Epsteins framework

Six types of parent/community involvement

i. Parenting
Help all families establish home environments to support
children as students.
ii.

Communicating
Design effective forms of school to home and home-to school
communications about school programs and childrens progress.

iii. Volunteering
Recruit and organize parent help and support.

iv. Learning at home

Provide information and ideas to families about how to help
students at home with homework and other curriculumrelated activities, decisions and planning.
v.

Decision making
Include parents in school decisions developing parent leaders
and representatives.

vi. Collaborating with community

Identify and integrate resources and service from the community
to strengthen school programs, family practices, and student
learning and development.

Swap, Susan McAllister, 1993

Developing home-school partnerships: From concepts to practice
i. The protective model
Parents delegate to the school the responsibility for educating
their children, parents hold staff accountable for the results,
and educators accept this responsibility.
ii.

The school-to-home transmission model

If childrens achievement is improve when home and school
share common expectations and values, then the school
should identify the values and practices that contribute to
success, and parents should provide these conditions at
home.

iii. The curriculum enrichment model

Parents and educators work together to enrich the curriculum
and to take advantage at parents expertise.
iv. The partnership model
Parents and educators work together to accomplish the common
mission of helping all children in the school to achieve success.
It requires collaboration among parents, community members
and educators. It emphasizes two-way communication, parents
strength and joint problem-solving.
v.

The four elements of partnerships: Creating two-way

communication
Enhancing learning at home and at school providing mutual
support/making joint decisions.

Why make education a family

affair?
30 years of research show that
i. The following 3 factors over which parents exercise authority,
explain nearly 90% of the difference in eighth-grade mathematics
test scores across 37 states and district of Columbia on the
National Assessment of Education Progress (NAEP)
-student absenteeism
-variety of reading materials in the home
-excessive tv watching
ii.

Studies of individual families show that what the family does

is more important than family income or education
Family structure (can not change) process (change)

iii. The single most important activity for building the

knowledge required for eventual success in reading is reading
aloud to children.
iv. International comparison show that the high academic success
of students from Asian countries, which many attributes to the
priority their family give to education.
Theory regarding family-community realationship
v. Separate influence
vi. Sequenced-responsibilities model (Family nurture children;
school educate them)
iii. Overlapping influence

Parent involvement in
governance and advocacy
i.

Governance
(a) Involve parents in student goal setting at regular parentteacher conferences.
(b) Involve parents and community in developing the schools
mission and goals.
(c) Keep parents informed of leadership opportunities on
school committees and in the community.
(d) Form a parent council with advisory committees to support
each academic area (exp: biro).
(e) Providing training for parent leaders in collaboration and
problem-solving skills.

(f) Involve the parent council in reviewing monitoring procedures,

reporting of student progress, and conducting curriculum reviews.
(g) Involve the parent council in planning ways to extend
learning opportunities.
(h) Involve parent council representatives on any site-based
management teams and on all school committees.
ii. Advocacy
(a) Parents provide input to policies that affect education
(b) Parents feel in control of their childs learning environment.
(c) Parents and childrens right are protected
(d) Benefits for children and parents are linked to educational
policies.
(e) Educators give equal status to interaction with parents to
improve educational programs.
(f) Educators become aware of parent perspective for school
policy development.

Concrete actions
For promoting parent/community involvement
(i) Make learning relevant to children
(ii) Emphasize early childhood education
(iii) Recognize the disconnection
(iv) Train teachers to work with parents.
(v) Reduce distrust and cultural barriers
(vi) Address language barriers
(vii) Evaluate parents needs
(viii) Expands opportunities for conduct
(ix) Use technology to link parents to the classroom.
(x) Make going to see the teacher easier
(xi) Establish a home-school coordinator
(xii) Encourage family learning
(xiii) Give parents a voice in school decisions

Family-friendly business
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)

Allowing time for employees to get involved with schools

By providing flexi time
Lunchtime flex
Part-time jobs and jobs sharing
Providing flexible policies, eg allocate parents certain hours/days
off to participate in school activities.
(vi) Job-site as a forum for parental support and education (seminars
on parenting at lunch time, library with books/videos on
parenting).
(vii) Child care on or near site centers
(viii) Business forming partnership by donating money, equipment
or special expertise

