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KHOA CU NG
----------
BI GING
MN HC : SC BN VT LIU
Gio vin
B mn
H o to
Thi gian
S tit
: Nguyn Ph Bnh
: C s
: Trung cp Cu ng
: 24 thng
: 40 tit
Chng 1
NHNG KHI NIM C BN V SC BN VT LIU
1.1. Nhng khi nim c bn v ngoi lc, ni lc, ng sut, bin dng
1.1.1. Cc gi thit i vi vt liu
Mn hc Sc bn vt liu, i tng m ta nghin cu
kho st vt rn thc: l mt thanh, mt cu kin hay mt b
phn cng trnh no . Thng hnh dng ca vt rn thc
c nghin cu c dng thanh thng, thanh cong hoc thanh
bt k (hnh 1.1). Vt liu cu to nn thanh c th l thp,
gang... Tuy vy, khi nghin cu nu xt n mi tnh cht thc
ca vt th s phc tp, do n gin chng ta ch nhng
tnh cht c bn v lc b i nhng tnh cht th yu khng
c nh hng ln n kt qu nghin cu v tnh ton. Mun
vy, chng ta phi ra cc gi thit c bn, nu ln mt s
tnh cht chung cho vt liu. Cc gi thuyt v vt liu l:
Hnh 1.1
Ti trng
a) Ngoi lc: Ngoi lc l lc tc ng t
P
m
nhng vt th khc hoc mi trng xung quanh
q
ln vt th ang xt.
Ngoi lc bao gm: Lc tc ng (cn gi
l ti trng) v phn lc lin kt (xem hnh 1.2).
Phn lc
C th phn loi ngoi lc theo nhiu cch, y
Hnh 1.2
ta phn loi ngoi lc theo hai cch:
P
- Theo cch tc dng ca cc ngoi lc: c
Lc tp trung
Mmen tp trung m
th chia ngoi lc thnh hai loi: tp trung v lc
phn b.
+ Lc tp trung: l lc tc dng ln vt th
trn mt din tch truyn lc rt b so vi kch
Hnh 1.3
thc ca vt th, nn ta coi nh mt im trn
q=const
vt.
V d: p lc ca bnh xe la trn ng a)
ray l mt lc tp trung. Lc tp trung c th l
lc n v Niutn (N), hoc ngu lc (hay
q=f(z)
mmen tp trung), n v ca mmen tp trung l
Niutn mt (Nm).
b)
Cch biu din lc tp trung v mmen tp trung
Hnh 1.4
(xem hnh 1.3).
+ Lc phn b: l lc tc dng lin tc trn mt on di hay trn mt din tch
truyn lc nht nh trn vt th.
V d: p lc gi ln tng bin ca nh l phn b theo din tch. Lc phn b
theo chiu di c n v N/m. Lc phn b theo din tch c n v N/m2. Lc phn b c
tr s bng nhau ti mi im (c gi l lc phn b u hnh 1.4a) hoc khng bng
nhau (c gi l lc phn b khng u) (hnh 1. 4b).
- Theo tnh cht tc dng (v thi gian) ca ti trng c th chia ngoi lc thnh hai
loi: ti trng tnh v ti trng ng.
+ Ti trng tnh l ti trng khi tc dng ln vt th c tr s tng dn t khng n
mt gi tr nht nh v sau khng thay i (hoc thay i rt t).
V d: Trng lng ca mi nh, p lc ca nc ln thnh b.
+Ti trng ng l loi ti trng, hoc c gi tr thay i trong thi gian rt ngn t
gi tr khng n gi tr cui cng hoc lm cho vt th b dao ng.
V d: Lc ca ba my ng vo u cc, ng t
b) Ni lc:
Trong mt vt th gia cc phn t c cc lc lin kt gi cho vt th c hnh
dng nht nh. Khi ngoi lc tc dng, cc lc lin kt s tng ln chng li s bin
dng do ngoi lc gy ra. tng ca lc lin kt c gi l ni lc.
Nh vy, ni lc ch xut hin khi c ngoi lc . Nhng do tnh cht c hc ca
vt liu, ni lc ch tng n mt tr s nht nh nu ngoi lc tng qu ln, ni lc khng
tng c na, lc ny vt liu b bin dng qu mc v b ph hng. V vy, vic xc nh
ni lc pht sinh trong vt th khi chu tc dng ca ngoi lc l mt vn c bn ca
SBVL.
c) Phng php mt ct:
Gi s c mt vt th cn bng di tc dng ngoi lc, tng tng dng mt mt
phng ct vt th ra hai phn A v B (hnh 1.5a).
Gi s b i phn B, gi li phn A xt. R rng phn A c cn bng, th
trn mt ct phi c h lc phn b. H lc ny chnh l nhng ni lc cn tm (hnh 1.5b).
b)
a)
P1
P2
P1
P6
A
P3
c)
P5
P4
P2
P6
A
P3
P5
P4
Hnh 1.5
Da vo khi nim v cn c vo nguyn l tc dng v phn tc dng, trn mt ct
phn B cng c ni lc: chnh l lc tc dng ca phn A ln phn B. Ni lc trn mt
ct phn A v phn B c tr s bng nhau, cng phng nhng ngc chiu, v vy khi tnh
ni lc, ty c th xt mt trong hai phn vt th. Mt khc, v phn A (hoc phn B) cn
bng nn ni lc v ngoi lc tc dng ln phn to thnh mt h lc cn bng. Cn c
vo iu kin cn bng tnh hc ca phn ang xt ta c th tnh c ni lc .
Trong trng hp vt th n hi l mt thanh, mt ct c xt l mt ct ngang
th khi ta thu gn hp lc ca h ni lc v trng tm O ca mt ct, s cho ta mt lc R v
mt mmen Mo. Ni chung R v Mo c phng, chiu bt k trong khng gian. Ta phn
tch R thnh ba thnh phn (hnh 1.6), thnh phn trn trc z gi l lc dc v k hiu l
Nz, cc thnh phn trn trc x v y gi l lc ct v k hiu l Qx, Qy; mmen MO cng
c phn tch thnh ba thnh phn quay chung quanh ba trc l Mx, My, Mz. Cc mmen:
Mx, My c gi l mmen un v Mz c gi l mmen xon. Su thnh phn c
gi l su thnh phn ca ni lc.
Dng cc phng trnh cn bng tnh hc ta c th xc nh c cc thnh phn
ni lc theo cc ngoi lc. Vi cc phng
trnh hnh chiu ln cc trc to :
P1
P6
z = 0; y =0; x = 0
P5
ta tm c Nz , Qy, Qx.
a) P 2
B
A
Vi cc phng trnh mmen i vi cc trc
P3
P4
to :
y
Mz = 0; Mx = 0; My = 0
Qy
ta tm c Mz, Mx, My.
P1
Ta thng gp ti trng nm trong mt
Mz Mx
phng i xng yOz. Khi cc thnh phn
z
P2
ni lc: Qx = 0, Mz = 0, My = 0. Nh vy trn b)
A
My Nz
cc mt ct lc ny ch cn 3 thnh phn ni
P3
Qx
lc Nz ,Qy v Mx. Nh vy phng php mt
x
ct
cho php ta xc nh c
Hnh 1.6
cc thnh phn ni lc trn mt ct ngang bt
k ca thanh khi thanh chu tc dng ca ngoi lc.
Cn ch rng nu ta xt s cn bng ca mt phn no th ni lc trn mt ct
c th coi nh ngoi lc tc dng ln phn .
1.1.3 ng sut
Cn c vo gi thuyt c bn 1 v s lin tc ca vt liu, ta c th gi nh ni lc
phn b lin tc trn ton mt ct, bit s phn b ni lc ta hy i tm tr s ca ni lc
ti mt im no trong vt th.
P
F
Ptb
dx+dx
Hnh 1.12
Hnh 1.13
Chng 2
C TRNG HNH HC CA TIT DIN
a)
P
x
z
y
b)
F
(2.1)
F
S y xdF
x
dF
Sx, Sy gi l mmen tnh ca hnh phng
c
din tch F i vi trc Ox, Oy.
y
Nu dng n v din tch l m2, chiu di l m th n v
x
3
ca mmen tnh l m .
O
Nu bit c din tch ca hnh v to trng tm ca n i
Hnh 2.2
vi h trc xOy ta c:
ydF y F
c
xdF
x
F
c
F
(2.2)
S x y C F
S y x C F
(2.3)
Sy
Sx
yc
F
xc
(2.4)
J x y 2 dF
J y x 2 dF
(2.5)
Jx, Jy gi l mmen qun tnh ca hnh phng c din tch F i vi trc Ox v Oy.
- Nu ly tch phn biu thc x.y.dF trn ton b din tch ca hnh, ta c:
J xy x y dF
(2. 6)
Jxy gi l mmen qun tnh ly tm ca hnh phng c din tch F i vi h trc Oxy.
Gi l khong cch t vi phn din tch dF n im O (gc to ) nm trong
mt phng ca hnh (hnh 2.2). Ly tch phn biu thc 2 dF trn ton b din tch, ta
c:
J 0 2 dF
(2 7)
Hay l:
J0 Jx J y
(2.9)
Vy: Mmen qun tnh c cc ca hnh phng bng tng cc mmen qun tnh
ca hnh phng i vi hai trc vung gc giao nhau ti im .
n v ca cc loi mmen qun tnh k trn l m4.
Cc loi mmen qun tnh i vi mt trc (Jx, Jy) hay i vi mt im (J0) lun
lun c du dng v trong cc biu thc nh ngha ca chng ta c cc bnh phng
khong cch x, y v . Cn mmen qun tnh ly tm (Jxy) c th c du dng hoc m tu
thuc vo du cc to x, y v do c th bng 0.
Ch : Khi xc nh mmen qun tnh ca cc hnh c dng phc tp, ta cng chia
hnh thnh cc hnh n gin tnh, sau cng cc mmen qun tnh ca hnh n gin
hp thnh.
Sx S y 0
J xy 0
Mmen qun tnh ca hnh phng i vi h trc chnh trung tm gi l mmen qun tnh
chnh trung tm.
Cc hnh phng c t nht mt trc i xng th rt d dng xc nh c h trc
qun tnh chnh trung tm. H trc chnh trung tm gm trc
i xng v trc
trung tm vung gc vi trc i xng. Ta chng minh iu
y
ny:
x
x
Gi s c hnh ch T (hnh 2.3) c trc i xng y, trc
trung tm x vung gc vi y i qua trng tm O ca hnh. Nu
dF
dF
xem hnh cho ghp bi hai hnh A v B th mmen qun
A B
tnh ly tm ca ton hnh l:
J xy J Axy J Bxy
Trong : J Axy , J Bxy l mmen qun tnh ly tm ca hnh A v B
i vi h trc Oxy.
Ta xt phn t i xng dF. Trn mi phn A v B, tung y
ca phn t c cng tr s v du. Honh x ca phn t c
cng tr s du nhng ngc du. Do sau khi thc hin tch
phn x.y.dF theo cng thc (2.6) trong mi phn A v B c:
FA
FB
Hnh 2.3
h/2
h/2
dy
Mt hnh ch nht c chiu di l h, chiu rng l b. H trc qun tnh chnh trung
tm l Oxy, trong trc x song song vi cnh b, trc y song
y
song vi cnh h (hnh 2.4). Ta tnh mmen qun tnh trung tm
Jx. Theo cng thc nh ngha, ta c:
J x y 2 dF
dF
F
x
Xt mt vi phn din tch dF gii hn bi hai ng song
O
song vi trc y v cch nhau bi mt on dy. Din tch ca n
l:
dF b.dy
h
2
y3
J x y dF = y bdy b
3
h
F
2
b
h/2
h/2
Hnh 2.4
Vy:
bh 3
Jx
12
(2.11)
h/3 2h/3
h
y dy
l cng thc tnh mmen qun tnh chnh trung tm ca hnh ch nht i vi
trc trung tm x.
Bng phng php tng t, ta tnh c mmen qun tnh ca hnh ch nht i
vi trc trung tm y:
hb 3
(2.12)
Jy =
12
b. Hnh tam gic:
C mt hnh tam gic, cnh y l b, chiu cao h,
by
h trc Oxy, trong trc x song song vi cnh y b
v i qua trng tm C ca tam gic (hnh 2.5). tnh
Jx ta ly vi phn din tch dF l di phn t song song
dF
x
vi trc x, c chiu dy dy, vi:
C
dF = by.dy
2
h y
3
Trong :
b
h
Hnh 2.5
by
b 2h
by
y .
h 3
b 2h
y dy
Thay vo, ta c:
dF = bydy =
h 3
b 2h
b 2h 3 y 4
2
J x y dF y y dy y
h 9
4
h h 3
F
2
2h
3
h
Jx
bh 3
36
(2.13)
y
dF
d
x
d
Hnh 2.6
J 0 2 dF
J 0 2 .d.d
0 0
0,05D 4
64
4
Do , khi trc trung tm y thng gc vi trc x, ta c: Jx = Jy.
Vy theo cng thc (4.9):
J0 = Jx + Jy = 2Jx
4
R
D 4
J0 =
0,1D 4
2
32
(2.16) l cng thc tnh mmen qun tnh c cc ca hnh trn.
(2.14)
(2.15)
(2.16)
Jx=
4
4
R4
D4
Jx
(1 4 )
(1 4 )
4
64
x
0,05 D 4 (1 4 )
(2.17)
O
Trong : l t s gia hai bn knh hoc t s gia hai ng
r d
knh nh v ln:
R D
d=2r
Bng phng php tng t nh trn, ta chng minh c cng
D=2R
thc tnh mmen c cc ca hnh vnh khn i vi trng tm ca
hnh:
Hnh 2.7
4
4
R
D
J0 =
(1 4 )
(1 4 ) 0,1 (1 4 )
2
32
(2.18)
H trc O1x1y1 song song vi h trc Oxy. Khong cch gia cc trc song song x v x1 l
a, gia y v y1 l b. Xt vi phn din tch dF c to x, y v x1, y1 (hnh 2.8). Cc to
c lin h sau:
y1
y
x1 x b
(2.19)
y1 y a
Theo cng thc nh ngha ca mmen qun
tnh (2.5) i vi h trc O1x1y1 ta c:
b
x
J x1 y12 dF
(2.20)
J x1 y 2 dF a 2 dF 2a ydF
F
y1
O
O1
dF
x1
Hnh 2.8
J y1 J x a 2 F 2aSx
(2.23)
(2.24)
(2.25)
mang du dng, cho nn i vi mt h trc song song mmen qun tnh ca hnh phng
i vi trc trung tm l mmen qun tnh nh nht.
Jx
i x
F
(2.26)
Jy
i y F
Trong : ix, iy l bn knh qun tnh ca hnh phng F i vi trc Ox, Oy.
Jx, Jy l mmen qun tnh ca hnh phng F i vi trc Ox, Oy
F - l din tch ca hnh phng.
