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Phn I.
VT LIU T V NG DNG

Chng 1. Nhng khi nim c bn v vt liu t

1. Lch s ca t hc

1600. Dr, William Gilbert - nhng th nghim u tin v t

hc: De Magnete.
1819. Oerstead - s gn lin gia t hc v in hc.
1825. Sturgeon pht minh ra nam chm in.
1880. Warburg v ra chu trnh tr u tin ca st.
1895. nh lut Curie c xut
1905. Langevin ln u tin gii thch tnh cht ca nghch
t v thun t.
1906. Weiss a ra l thuyt st t.
Nhng nm 1920. Vt l ca t hc c pht trn vi cc
l thuyt lin quan n spin electron v tng tc trao i;
nhng s bt u ca c hc lng t.
5

Hnh 1a. S pht trin ca nam chm vnh cu trong th

k th 20.

Hnh 1b. Lodestone, fert khi v nam chm hpkim NdFeB

vi cng nng lng t nh nhau

Lodestone ( nam chm):

y l nam chm vnh cu u tin c ghi
nhn; mt xyt Fe3O4 him c trong t nhin. T
trng cn thp,song trng kh t l kh cao.
Thp carbon t:
Chng c pht trin vo th k 18. Cc thp
ny l hp kim vI tungsten v / hoc crom to
ra carbide kt ta trong vic x l nhit thch hp,
l h qu trong vic lm cn tr s dch chuyn
vch men. Cc nam chm loi ny c bo ha
t cao, hn nhiu so vi lodestone, song chng
d b kh t, nn cn phi s dng hnh dng di
lm cc tiu cc trng kh t.

Nam chm Alnico: ( hp kim trn c s ca Al, Co, v Ni )

Nhm nam chm ny c pht trin trong nhng nm
1930, l nam chm vnh cu hin i nht ng ch trong
t cng trong cc thp t c n lc . Cc tnh cht ca
chng da trn s d hng t hnh dng lin quan n hai
cu trc nan pha bao gm cc hnh kim Fe-Co c tnh st
t trong mt ma trn ca cc Al-Ni khng t. Nh nhit
Curie cao ca chng, ~ 850 oC, chng vn c s dng
cho n hin nay.
Cc nam chm carbon-platinium:
Chng c pht trin vo nhng nm 1950. Nhng tnh
cht c ci thin vt trn hp kim Alnico v tnh
chng n mn ca chng lm cho chng c s dng
trong cc ng dng y sinh hc ti thi im . Song do gi
thnh cao nn cha c s dng rng ri v cc nam
chm t him thay th chng.
9

Cc nam chm fert t cng: ( BaFe12O19 hoc SrFe12O19 )

Chng l cc nam chm c tnh thng mi quan trng nht trong vi
chc nm qua. Nh cu trc d hng , chng c lc khng t
tng i cao, song tch nng lng li thp. Mc d vy , chng vn
c nhng ng dng rng ri v s phong ph ca qung nguyn liu v
gi thnh sn xut thp.. Chng cng ph hp cho vic s dng trong
vic to cc hnh dng phc tp. Chng vn gi l loi vt liu thng
dng nht hin nay trong cc ng dng vi khi lng ln.
Samari Cobalt:
c pht trin vo cui nhng nm 1960, nhm ny bao gm t hp
hp kim cobalt, st v mt t nguyn t t him; Chng khng ch biu
hin bn cht t cng nng lng cao , m SmCo 5 cn th hin tnh
thng mi tng i cao. Chng gi k lc v tch nng lng cao
nht trong nhiu nm, nhng tic thay chng c nhc im v gi
thnh. Cc nam chm ny c bn vng nhit tt v v vy m c s dng
nhng ni lm vic nhit cao.
10

Cc nam chm Neodym St Bor:

Chng c to ra u tin vo nm 1984; chng t hp ca
mt t ha cao vi tnh chng kh t tt. Gi thnh cao ca
samari v s bt n v gi ca cobalt dn cc nam chm loi
ny tr thnh s chn la trong cc ng dng i hi cc nam
chm c nng lng cao. Mc d c nng lng cao, cc nam
chm ny c nhit Curie tng i thp ( 312oC), iu ny
gii hn nhng ng dng ca chng vng nhit cao. Vic
thm Co v Dy s ci thin c cc c trng nhit nhng
cng lm tng gi thnh sn xut. Song iu ny vn khng
ngn cn vic s dng chng ngy cng tng trn th trng,
c bit trong cc ng dng cn gim kch thc .
Nitrid Samari St:
S pht trin ca cc hp kim ny vn ang tip tc; chng l
vt liu mi y ha hn cho cc ng dng nam chm vnh cu
nh s chng kh t cao, t ha cao v s chng n mn v
nhit Curie cao so vi neodym st bor.
11