Authoritarians
Parents tell children not to argue with question adults, punish
children for poor grades, and respond to good grades with
instructions to do even better.
Alternatives
Parent tell children to look at both sides of an issues and admit that
kids sometimes know more, they talk about family politics and
encourage all family members to participate in decisions, they
respond to good grades with praise, to bad grades with some
restriction and offers help and encouragement

Latar belakang PIBG

o Noran Fauziah Yaakub & Ahmad Mahdzan Ayub (1990) PIBG
ditubuhkan pd thn 1973. Ketika itu Datuk (Tun) Hussein Onn
menjadi Menteri Pelajaran.
o Arahan (P.U (a) 146/1973, PIBG mestilah didaftarkan melalui
JPN setiap negeri & Pendaftar ialah Pengarah Pelajaran Negeri.

Persatuan Ibu Bapa & Guru

(PIBG)
1. Penubuhan & Keanggotaan Persatuan
Setiap sek bantuan penuh/institusi pendidikan hendaklah
menubuhkan PIBG (PU(A) 146 Kaedah-kaedah PIBG 1973).
Persatuan hendaklah mengandungi:
. Semua guru yg bkj di dlmnya
. Semua ibu bapa atau waris murid yg belajar di sek atau
institusi pendidikan itu.
. Pengetua atau guru besar sek atau institusi pendidikan
. Ahli-ahli masyarakat yg berminat (Akta Pendidikan 1996)

Peranan Jwtankuasa PIBG

Menurut Omardin Ashaari (1998), PIBG mempyi 4 peranan:
1. Merancang, mengatur & mengelolakan segala kegiatan yg
bersabit dgn pengurusan persatuan scr cergas bg tempoh
sepanjang thn.
2. Membuat keputusan atas perkara-perkara yg menyentuh
perjlnan persatuan agar tidak terkeluar dr dasar umum yg
telah ditetapkan oleh mesyuarat agung.
3. Mengadakan mesyuarat utk meninjau & menentukan kegiatan
perjlnan persatuan berjln lancar sekurang-kurangnya sekali
bg tempoh 3 bulan.

4. Yg Dipertua hendaklah dgn sendiri & atas persetujuan tidak

kurang drp 3 org ahli jwtankuasa blh meminta utk diadakan
mesyuarat pd bila-bila masa.
Kegiatan & Sumbangan
Kegiatan:
Pungutan derma & yuran
Jamuan
Kursus motivasi
Sumbangan:
Peralatan spt mesin fotostat, set komputer & peralatan sukan
Membaiki kawasan sek
Membiayai pembelian majalah & suratkhabar utk perpustakaan sek.
Membiayai sebhg kos utk hari penyampaian hadiah & hari sukan
sek.

Maksud-maksud Persatuan
Persatuan ini bukanlah suatu persatuan dlm erti mana-mana
undang-undang berhbg dgn pendaftaran pertubuhan.
Maksud-maksud persatuan adalah spt brt:
o Utk mengadakan sesuatu forum & perkhidmatan bg kebajikan &
kemajuan murid-murid sek atau institusi tsb.
o Utk membantu & menambah usaha sek atau institusi-institusi
pendidikan memenuhi kehendak-kehendak & keperluan
kebendaan murid-murid dlm kegiatan mrk.
o Utk memblhkan ibu bapa & guru-guru di sek atau institusi
pendidikan itu bertukar-tukar fikiran & maklumat mengenai
pelajaran pd amnya.

Utk memberi peluang kpd guru-guru & ibu bapa di sek atau
institusi pendidikan itu berunding atr satu dgn lain mengenai
cr-cr memperbaiki taraf pendidikan anak-anak mrk pd amnya.

Tujuan-tujuan Persatuan
1. Utk menentukan spy murid-murid di sek atau institusi pendidikan
itu mendpt faedah maksimum drp kemudahan-kemudahan
pendidikan mrk.
2. Utk menentukan spy murid-murid di dlmnya mempyi sumbersumber yg perlu utk membuat kj-kj sek mrk, baik di rumah
mahupun di sek.
3. Utk mewujudkan alam sekeliling yg sebaiknya bg sek utk
memblhkan murid-murid mencapai perkembangan rohani,
sahsiah & jasmani

Batasan-batasan Persatuan
1. Kegiatan-kegiatan persatuan hendaklah diarahkan semuanya
kpd kebajikan & kemajuan murid di sek di mana ianya ditubuhkan.
2. Persatuan tidak blh memperluaskan bidang kuasanya kpd
perkara-perkara yg berkaitan dgn pkjn & syarat-syarat
perkhidmatan guru-guru & kakitangan lain di sek itu.
3. Persatuan tidak blh menjadi jentera menyelesaikan pertikaian
atr persatuan & pengetua atau kakitangan sek di mana ianya
ditubuhkan atau JPN atau KPM atau kerajaan negeri atau
kerajaan persekutuan.

