()

1. (a-ferrite) body-centered cubic (BCC) 910

2. (g-austenite) face-centered cubic (FCC) 910

3. (d-ferrite) body-centered cubic (BCC)

1390

(solid solution strengthening)


(interstitial sites)

0.008%

(Fe3C)

0.01%

0.05%

(pearlite)
(eutectoid transformation)

0.8%

0.8%

0.8% (eutectoid steel)
0.8% 0.8%

- 0.8% (C < 0.8%)

-
0.8%

- 0.8% (C > 0.8%)


[Dr. R F Cochrane, Micrograph No. 217, DoITPoMS: Fe, very low carbon steel, normalised at 950?C, Nital etched]


0.4%
[Dr. R F Cochrane, Micrograph No. 238, DoITPoMS: Fe, C 0.4 (wt%) steel, normalised at 950?C, Nital etched]

 ** (colony)
[Dr. R F Cochrane, Micrograph No. 261, DoITPoMS: Fe, C 0.8(wt%) steel, normalised, Nital etched]



[Dr. R F Cochrane, Micrograph No. 243, DoITPoMS: Fe, C 1.3 (wt%) steel, annealed at 1100?C, Nital etched]


(strengthening mechanism)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

(solid solution strengthening)

(strain hardening or work hardening or cold working)
(grain boundary strengthening)
(precipitation hardening)
(dispersion strengthening)
(martensitic strengthening)

(Strengthening in Steels)

0.008%

( )




(normalizing)
(Full Annealing)

(~2% 1143

)
(
)
(Ms)

body-centered tetragonal (BCT)

face-centered cubic (FCC)
body-centered cubic (BCC) Z

x y


(
)

 FCC
2 Bain model
BCT - BCT Z BCC-


Krauss, G., Martensitic Transformation, Structure


and Properties in Hardenable Steels, in Hardenability Concepts with Applications to Steel, D.V. Doane and J.S.
Kirkaldy [Eds.], AIME, Warrendale, PA, 1978, pp. 229-248

1.

(critical
cooling rate)
2.
(Ms)
(Mf)
3.

Ms Mf

360-450

Ms-360

[Dr. R F Cochrane, Micrograph No. 311, DoITPoMS: Fe, C 0.4 (wt%) steel, slow quenched, Nital etched]

[H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia. Bainite in Steels, 2nd edition, The university Press, Cambridge, UK 2001]




()

L2 [L.C. Chang, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, volume 30A(1999) 909-916] ()







[H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
and D.V. Edmonds, Metallurgical Transactions A, volume 10A (1979) 895-907]

TTT CCT (TTT and CCT diagram)

>

 - (

1. (isothermal transformation diagram, IT or time-temperature

transformation diagram, TTT)

2.
(continuous cooling transformation diagram, CCT)

TTT
C

C 1 2


C
(hypoeutectoid steel)

(eutectoid steel)
C
(bainitic
(hypereutectoid steel)
transformation) 2 (upper bainite) (lower bainite)

(Ms)

C




50%Ms ;

S
S (S-curve)


TTT AISI1080 AISI4340



[William D., Jr. Callister, MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING: AN INTRODUCTION, John Wiley & Sons, 7th edition
2007]

 TTT AISI1080
C
D

[William D., Jr. Callister, MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING: AN INTRODUCTION, John Wiley & Sons, 7th
edition 2007]




3
Ms

TTT

1.

(critical cooling rate)

C ( )

2. (Ms) Ms

(Mf) Mf
3.

100%

0.4%

-
TTT
(Co)

-
Ms (oC)? 561 - 474C - 33Mn - 17Ni - 17Cr - 21Mo [1]
-
Ms (oC) ? 550 - 350C - 40Mn - 20Cr - 10Mo - 17Ni - 8W - 35V - 10Cu + 15Co + 30Al

Ms

[George E. Totten. Steel Heat Treatment Handbook : Metallurgy and Technologies, CRC Press, USA 2006]

[George Krauss, 1980 in Rolf

Anderson, Torsten Holm, S?ren Wiberg. Furnace Atmosphere No.2: Neutral Hardening and Annealing, Linde Booklet,
Special edition

CCT TTT TTT CCT

100%
(

)

100%

100%

O1

 CCT AISI O1

CCT

CCT

DIN
50CrV4

5% 95% 57 HRC

10% 90% 57 HRC

22% 78% 25 HRC

5% 1% 30% 46 HRC

 CCT DIN 50CrV4

[George E. Totten. Steel Heat Treatment Handbook : Metallurgy and Technologies, CRC Press, USA 2006]

[1] Steven W. and Haynes A. G., The Temperature of Formation of Martensite and Bainite in Low-alloy Steel, J.I.S.I.,
1983 (1965) 349-359.
( Full Treatment)

(Full Annealing)

(%C < 0.8)


A3 50 30
1

A3

A3
A1

A1 50 30
1



A1

A1

Acm

[William D., Jr. Callister, MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING: AN INTRODUCTION, John Wiley &
Sons, 7th edition 2007]

(normalizing)



A3 50-100


30
1



( )

1 1.
Fe-Fe3C
2 2.


