vi cn li ba tm
3
4

bng nhau. Hy tnh chiu di ca ba tm vi lc ban u .

Bi cho rt r rng, d hiu. Ch cn hc sinh biu din c s vi cn li
mi tm sau khi bn th bi ton tr nn n gin v rt d dng.
Li gii:
Gi s mt vi ca ba tm vi ln lt l a, b, c (m)(a ,b, c > 0)
17

GIO N DY THM TON 7

S mt vi cn li tm th nht:

1
a (m)
2

2
b
3
3
S mt vi cn li tm th ba: c
4

S mt vi cn li tm th hai:

Theo bi, ta c:

(m)
(m)

a + b + c = 126 v

1
1
1
a= b= c.
2
3
4

p dng tnh cht ca dy t s bng nhau, ta c:

a b c a b c 126
= = =
=
=14
2 3 4 23 4
9

a
=14 a = 14.3 = 28
2
b
+) =14 b = 14.3 = 42
3
c
+) =14 c = 14.4 = 56
4

+)

Vy: chiu di ca mi tm vi lc u ln lt l: 28m, 42m, 56m.

V d 5.
C ba t sch ng tt c 2250 cun sch. Nu chuyn 100 cun t t th
nht sang t th 3 th s sch t th 1, th 2, th 3 t l vi 16;15;14. Hi trc
khi chuyn th mi t c bao nhiu cun sch ?
Bi ny kh phc tp ch: s lng sch trong mi t trc v sau khi
chuyn.
Li gii:
* Gi s quyn sch ca t 1, t 2, t 3 lc u l: a, b, c (quyn) (a, b, c N *
v a, b, c < 2250). Th sau khi chuyn ,ta c:
T 1: a 100 (quyn)
T 2: b
(quyn)
T 3: c + 100 (quyn)
Theo bi ta c :

a 100 b c 100
= =
16
15
14

v a + b + c = 2250.

2250
a 100 b c 100 a 100 b c 100

= =
=
= 45 =50
16
15
14
16 15 14
a 100
=50 a 100 = 50.16 a = 800 + 100 = 900 (t/m)
16
b
+)
=50 b = 50.15 = 750
(t/m)
15
c 100
+)
=50 c + 100 = 50.14 c = 700 100 = 600
(t/m)
14

+)

18

GIO N DY THM TON 7

Vy: Trc khi chuyn th: T 1 c : 900 quyn sch

T 2 c : 750 quyn sch
T 3 c : 600 quyn sch.
V d 6.
Ba x nghip cng xy dng chung mt cy cu ht 38 triu ng. X
nghip I c 40 xe cch cu 1,5 km, x nghip II c 20 xe cch cu 3 km, x
nghip III c 30 xe cch cu 1 km. Hi mi x nghip phi tr cho vic xy
dng cu bao nhiu tin, bit rng s tin phi tr t l thun vi s xe v t l
nghch vi khong cch t x nghip n cu?
Chc chn nhiu hc sinh khng lm c bi ton ny v u bi rc ri
qu, va t l thun li va t l nghch th lm nh th no? Tht n gin,
c lm bnh thng thi:
Li gii:
Gi s tin mi x nghip I, II, III phi tr ln lt l a, b, c (triu ng) vi
0 < a, b, c < 38.
40 20

30

Theo bi ta c: a + b + c = 38 v a : b : c = 1,5 : 3 1 8 : 2 : 9
p dng tnh cht ca dy t s bng nhau ta c:
a b c a b c 38

2
8 2 9 8 2 9 19

a
2 a 2.8 16 (t/m)
8
b
+) 2 b 2.2 4 (t/m)
2
c
+) 2 c 2.9 18 (t/m)
9

+)

Vy: Mi x nghip I, II, III theo th t phi tr: 16 triu ng, 4 triu
ng, 18 triu ng.
Bi Tp v nh
Bi tp s 8: S hc sinh bn khi 6, 7, 8, 9 t l vi cc s 9; 8; 7; 6. Bit rng
s hc sinh khi 9 t hn s hc sinh khi 7 l 70 hc sinh. Tnh s hc sinh ca
mi khi.
Bi tp s 9: Theo hp ng, hai t sn xut chia li vi nhau theo t l 3 : 5
.Hi mi t c chia bao nhiu nu tng s li l 12 800 000 ng.
Bi tp s 10: Tnh di cc cnh ca mt tam gic bit chu vi l 22 cm v cc
cnh t l vi cc s 2; 4; 5.
GV hng dn:
Bc 1: Gi n v t iu kin cho n.
Bc 2: Thit lp cc ng thc c c t bi ton.
19

GIO N DY THM TON 7

Bc 3: p dng tnh cht ca dy t s bng nhau, tm gi tr ca n

Bc 4: Kt lun
-Hng dn v nh:
* Xem v t lm li cc bi tp cha trn lp.
* Lm bi tp 6.15; 6.19; 6.13;6.28 sch cc dng ton v phng php
gii Ton 7
*****************************************************************
******

Bui 7
N TP
I LNG T L THUN V 1 S BI TON V I LNG T L
THUN
NI DUNG N TP
I. L THUYT:
- Nu i lng y lin h vi i lng x theo cng thc y = k.x ( vi k l
hng s khc 0) th ta ni y t l thun vi x theo h s t l k.
- Khi y t l thun vi x theo h s t l k th x t l thun vi y theo h s t
1
l l v ta ni x, y t l thun vi nhau.
k
- Cho x v y l hai i lng t l thun vi nhau y = kx( vi k l hng s
khc 0). Khi , vi mi gi tr x 1, x2, x3, khc 0 ca x ta c mt gi tr
tng ng
y1 = kx1; y2 = kx2; y3 = k x3 ; ..ca y v lun c:

20

GIO N DY THM TON 7

1/

y1 y2 y3
........ k
x1 x2 x3

2/

x1 y1 x1 y1 x2 y2
; ; ;.
x2 y2 x3 y3 x3 y3

II.BI TP
Bi 1: Cho x v y l hai i lng t l thun vi nhau.
a. in s thch hp vo trng trong bng sau:
x

-3

-2

y
9
6
-6
-12
-15
b. y t l thun vi x theo h s t l no? Vit cng thc.
c. x t l thun vi y theo h s t l no? Vit cng thc.
Hdn:
a. V x, y t l thun nn k = 6 : (-2) = -3. T in tip vo bng gi tr.
b. y t l thun vi x theo h s t l -3. Cng thc: y = -3x.
1
1
c. x t l thun vi y theo h s t l
. Cng thc: x =
y.
3
3
Bi 2: Cc gi tr ca 2 i lng x v y c cho trong bng sau:
x

-3

-2

0,5

-4,5

-3

0,75

1,5

Hai i lng ny c t l thun vi nhau khng? Nu c hy vit cng thc

biu din y theo x?
Gii: Hai i lng ny t l thun vi nhau v vi bt k cp gi tr no ca x, y
cho bi bng trn ta u c: y : x = 1,5.
Bi 3: Cho bit: y t l thun vi x theo h s t l k ( => y =)
x t l thun vi z theo h s t l h ( => x = hz)
Hi y v z c t l thun vi nhau khng? Nu c hy X h s t l?
( C. y = kx = k(hz) = (kh)z => h s: k.h)
Bi 4: Mt cng nhn c 30 pht th lm xong 3 sn phm. Hi trong 1 ngy lm
vic 8h cng nhn lm c bao nhiu SP?
0,5 3
8.3
x
48 (SP)
Gi : Gi x l s SP cn tm, ta c:
8
x
0,5
Bi 5: Thay cho vic o chiu di cc cun dy thp ngi ta thng cn chng.
Cho bit mi mt dy nng 25 gam.
a.
Gi s x mt dy nng y gam. Hy biu din y theo x.
b.
Cun dy di bao nhiu mt bit rng n nng 4,5kg.
p n: a. y = 25.x(gam)
b. Gi x l chiu di ca cun dy , ta c:
( m)
21

25
1
4500.1
x
180
4500 x
25

GIO N DY THM TON 7

Bi 6:Tam gic ABC c s o cc gc A, B, C t l vi 3, 5, 7. Tnh s o cc

gc ca tam gic ABC?
Hdn: Gi s o cc gc ca tam gic ln lt l a, b, c ta c: a + b + c = 1800
a b c
a b c a b c 1800