Ahli Persatuan
o Setiap ibu bapa & guru di sek itu hendaklah disifatkan sebgi
ahli persatuan.
o Keahlian ibu bapa akan gugur scr automatik sebaik shj anaknya
berhenti dr sek.
o Keahlian guru juga akan gugur sebaik shj guru berkenaan berhenti
kj atau bertukar.
Yuran Keahlian
Tiada seseorg ibu bapa atau guru dikehendaki membayar apa-apa
bayaran sebgi seorg ahli persatuan.

Organisasi & Pengurusan

Persatuan hendaklah ditubuhkan oleh pengetua sek atau
institusi pendidikan yg berkenaan.
Persatuan hendaklah diuruskan oleh suatu jawatankuasa
mengikut perlembagaan persatuan.
Jawatankuasa hendaklah mengandungi tidak kurang drp 5
& tidak lebih drp 15 org ahli.

Cara-cara menubuhkan PIBG

1. Pengetua menjemput semua ibu bapa/waris & guru ke
suatu mesyuarat penubuhan persatuan.

2. Melantik jwtankuasa PIBG spt berikut:

Seorg Yg Dipertua
Seorg Naib Yg Dipertua
Seorg Setiausaha Kehormat
Seorg Bendahari Kehormat
Beberapa ahli jwtankuasa yg difikirkan perlu (sebaik-baiknya
bilangan ibu bapa & bilangan guru seimbang)
3. Meluluskan Perlembagaan PIBG

Penghantaran Maklumat kpd

Pendaftar Sek
Butir-butir penubuhan persatuan brt hendaklah dihantar kpd
Pendaftar sek:
Minit mesyuarat
Perlembagaan
Senarai Jwtankuasa
Borang pendaftaran (spt di Jadual pertama Kaedah 6(1))
Perlembagaan yg dihantar kpd pendaftar hendaklah mengandungi
peruntukan mengenai semua perkara spt di Jadual Kedua
Kaedah-kaedah Persatuan Ibu Bapa Guru (Pindaan) PU A 286

Hak Pendaftar utk menghadiri

mesyuarat
Pendaftar & wakilnya adalah berhak menghadiri semua mesyuarat
persatuan.
Kuasa PIBG utk memiliki Harta
Persatuan mempyi kuasa utk mempyi, mengguna & melupuskan
apa-apa harta alih atau harta tak alih yg mana pd pendptnya dikira
akan memudahkan ia menjlnkan kuasa-kuasa & kewajipannya
di bwh kaedah-kaedah ini.

Kumpulan Wang & Audit

Persatuan hendaklah menubuhkan suatu kumpulan wang utk
dimasukkan semua derma atau sumbangan drp mana-mana
ahli & hendaklah diuruskan oleh persatuan.
Persatuan hendaklah menyimpan akaun & rekod-rekod lain
berkenaan dgn perjlnannya & menyediakan penyata-penyata
kira-kira bg tiap-tiap thn.
Akaun persatuan hendaklah diaudit pd setiap thn oleh 2 org
yg tidak menjadi ahli jwtankuasa & mrk hendaklah dicalonkan
oleh ahli-ahli persatuan.

Mesyuarat Jwtankuasa
Mesyuarat jwtankuasa hendaklah diadakan sekurang-kurangnya
sekali dlm 3 bulan.
Mesyuarat Agung Thnan
Mesyuarat Agung Thnan hendaklah diadakan setiap thn berkenaan
Satu salinan minit mesyuarat dikemukakan ke JPN
Tarikh Mesyuarat Agung Thnan
Mesyuarat Agung Thnan hendaklah tidak melewati 31 Mei thn
berkenaan.