3 3.





Acm 50-100


30
1

(

)

1 1.

2 2.


3 3.




AISI D2 (SKD11)

 (Spheroidize annealing)

1 1.
A1 12-24

2 2. A1

3 3. A1
A1

A1




A1




A1
[Dr. R F Cochrane, Micrograph No. 267, DoITPoMS: Fe, C 0.8(wt%) steel, normalised, Nital etched]

(sub-critical annealing or process-annealing)

process-annealing

(recrystallization of ferrite)

A1 25-75

650-700

A1

G. Roberts, G. Krauss, R.Kennedy

2 - 2554

(stress-relief annealing)

450-650

(recovery)

;

(Isothermal annealing)

( A1)
( A3)
A1

(Quenching and Tempering)

Hardening



quenching hardening

A3 50
A1 50


30
1


[G. Roberts, G. Krauss, R.Kennedy "
"

2 - 2554]

AISI D2 (JIS SKD11)



AISI D2

AISI D2
AISI W1
Cr Mo V
W1

 TTT AISI W1 (JIS SK1, SK3)

[Heat Treater's Guide: Practice and Procedure for Iron and Steel. ASM International 2 nd edition, USA
1995]

 TTT AISI D2 (JIS SKD 11)

[Heat Treater's Guide: Practice and Procedure for Iron and Steel. ASM International 2 nd edition, USA
1995]

TTT CCT





CCT

0.3%

TTT CCT

 Ms Mf 0.4%
Mf




150-650


30-45

5-10

4
1
1



2

3


500-600



Mf

secondary hardening

4 3


3


4
[George Roberts, George Krauss, Richard Kennedy. Tool Steels, 5th edition, ASM International, USA
1998]

 (Martempering)

Ms

TTT

TTT
AISI D2 (JIS SKD11)

 TTT AISI D2 (JIS SKD11)

[Heat Treater's Guide: Practice and Procedure for Iron and Steel. ASM International 2 nd edition, USA
1995]

(austempering)

Ms

200-400

TTT

- (0.78%C 0.58%Mn) -

[George E. Totten. Steel Heat Treatment Handbook : Metallurgy and Technologies, CRC Press, USA 2006]

 (a) AISI 1080

(b) AISI 5140
TTT 4
(c) AISI 1034

(d) AISI 9061-

[George E. Totten. Steel Heat Treatment Handbook : Metallurgy and Technologies, CRC Press, USA 2006]

Materials Science and Metallurgy, 4th ed., Pollack, Prentice-Hall, 1988

 2%
2-6.67%



http://www.autopressreleases.com

1. (Brinell Hardness Test)




D F
10 15 30

t
d

0.01




(d)
500
10

3,000
BHN HB

-
450 HB



-




(2d)
- (10t)

-

(d) 0.2D 0.7D 2 7


10

 (mm)
2.002.052.10
2.152.20

2.252.302.35
2.402.45

2.502.552.60
2.652.70

2.752.802.85
2.902.95

500
kgf
158
150
143
136
130
124
119
114
109
104
100
96.3
92.6
89.0
85.7
82.6
79.6
76.8

1000 kgf 1500 kgf 2000 kgf 2500 kgf 3000 kgf
316300
286272
260

473450
428408
390

632600
572544
520

788750
714681
650

945899856
817780

248238
228218
208

372356
341327
313

496476
456436
416

621593
568545
522

745712682
653627

200193
185178
171

301289
278267
257

400385
370356
343

500482
462445
429

601578555
534514

165159
154148
143

248239
230222
215

330318
307296
286

413398
384371
358

495477461
444429

3.003.053.10
3.153.20

3.253.303.35
3.403.45

3.503.553.60
3.653.70

3.753.803.85
3.903.95

74.1
71.5
69.1
66.8
64.6
62.5
60.5
58.6
56.8
55.1
53.4
51.8
50.3
48.9
47.5
46.1
44.9
43.6
42.4
41.3

138134
129125
121

207200
194188
182

276267
258250
242

346334
324313
303

415401388
375363

117114
110107
104

176170
165160
156

234227
220214
207

293284
276267
259

352341331
321311

10197.8
95.092.2
89.8

151147
142138
135

201196
190184
180

252244
238231
225

302293285
277269

87.284.8
82.680.4
78.2

131127
124121
117

174170
165161
156

218212
207201
196

262255248
241235

4.004.054.10
4.154.20

4.254.304.35
4.404.45

4.504.554.60
4.654.70

4.754.804.85
4.904.95

40.2
39.1
38.1
37.1
36.2
35.3
34.4
33.6
32.8
32.0
31.2
30.5
29.8
29.1
28.4
27.8
27.1
26.5
25.9
25.4