120 => Cc gc a, b, c.
v
=>
3 5 7
3 5 7 357
15

Bi 7: Bit di cc cnh ca mt tam gic t l vi 3; 4; 5. Tnh di mi

cnh ca tam gic , bit rng cnh ln nht di hn cnh nh nht l 8cm?
Hdn: Gi di cc cnh ca tam gic ln lt l a, b, c( cm) (a, b, c >0)
Ta c:

a b c
a b c ca 8
v c a = 8 =>
4 . T tm c a, b, c.
3 4 5
3 4 5 53 2

B.BI TP V NH
Bi 1: Bit y t l thun vi x theo h s t l l 2, x t l thun vi z theo h s t
l l 1/3. Vit cng thc lin h gia y v z, y c t l thun vi z khng? H s t
l?
Bi 2: Mt hnh ch nht c chiu rng bng na chiu di. Vit cng thc biu
th s ph thuc gia chu vi C ca hnh ch nht v chiu rng x ca n.
Bui 8
N TP.HNH HC
I.TNG BA GC CA TAM GIC.
1.KIN THC:
-Pht biu nh l v tng ba gc ca 1 tam gic?
-ABC c: + B C = 1800.
-Pht biu tnh cht gc ngoi ca tam gic?
2.BI TP:
Bi 1.Cho hnh v:Tnh cc gc: AD C ? AD B ?

A
1 2
B

800

Xt ABC : + B C = 1800
+ 800 + 300 = 1800
= 1800 1100 = 700
AD l phn gic ca
A
2
70 0
1 = 2 =
= 350
2

1 = 2 =

Xt ABD :
0
B + 1 + AD B = 180 (theo L Tng ba gc ca tam gic).
22

300

GIO N DY THM TON 7

80 + 35 + AD B = 1800
0
0
0
AD B = 180 115 = 65
AD B k b vi AD C
AD C + AD B = 1800
AD C = 1800 - AD B =
0

= 1800 650 = 1150

Bi 2.Tm gi tr ca x trong cc hnh v sau:
H
H
480

K
I

(Hnh 1)

580

( Hnh 2)

M
1
0
N 60

x
P
I

( Hnh 3)
HD
Hnh 1
Cch 1 :
vung AHI ( H = 900)
480 + I = 900 ( L)
vung BKI ( K = 900)
x + I2 = 900 (L)
m I = I2 (i nh)
x = 480
Cch 2 :
AHI : + 900 + I = 1800
BKI : x + 900 + I2 = 1800
m I = I2

Hnh 2
AHE c H = 900
+ = 900 (L)
580 + = 900
= 900 580 = 320
x = HB K
Xt BKE c gc HB K l gc ngoi
ca BKE
HB K = K + = 900 + 320 x =
1220

23

GIO N DY THM TON 7

x = = 48

Hnh 3
M 1 = 900 600 = 300
MNI c I = 900
M 1 + 600 = 900
NMP c M = 900 hay : M 1 + x = 900 =>
300 + x = 900 => x = 600
Xt vung MNP c :
N + P = 900
600 + P = 900
0
0
0
P = 90 60 = 30

II.TRNG HP BNG NHAU TH NHT CA TAM GIC ( C-C-C)

AB = A'B'
1.ABC v A'BC' <=> BC = B'C'
AC = A'C'

B
M

2.Bi tp:
Bi tp 1.Cho hnh v:
Chng minh: AM N BM N

N
H

Bi tp 2 :
Cho ABC v ABD bit :
AB = BC = CA = 3cm; AD = BD = 2cm (C v D nm khc pha i vi AB).
a) V ABC; ABD
b) Chng minh rng CD = CB D
x

Bi tp 3 : (Bi 20 SGK)
A

C
x
A

B 24

GIO N DY THM TON 7

TH 1.

Chng minh:

TH 2

OAC v OBC c :
OA = OB (gi thuyt)
AC = BC (gi thuyt)
OC cnh chung
OAC = OBC (c.c.c)
1 = 2 (hai gc tng ng)
OC l phn gic ca xy

bui 9
N TP
I LNG T L THUN - I LNG T L NGHCH
A. NI DUNG N TP
L THUYT:
i lng t l thun
y t l thun vi x <=> y = kx ( 0)

i lng tir l nghch

y t l nghch vi x <=> y =

a
x

ch : Neu y t le thuan vi x theo (yx = a)

he so t le k th x t le thuan vi
Chu y: Neu y t le nghich
1
nh ngha
y theo he so t le la .
vi x theo he so t le a th x
k
t le nghch vi y theo he
so t le la a.
C
x
A

* y1x1 = y2x2 = y3x3 = = a;

25
O

Tnh cht

GIO N DY THM TON 7

y1 y2 y3
x1 y2 x5 y2
= ;
= ; .
* = = = ... = k ;
*
x1 x2 x3
x2 y1 x2 y5
x1 y1 x3 y3
= ;
= ;
*
x2 y2 x5 y5

Neu x, y, z t le thuan vi a, b, c
th ta co:

x y z
= = .
a b c

Neu x, y, z t le nghch vi
a, b, c th ta co: ax = by = cz =
x y z
= =
1 1 1
a b c

BI TP
Bi tp 1 :
a) Cho bit x v y l hai i lng t l thun. Hy hon thnh bng sau:
x
2 5
-1,5
y
6
12 -8
b) Cho bit x v y l hai i lng t l nghch. Hy hon thnh bng sau:
x
3 9
-1,5
y
6
1,8 -0,6
Bi tp 2: Cho bit x v y l hai i lng t l thun v khi x = 5, y = 20.
a) Tm h s t l k ca y i vi x v hy biu din y theo x
b) Tnh gi tr ca x khi y = -1000.
Hng dn - p n
a) k = 20 : 5 = 4

y = 4x
b) y = -1000 <=> 4x = -1000 => x = -1000: 4 = - 250
Bi tp 3: Cho bit x v y l hai i lng t l nghch v khi x = 2, y = -15.
a)Tm h s t l k ca y i vi x v hy biu din y theo x
M
M
b) Tnh gi tr ca x khi y = -10
Hng dn - p n
a) k = 2.(-15) = -30 => y = -30:x
b)Ny = -10 <=>P -30:xN= -1 => x =P30
Bi tp 4: Ba lp 7A, 7B, 7C i lao ng trng cy xanh. Bit rng s cy trng
c ca mi lp t l vi cc s 3, 5, 8 v s cy trng c ca lp 7A t hn
lp 7B l 10 cy . Hi mi lp trng c bao nhiu cy?
Hng dn - p n
Gi s cy trng c ca 3 lp 7A, 7B, 7C ln lt l x, y, z ( x,y,z nguyn
dng)
26

GIO N DY THM TON 7

Theo bi ton ta c:

x y z

3 5 8

v y x = 10

P dng tnh cht ca dy t s bng nhau, tnh c x = 15; y = 25; z = 40.

B.BI TP V NH
Bi 1: Bit rng 17l du ho nng 13,6kg. Hi 12kg du ho c th cha c
ht vo can 16l hay khng?
Bi 2: Ba n v kinh doanh gp vn theo t l 3; 5; 7. Hi mi n v c chia
bao nhiu tin li nu tng s tin li l 450 triu ng v tin li c chia theo
t l vi s vn ng gp.
Bi 3: Tng ca ba phn s ti gin bng

17
20

. T s ca phn s th nht,

phn s th hai, phn s th ba t l vi 3; 7; 11 v mu s ca ba phn s

theo th t t l vi 10; 20; 40. Tm ba phn s .
Bi 4: Khi tng kt cui nm ngi ta thy s hc sinh ca trng phn b
cc khi 6; 7; 8; 9 theo t l 1,5; 1,1; 1,3 v 1,2. Tnh s hc sinh gii ca mi
khi, bit rng khi 8 nhiu hn kh 9 l 3 hc sinh gii.
* Xem v t lm li cc bi tp cha trn lp.
* Lm bi tp 6.15; 6.19; 6.13;6.28 sch cc dng ton v phng php
gii Ton 7

Bui 10
N TP TNG HP-NNG CAO
Bi 1: Tm n bit
a)

1
.27 n 3 n
9

b) 3-2 . 34 . 3n = 37;

c) 2-1 . 2n +4.2n =

9.25
Bi 2: Tnh gi tr cc biu thc:
3 1
16 1
8 .5 3 .5
9 4
19 4 : 7
a) A
1
24
14
2
2
. 34
34
17

1
1
1
1
c) C = 6. 3. 1
3
3
3

Bi 3 Tm x bit:
a)

x
1 3
2

b). B =

3 1 13 1
29 1
:

:
8
:
4 28 21 28
42 28

b)

2 3x 1 1 5

Bi 4: Tm cc s x, y, z bit rng:
a) 3 x 2 y , 7 y 5 z v x y z 32

d)

D = 2. (63 + 3. 62 + 33) : 13

c) x

1
1
2
3
5

d)

x 1 60

15 x 1

b) 2 x 3 y 5 z v x y z 95
27

GIO N DY THM TON 7

x
y
z

c)
v 5 x y 2 z 28
10 6 21
x
y
e)
v xy 54
2 3

x
y
y
z

,
v 2 x 3 y z 124
3 4
5 7
x
y
g)
v x 2 y 2 4
5 3
5
Bi 5: Tm hai s khi bit t s ca chng bng
v tng bnh phng
7

d)

ca chng bng 4736.