Peranan Pengetua
Pengetua adalah Penasihat PIBG
Mengambil bhg cergas dlm perbincangan dlm perancangan semua
projek PIBG.
Memandu PIBG ke haluan yg betul & sesuai dgn tujuan penubuhan
PIBG.
Mengelak drp gangguan dlm hal-hal pentadbiran sek.
Memberi persetujuan kpd projek PIBG
Mengetahui semua tindakan PIBG
Surat-menyurat PIBG adalah dlm pengetahuan pengetua.
Memastikan kewangan PIBG diuruskan dgn baik

Pentadbiran
Pengetua sek bertgjb membekalkan keperluan perkeranian
& alat tulis persatuan.
Segala keperluan yg lain menjadi tgjb persatuan
Kuasa-kuasa Pendaftar
Jika Pendaftar berpuas hati sama ada atas sesuatu aduan atau atas
yg lain-lain bhw sesuatu persatuan atau ahlinya.
Telah bertindak/bercadang bertindak scr tidak berpatutan dgn
kaedah penubuhan/perlembagaan persatuan;
atau

Telah tidak menunaikan mana-mana kewajipan yg ditanggung

ke atas persatuan/ahlinya oleh kaedah ini.
Pendaftar blh:
Memberi apa-apa arahan scr bertulis tentang menjlnkan kuasa
atau menyempurnakan kewajipan oleh persatuan/ahli yg
didptinya mustahak; atau
Menggantung atau membuang semua atau mana-mana pemegang
jawatan persatuan & melantik seorg atau beberapa org yg
difikirkan patut utk menjlnkan tugas pemegang-pemegang
jawatan bg tempoh yg diarahkan oleh Pendaftar.

Tidak Blh Bergabung

Persatuan yg ditubuhkan di bwh kaedah 3 tidak blh bergabung
dgn mana-mana parti politik atau kesatuan pkj atau lain-lain
pertubuhan/ persatuan yg didaftarkan/diperbadankan di bwh
mana-mana undang-undang bertulis yg berkuasa berhbg
dgnnya.

Peraturan-peraturan
Pendidikan PIBG 1998
1. Kuasa Penubuhan : Perenggan 130(2)(f). Akta Pendidikan 1996
2. Tarikh kuatkuasa: 26 Mac 1998
3. Tafsiran
I. pemegang-pemegang jwtan
o. Org yg dicalonkan & dipilih dlm mesyuarat agong
o. Anggota yg dilantik oleh Yg Dipertua
o. Org yg dilantik oleh PPD/PPB/Pendaftar

ii. PIBG persatuan yg ditubuhkan di bwh peraturan 4

iii. Sek Sek kerajaan & sek bantuan

Jadual Pertama
Permohonan bg Pendaftaran Persatuan (Subperaturan 7(1))
kpd: Pendaftar Sek & Guru d/a Jabatan Pelajaran
1. Butir-butir Persatuan
(a) Nama
(b) Tempat di mana urusan akan dijlnkan atau mesyuaratmesyuarat akan diadakan, & alamat pos.
(c) Bilangan anggota
(d) Thn kewangan Persatuan bermula pd:
(e) Nama (termsk apa-apa nama lain), no kad pengenalan,
pkjn & alamat pemegang-pemegang jwtan & jwtan yg dipegang.
2. Dua salinan perlembagaan Persatuan diperakui dilampirkan
bersama bertarikh (Tandatangan) (Nama) (Jwtan)

Jadual Kedua
Perkara-perkara yg perlu dlm Perlembagaan (Subperenggan 7(2))
Perkara-perkara yg brt hendaklah diperutkkan dlm Perlembagaan
Persatuan:
(a) Nama & pejabat berdaftar atau alamat pos berdaftar Persatuan.
(b) Tujuan-tujuan Persatuan
(c) Kuasa atau kuasa-kuasa membelanja wang Persatuan
(d) Penyimpanan akaun-akaun pendptan & perbelanjaan Persatuan
& penyiaran akaun-akaun itu kpd anggota Persatuan setiap thn.
(e) Kuorum yg dikehendaki utk menjlnkan urusan dlm mana-mana
mesyuarat Persatuan
(f) Mesyuarat agong thnan & mesyuarat agong tergempar &
(g) Cara bgmn perlembagaan Persatuan blh dipinda
Bertarikh (Tandatangan) (Nama) (Jwtan)

Jadual Ketiga
Perakuan Pendaftaran (Subperenggan 7(3))
Adalah diperakui bhw PIBG
(nama sek)
Telah didaftarkan di bwh kuasa Pendaftar
No pendaftaran:
Didaftarkan pd:
Tandatangan
Nama
Jawatan
Cop Rasmi
Tarikh