2. Ngun gc ca t tnh.
Hu ht mi ngi u bit vt liu t l g, nhng rt t ngi bit
mt nam chm hat ng nh th no?. hiu c iu
ny th trc ht chng ta hy tm hiu mi tng quan gia
hin tng t v hin tng in.
Mt nam chm in n gin c th to ra bng cch cun dy
ng thnh cun v ni cun dy vi mt accu. Mt t trng
c to ra bn trong cun dy , nhng n ch tn ti khi dng
in vn cn chy qua cun dy.
Mt thanh nam chm thng thng khng c mt mi lin h r
rng vi dng n th n s lm vic nh th nao? Trng
c to ra bi nam chm c lin h vi s chuyn ng
v cc tng tc ca cc electron, cc ht tch in m,
chuyn ng theo qu o ht nhn ca mi nguyn t.

12

Hin tng in l s chuyn ng ca cc electron trong mt cun

dy hoc trong mt nguyn t., nh vy mi nguyn t biu hin nh
mt nam chm vnh cu nh xu vn c sn ca n. Electron dang
quay trn to ra mt mmen t qu a ca ring n , c o bng
magneton Bohr ( B), v cng c mt mmen t spin tng ng vi n
do electron t quay , ging nh tri t quay trn trc ca bn thn
n.( c minh ha trn hnh 2). Trong hu ht cc vt liu u c
mmen t tng cng, nh cc electron to thnh nhm tng cp, gy
ra mmen t b trt tiu bi ln cn ca n.
Trong cc vt liu t no , cc mmen t vi mt t l ln ca cc
electron c sp xp, khi to ra mt t trng ng nht. Trng
c to ra trong vt liu ( hoc bng mt nam chn in) c mt
hng chy v nam chm bt k no u th hin mt lc c gng
sp xp n theo t trng ngoi, ging nh ci kim la bn. Cc lc ny
c s dng iu khin mt in, to m thanh trong mt h loa,
kim sat cun ting trong CD player, v.v...Cc tng tc gia t v
in, v vy l mt kha cnh thit yu ca nhiu thit b m chng ta s
dng hng ngy.
13

Hnh 2. Qu o ca mt electron ang quay xung quanh ht

nhn ca nguyn t.

14

3. Cc n v t v thut ng

Bng 1. Mi lin h gia mt vi thng s trong hai h n v

15

- t ha (M) ca vt liu: Mmen t trn mt n v th tch ca

vt liu.
- t ha ring (): Mmen t trn mt n v khI lng.
-Cm ng t (B) ca vt liu: T thng tng cng ca t trng i
qua mt n v tit din ct ngang ca vt liu,
B = 0 (H+M)
B = H + 4M

(1a).
(1b).

0 l t thm ca chn khng ( 4 x 10 -7 Hm-1), l t s

ca B/H c o trong chn khng .
- cm t ca vt liu:
- t thm:
- phn cc t: J = 0M

16

4. Phn loi cc vt liu t

Hnh 3.
Bng tun hon ca cc nguyn t cho ta bn cht
t ca mi nguyn t ti nhit phng.