Nu xOy l h trc chnh trung tm ca hnh phng th ix, iy gi l bn knh chnh trung
tm ca hnh . n v ca ix, iy l cm, dm, m.
x
x1
Trn y ta c cng thc tnh mmen qun tnh ca cc hnh n gin nu chia cc
mmen qun tnh cho cc din tch tng ng ca mi hnh, ta c bn knh qun tnh
ca:
- Hnh ch nht i vi cc trc chnh trung tm x, y:
Jx
bh 3
12
h
0,289h
F
12bh
12
J
b 3h
12
iy y
b
0,289b
F
12bh
12
- Hnh trn vi cc trc chnh trung tm x:
ix
ix
(2,27)
R 4
R D
2
4
2 4
(2.28)
Wx y
max
(2.29)
W J y
y x max
Trong :
Wx, Wy l m uyn chng un i vi cc trc x v y.
Jx, Jy l m men qun tnh ca mt ct F i vi hai trc x v y
xmax, ymax l khong cch t nhng im xa nht v hai pha ca mt ct i vi trc
x v y.
n v ca muyn chng un l m3.
Di y l tr s muyn chng un ca mt s mt ct thng gp:
y
C
h/2
O
h/2
y max
2
12
y max 12 h
6
2
bh 2
Wx
(2.30)
6
- M uyn chng un vi trc y:
Ta cng thy cc im thuc cnh AB v CD c khong
cch ti trc y ln nht, ngha l:
b
hb3
x max
v J y
.
2
12
J
hb 3 hb 2
hb 2
Wy
Do ta cng c : Wy y
x max 12 b
6
6
2
A b/2
b/2
Hnh 2.9
(2.31)
D
D 4
v y max
64
2
J
D3
D4
Nn: Wx x
y max 64 D
32
2
D 3
Wx Wy
0,1D 3
(2.32)
32
cui gio trnh ny c gii thiu nhng c trng hnh
hc ca cc loi thp hnh (thp dt) sn xut theo quy phm.
Jx
x
O
D
Hnh 2.10
. Ta c:
40
yc
Sx 0
x0
140
O
Mmen tnh ca hnh I l SIxo= 0.
yC
Mmen tnh ca hnh II v III l:
II
III
3
S xo = S xo = 14x3x(-9) = -378 (cm ).
x
C
- Din tch mt ct: F = FI + FII + FIII
= 12x4 + 2x14x3 = 132 (cm2).
III
II
- Tung yc ca trng tm C bng:
2 (378)
5,72 cm .
yC
132
30
30
Tung yc c du (-) ngha l trng tm C ca mt ct
120
nm trn trc y, v pha di trc xo cch trc xo mt
khong yc = 5,72 cm.
Hnh 2.11
Qua C k trc x thng gc vi trc y h trc xCy l h
trc qun tnh trung tm cn tm.
M men qun tnh chnh trung tm ca mt ct l Jx v Jy.
Ta c:
Jx= JIx+ JIIx+ JIIIx
I
II
III
Trong : J x, J x, J x l mmen qun tnh ca hnh I, II, III i vi trc x.
V trc x khng i qua trng tm hnh I, II, III nn p dng cng thc chuyn trc song
song, ta c:
12 43
J Ix
(-5,72)2 12 4 1635 cm 4
12
3 143
II
III
Jx Jx
(9 5,72) 2 3 14 1138 cm 4
12
Do mmen qun tnh ca ton b mt ct i vi trc trung tm x l:
Jx = 1635 + 2x1138 = 3911 cm4
Tnh ton tng t nh trn i vi trc trung tm y, ta cng c:
Jy = JyI + JyII + JyIII
4 123
Trong : J Iy
576 cm 4
12
14 33
(1,5 3) 2 14 3 882 cm 4
12
Jy = 576 + 2x882 = 2340 cm4
J IIy J III
y
Do :
4)
(12
6)
J IIy
252 cm 4
12
Do :
J y 2592 252 2340 cm 4
Vy:
B
F
C
G
E
H
Hnh 2.12
36
- Th d 2: Tnh mmen qun tnh chnh trung tm ca mt ct ghp bi hai thp hnh ch
[ s hiu 16 nh hnh 2.13. Bit khong cch gia hai thp [ l 2d = 4 cm.
- Bi gii: Thp N016 tra bng ph lc ta c:
y
y0
- To trng tm zo = 1,79 cm.
2
- Din tch mt ct l 18 cm .
- Mmen qun tnh i vi trc trung tm
x0
II
4
4
I
l 741 cm v i vi trc yo l 62,6 cm .
M men qun tnh chnh trung tm i vi trc x l Jx.
x
y l hnh ghp nn ta c:
C
O
I
II
Jx = J x + J x
V hnh I v hnh II u l thp ch s hiu nh nhau
v trc x i qua trng tm hnh I v hnh II, do ta c:
2d z0
JIx = JIx = Jxo = 741 cm4
4
Jx = 2Jxo = 2741 = 1482 cm
Hnh 2.13
Tng t nh trn ta cng c: Jy = JIy + JIIy
4
JIy = JIIy = Jyo + b2F 62,6 ( 1,79) 2 18 321cm 4 .
2
Vy mmen qun tnh chnh trung tm ca ton mt ct i vi trc y l:
Jy = 2x321 = 642 cm4
y
- Th d 3: Hy tnh bn knh qun tnh v muyn chng un
i vi trc x ca mt ct ch I trn hnh 2.14. Kch thc trn
II
hnh ly bng cm.
- Bi gii: Trc ht ta tnh mmen qun tnh ca mt ct i
I
vi trc x:
x
Chia mt ct ra lm ba hnh: I, II, III, ta c:
C
I
II
III
Jx = J x + J x + J x
1.2
1,2 (36)3
4
+ Mmen qun tnh ca I: J x
4665,6 cm
12
III
+ Mmen qun tnh ca hnh II v III:
18
18
T hnh v ta thy hnh II v III i xng nn c din
II
III
=
J x
tch
bng
nhau,
v
vy:
J x
Hnh 2.14
3
36 (2)
=
(18 1) 2 36 2 26016 cm 4 .
12
75
75
120
300
75
75
30
y
y
5. Tnh mmen qun tnh chnh trung
tm ca cc mt ct cho nh hnh v
2.15. Bit kch thc trn hnh v l
mm.
x
C
x
6. Mt mt ct c hnh dng v kch
thc (mm) nh hnh 2.16. Hy xc
nh:
- M men qun tnh v m men tnh vi
trc y.
20
20
100
- M men qun tnh chnh trung tm Jx,
200
40
Jy?
7. Cho mt ct ngang hnh ch T, kch
Hnh 2.15
Hnh 2.16
thc (cm) nh hnh v 2.17.
Xc nh h trc qun tnh trung tm ca hnh phng Cxy. Xc nh m men qun tnh Jx.
Xc nh m men tnh ca hnh phng Sx.
8. Thanh ghp gm hai thp [30 (hnh 2.18). Xc nh khong cch a mt ct c hai m
men qun tnh chnh trung tm bng nhau (Jx = Jy).
y
y
x
a)
b)
20
Hnh 2.17
Hnh 2.18
Chng 3.
KO (NN) NG TM
3.1. Khi nim v ko (nn) ng tm, lc dc v biu lc dc
3.1.1. Khi nim v ko ( nn) ng tm
P
P
Trong chng ny ta s nghin cu trng
hp chu lc n gin nht ca thanh thng l khi a)
thanh chu ko hoc nn ng tm.
P
P
Khi ta tc dng vo cc u thanh hai lc
song song ngc chiu, c phng trng vi b)
Hnh 3.1
phng ca trc thanh v c tr s ging nhau, ta
s c:
- Hoc thanh chu ko ng tm nu lc hng ra khi mt ct (hnh 3.1a).
- Hoc thanh chu nn ng tm nu lc hng vo mt ct hnh (3.1b).
T ta c nh ngha: Thanh chu ko (nn) ng tm khi trn mi mt ct ngang
ca thanh ch c mt thnh phn lc dc Nz.
Di y ta s nghin cu ni lc pht sinh trong thanh chu ko (nn) ng tm.
3.1.2. Lc dc - biu lc dc
a). Lc dc:
Gi s xt mt thanh chu ko ng tm bi lc P. tnh ni lc ti mt ct bt k
ca thanh ta thng dng phng php mt ct (hnh 3.2).
Tng tng ct thanh ti mt ct 1-1, xt cn bng phn A.
Mun cho phn A cn bng, th hp cc ni lc trn mt phi l ni lc N t ti
trng tm mt ct v trng vi trc thanh. Lc N
1
gi l lc dc.
P
P
Tr s lc dc N c xc nh t iu kin cn
A
B
a)
bng tnh hc ca phn A (hoc phn B), l tng
1
hnh chiu ca cc lc tc dng ln phn ang xt
xung phng trc thanh (trc z) phi bng khng:
P
Nz z
b)
Hnh 3.2
z = - P + N = 0 hay N = P.
Du ca lc dc c quy c nh sau:
- N mang du dng (+) khi n l lc ko (N c chiu hng ra ngoi mt ct).
- N mang du m (-) khi n l lc nn (N c chiu i vo mt ct).
T trng hp xt trn ta c trnh t xc nh lc dc Nz theo phng php mt ct
nh sau:
+ Dng mt ct tng tng ct thanh thnh hai phn, gi li phn n gin
xt.
+ T iu kin cn bng tnh hc chiu cc lc ang xt xung theo phng trc
thanh (trc z) phi bng 0. T ta xc nh c Nz.
Nu kt qu tnh c l dng th l lc ko ngc li l lc nn.
b). Biu lc dc:
biu din s bin thin lc dc ti cc mt ct dc theo trc thanh, ta v mt th
gi l biu lc dc N.
Vy: Biu lc dc l ng biu din s bin thin lc dc ti cc mt ct dc theo
trc thanh.
Sau khi tnh c lc dc ti cc mt ct khc nhau ta tin hnh v biu lc dc.
v biu lc dc thng chn trc honh song song vi trc thanh (hay cn gi l
ng chun), cn ni lc biu th bng ng vung gc vi trc honh (trc z). Trnh t,
cch v biu lc dc nh sau:
- Chia thanh thnh cc on bng cch ly im t lc tp trung, im u v cui
ti trng phn b lm ranh gii phn chia on.
- Trn mi on vit mt biu thc xc nh ni lc theo honh z: Nz=f(z), cn
c vo cc biu thc trn ta v c biu cho tng on.
Nu: Nz= const biu l on thng song song vi trc z, Nz l hm bc nht (khi q=
const) th biu l ng thng xin.
F
N
(3.1)
Tng qut ta c th vit:
F
Cng thc (3.1) cho php tnh ng sut php nu bit c lc dc N v din tch F
ca mt ct. Trong cng thc (3.1) th N l tr s tuyt i ca lc dc ti mt ct cn tm
ng sut, ly du dng (+) khi lc dc l lc ko, ly du (-) khi lc dc l lc nn. Cng
thc (3.1) c th pht biu nh sau: ((Tr s ng sut php trn mt ct thanh chu ko hay
nn ng tm bng t s gia lc dc mt ct vi din tch mt ct )).
Ngi ta chng minh c rng ng sut php trn mt ct vung gc vi trc
thanh t tr s ln nht so vi ng sut php trn bt c mt ct nghing no.
y ta thy c ng sut php phn b u trn mt ct ca thanh, nhng iu ny
ch ng vi nhng mt ct khng nm gn ni c mt ct thay i t ngt hoc gn ni
c im t lc. Trong thc t nhng mt ct rt gn im t lc cng nh gn ni c
mt ct thay i t ngt th ng sut phn b khng u, m xut hin ng sut tp
trung .
V d: Ti mt ct 1-1 ca
P
P
thanh chu ko nh hnh 3.4 th
d)
ng sut phn b u tri li mt
ct 2-2 ng sut phn b khng 2
2
2
2
c)
u m ti mp l ng sut c tr
s ln hn ng sut mt ct 1-1. 1
1
1
1 1
1
T s gia ng sut ln nht vi
ng sut trung bnh (xem nh
ng sut phn b u trn
b) P
P
P
P
mt ct qua l) gi l h s tp a)
Hnh 3.4
trung ng sut, k hiu tt:
tt tt :
l
l
(3.2)
b
b1
b1
b
Trong l mt h s cng
du vi l. Nh ni trn P
P
di tc dng ca lc ko P,
chiu di thanh di ra nhng
chiu ngang hp li mt on
l
b = b1- b, b gi l bin dng
l1=l+l
Hnh 3.5
ngang tuyt i, b mang tr s
dng nu chiu ngang tng
thm: b mang tr s m nu
P
chiu ngang hp li. so snh P
bin dng ngang ca nhng
thanh c kch thc ngang khc
l1=l-l
nhau, ngi ta dng khi nim
l
bin dng ngang tng i 1,
Hnh 3.6
tc l bin dng ngang tuyt
i trn mt n v chiu ngang thanh, v c tnh theo cng thc:
b
(3.3)
l
b
Trong 1 l mt h s c cng du vi b.
Nhiu th nghim cho thy gia v 1 c mt lin h vi nhau nh sau:
(3.4)
l hay l
l
EF
l
N
thay vo (3.5), ta c: .
v
F
l
E
(3.6)
Hay : .E
Biu thc 3.6 chnh l ni dung ca nh lut Hc trong ko nn ng tm. Ta c th pht
biu nh l nh sau: Trong ko (nn) ng tm, ng sut php t l thun vi bin
dng dc tng i .
Ta bit :
0,25 0,33
0,31 0,34
0,32 0,35
0,23 0,27
0,45
0,32 0,36
0,21
0,42
Vt liu
Bc
Thu tinh
hc
B tng
G dn
Cao su
Nn
0,39
0,25
0,16 0,34
0,08 0,18
0,07
0,47
0,5
Thp
Gang (xm,trng)
ng, hp kim ng (ng vng, ng en)
Nhm v uyara
Khi xy:
-Bng vi
-Bng gch
B tng nng (kh cng t nhin)
G dc th
Cao su
0,6x105
0,03x105
(0,21 0,38)x105
0,1x105
0,00008x105
Th d tnh ton:
- Th d 3.1: Cho mt thanh chu lc trn hnh 3.7a. Cho bit trng lng vt liu lm
thanh l , din tch mt ct ngang ca thanh l F, l1 = 1,5 m, l 2 = 1 m.
Hy v biu lc dc cho thanh. Bit P = 2F.
- Bi gii: Da vo phng php mt ct, ta thit lp biu thc lc dc ti cc mt ct bt
k ca thanh.
+ Trong on AB: tng tng ct thanh ti cc mt ct 1-1, gi li phn thanh
bn di mt ct (hnh 3.7b), ta c:
z = -Fz1 + N1 = 0.
Trong : Fz1 l trng lng phn thanh ang xt.
Rt ra:
N1 = Fz1 (N1 > 0, do N1 l lc ko) - vi (0 z1 1,5 ).
l2
C
z
B 0.5F
N1
1
z2
1.5F
B
P
0.5F
N1
z1
z =-Fz2 +P+N2 = 0.
l1
+ Trong on BC:
tng tng ct thanh
ti mt ct 2-2, gi li
phn thanh bn di
mt ct (hnh 3.7c), ta
c:
0.6m
- Bi gii: tnh ng sut trn mi on thanh v bin dng dc tuyt i ca ton thanh
ta phi tm lc dc trong mi on thanh.