Bi 6: Mt trng c 3 lp 6. Bit rng
sinh lp 6B v bng

2
s hc sinh lp 6A bng s hc
3

4
s hc sinh lp 6C. Lp 6C c s hc sinh t hn
5

tng s hc sinh ca hai lp kia l 57 bn. Tnh s hc sinh mi lp.

Bi 7. Tm hai s hu t a v b bit rng hiu ca a v b bng thng ca a v b v bng hai
Bi 8. S hc sinh khi 6,7,8,9 ca mt trng THCS ln lt t l vi 9;10;11;8. Bit rng s
hc sinh khi 6 nhiu hn s hc sinh khi 9 l 8 em. Tnh s hc sinh ca trng ?

Bui 11
N TP
HAI TAM GIC BNG NHAU
CC TRNG HP BNG NHAU CA HAI TAM GIC
A. MC TIU:
- Gip hc sinh cng c v nh ngha, tnh cht ca t l thc, tnh cht
ca dy t s bng nhau.
- Rn k nng vn dng nh ngha, , tnh cht ca t l thc, tnh cht ca
dy t s bng nhau vo gii cc dng bi tp: Lp t l thc t ng thc, t cc
s cho trc; chng minh t l thc; tm s cha bit trong t l thc; gii ton c
li vn
- Rn tinh thn hp tc tch cc trong hot ng nhm, lm vic nghim
tc.
B. CHUN B:
GV: Son bi qua cc ti liu: SGK, SBT, SLT7, Ton NC v mt
s chuyn T7
28

GIO N DY THM TON 7

HS: n nh ngha , tnh cht ca t l thc, tnh cht ca dy t s bng

nhau.
C. NI DUNG N TP L THUYT:
1) nh ngha:
=A
'; B
= B';
C
= C'

ABC =ABC AB = AB; AC = AC; BC = BC; A

A

A'

C B'

C'

2) Cc trng hp bng nhau ca hai tam gic

+ Nu ABC v MNP c : AB = MN; AC = MP; BC = NP
th ABC =MNP (c-c-c).
A

C N

=N
; BC = NP
+ Nu ABC v MNP c : AB = MN; B
th ABC =MNP (c-g-c).
A

C N

C N

=N

=M
; AB = MN ; B
+ Nu ABC v MNP c : A
th ABC =MNP (g-c-g).

Bi tp 1: Cho tam gic ABC c AB = AC, M l trung im ca BC. Chng

minh rng:
a)
AMB =AMC
b)
AM l tia phn gic ca gc BAC.
c) AM vung gc vi BC.
A

29

GIO N DY THM TON 7

GV: Hng dn chng minh

a) AMB =AMC (c.c.c) <= AB = AC (gt); AM cnh chung; MB = MC(gt)
b) AI l tia phn gic ca gc BAC <= gc BAM = gcCAM (2 cnh tng ng)
<= AMB =AMC ( theo a).
c)
AM BC

AMB = AMC = 900

AMB = AMC (AMB =AMC)

AMB + AMC = 1800( hai gc k b)

Bi tp 2:
Cho gc xOy khc gc bt. Ly im A, B thucOx sao cho
OA <OB. Ly cc im C, D thuc tia Oy sao cho OC = OA; OD = OB. Gi
E l giao im ca AD v BC. Hy chng minh:
a) AD = BC.
b) EAB = ECD
c) OE l tia phn gic ca gc xOy.
GV: Hng dn chng minh.
a) AD = BC(hai cnh tng ng)

OAD =OCB (c.g.c)

OA = OB (gt); Gc O chung; OB = OD(gt)

30

GIO N DY THM TON 7

EAB = ECD

b)

C ABE = CDE
Cn c/m: BAE = DCE;
AB = CD

BAE = 180 OAD

DCE = 1800 OCB
OAD = OCB (OAD =OCB)
0

c)

AB = OB - OA
CD = OD - OC
OB = OD; OC = OA(gt)

OE l tia phn gic ca gc xOy

Cn c.m: AOE = COE

Cn c/m:AOE =C OE (c.g.c)

C:

AE = CE (EAB=CED)
OAD = OCB (OAD =OCB)
OA = OC (gt)
Bi tp 3 : Cho ABC c =900 v AB=AC.Gi K l trung im ca BC
a) Chng minh : AKB = AKC
b) Chng minh : AK BC
c ) T C v ng vung gc vi BC ct ng thng AB ti E.
Chng minh EC //AK
GV: Hng dn chng minh:
a) Chng minh nh phn a bi tp 1
b) Chng minh nh phn b bi tp 1

31

GIO N DY THM TON 7

B
K

E
c)

EC //AK ( Quan h t vuong gc n song song)

AK BC( theo b)
CE BC(gt)
IV. Cng c :
Nu cc cch cng minh; 2 gc bng nhau; hai on thng bng nhau; hai
ng thng vung gc; hai ng thng song song ; hai tam gic bng nhau.
V. Hng dn v nh :
- Xem v t chng minh li cc bi tp cha.
- Hc k cc cch cng minh; 2 gc bng nhau; hai on thng bng nhau;
hai ng thng vung gc; hai ng thng song song ; hai tam gic bng
nhau.
- Lm bi tp sau: Cho ABC c AB = AC , k BD AC , CE AB ( D
thuc AC , E thu AB ) . Gi O l giao im ca BD v CE .
Chng minh ; a/ BD = CE
b/ OEB = ODC
c/ AO l tia phn gic ca gc BAC .

32

GIO N DY THM TON 7

Bui 8
N TP
HM S - TH HM S
A. MC TIU:
- Gip hc sinh cng c v nh ngha, tnh cht ca i lng t l thun.
- Rn k nng vn dng nh ngha, , tnh cht i lng t l thun vo
vic gii cc bi ton v i lng t l thun.
- Rn tinh thn hp tc tch cc trong hot ng nhm, lm vic nghim
tc.
B. CHUN B:
GV: Son bi qua cc ti liu: SGK, SBT, SLT7, Ton NC v mt
s chuyn T7
HS: n nh ngha , tnh cht ca t l thc, tnh cht ca dy t s bng
nhau.
C. NI DUNG N TP
L THUYT:
+ Nu i lng y ph thuc vo i lng thay i x sao cho vi mi gi tr ca x ta lun
xc nh c ch mt gi tr tng ng ca y th y c gi l hm s ca x v x gi l
bin s (gi tt l bin).
+ Nu x thay i m y khng thay i th y c gi l hm s hng (hm hng).
+ Vi mi x1; x2 R v x1 < x2 m f(x1) < f(x2) th hm s y = f(x) c gi l hm ng
bin.
+ Vi mi x1; x2 R v x1 < x2 m f(x1) > f(x2) th hm s y = f(x) c gi l hm nghch
bin.
+ Hm s y = ax (a 0) c gi l ng bin trn R nu a > 0 v nghch bin trn R nu a
< 0.
+ Tp hp tt c cc im (x, y) tha mn h thc y = f(x) th c gi l th ca hm s
y = f(x).
+ th hm s y = f(x) = ax (a 0) l mt ng thng i qua gc ta v im (1; a).
+ v th hm s y = ax, ta ch cn v mt ng thng i qua hai im l O(0;0) v
A(1; a).