76.274.2
72.470.6
68.8

114111
109106
103

152148
145141
138

191186
181177
172

229223217
212207

67.265.6
64.062.4
61.0

10198.3
95.993.6
91.4

134131
128125
122

167164
160156
153

201197192
187183

59.658.2
56.855.6
54.2

89.387.2
85.283.3
81.4

119116
114111
108

149145
142139
136

179174170
167163

53.051.8
50.849.6
48.6

79.677.8
76.174.4
72.8

106104
10299.2
97.2

133130
127124
122

159156152
149146

5.005.055.10
5.155.20

5.255.305.35
5.405.45

5.505.555.60
5.655.70

5.755.805.85
5.905.95

24.8
24.3
23.8
23.3
22.8
22.3
21.8
21.4
20.9
20.5
20.1
19.7
19.3
18.9
18.6
18.2
17.8
17.5
17.2
16.8

47.646.6
45.6
44.643.6

71.369.8
68.366.9
65.5

95.293.2
91.289.2
87.2

119117
114112
109

143140137
134131

42.841.8
41.040.2
39.4

64.162.8
61.560.3
59.1

85.683.6
82.080.4
78.8

107105
103101
98.5

128126123
121118

38.637.8
37.236.4
35.6

57.956.8
55.754.6
53.5

77.275.6
74.472.8
71.2

96.595.0
92.590.8
89.2

116114111
109107

35.034.4
33.633.0
32.4

52.551.5
50.549.6
48.7

70.068.8
67.266.0
64.8

87.585.8
84.282.5
81.2

105103101
99.297.3

6.006.056.10
6.156.20

6.256.306.35
6.406.45

16.5
16.2
15.9
15.6
15.3
15.1
14.8
14.5
14.2
14.0
13.7
13.5

31.831.2
30.630.2
29.6

47.746.8
46.045.2
44.3

63.662.4
61.260.4
59.2

79.578.0
76.775.3
73.8

95.593.792.0
90.388.7

29.028.4
28.027.4
27.0

43.542.7
42.041.2
40.5

58.056.8
56.054.8
54.0

72.671.3
70.068.8
67.5

87.185.584.0
82.581.0

2. (Rockwell Hardness Test)

1.6-12.7 (1/16 1/2 )

(minor load)
3

(Rockwell C) ,
(Rockwell B) (Rockwell A)

120o


(Major load) 140 kgf
(Minor load) 10 kgf

E 100 0.002 mm e



0.2 mm

1/16 1.59 . 90 kgf

E 0.26 . 130 0.002 .




E = 0.2 . 50 kgf

(

0.2 1 )

-

10



-


3 .
-



20 67 HRC
-





35 100 HRB

 60 kgf






28 30








3. (Vickers Hardness Test)
136o
1 120 kgf

F

15


10

d1 d2 0.002 .
(d)

http://www.twiprofessional.com/content/jk74.html

HV VHN



40X

-

1.2
-
3

ASTM E140-07

Rockwell C, Rockwell A, Rockwell B, Brinell 10-mm Brinell 10-mm
150 kgf
60 kgf
100 kgf
Standard Ball
CarbideBall
(HRC)
(HRA)
(HRB)
3000-kgf
3000-kgf
(HB)
(HB)
68
67
66
65

85.6
85.0
84.5
83.9

...
...
...
...

...
...
...
(739)

Vickers
Hardness
Number
(HV)
940
900
865
832

64
63
62
61
60
59
58
57
56
55
54
53
52
51
50
49
48
47
46
45
44

83.4
82.8
82.3
81.8
81.2
80.7
80.1
79.6
79.0
78.5
78.0
77.4
76.8
76.3
75.9
75.2
74.7
74.1
73.6
73.1
72.5

...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
(500)
(487)
(475)
(464)
451
442
432
421
409

(722)
(705)
(688)
(670)
(654)
634
615
595
577
560
543
525
512
496
481
469
455
443
432
421
409

800
772
746
720
697
674
653
633
613
595
577
560
544
528
513
498
484
471
458
446
434

43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23

72.0
71.5
70.9
70.4
69.9
69.4
68.9
68.4
67.9
67.4
66.8
66.3
65.8
65.3
64.8
64.3
63.8
63.3
62.8
62.4
62.0

400
390
381
371
362
353
344
336
327
319
311
301
294
286
279
271
264
258
253
247
243

400
390
381
371
362
353
344
336
327
319
311
301
294
286
279
271
264
258
253
247
243

423
412
402
392
382
372
363
354
345
336
327
318
310
302
294
286
279
272
266
260
254

22
21

61.5
61.0

237
231

237
231

248
243

()

AISI, SAE, JIS, DIN, TIS

1. (Plain Carbon Steel)

 1http://www.thyssenkruppmaterials.co.th

2. (Low Alloy Steels)

8%


1 2%


(Machine Steels)



2 http://www.thyssenkruppmaterials.co.th

3. (High alloy steels)

8%

http://www.thyssenkruppmaterials.co.th




4




JIS

FC20 FC25 FC30

FC
20 25 30
kg/mm2