+ Trn on AB: dng mt ct bt k 1-1 xt
60kN
s cn bng phn thanh bn di mt ct ta c:
D
z = N1-P1 = 0
3
3
P3
N1 = P1 = 40 kN
F2
20kN
(vi gi thit N1 c chiu i ra mt ct). Do N1
C
= 40 kN (lc ko) v khng thay i trong on
2
2
N
AB.
P2
+ Trn on BC: dng mt ct bt k 2-2, xt
40kN
B
s cn bng phn thanh bn di mt ct ta c:
1
1
0.3m
0.5m
a)
F1
b)
P1
Hnh 3.8
z = N2-P1 + P2 = 0
N2 = P1 P2 = - 20 kN
Do N2 = -20 kN (nn) v N2 khng thay i trong on BC.
+ Trn on CD: tng t ta cng dng mt ct bt k 3-3, xt cn bng phn thanh
bn di mt ct ta c:
z =0 N3 = P1 + P3 - P2 = 40 + 80 - 60 = 60 kN.
Do N3 = 60 kN (ko) v khng thay i sut on CD.
Sau khi tm c lc dc trong cc on thanh ta v c biu lc dc nh hnh
(3.8b). Da vo biu lc dc, p dng cng thc (3.1) ta tnh ng sut trong cc on
thanh:
- on AB: Lc dc N1 = 40 kN, vy ng sut trong on AB l:
N
40
1 1
16.10 4 kN/m 2 160 MN/m 2 .
-4
F1 2,5.10
- on BC: Lc dc N2 = - 20 kN, vy ng sut trong on BC l:
N
20
2 2
5.10 4 kN/m 2 50 MN/m 2 .
F2
4.10 4
- on CD: Lc dc N3 = 60 kN, vy ng sut trong on CD l:
N
60
3 3
15.10 4 kN/m 2 150 MN/m 2 .
F3 4.10 4
Bin dng dc tuyt i ca thanh s bng tng i s bin dng dc tuyt i ca cc
on thanh AB, BC v CD. Do vy, ta phi tnh bin dng dc tuyt i trong tng on
thanh c: tr s lc dc khng thay i, din tch mt ct cng khng thay i, nn ta p
dng cng thc (3.5) tnh bin dng dc tuyt i cho cc on:
Nl
40 0,3
2,4 10 4 (m)
- on AB : l1 1 1
8
EF1 2.10 2,5 10 4
Nl
20 0,5
- on BC : l2 2 2
1,25 10 4 (m)
EF2
2.108 4.10 4
Nl
60 0,6
l3 3 3
4,5 10 4 (m)
- on CD:
EF3 2.108 4.10 4
Vy bin dng dc tuyt i ca ton thanh:
l = l 1 + l 2+ l 3 = (2,4-1,25 + 4,5)x10-4 = 5,65x10-4 (m)
l = 0,565 mm 0,6 mm
Vy sau khi chu tc dng ca lc chiu di thanh di thm ra 0,6 mm.
35
200
220
20
340
390
P Hnh 3.9
B
Ptl
D
C
Hnh 3.10
Mu th nghim l mt thanh thp non c hnh dng v kch thc theo mu quy nh
(hnh 3.9). Gi l l phn chiu di lm vic ca mu. t mu vo my ko ri cho lc ko
P tng dn t 0. Ta thy chiu di thanh tng dn ln, chiu ngang thanh hp bt cho n
khi lc ko P t tr s cc i Pb th mt ch no trn thanh b tht li, sau ko gim
dn cho n mt tr s Pd v thanh b t ti ch tht. Tng quan gia l v tr s ca lc
ko P c th hin bng th (hnh 3.10). Trong trc honh biu din tr s ca l v
trc tung biu din cc tr s ca lc ko P.
th gi l biu ko ca vt liu do.
th cho bit vt liu khi chu ko qua 3 giai
on chnh:
P
tl tl
F0
kh xc nh.
O
i vi thp s 3 th tl = 200 MN/m2.
Hnh 3.11
b) Giai on th hai: Giai on chy do.
V giai on AB thng rt ngn nn ngi ta b qua khng kho st, sau giai on
ny t im B th bt u c on nm ngang BC. Lc ny bin dng ca thanh tng ln
r rt nhng lc khng tng. Ta gi giai on ny l giai on chy do. Lc bt u lm
cho vt liu chy do, k hiu Pch. Gi ng sut tng ng vi giai on ny l gii hn
chy:
ch
Pch
F0
b =
b
F0
tg .
P
P ch
P tl
a)
Hnh 3.12
b)
Pb
F0
P
Pb
Hnh 3.13
Hnh 3.14
Vt liu
Thp xy dng s 3
Thp xy dng s 5
ng
Nhm
uyara
Gang xm
1,6x102
1,4x102
1,6x102
1,4x102
(0,3 1,2)x102
(0,3 0,8)x102
(0,8 1,5)x102
(0,28 0,8)x102
(1,2 1,5)x102
4
2
8
18
2
6
12
Hnh 3.15
ng sut ti mt ct nguy him l:
ng sut ln nht trong thanh:
Vy thanh m bo cng .
96
8000 kN/m 2 8 MN/m 2
0,012
= 8 MN/m2 < [ ] =10 MN/m2.
d 2
1,2 10 2
d 3,3x10 2 (m) .
5
4
10
Vy chn ng knh ti thiu ca thanh l d =3,3x10-2 m = 3,3 cm.
y: N = P = 1,2x102 kN, hay:
0.8m
a) Thanh c mt ct khng i:
Gi s c thanh thng ng chiu di
l, din tch mt ct khng i l F. u t
z
do c lc ko ng tm P tc dng (hnh
3.17a). Thanh lm bng vt liu c trng
lng ring . Tm ng sut pht sinh trong
N
thanh
1
1
Trc ht ta tm lc dc trong thanh.
Fz
Ti mt ct bt k 1-1 (hnh 3.17b):
N = P + Fz
Biu N nh hnh 3.18c.
a)
b) P
ng sut pht sinh trn mt ct 1-1 l:
P
P Fz
Hnh 3.17 3
hay: z
F
F
Do ng sut pht sinh trn thanh cng bin thin dc theo chiu
di thanh v c gi tr ln nht ngm. iu kin cng trong
2
trng hp ny l:
P
max l
F
1
Din tch ti thiu ca thanh tnh theo cng thc:
P
F F
.l
N
P
c)
3
l3
F3
C 2
l2
F2
B 1
l1
F1
A
P
Hnh 3.18
4m
3.6m
- Th d 3.6: Mt ct b tng ct thp gm hai on, on mt c din tch l F1= 0,04 m2,
on hai c din tch l mt ct l F2= 0,0625 m2. Ct chu lc nn ng tm P = 20kN.
Hy tnh ng sut ln nht trong tng on ct bit trng lng ring ca b tng = 2500
kG/m3 (hnh3.19a).
b)
P
a)
Bi gii: Trc ht ta tnh lc dc N.
P
Bng phng php mt ct v c biu
C
lc dc cho ct nh trn hnh 3.19b.
F1
N
- ng sut ln nht trn on BC (ti B):
P+Fl1
B
P
20
1 l1
25 3,6 590 kN/m 2
F2
F1
0,04
( = 2500 kG/m3 = 25 kN/m3).
- ng sut ln nht on AB (ti chn ct):
A
P F l
20 25 0,04 3,6
P+F1l1+F2l2
1 1 1 l2
25 4 477,6 kN/m 2
F1
F2
0,04
0,0625
Hnh 3.19
CU HI N TP CHNG 3
1. Th no l thanh chu ko nn ng tm?
2. Nu cch tnh ni lc trn mt ct ngang ca thanh chu ko (nn) ng tm.
3. Biu ni lc l g? Cch v biu ni lc?
4. Vit v gii thch cng thc tnh ng sut trn mt ct ngang?
5. Th no l bin dng dc, bin dng ngang tuyt i v tng i? Vit v gii thch
cng thc tnh bin dng dc tuyt i.
6. Gii thch ba giai on khi th nghim ko vt liu do?
BI TP CHNG 3
1. V biu lc dc, biu ng sut v tnh bin dng di tuyt i ca cc thanh
hnh 3.20, xem nh khi b nn cc thanh khng b cong i. Bit E = 2.102 daN/cm2. B qua
trng lng ca cc thanh.
P1 =20kN
A
P2 =5 T
H2
1,2m
1,2m
2m
P3 =30kN
H5
2a
F=4cm 2
EF
2P
A
H7
H8
C
C
4m
4m
F=4cm 2
q=3T/m
q=5 kN/m
B
F=10cm 2
F=5cm 2
H10
C
q=20 kN/m
q=20 kN/m
P1 =200daN
H9
2m
A
P2 kN
H6
2m
A
H12
F=4cm 2
P=2T
2m
P2 =20kN
A
P1 =40kN
H11
B
P2 =40kN
2m
P2 =20kN
1m
P2 =500daN
B
1,2m
P3 =680daN
1m
P3 =70kN
F=10cm2
1,2m
P 1 kN
1,2m
EF
C
1,2m
F=2cm 2
1,2m
C
P2 =60kN
P3 =30kN
E
D
0,4m
H4
2a
0,4m
P2 =20kN
EF
H3
1,2m
0,2m
F=4cm2
P3 =80kN
P1 =20kN
P1 =10kN
P2 =20kN
P2 =5kN
P2 =40kN
H1
F=4cm2
B
P2 =50kN
1m
2m
F=3cm2
P1 =15kN
P1 =10kN
F=2cm2
F=3cm2
2m
P1 =40kN
1,2m
1m
P1 =10 T
2m
1m
1m
1m
P1 =10kN
P1 =40kN
H13
H14
H15
P2 =3T
2m
C
q=4kN/m
P3 =60kN
H17
H18
q=10 kN/m
F=4cm 2
F=20cm 2
2m
1m
1,5m
F=2cm 2
P2 =40kN
2m
q=1T/m
0,5m
q=15 kN/m
F=4cm 2
3m
F=4cm 2
1m
0,5m
q=1 T/m
1m
P1 =30kN
P1 =60kN
P=2kN
3m
P1 =3T
P2 =40kN
P=2T
H16
H19
H20
Hnh 3.20
2. Gi ABC (hnh 3.21a) thanh AB c F = 10 cm2, thanh BC c F = 6,5 cm2. C hai thanh
u bng gang c: n 900daN / cm 2 K 300daN / cm 2 . Xc nh Q theo iu kin
bn (khi ko v nn).
3. Gi ABC (hnh 3.21b) thanh AB bng thp trn ng knh d c k 1400 daN/cm 2 ,
thanh g vung cnh a c n 130 daN/cm 2 . Ti A treo vt nng P = 50 kN. Xc nh d
v a theo iu kin bn.
4. Cho h thanh chu lc nh hnh v 3.21c. Hy kim tra iu kin bn cho cc thanh bit:
thanh AB c din tch mt ct ngang F1 = 15 cm2; [k] = 16 kN/cm2. Thanh BC c din
tch mt ct ngang F2 = 8 cm2, [n] = 14 kN/cm2.
Bit P = 190 kN.
60
30
C
b)
60
a)
Hnh 3.21
c)
B
P
Chng 4
UN NGANG PHNG
4.1.2. Gi ta v phn lc gi ta
R
Dm c ta trn cc b phn , nhng b phn V
V
R
V
ny gi l gi ta hay lin kt. C ba loi lin kt
m
H
H
thng gp l: bn l di ng, bn l c nh v ngm. Hnh
4.2 biu th s tnh ton v phn lc ca ba loi lin kt
Hnh 4.2
trn. xc nh phn lc gi ta, ta dng cc phng
trnh cn bng tnh hc trong mn CHLT.
Nu s phn lc gi ta ng bng s phng trnh cn bng th ta d dng tm
c cc phn lc, dm gi l dm tnh nh. Nu dm c s phn lc nhiu hn s
phng trnh cn bng tnh hc, ta c dm siu tnh.
Trong
chng ny, ta ch nghin cu dm tnh nh.
Hnh 4.3
P q
i
1pha
1pha
1pha
Pi
1pha
qi
1pha
Q>0
a,
- V du:
+ Lc ct Q c du dng ti mt mt ct no ,
nu ngoi lc tc dng ln phn dm xt gi c khuynh
b,
hng lm cho phn dm xt gi quay thun chiu kim
ng h quanh trng tm mt ct ang xt (hnh 4.4a).
Ngc li lc ct Q c du m (hnh 4.4b).
c,
+ Mmen un M c du dng ti mt mt ct no
, nu ngoi lc phn dm xt gi khuynh hng lm
cho cc th di ca dm b gin, lc xem nh mt ct d,
ang xt b ngm cht (hnh 4.5c). Ngc li M c du m
(hnh 4.5d).
e,
Q>0
Q<0
Q<0
M>0
M>0
M<0
M<0
Q>0
M>0
M>0
Q>0
Hnh 4.5
Pb
(1)
l
Q1 c du dng v ngoi lc VA lm cho dm bn tri mt ct quay cng chiu
kim ng h quanh trng tm mt ct ang xt.
+ Mmen un ti mt ct 1-1:
Pb
(2)
M1 VA .z1
z1
l
M1 c du dng v ngoi lc VA lm cho th di ca dm b gin.
Khi z1 > a tc l mt ct vt qua im C lc ny ngoi lc trn mt ct khng
ch c VA m cn c lc P, do biu thc (1) v (2) khng dng c na v ti im C
ni lc trong dm thay i t ngt. Chnh v vy m ta phi chia dm ra lm hai on v
im C l ranh gii gia hai on.
- Biu thc ni lc trong on CB:
tnh ni lc ti mt ct bt k 2-2 cch gi B mt on z2 (0 z2 b). Xt phn
dm bn phi mt ct (hnh 4.7b), ta tm c:
Pa
+ Lc ct Q ti mt ct 2-2:
Q2 = -VB =
(3)
l
Lc ct Q2 c du m v ngoi lc VB lm cho phn dm ang xt quay ngc chiu kim
ng h.
Pa
+ Mmen un ti mt ct 2-2: M2 = VB.z2 =
z2
(4)
l
M2 cng c du dng.
c) V biu Q v M:
-Trong on AC:
Khi mt ct 1-1 thay i t v tr A n C ngha l 0 z1 a th: theo (1) lc ct Q1 l hng
s, do biu Q1 l ng thng song song vi trc chun (trc z) c tung bng tung
ny t pha trn trc chun v Q1 > 0 (hnh 4.6c). Theo (2) mmen un M1 l hm bc
nht ca z1, do ng biu din l ng thng xin, c xc nh bng 2 im vi:
z1 = 0 (ng vi im A)
M = 0.
ab
z1 = a (ng vi im C)
.
M P
l
V tung ca im M t pha di trc chun (hnh 4.7d).
- Trong on CB:
Theo (3) lc ct Q(z2) l hng s nn ng biu din l ng thng song song vi trc
chun. Cc tung ca biu t pha di trc chun v Q2 < 0 (hnh 4.6c). Theo (4)
mmen un M2 l hm bc nht theo z2, ng biu din cng l ng thng xin c
xc nh bi hai im:
M = 0.
im B vi z2 = 0
ab
im C vi z2 = b
.