BI TP:
Bi tp1 : Hm s f c cho bi bng sau:
x -4 -3 -2
y 8
6
4
33

GIO N DY THM TON 7

a) Tnh f(-4) v f(-2)

b) Hm s f c cho bi cng thc no?
Hng dn - p s
a) f(-4) = 8 v f(-2) = 4
b) y = -2x
Bi tp 2 : Cho hm s y = f(x) = 2x2 + 5x 3. Tnh f(1); f(0); f(1,5).
Hng dn - p s
f(1) = 4
f(0)= -3
f(1,5) = 9.
Bi tp 3: Cho th hm s y = 2x c th l (d).
a) Hy v (d).
b) Cc im no sau y thuc (d): M(-2;1); N(2;4); P(-3,5; 7); Q(1; 3)?
Hng dn - p s
a) th hm s y = 2x l ng thng OA trong A(1;2)
8

f x = 2x

-5

10

-2

-4

b) nh du cc im M, N, P, Q trn MP to => N(2;4) thuc th

hm s cho.
Bi tp 4: Cho hm s y = x.
a) V th (d) ca hm s .
b) Gi M l im c ta l (3;3). im M c thuc (d) khng? V sao?
c) Qua M k ng thng vung gc vi (d) ct Ox ti A v Oy ti B.
Tam gic OAB l tam gic g? V sao?
Hng dn - p s
34

GIO N DY
B THM TON 7
g x = x

-5

-2

-4

-6

b) M( 3;3) thuc th hm s y = x, v vi x = 3 => y = 3 = tung

ca im M.
c) Tam gic OAB vung cn v OA vung gc vi OB v OA = OB
Bi tp 5: Xt hm s y = ax c cho bi bng sau:
x 1
5
-2
y 3
15 -6
a) Vit r cng thc ca hm s cho.
b) Hm s cho l hm s ng bin hay nghch bin? V sao?
Hng dn - p s
a) y = 3x
b) a = 3> 0 => Hm s ng bin
IV. Cng c :
Nhc li cch lm cc dng bi tp cha.
V. Hng dn v nh :
- Xem v t lm li cc bi tp cha.
- Hc k cc cch v th hm s y = ax ( a khc 0), cc kim tra mt
im c thuc th hm s khng?
*****************************************************************
******Bui 9
N TP HC K I
A. MC TIU:
- Gip hc sinh cng c kin thc hc hc k I v k nng lm cc
dng bi tp c bn trong hc k I.
35

GIO N DY THM TON 7

- Rn tinh thn hp tc tch cc trong hot ng nhm, lm vic nghim

tc.
B. CHUN B:
GV: Son bi qua cc ti liu: SGK, SBT, SLT7, Ton NC v mt
s chuyn T7
C. NI DUNG N TP
PHN I: I S
Dng 1: Thc hin php tnh:
2

a)

4 1

9 3

d)

2 3 4 4 4 4
:
: ;

3 7 5 3 7 5

b)

11

B 5

49
c)
;
100
5 14 9 11 2

15 25 12 25 7

:3;

e)

d)

45 20.5 20
7515

Hng dn - p s
a) Tnh biu thc trong ngoc -> Tnh lu tha

49/81

b) Tnh lu tha -> Chia -> cng tr

1
27

d) Phn tch cc c s ra tha s nguyn t -> p dng cc cng thc v

lu tha rt gn
KQ:
10 25
5 .3
e) P dng tnh cht a:c + b: c = (a+b):c
KQ:-5/4
Dng 2: Tm x, y
1)

2
4
x
3
27

3)

x 3,5 7.5

5)

2 x

8
x
25

2)

1 1
: x 4
3 2
x5

Hng dn - p s
1) KQ: 2/9
2) KQ: -3/26
3) KQ: x = 5 ; x = -5
4) KQ: x = 11; x = - 4
5) x2 = 16/25 => x = 4/5 hoc x = -4/5
Dng 3 : Gii ton c li vn :
Bi1: i I c 5 cng nhn hon thnh cng vic trong 18 gi. Hi i II
c 9 cng nhn th hon thnh cng vic trong bao nhiu gi? Bit rng nng
sut lm vic ca mi ngi l nh nhau
Hng dn - p s
36

GIO N DY THM TON 7

KQ : 10 gi.
Bi 3: Ba lp 6A, 7A, 8A c 117 bn i trng cy. Bit rng s cy ca
mi bn hc sinh lp 6A,7A, 8A trng c theo th t l 2; 3; 4 cy v tng s
cy mi lp trng c l bng nhau. Hi mi lp c bao nhiu hc sinh i trng
cy.
Hng dn - p s
Gi s hc sinh ca lp 6A, 7A, 8A ln lt l x, y, z (x, y, z nguyn
dng)
Theo bi ton ta c:
2x = 3y = 4z v x + y + z = 117
p dng tnh cht dy t s bng nhau tnh c x = 54; y = 36; x = 27
PHN II: HNH HC
Bi 1: Cho tam gic ABC, bit AB < AC. Trn tia BA ly im D sao cho BC =
BD. Ni C vi D, Phn gic gc B ct cnh AC v DC ln lt ti E v I.
a) CHng minh rng Tam gic BED = tam gic BEC v IC = ID.
b) T A v AH vung gc vi DC (H thuc DC). Chng minh AH//BI.
Hng dn

E
C
H

a) Tam gic BED = tam gic BEC(c.g.c)

IC = ID <= Tam gic BID = tam gic BIC(c.g.c)
b) BI vung gc vi CD
37

GIO N DY THM TON 7

AH vung gc vi CD
=> BI// AH
Bi 3: Cho tam gic ABC c AB = AC. Gi D l trung im ca BC. CHng
minh rng:
a) Tam gic ADB bng tam gic ADC.
b) AD l tia phn gic ca gc BAC
c) AD vung gc vi BC.
A
1 2

1 2

D
GV: Hng dn chng minh
a) ADB =ADC (c.c.c) <= AB = AC (gt); AD cnh chung; DB = DC(gt)
b) AI l tia phn gic ca gc BAC <= gc BDM = gcCDM (2 cnh tng ng)
<= ADB =ADC ( theo a).
c)
AD BC

ADB = ADC = 900

ADB = ADC (ADB =ADC)

ADB + ADC = 1800( hai gc k b)

IV. Cng c :
Nhc li cch lm cc dng bi tp cha.
V. Hng dn v nh :
- Xem v t lm li cc bi tp cha.
- Chun b tt cho k thi hc k I.
*****************************************************************
******
Bui 10
TAM GIC CN, TAM GIC U
38

GIO N DY THM TON 7

A. MC TIU:
- Gip hc sinh cng c kin thc nh ngha, tnh cht, du hiu nhn bit
tam gic cn, tam gic u
- Rn k nng v hnhd, tnh s o gc trong tam gic, chng minh tam
gic cn, tam gic u.
- Rn kh nng t duy c lp, sng to, trnh by li chng minh khoa
hc c l gc. Tinh thn hp tc trong cc hot ng hc tp.
B. CHUN B:
GV: Son bi qua cc ti liu: SGK, SBT, SLT7, Ton NC v mt
s chuyn
T7
HS: n tp nh ngha, tnh cht, du hiu nhn bit tam gic cn,
tam gic u, tam gic vung cn.
C. NI DUNG N TP:
* L THUYT:
TAM GIC CN

TAN GIC U
A

A
HNH V
A
B

TAM GIC
VUNG CN
B

C
C B
ABC cn ti A

CBC du

ABC vung

nh
ngha

<=> AB = AC

<=> AB = BC =
CA

cn ti A
<=> A = 900 v AB
= AC

TNH
CHT

+ B= C

A= B= C

B = C = 450

Du hiu
nhn bit

1800 A
2

- Tam gic c hai

cnh bng
nhau(N).
- Tam gic c hai
gc bng nhau(TC)

= 600
- Tam gic c 3 cnh
bng nhau.
- Tam gic c 3 gc
bng nhau.
- Tam gic cn c 1
gc bng 600
39

- Tam gic vung c

hai cnh gc vung
bng nhau.
- Tam gic cn c
gc nh bng 900

GIO N DY THM TON 7

* Bi tp:
( cc dng ton v PP gii ton 7)
Bi tp 1:
a) V tam gic u ABC. pha ngoi tam gic ABC v tam gic ACD
vung cn ti C.
b) Tnh gc BAD cu a).
Hng dn:
- Hc sinh t v hnh
- S dung tnh cht v gc ca tam gic u v tam gic vung cn tnh
gc BAD ( gcBAD= 1050)

D
A

250

250

500
250
C
Hnh 1

D
Hnh 2

D
Hnh 3
360
0
0
72
250 36
B250
C
250
Bi tp 2: Tm cc tam gic cn trn hnh v sau:
Hng dn:
Hnh 1: tam gic ABD cn ti B v gc A = gc D = 250
40

GIO N DY THM TON 7

Hnh 2: Tam gic ABE, ACD cn ti A.