17

Electronic Structures of Atoms on the

Periodic Table
1A
1
H
1s1
3
Li
1s2
2s1
11
Na
[Ne]
3s1

2A

4
Be
1s2
2s2
12
Mg
[Ne]
3s2

3A

5
B
1s2
2s22p1
13
Al
[Ne]
3s23p1

4A

6
C
1s2
2s22p2
14
Si
[Ne]
3s23p2

5A

7
N
1s2
2s22p3
15
P
[Ne]
3s23p3

6A

8
O
1s2
2s22p4
16
S
[Ne]
3s23p4

7A

8A

9
F
1s2
2s22p5
17
Cl
[Ne]
3s23p5

2
He
1s2
10
Ne
1s2
2s22p6
18
Ar
[Ne]
3s23p6

18

Cht nghch t
Trong mt vt liu nghch t , cc nguyn t khng c mmen
t ring khi khng c t trng ngoi t vo. Di nh
hng ca mt t trng ngoi (H) cc electron ang quay s
tin ng v chuyn ng ny , l mt loi dng in, to ra
mt t ha (M) trong hng i din vi phng ca t
trng ngoi. Tt c vt liu u c hiu ng nghch t, song
thng trong trng hp m hiu ng nghch t b bao ph
bi hiu ng thun t hay st t ln hn. Gi tr ca cm t
l c lp vi nhit .

19

Cht thun t.

T
20

C vi l thuyt v cht thun t , ph hp cho cc loi ring ca vt

liu. M hnh Langevin ng cho cc vt liu vi cc electron nh x
khng tng tc vi nhau , cc trng thi m mi nguyn t c mt
mmen t nh hng hn lon do s chuyn ng nhit. Vic p t
mt t trng ngoi to ra mt s sp xp mt t cc mmen ny
v v vy m mt t ha thp theo cng phng nh t trng
ngoi. Khi tng nhit , do s chuyn ng nhit s tng ln, n s
tr nn kh hn sp xp cc mmen t nguyn t v v vy,
cm t s gim xung. Bn cht ny c bit nh nh lut Curie v
c cho trong phng trnh 7, C l mt hng s vt liu c
gi l hng s Curie.
C

(7)

Cc vt liu tun theo nh lut ny l cc vt liu trong cc

mmen t c nh x ti v tr nguyn t hay ion v khng c
tng tc gia cc mmen t ln cn. Mui hydrad ca cc kim loi
chuyn tip, nh CuSO4.5H2O, l cc v d ca loi ny c bn cht
nh cc ion kim loi chuyn tip, c mt mmen t , c bao quanh
bi nhiu cc ion hay cc nguyn t khng t, ngn cn tng tc
gia cc mmen t ln cn.
21

Thc ra th nh lut Curie l trng hp ring ca nh lut Curie-Weiss

tng qut hn ( phng trnh 8), n hp nht mt hng s nhit ()
v bt ngun t l thuyt Weiss, s dng cho cc vt liu st t, kt
hp tng tc gia cc mmen t.
C

(8)

Trong phng trnh ny, c th dng, m hoc bng khng. R rng

l khi = 0, th nh lut Curie-Weiss bng nh lut Curie. Khi khc
khng th c mt tng tc gia cc mmen t ln cn v cc vt liu
ch l thun t trn mt nhit chuyn tip no . Nu dng th
vt liu l st t di nhit chuyn tip v gi tr tng ng vi
nhit chuyn tip ( nhit Curie, TC). Nu l m, th khi vt liu
l phn st t di nhit chuyn tip ( nhit Nel, TN), song gi
tr ca khng lin quan ti TN. Mt iu quan trong cn ch l
phng trnh ny ch c gi tr khi vt liu trong trng thi thun t.N
cng khng c gi tr cho nhiu kim loi v cc electron ng gp vo
mmen t u khng nh x. Song nh lut p dng cho mt vi kim
loi , chng hn cc t him, cc electron 4f, to nn mmen t l
22
xp cht.

Model Pauli ca tnh thun t l ng cho cc kim loi m

cc electron l t do v tng tc to ra mt vng
dn . iu ny ng cho hu ht cc kim loi thun t.
Trong model ny cc electron dn c xem nh l t do
v di mt trng ngoi mt s mt cn bng gia cc
electron vi spin ngc nhau c to ra dn n mt
t ha thp c cng phng vi t trng ngoi. cm
t khng ph thuc vo nhit , tuy rng cu trc vng
electron c th b nh hng, v li nh hng ln cm
t.