M P
l
V tung ca biu M cng t pha di trc chun (hnh 4.6d).
Khi v xong biu ta k nhng ng gch theo phng vung gc vi trc
chun (trc dm) v t du vo biu Q, ring biu mmen khng ghi du (v biu
mmen c v theo th b gin).
T biu ni lc v trn ta thy:
+ Mt ct c ni lc Q ln nht nm trong on AC vi tr s:
b
Q max P (nu b > a).
l
+ Mmen un ln nht ta mt ct C c tr s:
+ Lc ct Q:
Q1 VA
M max P
ab
l
* Ch :
1. Ti mt ct c lc tp trung VA,VB v P biu Q c bc nhy, hng ca
bc nhy cng chiu hng lc tp trung nu xt t tri sang v ngc li. Tr s tuyt
i ca cc bc nhy ny bng tr s ca cc lc VA,VB, P v ti biu M gy khc.
2. Nu lc tp trung t ti gia dm (a =b= l/2) th lc ct ln nht:
P
Qmax =
2
V mmen ln nht ti gia dm (z = l/2) l :
l
Mmax = P
4
- Th d 4.2: V biu lc ct Q v mmen un M cho dm chu ti trng phn b u
vi cng phn b q nh hnh 4.7a.
- Bi gii:
a) Xc nh phn lc:
1
R
q
VB
VA
Ta xc nh phn lc ti gi A v B ca a)
A
dm, phn lc ti gi A l VA, phn lc ti gi B l VB.
B
z 1
Hp lc ca ti trng phn b u: R = ql t ti chnh
l
l
ql 2
(im H): M
;
2
8
Ti z = l (im I): M = 0.
Ti z =
3
Ti z = .l (im G):
4
3ql 2
32
M=
ma
.
l
M = 0.
M=-
mb
.
l
m
.
l
M max
ma nu a > b.
l
qz
gic ng dng:
q
l
l
Thay tr s q(z) vo biu thc Q v M ta c:
ql qz 2
Qz
6
2l
(0 z l )
q 3
ql
Mz z z
6l
6
c) V biu Q v M:
T biu ni lc trn ta thy biu Q l hm bc 2 v biu M l hm bc 3
theo z. v ta da vo mt s im:
ql
Khi z = 0 (ti A) th: Q = ; M = 0.
6
ql
l
Q
Khi z =
th:
;
M = 0,025ql2
24
2
3
Khi z = l
th:
Q = 0;
M = 0,0641ql2
3
ql
Khi z =1 th:
M = 0.
Q ;
3
Ti mt ct z = l
3
c Q = 0
3
l
(gia dm) mmen un: M l 0,0625ql 2
(z )
2
2
Tr s mmen un ny ch km tr s cc i l 2,4%. Do tin cho vic tnh ton, ta
c th coi mt ct gia dm c gi tr mmen ln nht v bng 0,0625q/l2.
Ti mt ct z =
ql 2
.
2
T bi ton ny rt ra nhn xt: Khi v biu Q v M ca dm cngxon ta khng cn
xc nh phn lc m xt t pha u t do vo.
M max
4.3.1 nh l
Cho mt dm t trn hai gi A v B, chu ti
a) A
trng bt k nh hnh 4.11a.
Ta qui c cng ti trng phn b q(z) s c
du dng nu n hng t di ln trn v c du
m trong trng hp ngc li. Trn hnh 4.11a gi
thit q(z) hng ln. Trong on dm chu lc phn
M
b, xt hai mt ct bt k 1-1 v 2-2 cch gi A mt
b)
1 2 q(z)
P1
P2
B
1 2
z
dz
q(z)
M+dM
z
O
Q
dz
Q+dQ
Hnh 4.11
4.3.2. ng dng ca nh l
Cc lin h nu trn gi mt vai tr quan trng trong vic v v kim tra cc biu
Q v M. Thc vy, da vo cc lin h trn ta c th pht biu mt s tnh cht quan
trng sau:
a) Nu trn mt on dm khng c ti trng phn b [q(z) = 0] ngha l
dQ
0;
dz
dM 2
0 th lc ct Q s l mt hng s v mn men un M s l mt hm bc nht trong
dz 2
on . Do biu Q l ng thng song song vi trc chun v biu mmen s
l ng thng xin so vi trc chun. V d nh biu (hnh 4.6c,d). Trong trng
hp c bit, nu Q = 0 th M l hng s v biu M l ng thng song song vi trc
chun.
b) Nu trn on dm c lc phn b u [q(z) = const], th trong on , lc ct s l
hm bc nht, cn mmen un M s l hm bc hai. Do , biu Q l ng thng xin,
biu M l mt Parabol bc hai. V d nh biu (hnh 4.7b,c).
Trong trng hp ny, ti mt ct c Q = 0 th M s qua cc tr. Nu Q i du t dng
sang m, M s qua cc i v nu Q i du t m sang dng, M s qua cc tiu.
c) Nu trn on dm c lc phn b theo ng bc nht, th lc ct Q l hm bc
hai, mmen un M l hm bc ba (hnh 4.9). Ti mt ct c q =0 th Q qua cc tr v M
qua im un. Ti mt ct c Q = 0 th M qua cc tr.
Q1
0 Q1 qb
(4.4)
q
Hoc ta c th tnh gi tr lc ct theo cng thc:
Qph = Qtr + Fq
(*)
Trong : Qph, Qtr lc ct bn phi v bn tri on ang xt.
Fq
- din tch ti trng phn b trong on ang xt. Du ca Fq
c quy nh nh sau: Fq > 0 khi lc phn b hng ln trn v ngc li Fq < 0 khi lc
phn b hng xung di.
* Ch : Ti v tr c lc tp trung cn tnh Qph v Qtr im .
2. Khi v biu mmen:
q
v biu mmen ta tnh tr s mmen un M ti cc a)
mt ct gii hn nhng on dm m ta phn chia v
a
biu ni lc. Ring v tr c mmen tp trung th cn tnh
mmen M ti hai mt ct bn tri v bn phi v tr . Ngoi
b)
Q1
ra cn c nhng ch sau:
Q2
- Ti mt ct c lc tp trung biu mmen M b gy
khc.
b
- Ti mt ct c mmen tp trung biu mmen M c c)
bc nhy. Tr s tuyt i ca bc nhy bng tr s ca
mmen tp trung. Hng bc nhy s i xung nu mmen
tp trung quay thun chiu kim ng h v hng bc nhy
M max
i ln trong trng hp ngc li.
Hnh 4.12
- Trong on dm khng c lc phn b (q = 0) biu
M l ng thng nm ngang (nu Q = 0) hoc ng thng xin (nu Q 0).
mB = 2qa a m 0 3aVA 0
C1
B1
M
2a
E
C2
A
B
4qa 2 m 0 4qa 2 qa 2
VA =
qa 20 kN
c)
3a
3a
40
20
b) Phn on v v biu ni lc Q, M cho tng
C3
on:
Hnh 4.13
Trong trng hp ny ta phn dm thnh hai on AC
v CB. v biu Q, M k cc trc chun song song vi trc thanh z, h cc ng
ging phn chia ranh gii cc on.
- V biu Q:
Ta v t nt tri sang nt phi ca dm. Ta thy ti A c lc tp trung l phn lc
VA hng ln trn, nn t A trn trc chun (trc honh) ta dng on AA1 hng t di
ln. ln AA1 biu th lc ct Q ti mt ct A v c gi tr bng VA = 20 kN. Trong on
AC dm chu ti trng phn b u hng xung nn biu Q l ng thng xin A1C1
hng xung.V hp lc ca lc phn b trong on AC l 104 = 40 kN m tung ca
im A1 l 20 kN nn tung ca C1 l 20 kN. Ti im C c mmen tp trung mo nhng
biu Q khng thay i v mmen tp trung khng nh hng ti biu lc ct.
Trong on CB khng c ti trng phn b nn biu Q l on thng C1B1 song
song vi trc chun. Ti B dm chu lc tp trung l phn lc VB = 20 kN hng ln trn
- i vi dm chu lc tp trung ta v c
biu ni lc th d 4.1 (hnh 4.6c,d). c c
tung ca biu ni lc (Q hoc M) ca dm hnh
4.14a ta cng i s cc tung tng ng ca biu
ni lc ca dm hnh 4.14b v 4.14c. l ni
dung ca phng php cng tc dng. Do , ta cng
biu hnh 4.7b vi biu hnh 4.6c, ta c
biu lc ct Q ca dm cho (hnh 4.14d). Vi
biu mmen un M ta cng lm tng t nh vy.
Cng biu hnh 4.7c vi biu hnh 4.6d ta
s c biu mmen un M ca dm cho trn
hnh 4.14e. Nh vy lc ct Q ln nht pht sinh ti
mt ct hai u dm:
P q.l
Qmax
2
2
V mmen un ln nht pht sinh ti mt ct gia
nhp:
Pl ql 2
M max
4
8
P=50kN
q=10kN/m
a) A
B
4m
4m
q
b) A
B
P
c) A
ql/2
P /2
d)
ql/2
P /2
Pl/4
e)
q l /8
Hnh 4.14
16
Do dng phng php cng tc dng ta thy vi dm chu lc phn b hnh thang mt
ql ql 5
ql
ct c lc ct ln nht ti gi B:
Qmax =
2 3
6
V mmen un pht sinh ti mt ct gia nhp:
P
P
VB
VA
ql 2 ql 2 3ql 2
a)
M=
A
8
16
16
B
C
C
z
chu un phng
a
l
b)
P
Qy
c)
Pa
Hnh 4.16
Mx
AB = dz = d
Cn th IK tr thnh I K v c chiu di bng I ' K ' ( y)d . Trc khi bin dng
chiu di th IK bng chiu di th AB (hnh 4.19a) nn bin dng di tuyt i ca th IK
l:
(IK) = IK - IK = ( + y)d - d
m
n
(IK) = yd
A
B
Bin dng di tng i ca th IK l:
I
K
(IK) yd y
a)
m
n
dz
IK
d
'
'
Nhng:
, nn y
(4.5)
b)
Cng thc (4.5) cho ta thy ng sut php t l thun
m
n
vi y. Hnh 4.20 biu th s phn b sut php trn mt
ct ch nht ca dm chu un thun tu (vi M > 0).
A
B
M
M
Nhng im trn trc trung ho c ng sut = 0. Tuy
I
K
nhin cng thc (4.5) mi cho ta thy s phn b ng
n
m
sut php trn mt ct, m cha tnh c tr s v
Hnh 4.19
cha bit bn knh cong . Mun tnh c tr s ng
sut php ti mt im bt k ta cn tm mi lin h gia v mmen un M.
Trn mt ct m-m, ly giao tuyn ca mt phng i
xng ca dm vi mt ct lm trc y (chiu dng
Mt ct
hng t di ln), ly trc trung ho lm trc x (v tr
trc ny xem nh cha bit) v trc z thng gc vi mt
phng xOy (hnh 4.21b).
Ta ly mt vi phn din tch dF xung quanh mt im
Trc trung ho
bt k c khong cch n hai trc l x v y.
Ta xem ng sut phn b u trn dF. Hp lc sinh
Hnh 4.20
ra trn dF l dF. V dm chu un thun tu (trn mt
ct ch c mmen un) nn tng nhng phn t ni lc dF trn ton b mt ct phi bng
khng.
Tc l:
(4.6)
dF 0
F
ydF 0 .
F
E
E
ydF 0
l hng s khi ly tch phn trn ton b mt ct F ta c:
V
F
Biu thc ydF l mmen tnh Sx ca mt ct i vi trc trung ho x, nn ng thc c
E
E
Sx 0 .
Ta thy: 0 nn Sx = 0.
dng:
F
Mx chnh l mmen un ti mt ct ang xt
a cc hng s ra ngoi du tch phn ta c:
E
M x y 2 dF
(4.9)
F
V
m
z
z
m
z
y
Trc trung ho
x
z
y
y
Mt phng i xng
dF
Hnh 4.21
E
Jx
1 Mx
EJ x
Mx
Do :
(4.10)
(4.11)
1
gi l cong ca trc dm.
ynmax
T s
Hnh 4.22
chu un ngang va pht sinh ng sut php va pht sinh ng sut tip. Tuy vy, xc
nh ng sut php ti mt im bt k trn mt ct ta vn c th dng cng thc (4.12):
M
x y
Jx
5.6. ng sut tip trong dm chu un ngang phng.
Nh nu trn, trn mt ct ca dm chu un ngang phng lun
lun pht sinh ng thi hai loi ng sut php v ng sut tip ,
y chng ta cng nghin cu im bt k trn mt ct. nghin cu
4.6.1. Cng thc tnh ng sut tip (cng thc D.I Giurapxki)
h
) chu un ngang phng nh hnh v
2
(4.27a). Ta hy xc nh ng sut ti im C cch trc trung ho mt khong y (hnh 4.
27b) thuc mt ct 1-1 ca dm ch gi ca bn
P
tri mt khong l z (hnh 4.27a). Dng mt ct
1
2
1-1 v 2-2 thng gc vi trc dm v cch nhau
C
3
3
mt khong rt nh dz v mt ct 3-3 i qua im a)
A
B
C song song vi lp trung ho ta tch ri phn
1
2
dm abcdghik xt (hnh 4.28b). Do s bin
z dz
thin ca mmen un (hnh 4.28c) nn ti mt
Q
ct 1-1 v 2-2 c cc mmen un M1 v M2 (hnh b)
+
4.28a). Trn mt ct acki v bdgh, ln lt c cc
ng sut 1 v 2.
Tnh theo cng thc (4.12):
c)
M1 M2
M
M
M
(4.13)
1 1 y ; 2 2 y
Jx
Jx
Xt mt dm mt ct ch nht hp (b
Hnh 4.27
Fc
d
c
trn mt ct dc cdkg bng:
x
M2
M1
T = bdz
Q2
Q1
b
(4.17)
1 dz 2
Xt iu kin cn bng ca dm
dz
abcdghki. T phng trnh cn bng
Hnh 4.28
hnh chiu ca cc lc xung phng
trc z ta c:
z = N1 - N2 + T = 0
M M1 C
T rt ra c:
bdz = N2 - N1 = 2
Sx
(4.18)
Jx
V mt ct 1-1 v 2-2 rt gn nhau nn:
dM C
M2 - M1 = dM v bdz =
Sx
Jx
y
y*
V cc t s
dM S Cx
dz bJ x
dM
Q
dz
QS Cx
=
bJ x
Hay:
(4.19)
(4.20)
Trong :
Q- gi tr tuyt i ca lc ct ti mt ct cha im tnh ng sut.
Jx- mmen qun tnh ca ton mt ct i vi trc trung ho x.
i
k
yC
h/2
a).Mt ct ch nht
Ta dng cng thc (4.20) xc nh quy lut phn b ca ng sut tip trn mt
Q
ti mt ct l hng
ct hnh ch nht (hnh 4.29a). i vi dm mt ct HCN th t s:
bJ x
s. Ta ch cn tnh Sxc, khi cn tm ti mt im bt k cch trc trung ho mt khong l
y.