Hnh 3: Tam gic ABC, ADB, BCD cn ln lt ti A, D,B.
Bi tp 3: Cho tam gic ABC cn ti A. K BH vung gc vi AC ( H thuc
AC), K CK vung gc vi AB ( Kthuc AB). CHng minh rng AH = AK.
Hng dn:
A

K
1

H
I

a) AH = AK ( 2 cnh tng ng)

<= Tam gic AHB = tam gic AKC (cnh
huyn gc nhon) <= AB = AC(gt); gc A chung;
Vi gt ca bi ton hy tm thm cc cu hi b sung?Nu r cch chng
minh?
Bi tp 4: ( Bi 69 SBT tr 106)Cho tam gic ABC cn ti A. Ly im H thuc
cnh AC, im K thuc cnh AB sao cho AH = AK. Hi O l giao im ca BH
v CK. Chng minh rng tam gic OBC cn.
Hng dn:

K
1

H
O
2

C
OBC cn

B2 = C2

C: B = C (gt); cn c/m: B1 = C1 (2 gc tng ng)

AHB =AKC(c.g.c)
41

GIO N DY THM TON 7

AB = AC (gt)
A: chung
AH = AK (gt)
Bi tp 5: ( Bi 77SBT tr 107) Cho tam gic u ABC. Ly cc im D, E, F
theo th t thuc cc cnh AB, BC, CA sao cho AD = BE = CF. Chng minh
rng tam gic DEF u.
Hng dn:

F
E

B
DEF u

DE = EF = DF

Chng minh: DE = EF

DE = DF

BED =CFE

DEB =FDA

BE = CF(gt)
B = C(gt)
DB = CE ( BE = CF;AB = BC (gt)
(gt)
IV. Cng c :
42

BE = AD (gt)
B = A(gt)
DB = AF ( BE = AD;AB = AC

GIO N DY THM TON 7

Nhc li cch lm cc dng bi tp cha.

V. Hng dn v nh :
- Xem v t lm li cc bi tp cha.
- Hc thuc v hiu cc nh ngha, tnh cht, du hiu nhn bit tam gic
cn, tam gic vung cn, tam gic u.
*****************************************************************
******
Bui 11
N TP NH L PI TA - GO
A. MC TIU:
- Gip hc sinh cng c kin thc v nh l Pi ta go thun v o
- Rn k nng tnh di cnh cha bit trong tam gic vung v nhn bit
mt tam gic c l tam gic vung theo nh l o ca nh l Pi ta go.
- Rn kh nng t duy c lp, sng to, trnh by li chng minh khoa
hc c l gc. Tinh thn hp tc trong cc hot ng hc tp.
B. CHUN B:
GV: Son bi qua cc ti liu: SGK, SBT, SLT7, Ton NC v mt
s chuyn
T7
HS: n tp nh l Pi ta go thun v o
C. NI DUNG N TP:
* L THUYT:
* nh l Pitago thun: Trong mt tam gic vung, bnh phng di cnh
huyn bng tng bnh phng ca hai cnh gc vung.
ABC vung ti A BC2 = AC2 + AB2.
AC2 = BC2 - AB2.
AB2 = BC2 - AC2.
* nh l Pitago o: Nu mt tam gic c bnh phng ca mt cnh bng
tng bnh phng ca hai cnh cn li th tam gic l tam gic vung.
Nu ABC c BC2 = AC2 + AB2 hoc AC2 = BC2 + AB2
hoc AB2 = AC2 + BC2 th ABC vung
B. BI TP:
Bi tp 1: Tnh di cnh huyn ca mt tam gic vung cn bit cnh gc
vung bng 2dm.
p s:

dm.
43

GIO N DY THM TON 7

Bi tp 2: Cho tam gic ABC cn ti B, AB = 17cm, AC = 16cm. Gi M l trung

im ca AC. Tnh BM.

17

17

M
16

Hng dn:
- Tnh MA = MC = AC: 2 = 8
- Chng minh tam gic ABM vung ti M
- p dng nh l Pi ta go cho tam gic vung BAM tnh BM.
Kt qu: BM = 15
Bi tp 4: Cho tam gic nhn ABC. K AH vung gc vi BC. Tnh chu vi tam
gic ABC bit AC = 20cm; AH = 12 cm; BH = 5cm.
A

12
B

20

5
H
C

Hng dn: - Tnh HC = 16 => Tnh BC= 21

- Tnh AB = 13
- Tnh chu vi tam gic ABC = 54
Bi tp 5: Bn Mai v tam gic ABC c AB = 4cm; AC = 8cm; BC = 9cm ri o
thy gc A = 900 v kt lun rng tam gic ABC vung. iu c ng khng?
Bi gii
Bn Mai khng nh sai
44

GIO N DY THM TON 7

V: BC2 = 81
AB2 + AC2 = 80
=> BC2 AB2 + AC2
Bi tp 6: Chn trong cc s 5,8,9,12,13,15 cc b ba s c th l di cc
cnh ca mt tam gic vung.
Bi gii
n
n2

5
25

8
64

9
81

12
144

13
169

15
225

=> B ba s: (5; 12; 13); (9; 12; 15) c th l di cc cnh ca mt tam gic
vung

Bi tp 7* (khng bt buc): Cho hnh v bn, trong BC = 6cm; AD = 8cm.

Chng minh rng AD vung gc vi BC.

D
B

7
A
C

Hng dn: T B k BK song song vi AD ct DC K

CK = 7 + 3 = 10
CK2 = 100
BC2 + BK2= 64+ 36 = 100

CK2 = BC2 + BK2 => Tam gic BCK vung B

45

GIO N DY THM TON 7

Hay BK BC
M BK // AD( cch v)
=> AD BC (pcm)
Bi tp 8( Dnh cho hc sinh kh gii): Cho tam gic ABC c gc A < 900. V
ngoi tam gic ABC tam gic vung cn nh A l MAB, NAC.
a) Chng minh: MC = NB
b) Chng minh: MC vung gc vi NB
c) Gi s tam gic ABC u cnh 4cm
+ Tnh: MB; NC
+ Chng minh: MN//BC.
Hng dn:
B

a)
Chng minh: BN = MC

AMC =ABN

AM = AB(gt)
MAC = BAN
( MAB = CAN; MAC = MAB + BAC; BAN = CAN +
BAC)
AN = AC (gt)
b) Gi I, K ln lt l giao im caBN, BA vi MC
Ta co: AMC = ABN (phn a)
MKA = BKI ( )

BIK = MAB m MAB = 900 => BIK = 900

Vy BN MC
46

GIO N DY THM TON 7

c) Da vo tnh cht ca tam gic u v nh l Pi ta go thc hin.

