ENB421 THERMODYNAMICS 2

EQUATION SHEET

Perfect Gas Equation P R T

For Air
Energy Transfered Q (Joules)
Rate of heat transfer Q ( Watts)

R 287 J / kgK

q (W/m 2 )

Heat flux

Heat Generation e (W/m 3 )

AV
m

C p T
Q m

Q h A T

Q A T 4

T
Q k A
x
Q fin ,actual
fin
Q

h fg
Q m

T
Q
Rth

Q A (T14 T24 )
Q U A T

Q fin ,max hAfin (Tbase T )

fin , max

Tlm,CF

k
h

Tlm F Tlm,CF

counter flow

C p ) min Tmax
qmax (m

2T 2T 2T eGEN 1 T

x 2 y 2 z 2
k
t
rcr

Rth

T T
e bt
Ti T

Vx Vx
Re

Q S k (T1 T2 )
Q base hAbase (Tbase T )

base

T1 T2
ln( T1 / T2 )

qactual
qmax

1
Q A T
R
Q fin
fin
Q

x
kA

Rth

hA
V Cp

1
hA
Bi

k
Cp

Rth

hV
kA

2 g (T T ) L3
GrL
2

1
1

T P Tabs.

( for gases)

NT U

UA
Cmin

Fo

t
2

Bi

multipass or cross flow

C p ) min
(m
C p ) max
(m

hL
k

ln( r2 / r1 )
2 k L
Nu

4A
DH
P

h x qconv.

k
qcond.

g (T T ) L3

L V2
P f
d 2

Pr

Cp

Ra L GrL Pr

ENB421 THERMODYNAMICS 2

EQUATION SHEET

Empirical Relations for Convection Processes

1

Nu x 0.332 Pr 3 Re x 2
Nu 0.664 Re L0.5 Pr

Nu 0.037 Re L0.8 Pr

plate, local Nu , all laminar

plate, average Nu , all laminar

plate, average Nu, all turbulent or negligible laminar

Nu (0.037 Re L0.8 871) Pr

Nu

1
f
Re Pr 3
8

Nu 3.66

plate , average Nu , laminar / turbulent combinatio n

Nu 0.023Re 0.8 Pr

pipe, turbulent
Nu 4.36

pipe, laminar , isothermal

1

Nu 0.59 Ra L 4
1

Nu 0.1Ra L 3

pipe, laminar , const ant heat flux

vertical plate, 10 4 Ra 10 9
vertical plate, 10 9 Ra 1013

g l ( l v )h *fg k l3
h 0.943

l (TSAT TS ) L

g l ( l v )h *fg k l3
h 0.729

l (TSAT TS ) ND

Q hA(TSAT TS ) m h *fg

vertical plate, laminar , 30 Re L

Vertical Column of N horizontal cylinders

h *fg h fg 0.68C p ,l (TSAT TS )

g ( v )k l3
3

h 0.555 l l
h fg C p ,l (TSAT TS )
8

l (TSAT TS ) D
1

g ( l v ) 2 C p ,l (Ts TSAT )
q l h fg

C sf h fg Prl

Re

4m
4q

pl
p l h *fg

internal ( pipe ), Revapour 35,000

nucleate boiling , n 1 for water

Radiation heat transfer

Surface Resistance R1
Potential

1 1
A1 1

E1 T14

Space Resistance

R1 2

1
A1 F1 2

Boltzmann' s Constant 5.67 10 -8 W/m 2 K 4