Ta bit:
Sxc = Fcx yc
Trong : yc l khong cch t trng tm C ca phn din tch Fc n trc trung ho
x.
Theo hnh 4.29a th din tch Fc (phn trng trn hnh) bng:
h
F c b y
a)
b)
2
Fc
1h
1h
yc y y y
C
22
22
h
1h
S cx b y y
x
2
22
2
b
bh
S cx
y 2 h 2 4y 2
2 4
8
c
Thay tr s ca Sx vo biu thc (4.20) ta c cng
b
thc tnh ng sut tip ti mt im bt k trn mt ct
ch nht:
Hnh 4.29
Q b 2
(h 4y 2 ) .
Hay:
bJ x 8
Q
(h 2 4y 2 )
(4.21)
8J x
Ta thy bin thin theo ng Parabol bc hai, dc theo chiu cao h ca mt ct (hnh
4.29b). Ti trc trung ho y = 0 nn ng sut t gi tr ln nht:
Q
Q
3 Q
max
h2
3
8J x
2 bh
bh
8
12
V b x h l din tch mt ct F ca hnh ch nht, nn ta vit:
3Q
max
(4.22)
2F
Vy :
h/2
max
a)
h
nn ta c
2
b)
b. Mt ct ch I:
K
Ta xt ng sut tip trong phn bng mt ct ch I, xt
h1
a b
mt im bt k a cch trc trung ho x mt khong y
2
g i
(hnh 4.30a).
x
Tr s b trong cng thc (4.20) trong trng hp ny bng
d
h1
chiu dy phn bng: b = d = hng s. Din tch Fc l
2
phn gch cho trn hnh (4.30a). Ta tnh Sxc bng cch
P
ly mmen tnh ca na mt ct Sx tr i mmen tnh ca
din tch agib i vi trc x:
Hnh 4.30
S xc
=
Sx
Sxagib
=
y
y2
Sx d y Sx d
2
2
Thay cc tr s tnh c vo cng thc (4.20) ta c:
d
Q
(S x y 2 )
(4.23)
Jxd
2
V Q, Jx l khng i v Sx l mmen tnh ca na mt ct ch I, cng l hng s, nu
ng sut tip bin thin theo mt ng Parabol bc hai dc theo chiu cao ca phn
bng mt ct ch I (hnh 4.30b).
Nhng im nm trn trc trung ho c y = 0, nn s pht sinh ng sut tip ln nht:
QS x
(4.24)
max
dJ x
i vi nhng loi thp hnh, cc tr s d, Jx v Sx u tra ph lc.
h
Ti nhng im thuc ch tip gip gia phn cnh v phn bng (im K, P) c y 1
2
s pht sinh ng sut tip 1 c gi tr gn bng max.
1
max
nmax n
- Nu dm c mt ct i xng qua trc trung ho th: kmax = nmax = max nn ch
cn kim tra iu kin:
(4.28)
max k
T iu kin cng (4.25) c th suy ra ba bi ton c bn sau:
- Kim tra cng : tu theo dm lm bng vt liu do hay vt liu gin, mt ct
i xng hay khng i xng m ta kim tra theo cng thc (4.25), (4. 26), (4.27).
M
- Chn kch thc mt ct: theo cng thc:
(4.29)
Wx max
- Xc nh ti trng m dm c th chu c:
(4.30)
M max Wx
q
B
l = 4m
24
ql 2 8 4 2
16 kNm
A
8
8
Muyn chng un ca mt ct i vi
trc trung ho x l:
M max
18
Hnh 4.31
bh 2 0,18 (0,24) 2
1,723 10 2 m 3
6
6
Vy ng sut php ln nht ti mt ct nguy him:
M
16
max max
9,25 10 3 kN/m 2 9,25 MN/m 2
3
Wx
1,728 10
Ta thy max = 9,25 MN/m2 < [] = 10 MN/m2
Do dm m bo iu kin cng v ng sut php.
Wx
39 kNm ;
4
4
P 26
3m
3m
Q max
13 kN
2
2
Hnh 4.32
T iu kin cng , ta c:
M
39
0,244 10 3 (m 3 ) 244 (cm 3 ).
Wx max
160.10 3
Wx > 244cm3, tra bng thp nh hnh ch I ta chn thp c s hiu mt ct N022a c: Wx
= 251 cm3; d = 0,53 cm; Sx = 163 cm3; Jx = 2760 cm4.
Kim tra iu kin ng sut tip:
Q S
13 163
max max x
0,14 kN/cm 2 1,4 MN/m 2
dJ x
0,53 2760
Ta thy: max< []. Kt lun: chn thp ch I s hiu N022a.
- Th d 4.11: Mt dm thp mt ct ch I s hiu 20, chu tc dng ca lc nh hnh v
(hnh 4.33). Hy xc nh tr s cho php ca lc P tc dng ln dm. Bit ng sut cho
php [] = 140 MN/m2.
- Bi gii: Mt ct thp ch I s hiu 20 c Wx = 181 cm2. Mt ct nguy him ti ngm c
mmen Mmax = Pl = 1,4P.
P
T iu kin cng ta c:
Mmax Wx []
1,4P 181.10--6 140.103
1,4m
181.10 6 140.10 3
P
18,1 kN
Hnh 4.33
1,4
Vy tr s cho php ca lc P: [P] = 18,1 kN.
7.5
12.5
15
20 kNm .
x
2
2
C
2m
V cc th pha trn ca dm chu ko, cc
5
th di chu nn. Theo cng
O x1
thc (4.2) ta tnh c:
Hnh 4.34
kmax
M max
20
y kmax
7,5 10 2 28,2 10 3 kN/m 2
8
Jx
5312,5 10
nmax
M max
20
y nmax
12,5 10 2 47 10 3 kN/m 2 47 MN/m 2
Jx
5312,5 10 8
16 kNm.
8
4
8
4
Cn cc mt ct ti hai u dm c lc ct ln nht:
2m
2m
ql P 2 4 12
Q max
10 kN
Hnh 4.35
2 2
2
2
T iu kin cng ng sut php ta tnh c:
M
16
Wx max Wx
1,6 10 3 m 3
3
10 10
bh 2 b (1,4b) 2
V mt ct hnh ch nht nn ta c:
Wx
0,33b 3 .
6
6
1,6 10 3
Vy:
b3
0,17 m .
0,33
Do d ta chn b = 17 cm v h = 1,4x17 = 24 cm.
Vi kch thc mt ct ta tnh c:
3Q 3
10
max
367 kN/m 2 0,367 MN/m 2 .
2F 2 0,17 0,24
So snh max = 0,367 MN/m2 < [] = 6 MN/m2.
iu chng t mt ct chn tha mn iu kin cng ng sut tip.
M max
z
O
Di tc dng ca lc P dm b un cong, trng
z
P
tm O ca mt ct cch gc to A mt on z
Hnh 4.36
s di n O1. di y ca trng tm mt ct theo
phng vung gc vi trc dm khi cha bin dng c gi l vng. Ni chung O v
O1 khng nm trn mt ng thng ng, nhng ta thng nghin cu dm c bin dng
T rt ra:
dz
Trong un thun tu ta chng minh c:
y
I
1 Mx
O
(4. 33)
EJ x
z
O dz I
Kt hp (4.32) v (4.33) ta c:
z
d M x
P
(4. 34)
dz EJ x
Hnh 4.37
V gc xoay bng o hm cp 1 ca vng y nn:
d d 2 y
(4.35)
dz dz 2
Kt hp (4.34) v (4.35) ta c mi lin h vi phn sau:
d2y Mx
(4.36)
dz 2 EJ x
Phng trnh (4.36) gi l phng trnh vi phn gn ng ca ng n hi v ch
p dng c khi bin dng ca dm l b.
Ch : Ta nhn thy rng du ca mmen un khng ph thuc vo h ta m ch
d2y
ph thuc vo quy c du ca ni lc, cn du ca
th ph thuc vo h ta Oyz.
dz 2
Nu h to chn nh hnh 4.38 th khi dm b un:
d2y
y
> 0 khi b lm hng ln trn ngha l mmen
*
2
2
dy
dy
dz 2
dz 2 >0
dz2 <0
Mx > 0.
Mx >0
Mx <0
Hnh 4.38
d2y
< 0 khi b lm hng xung di ngha l mmen Mx < 0.
dz 2
d2y
v Mx lun cng du v u l cc tr s i s.
Do , trong cng thc (4.35):
dz 2
Mdz C1
(a)
dz EJ x
Sau khi tch phn ln th hai ta c biu thc ca vng y:
1
y
dz Mdz C1 z1 C 2
(b)
EJ x
Trong C 1 , C 2 l cc hng s tch phn.
Mun xc nh cc hng s tch phn cn da vo cc iu kin bin ca dm. Sau y
ta s xt mt th d:
1
1 ql
qz 2
1 ql 2 q 3
M
dz
C
(
z
)dz C1
z z C1 .
x
1
EJ x
EJ x 2
2
6
EJ x 4
Ta c: VA= VB =
1 ql 2 q 3
1 ql 3 q 4
z C1 z C 2 .
z
z z C1 dz C 2
24
EJ x 4
6
EJ x 12
Ta xc nh cc hng s tch phn C1 v C2 bng cc iu kin bin:
- Ti gi ta A: z = 0 vng bng khng (yA = 0).
- Ti gi ta B: z = l vng bng khng (yB = 0).
Do ta thay z = 0 v z = l vo biu thc y ta c:
1
C2 0
EJ x
y
1
EJ x
ql 4 ql 4
C 1l C 2 0
24
12
ql 3
. Vy biu thc gc xoay v vng ca dm l:
24
1 ql 2 q 3 ql 3
1 ql 3 q 4 ql 3
v
z .
z z
EJ x 4
6
24
EJ x 12
24
24
3. Tnh max v ymax:
V tnh cht i xng ca bi ton ta thy gc xoay ln nht ti hai u dm,
vng ln nht ti gia nhp. Do :
ql 3
- Thay z = 0 vo biu thc ca ta c: max A B
.
24EJ x
l
5ql 4
- Thay z vo biu thc ca y ta c:
y max
2
384EJ x
Du m chng t A quay cng chiu kim ng h v ymax hng xung di. Tin
hnh tng t ta c th xc nh c biu thc ca vng v gc xoay mt mt ct bt
k cng nh tr s vng v gc xoay ln nht ca cc dm c dng lin kt v ti trng
khc.
Bng 4.1 cho tr s ca cc i lng i vi mt s dm thng gp.
T rt ra ta c C2 = 0 v C1
Th d: i vi cu th: y
lnhp. i vi cc dm thp th
1000 750
y 1 1 lnhp. i vi cc vn gc th: y 1 1 lnhp.
1000 250
400 250
- Th d 4.15: Hy kim tra iu kin cng ca mt dm di l = 4,5 m mt ct ch nht c
h = 0,24 m, b = 0,18 m. Chu tc dng ca lc phn b sut chiu di dm q = 2 kN/m v
mt lc tp trung P = 8 kN t chnh gia dm (hnh 4.40a). Bit: [ y] = 0,015 m, E =
0,1105 MN/m2.
- Bi gii: Theo nguyn l c lp tc dng ca cc lc, vng ca dm do lc tp trung
v lc phn b (hnh 4.40a) gy ra bng tng i s vng do lc tp trung v lc phn b
gy ra mt cch ring bit (hnh 4.40b, c). Theo th d 4.14 ta thy vng ln nht ca
dm chu lc phn b u (hnh 4.40b) mt ct C
5ql 4
P=8kN
l:
.
y qC
q=2kN/m
384EJ x
a)
A
B
Vi mt ct ch nht ta c:
C
3
3
bh
0,18 (0,24)
2.25m
2.25m
Jx
20736.10 -8 (m 4 )
q
12
12
b)
Nn:
A
B
C
5 2 (4,5) 4
q
yC
0,0051 m.
P
384 0,1 10 8 20736.10 8
c)
Tra bng 4.1 vng ln nht ca dm do chu lc
A
B
C
tp trung (hnh 4.40c) gy ra cng ti mt ct C l:
Hnh 4.40
ycP
=
8 (4,5) 3
Pl 3
0,0073 (m)
48EJ x
48 0,1.10 8 20736.10 8
Vy vng ln nht ca dm ti mt ct C l:
yc = ycq + ycP - 0,0051 - 0,0073 = - 0,0124 m.
Ta thy dm m bo cng v: ymax = 0,0124 m < [ y] = 0,015 m.
Dng dm
Qy
MX
vng
A = 0
yA = 0
y
A
M0
y
A
M0
B z
Pl
B z
y B y max
M l2
0
2EJ
ql
yA = 0
A = 0
y B y max
Pl 3
3EJ
Nu P hng ln th:
ql2/2
M 0l
EJ
Nu M0 quay ngc li
phi i du max
y B y max
B max
Pl
3EJ
Pl 2
2EJ
Nu P hng ln th:
B max
Pl 2
2EJ
A = 0
yA = 0
B max
Nu M0 quay ngc li
phi i du ymax
y B y max
Gc xoay
ql 4
8EJ
Nu q hng ln th:
y B y max
B max
Nu q hng ln th:
ql
8EJ
ql 3
6EJ
B max
ql 3
6EJ
yA= 0; yB= 0
y
A
y max y
ql/2
q
B
ql 2/8
l
( )
2
5ql
384EJ
ql/2
yA= 0; yB= 0
M0
y
A
M 0 /l
M0
l
( )
2
M 0l 2
6EJ
y max y
P/2
y l/2 P l/2
P/2
M 0l
6EJ
M 0l
B
3EJ
M l2
y max 0
156EJ
3
ti z l
3
y
l
( )
2
Pl/4
ql 3
24EJ
ql 3
B
24EJ
max A B
= 0 ti z l
Pl 2
48EJ
3
3
Pl 2
16EJ
Pl 2
B
16EJ
CU HI - BI TP CHNG 4
I. CU HI N TP CHNG 4
1. Th no l un ngang phng? Cho v d.
2. Trn mt ct ngang ca dm chu un c my thnh phn ni lc? L nhng thnh phn
ni lc no?
3. Trnh by nhng quy c v du v cch tnh ni lc trn mt ct ngang ca dm chu
un, v hnh th hin chiu v du ca cc thnh phn .
4. Trnh by cch v biu ni lc bng phng php mt ct, lp mi tng quan bng
cch thit lp cc biu thc Q(z), M(z) cho tng on dm.
5. Pht biu nh l Giurpxki? Vit v gii thch cng thc?
6. Nu cch v nhanh biu lc ct Q v biu m men un M. Cho v d?
7. Th no l dm un phng thun tu? Chng minh cng thc tnh ng sut php ti mt
im bt k trn mt ct ngang ca dm chu un phng thun tu.
8. Lp trung ho l g? Trc trung ho l g? Hy chng minh trc trung ho i qua trng
tm mt ct ngang.
9. V biu phn b ng sut php theo chiu cao mt ct ngang.Vit cng thc tnh ng
sut php ca mt ct ngang.
10. Vit v gii thch cng thc tnh ng sut tip ca mt im bt k trn mt ct ngang
(cng thc D.I Giurapxki).