IV. Cng c :
Nhc li cch lm cc dng bi tp cha.
V. Hng dn v nh :
- Xem v t lm li cc bi tp cha.
- Hc thuc v hiu v vn dng thnh tho nh l Pi ta go thun v
o vo vic gii cc bi tp tnh di cnh cha bit trong tam gic vung v
nhn bit tam giac s vung khi bit di 3 cnh.
*****************************************************************
******Bui 12
N TP CHNG III: THNG K
A. Mc tiu:
- Cng c cc kin thc c bn trong chng thng k m t.
- Gip hc sinh rn luyn k nng lm cc bi tp c bn trong chng thng k.
B. Chun b:
GV: Son h thng bi tp qua cc ti liu SGK, SBT, SLT7, Ton
NC v mt s chuyn T7
HS: n tp cc kin thc c bn trong chng.
C. Ni dung n tp:
* L THUYT: ( CC KIN THC CN NH)
1. Bng thng k s liu
- Khi quan tm n mt vn , ngi ta quan st , o c, ghi chp
li cc s liu v i tng quan tm lp nn cc bng s liu thng k
2. Du hiu , n v iu tra
- Vn m ngi iu tra nghin cu , quan tm c gi l du
hiu iu tra
- Mi n v c quan st o c l mt n v iu tra .
- Mi n v iu tra cho tng ng mt s liu l mt gi tr ca du
hiu
- Tp hp cc n v iu tra cho tng ng mt dy gi tr ca du
hiu .
3. Tn s ca mi gi tr , bng tn s
- S ln xut hin ca gi tr trong dy gi tr ca du hiu l tn s ca
gi tr .
-Bng k cc gi tr khc nhau ca dy v cc tn s tng nl bng
tn s
4. S trung bnh cng , mt ca du hiu
- L gi tr trung bnh ca du hiu
- Mt ca du hiu l gi tr c tn s ln nht trong bng tn s
47

GIO N DY THM TON 7

(Cc em hc v nh, khng c nhm ln cc khi nm c bn hc

nh:
- Bng s liu thng k ban u.
- n v iu tra.
- Du hiu (X)
- Gi tr ca du hiu(x)
- Tn s ca gi tr(n)
- Dy gi tr ca du hiu( S cc gi tr ca du hiu N)
- Bng Tn s (bng phn phi thc nghim)
- Biu ( Biu on thng, biu hnh ch nht)

- S trung bnh cng ca du hiu: ( X )

- Mt ca du hiu (M0)
* BI TP:
Bi 1: Lp 7A gp tin ng h ng bo b thin tai. S tin gp ca mi bn
c thng k trong bng ( n v l nghn ng)
1
3
4

2
5
2

1
2
3

4
2
10

2
4
5

5
1
3

2
3
2

3
3
1

4
2
5

1
4
3

5
2
2

2
3
2

a/ Du hiu y l g?
b/ Lp bng tn s , tnh trung bnh cng v rt ra nhn xt.
c) V biu on thng.
Bi 2: Cho bng phn phi thc nghim ca du hiu X bng sau:
Gi tr(x)
Tn s(n)

10
50

17
....

20
19

25
17

30
11

35
13

40
5

N
=
140
a) Hy tm tn s ca gi tr 17 ca du hiu X ri in kt qu tm c vo
ch trng (...)
b) Tm s trung bnh cng v mt ca du hiu.
c) Biu din bng biu on thng.

Bi 3: Din tch nh ca cc h gia nh trong khu chung c c thng k

trong bng sau (n vi: m2). Hy in cc ct 2, 4 v tnh s trung bnh cng.
Din tch(x)
Gi tr trung
Tn s (n)
Tch (2) .(3)
(1)
tm
(3)
(5)
(2)
48

GIO N DY THM TON 7

Trn 25 30
Trn 30 35
Trn 35 40
Trn 40 45
Trn 45 50
Trn 50 55
Trn 55 60
Trn 60 65
Trn 65 - 70

6
8
11
20
15
12
12
10
6
N = 100

Bi 4: Ngi ta m s ht thc trn mi bng la ly t khu trng th nghim,

kt qu c ghi li bng sau:
a) Du hiu y l g?
b) Lp bng Tn s ghp lp v tnh s trung bnh cng.
( Chia cc lp : Trn 100 120 ; trn 120 140 ; trn 140 160 ;.... ; trn 240
260).
102
175
127
185
181
165
184
170
132
143
150
159
235
105
190
III.Cng c:
Nhc li cch lm cc dng bi tp cha.

246
188
218

180
170
153

216
232
123

IV. Hng dn v nh:

* Xem v t lm li cc bi tp cha trn lp.
*****************************************************************
******
Bui 13
BIU THC I S , N THC, N THC NG DNG
A. Mc tiu:
- Gip hc sinh cng c cc khi nim: Biu thc i s, n thc, n
thc ng dng.
.
- Rn cho hc sinh k nng: Tnh gi tr ca biu thc, tm gi tr ca bin
biu thc phn xc nh; thu gn n thc, ch ra c bc ca n thc, h
s v phn bin ca n thc, bit thu gn cc n thc ng dng.
49

GIO N DY THM TON 7

- Rn kh nng hot ng c lp, trnh by khoa hc cho hc sinh.

B. Chun b:
GV: Son bi qua cc ti liu: SGK, SBT, SLT7, Ton NC v mt s
chuyn T7
HS: n cc kin thc v biu thc i s, n thc, thu gn n thc, n
thc ng dng.
C. Ni dung n tp:
* L thuyt:
+ tnh gi tr ca mt biu thc i s ti nhng gi tr cho trc ca cc
bin,ta thay cc gi tr cho trc vo biu thc ri thc hin cc php tnh .
+ n thc l biu thc i s ch gm tch ca mt s vi cc bin, m mi
bin c nng ln ly tha vi s m nguyn dng (mi bin ch c vit
mt ln).
+ Bc ca n thc c h s khc 0 l tng s m ca tt c cc bin c trong
n thc . Mun xc nh bc ca mt n thc, trc ht ta thu gn n thc
.
+ S 0 l n thc khng c bc. Mi s thc c coi l mt n thc.
+ n thc ng dng l hai n thc c h s khc 0 v c cng phn bin.
Mi s thc u l cc n thc ng dng vi nhau.
+ cng (tr ) cc n thc ng dng, ta cng (tr) cc h s vi nhau v gi
nguyn phn bin.
B sung:
* Biu thc phn : L biu thc i s c cha bin mu. Biu thc phn
khng xc nh ti cc gi tr ca bin lm cho mu bng khng.
* BI TP:
I. BIU THC I S, GI TR CA BIU THC I S.
Bi 1 : Tnh gi tr biu thc
1
2

a. A = 3x3 y + 6x2y2 + 3xy3 ti x ; y

1
3

1
1
x ;y
vo biu thc 3x3 y + 6x2y2 + 3xy3
2
3
3
2
2
3
1 1
1 1
1 1
Ta c 3. . +6. . +3. .
2 3
2 3
2 3
1
1
1
1
+
=
8
6 18
72
1
1
1
Vy
l gi tr ca biu thc A ti x ; y
72
2
3

Thay

b. B = x2 y2 + xy + x3 + y3 ti x = 1; y = 3
Thay x = 1; y = 3 vo biu thc x2 y2 + xy + x3 + y3
50

GIO N DY THM TON 7

2

Ta c (-1) .3 +(-1).3 + (-1) 3 + 33 = 9 -3 -1 + 27 = 32

Vy 32 l gi tr ca biu thc B ti x = 1; y = 3
Bi 2: Tnh gi tr ca

2 x 2 3x 2
x2
2
2 x 3x 2
M
x2

biu thc

Thay x = -1 vo biu thc

ti: x = -1

2.(1) 2 3(1) 2
Ta c M
= 2 3 2 = -3
(1) 2
Vy -3 l gi tr ca biu thc trn ti x = -1
Bi 3: Xc nh gi tr ca biu thc cc biu thc sau c ngha:
x 1
;
x2 2

x 1
;
x2 1
x 1
a) biu thc 2
c ngha khi x2 2 0 => x 2
x 2
x 1
b) biu thc 2
c ngha khi x2 +1 0 m x2 +1 0 vi mi x
x 1

a/

b/

nn biu thc trn c ngha vi mi x

Bi 4: Tm cc gi tr ca bin biu thc (x+1)2 (y2 - 6) c gi tr bng 0

biu thc (x+1)2 (y2 - 6) = 0 th
(x+1)2 = 0 => x + 1 = 0 => x = -1
hoc y2 6 = 0 => y = 6
II. N THC . TCH CC N THC
Bi 1 : Trong cc biu thc sau, biu thc no khng l n thc?
3x2y4 + 2x
3x ; -15x; 55; -14; 12x+3; -8x y z ;
.
5x +1
2

4 6 5

n thc : 3x2; -15x; 55; -14; -8x4y6z5

Khng l n thc : 12x+3;
Bi 2 Thu gn n thc, tm bc, h s, bin .
3
2
3 4
A= x . x y . x y ;
4 5

3
2
A= x . x y .