11. Trnh t tnh ton v ba bi ton c bn (bi ton kim tra, bi ton xc nh ti trng
cho php v bi ton thit k ).
12. Th no l ng n hi, vng, gc xoay?
13. Vit v gii thch phng trnh vi phn gn ng ca ng n hi. Nu quan h gia
ng n hi v gc xoay ca mt ct ngang dm.
14. Trnh by cch xc nh vng, gc xoay ca dm bng phng php tch phn bt
nh. Trong trng hp no nn p dng phng php ny?
II. BI TP
1. V biu ni lc cho cc dm c s chu lc hnh 4.41 bng:
- Phng php mt ct (phng php thit lp biu thc).
- Phng php v nhanh (phng php v theo cc im c bit).
(Ring cc hnh H36, H37, H38, H40 khng v theo phng php ny).
q=5 kN/m
P=74 kN
H1
q=2 kN/m
P=4 kN
m=16 kNm
H2
A
2m
q=15 kN/m
2m
2m
P=80 kN
4m
q=2 kN/m
4m
P=25 kN
2m
q=5 kN/m
H6
B
2m
q=10 kN/m
m=60 kNm
1m
q=10 kN/m
2m
6m
H5 A
H4
P=40 kN
2m
m=6 kNm
1m
4m
m=60 kNm
H3
m=20 kNm
2m
P=90N
q=10 kN/m
H7
A
1m
1m
q=5 kN/m
H9
H8
1m
P=40 kN
2m
2m
4m
q=5 kN/m
m=10 kNm
B
2m
m=20 kNm
H10
2m
4m
2m
H12
q=10 kN/m
P=50 kN
H11
2m
2m
2m
4a
H14
A
P=16 kN
C
2m
q=2 kN/m
D
2m
m=10 kNm
B
2m
q=5 kN/m
A
2m
P=40 kN
H13
2qa
m = qa 2
m=20 kNm
1m
1m
P=qa
D
H15
q=10 kN/m
m=qa2
B H16
3a
a
P=10 kN
m=50 kNm
3m
2m
1m
P=10 kN
D
H19
2m
P=20 kN
H21
A
P = 50 kN
5m
8a=2,4m
H22
4m
2m
q=4 kN/m
P=9 kN
D
q = 10 kN/m
4m
P=20 kN
3m
H20
A
3m
q=10 kN/m
H18
3m
6m
q=20 kN/m
m=40 kNm
q=10 kN/m
3m
2m
q=2 kN/m
H17 C
q=10 kN/m
P=80 kN
6m
H23
q=2 kN/m
q=2 kN/m
B
2m
q=10 kN/m
m=18 kNm
P
H26
2m
2P
q = 10 kN/m
2m
2m
P=100 kN
H29
A
H28
M = 80 kNm
2m
P = 10 kN
4m
H34
2m
H36
4 kN/m
10 kN
D
6m
2m
q=2 kN/m
P=8 kN
2m
2m
P = qa
m= 2qa 2
H37
m=qa 2
D
8 kN m = 6 kNm
q = 10 kN/m
2m
P=4qa
6m
4m
P = 50 kN
H35
2m
2m
H32
2a
q=2kN/m
D
2a
m = 4 kNm
2m
2a
1m
m = 3qa2
C
6m
H33
q = 2 kN/m
H31
1m
H30
2m
2m
P = 3qa
q = 20 kN/m
m=5 kNm
P=10 kN
D
C
2m
m=3Pa
2m
H27
A
2m
2m
q=4 kN/m
2m
m=10 kNm
P2 =50 kN
P=30 kN
D
2m
P=100 kN
4m
2m
H24
4m
4m
H25
P1 =30 kN
q=5 kN/m
2q
H38
1m
P=3 kN
q=2 kN/m
B
1m
1m
2a
3m
1m
H39
A
2a
q
H40
A
P=qa
q
q=2kN/m
H41
A
2m
2m
3a
2a
P=20kN
m=15kNm q=10kN/m
q P=qa
m=2qa 2
H42
P=20kN
m=qa2
P=qa
H43
A
1m
2m
2m
m 1 = 20 kNm
P=2qa
H48 C
2m
2m
2m
2a
3m
q
H52
2m
q=2kN/m
D
H54
H56
B
a=1m
P=2qa
2a
q=2kN/m
q
m=qa
P=2qa
H57
H58
2a
m=4kNm
C
A
2m
2m
m=qa 2
P=10kN
2m
H55
A
4m
m =Pa
m=5kNm
q=2kN/m
2m
6m
2m
q=4kN/m
H51
A
2a
m = 10 kNm
B
2m
q=10 kN/m
H53
8m
2m
H50
A
q=20kN/m
H46
m 2 = 12 kNm
P = 6 kN
q = 4 kN/m
H49
2a
m=160kNm
A
2m
2a
1m
H47
H44
P = 2qa
q
H45
2m
5m
D
P=30kN
2m
Hnh 4.41
2. V biu ni lc cho dm c s chu lc hnh v 4.42 bng phng php v
nhanh (phng php v theo cc im c bit):
P = 70 kN m=40kNm
H1
3m
2m
2m
P=qa
B
2a
1m
P=40kN
2m
2m
2m
2m
q = 5 kN/m
B
4m
4m
P=30kN
q 2 =4kN/m
q1=2kN/m m 2 =12kNm
C
4m
1m
M = 20 kNm
4m
H7
q = 2 kN/m
B
1m
H8
m1 =2kNm
B
2m
m = 5 kNm
2m
P = 50 kN
3m
1m
4m
q=20 kN/m
m=40kNm
3m
1m
P=10kN
H6
1m
H4
H5
A
1m
q = 2 kN/m
q=20 kN/m
m=50 kNm
q=20kN/m
P=30kN
m=30kNm
2m
P 2 =15 kN
m=qa2
P1 =30 kN
H2
4m
H3
q=10kN/m
2m
3m
m1
1m
4m
H9
P=8 kN
m 1=10 kNm
D
H11
m 1 =4Tm
1m
m 2=2 kNm
B
2a
P1 =8T
q1=3T/m
3m
1m
m 2 =2Tm
q=20kN/m
1m
1m
q kN/m
1m
m = qa2 kNm
H12
2m
H10
P=20kN
P = qa kN
P2 =4T
q=20kN/m
q 2 =2T/m
C
q=4 kN/m
1m
Hnh 4.42
3. Cho dm chu un phng c s chu lc nh hnh 4.41 (H9). Bit dm l thp hnh
tit din ch I, s hiu N027a c : Jx = 5500 cm4, Wx = 407 cm3, Sx = 229 cm3, d = 0,6 cm.
Thp c [] = 16 kN/cm2, [] = 5 kN/cm2. Hy kim tra bn cho dm theo iu kin
ng sut php v ng sut tip.
4. Cho dm chu un phng c s chu lc nh hnh 4.41 (H25). Bit dm l thp hnh
tit din ch I, s hiu N027a c: JX = 5500 cm4,WX = 407 cm3, SX = 229 cm3, d = 0,6 cm.
Thp c [] = 16 kN/cm2, [] = 5 kN/cm2. Hy kim tra bn cho dm theo iu kin
ng sut php v ng sut tip.
5. Cho dm chu un phng c s chu lc nh hnh 4.41 (H27). Bit dm l thp hnh
tit din ch I, s hiu N040 c: JX = 18930 cm4, WX = 947 cm3, SX = 540cm3, d = 0,8 cm.
Thp c [] = 16 kN/cm2, [] = 5 kN/cm2. Hy kim tra bn cho dm theo iu kin
ng sut php v ng sut tip.
6. Cho dm chu un phng c s chu lc nh hnh 4.41 (H11). Bit dm l thp hnh
tit din ch I, s hiu N036 c: JX =13380 cm4,WX = 743 cm3, SX = 423 cm3, d = 0,75 cm.
Thp c [] = 16 kN/cm2, [] = 5 kN/cm2. Hy kim tra bn cho dm theo iu kin
ng sut php v ng sut tip.
7. Cho dm chu un phng c s chu lc nh hnh 4.41 (H13). Bit dm l thp hnh
tit din ch I, s hiu N030a c: JX = 7780 cm4,WX = 518 cm3, SX = 292 cm3, d = 0,65 cm.
Bng 4.2
S hiu
S hiu
S hiu
S hiu
S hiu
S hiu
S hiu
S hiu
H1
H2
H3
H4
H5
H7
H8
H9
H10
H11
H13
H14
H16
H19
H23
H25
H27
H35
H39
H41
H43
H46
H49
H54
S.H
H12
H15
H25
H30
H34
H42
H44
H48
T.trng
a
cho
(m)
php
q
1
q
1
P
2
q
1
q
2
q
1
q
1
q
1
ghp
S.hiu
N016
N018a
N020
N022
N024
N027
N030
N036
* Ghi ch: So snh v phng din chu lc i vi mt ct hnh ch nht, hnh trn, hnh
vnh khn c cng din tch nh trong bng.
9. Vit phng trnh vng v gc xoay ca cc dm cho trn hnh 4.43 bng phng
php tch phn bt nh.
a,
P
A
q
c,
d,
C
a
B
l
b,
B
a
m
A
Hnh 4.43
Chng 5
THANH CHU LC PHC TP
5.2. Un xin
5.2.1.Khi nim
Chng ta bit nu nhng ngoi lc gy ra un nm trong mt phng i xng ca
thanh th thanh s chu un phng.
Nu nhng ngoi lc gy ra un khng nm trong mt phng i xng ca thanh
th thanh khng cn b un phng na m b un xin. Th d trn hnh 5.1a, hnh thc chu
lc ny l s kt hp ca hai hnh thc chu lc c bn l un phng ca thanh ng thi
trong hai mt phng i xng zOx v zOy. Tht vy, nu phn tch lc P ra cc thnh phn
nm trn cc trc Ox v Oy th mi lc thnh phn Px v Py u nm trong mt phng i
xng ca thanh, do nu xt mt cch c lp th mi lc ny s lm cho thanh b un
phng trong mt phng cha lc .
Do : Ta gi mt thanh chu un xin l thanh m trn mi mt ct ngang ch c
hai thnh phn ni lc l cc mmen un Mx v My nm trong cc mt qun tnh chnh
trung tm ca mt ct (hnh 5.1b).
a,
Do Mx gy ra
yK
c)
xK
A
y
b)
K Mx
+ +
x
- -
My
Do My gy ra
'
+
x
-
- +
- +
-
x
0
x
Px
z
P Py z
C
y
d)
e)
ung ti trng
Mx
Pyl
"
z
ung trung ho
Hnh 5.1
My
Pxl
max x y max
x max max
Jx
Jy
Jx
Jy
y max x max
My
M
(5.2)
Hay :
max x
Wx Wy
Trong : Wx v Wy l nhng m uyn chng un ca mt
ct i vi trc x v y.
5.2.3. iu kin cng
Ta xt nhng thanh m mt ct c hai trc i xng
nh trn hnh 5.2.
Mun xt iu kin cng ta phi tm mt ct
Hnh 5.2
nguy him ca thanh (tc l mt ct c ng sutmax t
tr s ln nht vi max trn mt ct khc ca thanh). xc nh mt ct ny ta phi
da vo biu mmen un ca thanh:
Mx My
max [] hay:
(5.3)
Wx Wy
Cng thc (5.3) l iu kin cng khi un xin i vi dm c loi mt ct nh
trn hnh 5.2.
Nu dm lm bng vt liu chu ko km hn chu nn th trong cng thc ta phi
thay [] bi [k].
T cng thc (5.3) ta cng c th gii ba loi bi ton c bn. Ring i vi bi ton chn
kch thc mt ct ta khng th gii ngay c v c hai n s Wx v Wy. gii bi ton
Wx
ph hp vi tng loi mt ct v sau nghim li iu
ny phi chn c t s
Wy
kin cng ,nu iu kin ny cha tho mn th phi chn li mt ct cho n khi tho
mn. Thng thng theo kinh nghim th:
Wx
8,5 10 .
Wy
Wx
6 8.
Wy
Vi mt ct hnh ch nht:
Wx h
1,5 2 .
Wy b
0
y0
x0 0
Jx
Jy
Jx
Jy
x0
tg - vi l gc hp bi trc trung ho vi trc x - bin i phng
y0
J
trnh trn ta c:
tg tg x
(5.5)
Jy
Biu thc trn cho chng ta thy c mi quan h gia v tr ca ng ti trng
v v tr ca trc trung ho trn mt ct.
T ta c nhng nhn xt sau:
a) Nu mt ct ca thanh c Jx Jy th :
Ngha l, khc vi un phng trong un xin ng ti trng v trc trung ho
khng bao gi vung gc nhau.
b) Nu mt ct ca thanh c Jx = Jy: (th d mt ct trn, vung, mt ct hnh a gic u
cnh ni tip trong hnh trn...) th =. Ngha l ng ti trng v trc trung ho vung
gc nhau nh trong un phng. Ngi ta chng minh c rng: i vi nhng mt ct
i xng c cc mmen qun tnh chnh trung tm bng nhau, th dm c loi mt ct
khng th b un xin m ch b un phng m thi mc d mt phng ti trng khng cha
mt trong nhng trc i xng ca mt ct.
Cui cng ta cn ch n mt cng dng quan trng ca ng trung ho: i vi
thanh c mt ct khng thuc loi nu trn hnh 5.2 th khng th p dng cng thc (5.2)
tnh max c m phi xc nh v tr trc trung ho ri tm im nm trn mt ct
cch xa trc nht, sau p dng cng thc (5.3) cho im ny ta s c max.
t:
20
4
Wx Wy 8,67 10
5,63 10 4
18,75 kNm.
M
q=6kN/m
8
8
Tr s mmen un trong cc mt ct qun tnh chnh
a, A
1
3
l=5m
( sin 0,5 , cos
0,866 ):
2
2
y
M x Mcos 18,75 0,866 16,24 kNm.
P
M y Msin 18,75 0,5 9,375 kNm.
x
Dm b un xin, nn p dng iu kin cng :
Wx
1
Mx My
M y
M x
b,
Wx
Wy
Wx Wy
Wx 5,7 10 4 m 3 570 cm 3
Cn c vo tr s ta c th s b chn thp s hiu N036 c: Wx = 601 cm3, Wy = 61,7
cm3, ta phi kim tra li iu kin bn ca dm:
max
Mx My
16,24
9,373
178,93 10 3 kN/m 2
6
Wx W y 601 10
61,7 10 6
178,93 MN/m 2 .
Nhn thy :
Sai s :
178,93 160
100% 14,1% 5%
160
160 149
100 6,85% trong phm vi cho php.
160
Xt mt dm mt ct hnh ch nht
b ngm mt u v chu tc dng ca
mt lc P, t ti trng tm ca mt ct
u t do v ng thi nm trong mt
phng i xng ca dm (hnh 5.5a). Phn
tch lc P ra hai lc thnh phn theo cc
trc y v z, ta thy lc Py s gy ra un
phng v lc dc Nz s gy ra nn ng
tm. Nh vy di tc dng ca lc P
dm va b un va b nn.