5
4

5 4
2
2 5
B= x y . xy . x y
9
4

2 3 4
x y =
5

5 2
1
. x 2 x 3 x 3 yy 4 x8 . y 5
4 5
2

1
; bin : x8y5 ; bc : 13
2
3
8
3 8
2

x5 y 4 . xy 2 . x 2 y5 = . .x5 .x.x 2 . y 4 . y 2 . y 5 = .x8 . y11

4
9
4 9
3

H s :

B=

51

GIO N DY THM TON 7

2
H s :
3

bin : x8y11 ; bc : 19

Bi 3: Thu gn cc n thc trong biu thc i s.

a/

7 3 2 6

x y .
axy 3 5bx 2 y 4 axz ax x 2 y
9
11

7 6

1
C . ax 3 xy 2 y 3 5. abx 2 xy 4 z axx 6 . y 3
9 11
2

b/ D

14 4 5 5
ax y abx 3 y 4 z ax 6 y 3
33
2

3x

2 1

y 3 . x 2 y 8x n 9 . 2 x 9n
6

15x 3 y 2 . 0,4ax 2 y 2 z 2

(vi axyz 0)

3 10 7
.x y 16
2
D
6ax 5 y 4 z 2
III. N THC NG DNG. TNG V HIU CC N THC
NG DNG
Bi 1: Phn thnh nhm cc n thc ng dng trong cc n thc sau :
-12x2y ; -14 ; 7xy2 ; 18xyz ; 13xyx ;-0,33 ; -2yxy ; xyz ; x2y ; -xy2 ; 17
Cc n thc ng dng : -12x2y ; x2y v 13xyx ;
7xy2 v xy2
-14 ; -0,33 v 17
18xyz ; -2yxy v xyz
Bi 2: Tnh tng ca cc n thc sau :
a/ 12x2y3x4 v -7x2y3z4 ;
b/ -5x2y ; 8x2y v 11x2y.
a) 12x2y3x4 + (-7x2y3z4 ) = (12 7 ) x2y3z4 = 5 x2y3z4
b) -5x2y + 8x2y + 11x2y = (-5 + 8 + 11) x2y = 14 x2y
Bi 3: Cho A = 8x5y3; B = -2x6y3; C = -6x7y3
Chng minh rng: Ax2 + Bx + C = 0
Bi 4: Chng minh rng:
a) 8.2n + 2n+1 c tn cng bng ch s 0.
b) 3n+3 2.3n + 2n+5 7.2n chia ht cho 25.
III.Cng c:
Nhc li cch lm cc dng bi tp cha.
52

GIO N DY THM TON 7

IV. Hng dn v nh:

* Xem v t lm li cc bi tp cha trn lp.
*****************************************************************
******Bui 14
QUAN H GIA CNH GC TRONG TAM GIC. NG VUNG
GC - NG XIN. NG XIN HNH CHIU. BT NG
THC TAM GIC.
A. MC TIU:
- Gip hc sinh cng s li cc kin thc: Quan h gia cnh gc trong tam
gic. ng vung gc - ng xin. ng xin hnh chiu. Bt ng thc
tam gic.
- Rn k nng so snh cc gc, cc cnh, k nng trnh by li gii khoa hc, l
gc.
B. CHUN B:
GV: Son bi qua cc ti liu: SGK, SBT, SLT7, Ton NC v mt s
chuyn T7
HS: n cc kin thc v: Quan h gia cnh gc trong tam gic. ng
vung gc - ng xin. ng xin hnh chiu. Bt ng thc tam gic.
C. NI DUNG N TP:
* L THUYT:
+ Trong mt tam gic: Gc i din vi cnh ln hn l gc ln hn. Cnh i
din vi gc ln hn l cnh ln hn. Hai gc bng nhau th hai cnh i din
bng nhau v ngc li hai cnh bng nhau th hai gc i din bng nhau.
+ Trong cc ng xin, ng vung gc k t mt im nm ngoi mt ng
thng n ng thng , ng vung gc l ng ngn nht. ng xin
no c hnh chiu ln hn th ln hn, ng xin no ln hn th hnh chiu s
ln hn, nu hai ng xin bng nhau th hai hnh chiu bng nhau v ngc li
hai hnh chiu bng nhau th hai ng xin bng nhau.
+ Trong mt tam gic, bt k cnh no cng ln hn hiu v nh hn tng ca
hai cnh cn li.
ABC lun c: AB AC < BC < AB + AC
AB BC < AC < AB + BC
AC BC < AB < AC + BC
* BI TP:
Bi 1 : Cho tam gic ABC c AB =5cm; BC = 7cm; AC = 10cm. So snh cc
gc ca tam gic?
Trong tam gic ABC c AB =5cm; BC = 7cm; AC = 10cm
Nn AB < BC < AC => C < A < B (L1)
53

GIO N DY THM TON 7

Bi2: Cho tam gic ABC cn ti A, bit B = 450.

a) So snh cc cnh ca tam gic ABC.
b) Tam gic ABC cn gi l tam gic g? V sao?
a) Tam gic ABC cn ti A nn C = B = 450 => A = 900
Vy A > C = B
=> BC > AB = AC (dl2)
b) Tam gic ABC vung cn ti A v A = 900; AB = AC
Bi tp 3: S dng quan h gia ng xin v hnh chiu chng minh bi
ton sau: Cho tam gic ABC cn ti A, k AH BC (H BC).
Chng minh rng HB = HC.
T im A nm ngai ng thng BC
C AB = AC ( gt)
M AB c hnh chiu l HB
V AC c hnh chiu l HC
Nn HB = HC
Bi tp 4: Cho tam gic ABC vung ti A. Trn cnh AC ly im M . Chng
minh rng BM BC.
Chng minh
Nu M C => MB BC nn MB = BC (1)
Nu M A => MB BA nn AB < BC (L1) (2)
Nu M nm gia hai im A v C
Ta c AM l hnh chiu ca BM
AC l hnh chiu ca BC
V M nm gia hai im A v C nn AM < AC
=> BM < BC ( L2) (3)
T (1),(2)&(3) => BM BC ( PCM)
Bi tp 5: Cho im D nm trn cnh BC ca ABC. Chng minh rng:
AB + AC - BC
AB + AC + BC
< AD <
2
2

a) Trong tam gic ABD ta c AB BD < AD (1)

Trong tam gic ACD ta c AC CD < AD (2)
T (1) v (2) => AB BD + AC CD < 2AD
AB + AC (BD + DC) < 2AD
AB + AC BC < 2AD
54

GIO N DY THM TON 7

AB + AC - BC
< AD (*)
=>
2

b) Trong tam gic ABD ta c AB + BD > AD (1)

Trong tam gic ACD ta c AC + CD > AD (2)
T (1) v (2) => AB + BD + AC + CD > 2AD
AB + AC + (BD + DC) > 2AD
AB + AC + BC > 2AD
AB + AC + BC
> AD (**)
2
AB + AC - BC
AB + AC + BC
< AD <
T (*) v (**) =>
2
2

=>

Bi tp 6: Cho tam gic ABC, M l mt im ty nm bn trong tam gic

ABC. Chng minh rng MB + MC < AB + AC.
Chng minh
Trong tam gic IMC c MC < MI + IC
Cng MB vo 2 v
Ta c MC + MB < MI + IC + MB
MC + MB < MI + MB + IC
MC + MB < IB + IC (1)
Trong tam gic IBA c IB < IA + AB
Cng IC vo 2 v
Ta c IB + IC < IA + AB + IC
IB + IC < IA + IC + AB
IB + IC < AC + AB (2)
T (1) & (2) => MB + MC < AB + AC.
Bi tp 7: Cho tam gic ABC c AC > AB. Ni A vi trung im M ca BC.
Trn tia AM ly im E sao cho M l trung im ca oanh thng AE. Ni C vi
E.
a) So snh AB v CE.
b) Chng minh:

AC - AB
AC + AB
< AM <
2
2

Chng minh
a)

So snh AB v CE.
Xt tam gic ABM v tam gic ECM
C AM = ME (gt)
55

GIO N DY THM TON 7

AMB = EMC ( )

MB = MC (gt)
Vy tam gic ABM = tam gic ECM (cgc)
=> AB = CE
b) Chng minh:

AC - AB
AC + AB
< AM <
2
2

xet tam gic AEC c AE > AC - EC

M AE = 2AM (M l trung im ca AE)
V EC = AB (cmt)
Vy

2AM > AC - AB => AM >

AC AB
(1)
2

Xt tam gic AEC c AE < AC + EC

M AE = 2AM (M l trung im ca AE)
V EC = AB (cmt)
Vy
T (1) v (2) =>

2AM < AC + AB => AM <

AC AB
(2)
2

AC - AB
AC + AB
< AM <
2
2

III.Cng c:
Nhc li cch lm cc dng bi tp cha.
IV. Hng dn v nh:
* Xem v t lm li cc bi tp cha trn lp.
*****************************************************************
******Bui 15
A THC. CNG, TR A THC
A. MC TIU:
- Cng c cho hc sinh cc kin thc: a thc, cng tr a thc.
- Rn k nng vn dng cc kin vo vic gii cc dng bi tp: Thu gn a thc,
tm bc ca a thc, cng tr cc a thc, tm a thc cha bit trong mt tng
hoc mt hu, tm iu kin hai a thc ng nht.
- Rn tnh cn thn, kin tr khi tnh ton.
B. CHUN B:
GV: Son bi qua cc ti liu: SGK, SBT, SLT7, Ton NC v mt s
chuyn T7
HS: n cc kin thc v: a thc, cng tr a thc.
C. NI DUNG N TP:
* L THUYT:

56

GIO N DY THM TON 7

+ a thc l mt s hoc mt n thc hoc mt tng (hiu) ca hai hay

nhiu n thc. Mi n thc trong mt tng c gi l mt hng t ca a
thc .
+ Bc ca a thc l bc ca hng t c bc cao nht trong hng t dng
thu gn.
+ Mun cng hai a thc, ta vit lin tip cc hng t ca hai a thc cng
vi du ca chng ri thu gn cc hng t ng dng (nu c).
+ Mun tr hai n thc, ta vit cc hng t ca a thc th nht cng vi
du ca chng ri vit tip cc hng t ca a thc th hai vi du ngc li.
Sau thu gn cc hng t ng dng ca hai a thc (nu c).
* B sung: Hai a thc c gi l ng nht nu chng c gi tr bng nhau ti
cc gi tr ca bin.
Hai a thc (vit di dng thu gn) l ng nht => mi h s ca cc
n thc ng dng cha trong hai a thc phi bng nhau.
* BI TP:
Bi tp 1: Trong cc biu thc sau, biu thc no l a thc.
4x2y + 2xy
1
3x ; 5x -4xy; 18; -9xy + 3y ;
; 0; -2
2
y +5
5
1
a thc : 3x2; 5x2-4xy; 18; -9xy + 3y3 ; 0; -2
5
2

Bi 2: Thu gon cc a thc sau v xc nh bc ca a thc kt qu:

M = 2x2y4 + 4xyz 2x2 -5 + 3x2y4 4xyz + 3 y9.
= (2x2y4 + 3x2y4 ) + ( 4xyz 4xyz ) + ( 2x2 - y9 ) + (-5 + 3 )
= 5x2y4 2x2 - y9 - 2
Bc ca a thc: 6
Bi tp 3: Tnh gi tr ca cc a thc sau:
a) 5x2y 5xy2 + xy ti x = -2 ; y = -1.
b)
a)

b)

1 2 2 2
1
xy + x y xy + xy2 - x2y + 2xy. Ti x = 0,5 ; y = 1.
2
3
3

Thay x = -2 ; y = -1 vo 5x2y 5xy2 + xy

Ta c 5.(-2) 2.(-1) - 5(-2)(-1)2 + (-1).(-2) = -8
Vy -8 l gi tr ca biu thc 5x2y 5xy2 + xy ti x = -2 ; y = -1.
1 2 2 2
1
xy + x y xy + xy2 - x2y + 2xy
2
3
3
1
2
1
= ( xy2 + xy2) + ( x2y - x2y) + ( xy + 2xy )
2
3
3
57

GIO N DY THM TON 7

3 2 1 2
= xy - x y + xy
2
3
1
3
1
Thay x = 0,5 = ; y = 1 vo xy2 - x2y + xy
2
2
3
3 1 2 1 1 2
1
3
1
1 14 7
=
Ta c
. .1 - .( ) .1 + .1 =
+
=
2 2
3 2
2
4 12
2 12 6
7
3
1
Vy
l gi tr ca biu thc xy2 - x2y + xy ti x = 0,5 ; y = 1.
6
2
3

Ba tp 4 : Tnh tng ca 3x2y x3 2xy2 + 5 v 2x3 -3xy2 x2y + xy + 6.

S : 2x2y + x3 5xy2 + xy + 11
Bi tp 5: Cho a thc A = 5xy2 + xy - xy2 -

1 2
x y + 2xy + x2y + xy + 6.
3

a) Thu gn v xc nh bc ca a thc kt qu.

b) Tm a thc B sao cho A + B = 0
c) Tm da thc C sao cho A + C = -2xy + 1.
a) A = (5xy2 - xy2 ) + ( xy + 2xy + xy ) + (= 4 xy2 + 4xy +

b)

2 2
xy +6
3

1 2
x y + x2 y ) + 6
3

bc ca a thc l 3

v B + A = 0 nn B l a thc i ca a thc A
=> B = -5xy2 - xy + xy2 +

1 2
x y - 2xy - x2y - xy - 6.
3

c) Ta c A + C = -2xy + 1.
2 2
x y + 6 + C = -2xy + 1.
3
2 2
C = -2xy + 1. (4 xy2 + 4xy +
xy +6 )
3
2 2
= -6xy - 4 xy2 xy -5
3

Nn 4 xy2 + 4xy +

Bi tp 6 : Cho hai a thc :

A = 4x2 5xy + 3y2;
Tnh A + B; A B ; B A

B = 3x2 + 2xy - y2

A + B = (4x2 5xy + 3y2 ) + (3x2 + 2xy - y2 )

58

GIO N DY THM TON 7

2

= (4x + 3x ) + (-5xy + 2xy ) +( 3 y2 - y2 )

= 7x2 - 3xy + 2y2
A - B = (4x2 5xy + 3y2 ) - (3x2 + 2xy - y2 )
= (4x2 - 3x2 ) + (-5xy - 2xy ) +( 3 y2 + y2 )
= x2 - 7xy + 4y2
B -A=

(3x2 + 2xy - y2 ) - (4x2 5xy + 3y2 )

= (3x2 - 4x2 ) + (2xy + 5xy ) +( - y2 -3 y2 )
= -x2 +- 7xy - 4y2

Bi tp 7: Tm a thc M,N bit :

a.
M + (5x2 2xy) = 6x2 + 9xy y2
b.
(3xy 4y2)- N= x2 7xy + 8y2
S : M = x2 + 11xy - y2
N = -x2 +10xy -12y2
Bi tp 8 : Hy vit cc a thc di dng tng ca cc n thc ri thu
gn.
a/ D = 4x(x+y) - 5y(x-y) - 4x2
b/ E = (a -1) (x2 + 1) - x(y+1) + (x +y2 - a + 1)
S : D = 5y2 - xy
E = ax2 - x2 + y2 - xy
Bi tp 9: Xc ng a, b v c hai a thc sau l hai a thc ng nht.
A = ax2 - 5x + 4 + 2x2 6 = (a + 2 )x2 - 5x - 2
B = 8x2 + 2bx + c -1 - 7x = 8x2 + ( 2b 7 )x + c 1
S:
A v B l hai da thc ng nht th
a + 2 = 8 => a = 6 ; 2b 7 = -5 => b = 1 ; c - 1 = -2 => c = -1
Bi tp 10: Cho cc a thc :
A = 16x4 - 8x3y + 7x2y2 - 9y4
B = -15x4 + 3x3y - 5x2y2 - 6y4
C = 5x3y + 3x2y2 + 17y4 + 1.Tnh A+B-C
S: A + B C = x4 - 10x3y - x2y2 - 32y4 - 1
Bi tp 11: Tnh gi tr ca cc a thc sau bitt x - y = 0
a/ M = 7x - 7y + 4ax - 4ay - 5
59

GIO N DY THM TON 7

2

b/ N = x (x + y ) - y (x2 + y2) + 3
S:
M = 7( x - y ) + 4a( x y ) 5
V x y = 0 nn gi tr ca biu thc M l -5
N = x.x2 + x.y2 - yx2 - y.y2 + 3
= x2 ( x y ) + y2 (x y ) + 3 = 3
III.Cng c:
Nhc li cch lm cc dng bi tp cha.
IV. Hng dn v nh:
* Xem v t lm li cc bi tp cha trn lp.

60