Tng tng ct thanh ti mt mt
ct bt k abcd v gi li phn tri. Ta s
c trn mt ct mmen un Mx v lc
dc Nz (hnh 5.5b). Ti mt im bt k
ca mt ct, mmen un Mx gy ra ng
sut php :
M
' x y
(5.6)
Jx
(y l khong cch t im ang xt n
trc x). Cn lc dc Nz gy ra ng sut
N
'' z
php :
F
(5.7)
B
a)
A
C
D
Nz
c
d
Py P
yb
a
Mx x
b)
Nz
d
c)
Mx
d)
(6. 6)
Nz
Hnh 5.5
Nz Mx
Nz Mx
min
y max
F
Jx
F Wx
y ch rng ta k hiu max v min theo tr s i s ln nht v b nht ca
chng. Nu trng hp lc dc N l lc nn th (5.9) s tr thnh:
N
M
max z x
F
Wx
(5.10)
Nz Mx
min
F Wx
5.3.3. iu kin cng v ba bi ton c bn
Trc ht ta phi tm mt ct nguy him ca thanh bng cch da vo biu
mmen un v lc. Th d i vi trng hp trn hnh 5.5a da vo biu mmen un
Mx do lc Py sinh ra (hnh 5.5c) v biu lc dc Nz v Pz sinh ra (hnh 5.5d) cho thy
mt ct nguy him l ti ngm.
i vi mt ct nguy him, theo cc cng thc (5.9) hoc (5.10) ta c th lp cc
iu kin cng sau y:
1. Trng hp ko v un:
ng sut c tr s tuyt i ln nht l ng sut ko max trong cng thc (5.9). i
vi tt c cc loi vt liu [k] < [n] nn cng thc c bn v iu kin cng khi ko
v un thng ng thi:
N
M
(5.11)
max z x k
F
Wx
2. Trng hp nn v un:
ng sut c tr s tuyt i ln nht l ng sut min cng thc (5.10).
- Vt liu c [k] = [n] = [], cng thc c bn ca iu kin cng trong
trng hp ny l:
N
M
min z x
(5.12)
F
Wx
- Vt liu c [k] < [n] (th d gang), trng hp ny ta phi dng ng thi c hai
iu kin cng l:
N
M
(5.13)
max z x k
F
Wx
N
M
(5.14)
min z x n
F
Wx
y ta cng c ba loi bi ton: kim tra cng , tm lc ti a cho php v chn
mt ct. c bit i vi bi ton chn mt ct ta phi dng phng php ng dn, v ta
7,5 kNm
Mx
q=15kN
2
2
N z P 200 kN .
V dm thp nn chn thp I thch hp, ta p
kN
dng cng thc:
P = 200
N
M
l=1m
min z x
F
Wx
Hnh 5.6
y ta c mt phng trnh gm hai n s l
Wx v F nn khng th tm ngay c thp I thch hp. Theo phng php ng dn, tm
thi chng ta b qua nh hng ca lc dc Nz. Nu ch c tc dng ca lc phn b q gy
ra un phng vi mmen ln nht Mx = 7,5 kNm ta chn thp I c Wx sao cho:
M
7,5
Wx x
0,47 10 4 (m 3 ) 47 (cm 3 ).
4
16.10
Cn c vo bng thp chn thp I s 12 c F = 16,5 cm2 v Wx = 67,2 cm3.
Nghim li iu kin cng khi c tc dng ng thi ca c lc P v lc phn b
q:
200
7,5
min
232,8 10 3 (kN/m 2 )
4
16,5 10
67,2 10 6
232,8 MN/m 2 160 MN/m 2
Tr s min qu ln so vi , v vy ta phi chn li:
Ta chn loi thp I s 14 c F = 18,9 cm2 v Wx = 90,3 cm3.
Kim tra li cng ca dm ta c:
200
7,5
188,87 10 3 (kN/m 2 ).
min
4
18,9 10
90,3 10 6
188,87 MN/m 2 160 MN/m 2
Tr s min qu ln so vi [] ta tip tc chn li:
Chn thp I s 16 c F = 21,5 cm2 v Wx = 118 cm3.
Kim tra li iu kin cng ca dm ta c:
200
7,5
156,6 10 3 (kN/m 2 ).
min
4
21,5 10
118 10 6
156,6 MN/m 2 160 MN/m 2
160 156,6
100% 2,1%
160
Vy chn thp I s hiu N016 l thch hp.
- Th d 5.4: Kim tra cng ca mt tng chn t xy gch, chiu cao h = 3m, chiu
dy 0,64 m (hnh 5.7). Mi mt chiu di ca tng chu mt p lc y ca t R = 10 kN
t 1/3 chiu cao tng k t mt t ln.
1m
Nz Mx
3,07 10 4
10 4
9,8 10 4 N/m 2
F
Wx
0,64
0,0683
d
0.64m
Hnh 5.7
Vy tng bo m v cng .
z eP
ye
Trc trung ho ca mt ct l mt ng m ti mi im u c ng
O E x
sut php bng khng v chia mt ct thnh mt min chu ko v mt
B
min chu nn. Trong trng hp nn lch tm nh trn (hnh 5.8), tm
A x
h
trc trung ho ca mt ct thanh chng ta cho ng sut php trong cng
thc (5.14) bng khng ta s c:
Hnh 5.8
Nz My
x0 0
F
Jy
( 5.16)
Trong xo l khong cch n trc y ca cc im trn trc trung ho v ta phi ly
du (-) s hng th nht (v Nz l lc nn) v du (+) s hng th hai, v nu hai s
hng u m th tng i s ca chng khng th bng khng c.
Nh vy trc trung ho phi pha m mmen un My sinh ra ng sut ko. Theo hnh
(5.8) trc trung ho pha bn tri trc y, ngha l trc trung ho v lc P phi hai pha
khc nhau i vi trc y.
T biu thc (5.15) c th vit:
My
N
z
x0 0
( 5.17)
Jy
F
F
F
Jy
( 5.18)
V :
i 2y
F
(iv l bn knh qun tnh ca mt ct F i vi trc qun tnh chnh trung tm y);
Nz = P; My = Pe
P Pe
P
e
x 0 0 , hay: 1 2 x 0 0
Ta c:
2
F F iy
F i y
i 2y
e
P
V :
0 , nn 1 2 x 0 0 . Do : x 0 hng s.
e
F
iy
0
2
, nn t cng thc trn ta suy ra : e .
V :
i 2y
F
64 d
16
8
d
T tm O ca mt ct v ng trn c bn knh bng tm sai e ng trn c
8
gi l chu vi li ca mt ct trn. Tht vy, nu im t ca lc P khng vt ra ngoi
d
phm vi ca mt ct gii hn bi ng trn c bn knh e th trc trung ho phi nm
8
ngoi hoc tip tuyn vi mt ct trn cho, do trn mt ct khng th c ng sut
ko.
y
C
B
b. Li ca mt ct hnh ch nht (hnh 5.10):
Khi lc P t trn trc x v pha trn ca trc y v mun trn mt
ct khng c ng sut ko th v tr gn nht ca trc trung ho i
1
x
h/6
4
h
2
vi tm O phi trng vi cnh AD do : x 0 . Phng trnh ca h/6
3
2
trc trung ho theo (5.19) l:
D
A
3
2
b/6
b/6
i 2y
J
bh
1
h
y
v :
.
x0
i 2y
b
e
F
12 bh 12
Hnh 5.10
Nn t phng trnh ca trc trung ho ta c:
h
e .
6
Ngha l P phi t im 1. Khi lc P t trn trc x v pha di ca trc y th do tnh
h
cht i xng ta c im 3 cng c tm sai e .
6
Cng l lun nh trn khi lc P t trn trc y th ta c im 2 v im 4 c tm sai:
b
e .
6
Bn im 1, 2, 3, 4 trn hnh v (5.10) l bn im nm trn chu vi ca li mt ct
hnh ch nht. Ngi ta chng minh c rng li ca mt ct hnh ch nht chnh l
hnh thoi 1, 2, 3, 4 c cng trng tm vi hnh ch nht v ng cho ca n th song
song v bng 1/3 cnh tng ng ca hnh ch nht.
Kim tra cng ca ct, bit ng sut cho php ca b tng l: [k] = 0,6 MN/m2 ; [n]
= 0,7 MN/m2. B qua trng lng bn thn ca ct.
- Bi gii: Ct b tng chu nn lch tm do lc P. Mt ct nguy him l mt ct qua phn
ct pha di. Ti c lc nn: Nz = P = 6 kN, mmen un i vi trc y do lc lch tm
gy ra My = P.e = 6.(0,1 + 0,05) = 0,9 kNm. Din tch mt ct phn di ca ct :
F = 0,18. 0,2 = 0,036 m2
Muyn chng un ca mt ct i vi trc y:
25 P=6kN
0,2 2
A
3
Wy 0,18
0,012 m
6
40
Trn mt ct nguy him s pht sinh ng sut:
My
N
6
0,9
max z
F
Wy
0,036 0,0012
20
58,3 kN/m 2 0,583 MN/m 2 k 0,6 MN/m 2
min
Nz My
6
0,9
916 kN/m 2
F
Wy
0,036 0,0012
y
18
Nh vy ct b tng m bo v cng .
15
A x
40
- Th d 5.6: Mt ct mt ct hnh trn ng knh d = 0,4 m chu nn lch
Hnh 5.11
tm vi tm sai e = 0,03 m. Hi trong mt ct c ng sut ko khng?
d 0,4
- Bi gii: V bn knh li ca mt ct trn bng:
0,05 m , nn tm sai e = 0,03
8
8
d
ngha l lc nn tc dng trong li ca mt ct, do trn mt ct ca ct khng c
m<
8
ng sut ko.
5.5. Un dc
5.5.1.Khi nim:
Khi nghin cu trng hp nn ng tm ta gi thit bng kch thc ngang v chiu
di thanh khng khc nhau nhiu v da vo tnh cht bin dng ca thanh ta thit lp
c cc cng thc tnh ton. Nhng nu kch thc ngang ca thanh nh hn rt nhiu so
vi chiu di th hin tng nn ng tm ca thanh c th chuyn thnh hin tng un
dc.
Xt mt thanh thng di chu nn ng tm bi mt lc P c
P<Pth
P<Pth
tr s tng dn dn t khng. Di tc dng ca lc , u tin
thanh ch b nn v trc ca n vn gi thng. Gi s tc dng vo
R
thanh mt lc ngang R m thanh tr v dng thng ban u, th khi R
ni rng thanh chu nn trng thi n nh (hnh 5.12a). Tip
tc tng lc nn P ln ta thy lc ny c th t ti mt tr s sao
cho sau khi b lc ngang R gy ra s un cong, thanh khng th tr
a)
b)
li dng thng ban u m vn b un cong (dng cong trn hnh
5.12b). Lc ta ni thanh chu nn trng thi mt n nh.
Thng trong thc t, khng cn c s tc ng ca lc R
m ch cn lc nn P vt qu tr s ni trn th thanh cng s
b mt n nh v trc ca thanh s b un cong. l v ngoi lc
Hnh 5.12
ngang R ra, cn c th c nhng nguyn nhn khc kh trnh c
trong thc t, c kh nng lm cho trc thanh b un cong. Th d: s lch tm ca lc nn
P, cong ban u ca trc thanh
Hnh 5.14
(5.26)
ml
ml
(5.27)
Trong :
i min
J min
F
- gi l mnh ca thanh (n l mt s khng th nguyn).
imin- l bn knh qun tnh nh nht ca mt ct.
Phn tch cng thc (5.27) ta i n kt lun rng: mnh ca thanh cng ln th ng
sut ti hn cng b v lc nn gy ra hin tng un dc ca thanh cng s cng b,
ngha l thanh cng d mt n nh.
(5.30)
Suy ra:
tl
t
2E
tl
(5.31)
2 2 10 5
100 .
200
th
(5.32)
k
Trong : k - h s an ton v n nh.
i vi cc kt cu bng gang ngi ta ly k = 56, bng thp k =2 4, bng g k = 37.
F
F
Cng thc (5.33) l iu kin n nh ca thanh chu nn ng tm.
T cng thc (5.33) ta thy: mun tnh ng sut cho php v ng sut cho php n nh
[] th trc ht phi tnh tr s ca ng sut ti hn th theo cng thc le (5.20) hoc
cng thc Iaxinki (5.28) tu theo mnh ca thanh nm trong phm vi no.
Tuy nhin nhiu khi p dng cc cng thc khng thun tin. V vy, thay
cho cng thc ngi ta thng hay tnh ng sut cho php v n nh theo cng thc
sau y, c th dng cho bt k tr s no ca mnh :
(5.34)
[] = [n]
Trong :
- [n]: ng sut cho php v nn.
- : h s gim ng sut cho php (hay h s un dc) c tr s lun lun nh hn 1.
Tr s ph thuc vo vt liu, mnh ca thanh v c xc nh theo bng
np sn (bng 5.1). i vi nhng tr s trung gian ca mnh khng c trong bng th
h s c xc nh bng cch ni suy bc nht.
(5.35)
mnh
ml
i min
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
Thp s
4, 3, 2, OC
1,00
0,99
0,96
0,94
0,92
0,89
0,86
0,81
0,75
0,69
0,60
0,52
0,45
0,40
0,36
0,32
0,29
0,26
0,23
0,21
0,19
Thp s 5
Gang
1,00
0,98
0,95
0,92
0,89
0,86
0,82
0,76
0,70
0,62
0,51
0,43
0,36
0,33
0,29
0,26
0,24
0,21
0,19
0,18
0,17
1,00
0,97
0,91
0,81
0,69
0,57
0,44
0,34
0,26
0,20
0,16
-
1,00
0,99
0,97
0,93
0,87
0,80
0,71
0,60
0,48
0,38
0,31
0,25
0,22
0,18
0,16
0,14
0,12
0,11
0,10
0,09
0,08
P
n
i vi loi bi ton thc ba, cch gii quyt tng i phin phc v c hai tr s F
v cha bit m ch c mt phng trnh gii ta s dng phng php ng dn (c
trnh by th d 5.8).
F
i min
J min
1 3
d 4
4
d 0,24
2
0,06 m . Vy:
50 .
F
64 d
4
4
0,6
Theo bng 5.1 ng vi = 50 ca g c = 0,80:
P
360
796,28 kN/m 2 7,963 MN/m 2
F 3,14 0,24 2
4
n 0,8 10 8 MN/m 2 . Vy: < n - ct g m bo n nh.
Ta c:
Vi:
i min
- Th d 5.8: Chn s hiu thp ch I cho mt thanh di 2m, lin kt khp hai u v
chu mt lc nn P = 230 kN. Bit vt liu l thp s 2 c [] = 140
MN/m2.
- Bi gii: Chn mt ct F bng phng php ng dn. u tin ta ly mt tr s tu ,
v bin thin t 0 n 1 nn tnh gn ng ln th nht ly 1 = 0,5. T
iu kin n nh (5.35) ta tnh c tch F:
P
230
32,8 10 4 (m 2 ).
F
3
1 140 10 0,5
Tra bng thp hnh ta chn thp ch I s 22a vi F = 32,4 cm2:
iy = imin = 2,5 cm
V h s 1 ly trn khng k n c im ca thanh (iu kin lin kt, chiu
di...) nn vi mt ct chn, iu kin n nh ca thanh cha c tho mn theo iu
kin bi ton. Vy ta phi nghim li iu kin n nh. mnh ca thanh:
ml
1 2
80
i min 2,5 10 2
Tra bng ph lc vi thp s 2, =80 ta c 2 = 0,75. Lc nn cho php v n
nh:
[P] =F2 [] = 32,410-40,75140.103 = 340,2 kN.
Lc ny ln hn lc cho hn mt ln ri.
Vy mt ct thp ch I s hiu N022a cha c s dng ht, tit kim ta chn
mt ct c din tch nh hn. Theo bng thp hnh ta c th chn thp ch I c din tch
nh hn v sau kim tra li iu kin n nh, nu thp c chn ln th hai vn
khng ph hp th ta li ly thp ch I c s hiu nh hn, v c tip tc nh th cho n
khi chn c thp ch I c mt ct ph hp, ngha l va tho mn c iu kin n
nh va tit kim nht.
Lm nh vy, thng thng s rt chm mi i n kt qu cui cng
Theo kinh nghim tnh ton, mun i n kt qu nhanh chng ta nn ly mt tr s mi 3
l trung bnh cng ca 1 v 2 v lm li cc php tnh:
1 2
2
0,5 0,75
Vy ln gn ng th hai ta c: 3
0,625
2
230
T ta tnh c:
F
2,62 10 4 (m 2 ).
0,625 140 10 3
Tra bng thp ta chn thp ch I s 20 c: F = 26,4 cm2 v imin = 2,06 cm.
1 2
97
mnh ca thanh:
2,06 10 2
Tra bng (5.1) v ni suy, ta tm h s ng vi = 97:
0,69 0,60
4 0,69
7 0,627
10
Lc nn cho php v n nh l:
[P] = 0,62726,4104 140103 = 231,7 kN.
Tc l ln hn ti trng cho:
231,7 230
P
100% 0,7% 5%
230
Vy ta chn thp ch I s 20 l thch hp.
5.5.5. Mt ct hp l ca thanh
Ta hy nghin cu cc dng hp l ca mt ct thanh khi chu nn ng tm thanh
c kh nng n nh tt nht. Nh ta ni trn,
y
y
y
khi mt n nh thanh s b un theo phng c
cng b nht m mt ct c bn knh qun tnh
x
x
x
cng b th mnh ca thanh s cng ln, lm
cho thanh cng d mt n nh. T rt ra cc
yu cu v mt ct hp l nh sau:
Hnh 5.15
1. Mmen qun tnh ca mt ct i vi cc
trc chnh trung tm phi bng nhau. Nh vy thanh s c mnh nh nhau theo tt c
cc phng trnh v tnh n nh ca n theo mi phng cng s ging nhau.
2.Vi mt tr s din tch mt ct cho, ta phi chn hnh dng mt ct sao cho
mmen qun tnh ca n c ln. Mun vy vt liu ca mt ct phi c b tr xa trng
tm ca n.
Yu cu trn hon ton c tho mn nu ta dng nhng mt ct rng hnh trn, hnh
vung hoc do nhng thp hnh I, [, L ghp li (hnh 5.15). Nhng ta cng cn ch rng
i vi thanh thp ta phi m bo sao cho n c ghp rt chc chn bi nhng thanh
ging hoc tm ni. Khi thanh ghp mi lm vic c nh mt thanh nguyn.
- Th d 5.9: Mt ct ghp bi hai thanh thp ch [ s 27 theo nh hnh 5.16. Hy tnh
khong cch 2x gia hai lng thp ch [ cho mt ct l hp l nht v mt n nh.
- Bi gii: Gi Jx v Jy l mmen qun tnh ca mt ct c ghp i vi cc trc
chnh trung tm x v y:
Ta c: Jx = 2Jx0 (trc x v x0 trng nhau).
y0
y
Jy = 2[Jy0 + (x + zo )2F]
Vi thp ch [ s hiu N027 tra bng ta c:
Jx0 = 4160 cm4
x
O
Jy0 = 262 cm4
x0
zo = 2,47 cm
2
F = 35,2 cm
cho mt ct l hp l nht v mt n nh th:
2x
z0
Jx = Jy 2Jx0 = 2[Jy0 + (x = zo )2F]
Hnh 5.16
P=70kN
b,
l=5m
l=6m
a,
y
x
A
a,
l=4m
b,
c,
Hnh 5.17
Hnh 5.18
Ph lc 1
BNG CH CI V CC K T THNG GP
Ch La Tinh
Ch thng
Ch hoa
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
j
l
m
n
p
q
r
s
t
w
x
y
z
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
J
L
M
N
P
Q
R
S
T
W
X
Y
Z
Ch thng
Ch Hy Lp
Ch hoa
Tn ch
Alpa
Bta
Khi
elta
Epxilon
Phi
Gama
ta
Phi
Lama
Muy
Nuy
Pi
Tta
R
Xichma
T
mga
Cxi
Ph xi
Dta
Bng 1.2
NHNG N V O THNG GP
n v
o
n v thng gp
K hiu
Tn gi
km
m
dm
Chiu di
cm
mm
Hi l
km2
ha
a
Din tch
m2
dm2
cm2
m3
Th tch dm3
cm3
kl
l
Dung tch
ml
Kilmt
Mt
ximt
Xentimt
Milimt
Hi l
Kilmt vung
hecta
A
Mt vung
ximt vung
Xentimt vung
Mt khi
ximt khi
Xentimt khi
Killt
Lt
Mililt
Mile
yd
ft
in
sqmile
sqyd
sqft
cuyd
bu
qt
pt
gal
gt
pt
Dung tch
n v Anh
Tn gi
K hiu
Mile (dm)
Yard (m)
Foot (b)
Inch (phn Anh)
i ra SI
1609m
0,9144m
0,3048m
2,54cm
258,99ha
4047m2
0,836m2
0,0929m2
Cubicyard (m khi)
Cubicfoot (b khi)
Cubicinch (phn khi)
1. Dng ht:
Winchesterbushol
Imperialquart
Imperialpint
2. Dng cht lng:
Britichgallon
Britishquart
Britishpint
USA gallon
USA puart
0,7654m3
28,32d m3
16,387cm3
35,24l
1,1365l
0,5682l
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4,546l
1,1365l
0,5682l
3,785l
0,9463l
K.L ring
Khi
lng
Lc
n v thng gp
K hiu
Tn gi
3
kg/m
t/m3
Tn
T
Yn
Kg
g
N
daN
Niutn
caNiutn
kN
KilNiutn
MN
MgaNiutn
K hiu
n v Anh
Tn gi
i ra SI
tnlg
tnsh
1016kg
907,2kg
lb
oz
lb (USA)
0,454kg
28,35kg
4,448N
kip
(USA)
1kip = 1000 lb
4,448kN
1
1
1
1
1
1
kG
T
N/m2
kN/m2
MN/m2
daN/cm2
daN/mm2
ng sut- kG/cm2
p sut bar
at
Pa
KPa
MPa
mmHg
Kilgam lc
Tn lc
* n v ca USA:
psf = lb/ft2
pcf = lb/ft3
ksf = kip/ft2
psi = lb/in2
ksi = kip/in2
Atmtphe
Pascal
Kil Pascal
PSi
Mga Pascal
KSi
Mililt Hg
Bng 1.2 (tip)
n v ca USA
n v ca USA
6,895kPa
6,895MPa
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
NHNG N V O THNG GP
n v
o
n v thng gp
K hiu
Tn gi
J
Cng
kGm
W
Cng sut kW
m.l
Vn tc vg/ph
rad/s
gc
m/s2
Gia tc
rad/s2
Gc
rad
Nm
kNm
Mmen MNm
kGm
Tm
Hz
Tn s
KHz
MHz
N/m
kN/m
Ti trng
kG/m
T/m
Nhit
K hiu
n v Anh
Tn gi
i ra SI
1
1
Jun
Wot
Kil ot
M lc
1
1
ft-lb
kip-ft
psf
ksf
lb/ft
kip/ft
0
n v ca USA
n v ca USA
n v ca USA
n v ca USA
n v ca USA
n v ca USA
Ph lc 3
GI TR CC C TRNG HNH HC CA TIT DIN
1,356Nm
1,356kNm
0,04788kPa
47,88kPa
14,59N/m
14,59kN/m
0,566.( 0F 32)
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
CC C TRNG HNH HC
Hnh ch nht
y
F = bh;
y1 = y2 = h/2
y1
x
y2
bh
J x/
;
12
bh 3
Jx
;
3
hb 3
J y/
;
12
hb 3
Jy
;
3
h
12
bh 2
Wx /
6
rx
F = BH - bh;
y1
x
HB3 hb 3
Jy
12
BH 3 bh 3
;
12(BH bh)
rx
y2
H
h
y1 = y2 = h/2
BH bh
Jx
;
12
3
Wx
BH 2 bh 2
6
b
B
F = a ; Jx Jy
2
h4
48
a 4 b4
a
0,707a ; J x
F = a - b ; y1 y 2
12
2
2 (a 4 b 4 )
a 4 b4
Wx
0,118
12a
a
y1
C
y2
rx
x
1
x
1
a 2 b2
0,289 a 2 b 2
12
3
2
y1
bh
bh
bh
; J1
;
F
; y1=1/3h; y2=2/3h; J x
36
12
2
J2
bh 3
bh 2
bh 2
h
W
W
2
;
;
; rx
x1
x2
4
12
24
6
bh
;
F
2
x
h
rx
hb 3
Jx
;
48
bh 2
Wx
;
24
b 3
0,2041b
6 2
ab
F
h;
2
b/2
a/2
a/2
b/2
Hnh thang cn
Wx
h b4 a 4
;
24 b 2 ab
Jx
h b4 a 4
48 b a
rx
b4 a 4
24(b 2 a 2 )
Hnh thang cn
b
yc
a 2b
ab
h ; yC
3(a b)
2
Hnh ch nht vt
cnh
F= ad (a-b)h; y = a/2; J x
y
h
c/2
c/2
a
b
d/2
d/2
h(a 4 b 4 ) ca 3
;
24(a b) 12
(a b)(d 4 c 4 ) bd 3
h a 4 b 4 ca 2
Jy
; Wx
;
48(d c)
12
12a
ab
6
(a b)(d 4 c 4 ) bd 2
Wy
24d(d c)
6
H
h
b
J x (H 3 h 3 ) ;
12
b3
J y (H h)
12
Hnh ch T
1 bh 2 ac 2
y1
F = bh + ca;
;
2 bh ac
(B b)c3 bh 3
bh 3 ac3
2
Jx
Fy1 ; J x /
;
3
3
B
y
y1
c(B3 b 3 ) hb 3
Jy
12
x
h
C
a/2
y2
a/2
y
b
Hnh ch I
y2
c2
c1
y1
D 2
D 4
J
J
; y = D/2 = R; x
; rx = ry = D/4
y
4
64
D 4
D 3
D 3
JP JT
W
W
W
;
;
x
y
T
32
32
16
ng trn
x
y
y
x
(D 2 d 2 )
(D 4 d 4 )
F
; Jx Jy
; y=D/2=R
4
64
x
r
y
D
d
Hnh bn nguyt
D2 d2
D 4
d4
rx ry
JP JT
(1 4 )
;
4
32
D
4
4
3
4
(D d )
D
d
Wx Wy
(1 4 )
; WT
32D
16
D
D 2
2D
D(3 4)
F
0,2122D ;
; y2
; y1
8
3
6
R C
y O
D
x
1
y1 y2
x
1
c1b 3 c 2 b 2 h 3
Wy
6B
J
Wx x ;
y2
Jx
b
y
J1 J y
D 4
D 9 2 64
D 4 (9 2 64)
; rx
; Jx
;
128
12
1152
R 4
JO
2
Hnh bn nguyt
x
y
D 2
; x = 0,2122D;
8
Jx
D 4
;
128
Wx
D
64
D 2
4R
R 4
R 4
F
; yC
; J1 J y
; JO
16
3
16
8
4
J x ( )R 4 0,055R 4 ; Wx 0,096R 3
16 9
y
R
C
yc
x
1
x
1
yC
y1
y
R
r
d
D
Hnh qut
f
O C
vi arc2=20/1800;
y
x
Hnh qut
f
y
x
y
x
FR 2
sin2
2Rsin
(1
); x C x1
4
arc2
3
2
FR
sin2
2RC R 2 C
Jx
(1
); x1
4
arc2
3l
3F
Jy
4(D 3 d 3 )
(D 2 d 2 )
F
; y1 R
6 (D 2 d 2 )
8
2 D3 d 3
y
;
3 D 2 d 2
9 2 (D 4 d 4 )(D 2 d 2 ) 64(D 3 d 3 ) 2
Jx
1152( D 2 d 2 )
R2 0
; f 2R 2sin 2 ;
c = 2Rsin; l
0
180
2
2
3
c
lR R sin2
F
; x1
2
2
12F
2
3
FR
2sin cos
Jx
(1
)
4
3arc sininc
FR 2
2sin 3cos
0
Jy
(1
); arc
4
arc sininc
180 0
y
x
y
a
B
b
B
b
a y
ab3
a
; rx ;
2
4
3
2
2
2
b
(a b )
ab
ba
; ry ; Wx
;
Jy
; J0
2
4
4
4
ba 2
a 3 b 3
(1 c 4 )ab 2
Wy
; JT 2
;
W
T
4
a b2
2
F = ab; C (1,5(a b) ab ) ; J x
Hnh elp
1 A 3B a 3b
(A 3B a 3 b)
F = (AB ab); J x
; rx
2 AB ab
4
(A 3 B a 3 b)
A 3 B3
Wx
; J T (1 c 4 ) 3
;
4a
A B3
(1 c 4 )AB2
a b
WT
; c
2
A B
3 2
h R 3
R 3 0,866h 2 ; y
;x=R
2
2
2
5R 3
3 4
R 0,5413R 4 0,0601h 4 ; Wx
Jx Jy 5
16
8
5
rx ry
R 0,456R 0,264h; J T 1,035R 4 ;
24
h R 3; F
Hnh lc gic u
y
x
5 3R 3
Wy
0,1041h 3 ;
16
WT 0,982R 3
1 y
R
x
C
F 2 2R 2 2,828R 2 0,8284h 2 ; y
h
0,924R ;
2
1 2 2 4
R 0,6381R 4 0,0547h 4 ;
6
3
Wx 0,6906R ; Wy 0,6381R 3 ; rx 0,475R 0,275h
J x J y J1
J T 0,108h 4 ; WT 0,185h 3
Na elp
y
y
x
1
1
b
1
4
ab 1,5708ab ; y a(1 ) 0,5756a ;
2
3
2
9 64
4h
0,1098ba 3 ;
yC
0,4244a ; J x ba 3
3
72
F
b
ba 3
a
J1
0,3927ba 3 ; rx
9 2 64 0,2643a
8
6
2
2
ba (9 64)
Wx
0,1907ba 2
24(3 4)
Hnh Parabol
y
x
1
1
b
4
3
2
ab ; y a ; y C a ;
3
5
5
16 3
32 3
Jx
a b ; J1
a b
175
105