23

Tnh st t

24

Tnh st t
Tnh st t ch c th khi cc nguyn t c sp xp trong mt mng
v cc mmen t nguyn t c th tng tc ln nhau v sp xp
song song vi nhau. Hiu ng ny c gii thch theo l thuyt c
in bng s c mt ca mt trng phn t bn trong vt liu st t,
ln u tin c a ra bi Weiss vo nm 1907. Trng ny
t ha vt liu n trng thi bo ha. Trong c hc lng t, model
Heisenberg ca st t m t s nh hng song song ca cc
mmen t theo tng tc trao i gia cc mmen ln cn.
Weiss a ra s c mt ca cc men t bn trong vt liu, l
cc vng m cc mmen t nguyn t c nh hng . S
dch chuyn ca cc men ny s xc nh vt liu hng ng nh
th no vi mt t trng v nh mt h qu, cm l mt hm ca
t trng ngoi. V vy, cc vt liu st t thng c so snh theo
t ha bo ha ( t ha khi tt c cc men c nh
hng ) hn l theo cm t.

25

Trong bng tun han cc nguyn t, ch c Fe,

Co v Ni l cht st t ti v trn nhit
phng. Bi v cc vt liu st t c nung ln
trn nhit s to nn s chuyn ng
nhit ca cc nguyn t, ngha l bc nh
hng ca cc mmen t nguyn t gim i v
v vy, t ha bo ha cng gim xung. Dn
dn, s chuyn ng nhit tr nn ln n mc
vt liu tr thnh thun t; nhit ca s
chuyn ny l nhit Curie, Tc ( Fe: Tc =
770oC, Co: Tc= 1131oC v Ni: Tc= 358oC) , Trn
Tc cm t thay i theo nh lut CurieWeiss.
26

Cht phn st t.

27

Trong bng tun han, ch c mt nguyn t

biu hin tnh phn st t ti nhit phng l
crom. Cc vt liu phn st t rt ging nh
cc vt liu st t, nhng tng tc trao i
gia cc nguyn t ln cn dn n s sp
xp phn song song ca cc mmen t
nguyn t. V vy, t trng trt tiu v vt
liu xut hin bn cht ging nh l mt vt
liu thun t. Ging nh cc vt liu st t, cc
vt liu ny tr thnh thun t trn mt nhit
chuyn tip , c gi l nhit Nel, TN. (
Cr: TN = 37oC) .

28

Ferit t

29

Ferit t ch c quan st trong cc hp cht c cu trc

tinh th phc tp hn so vi cc nguyn t thun khit.
Bn trong cc vt liu ny cc tng tc trao i dn n
mt s sp xp song song ca cc nguyn t trong cng
mt v tr tinh th v s sp xp phn song song trong
cc v tr khc. Vt liu b chia thnh cc men, ging
nh trong vt liu st t v bn cht t cng nh vy ,
mc d cc vt liu fert c t ha bo ha thp hn.
V d trong ferit barium, ( BaO.6Fe2O3), n v cha 64
ion, trong cc ion Ba v xy khng c cc mmen t;
16 Fe3+ c cc mmen t sp xp song song v 8
Fe3+sp xp phn song song , cho mt t ha ring
song song vi trng ngoi, nhng vi ln tng i
thp, ch 1/8 ca cc ion ng gp vo t ha ca vt
liu.
30

5. Cc tnh cht ni ti ca cc vt liu

t ha bo ha (Ms)
t ha bo ha (Ms) l mt php o s lng cc i ca trng
c th c sinh ra bi mt vt liu. N s ph thuc vo cng
ca cc mmen dipol trn cc nguyn t cu to vt liu v
chng xp cht nh th no vi nhau. Mmen dipol nguyn t
s b nh hng bi bn cht ca nguyn t v ton b cu trc
electron bn trong hp cht. Mt xp ca cc mmen nguyn
t s c xc nh bi cu trc tinh th ( tc l khng gian ca
cc mmen ) v s c mt ca cc nguyn t khng c t tnh
bn trong cu trc.
i vi cc vt liu st t, ti cc nhit nht nh, Ms cng s ph
thuc vo vic cc mmen t ny sp xp tt nh th no, v dao
ng nhit ca cc nguyn t gy ra s sai hng sp xp ca cc
mmen v lm gim Ms. i vi cc vt liu ferit, khng phi tt
c cc mmen u sp xp song song, ngay c ti 0 K v v vy,
Ms s ph thuc vo s sp xp tng i ca cc mmen cng
nh nhit .

31

 t ha bo ha cng c xem nh t ha t pht, tuy nhin

s hng ny thng c s dng m t t ha bn trong mt
n men t. Bng 3 cho ta vi v d cc vt liu thng dng trong
cc ng dng t tnh.

Bng 3. phn cc t bo ha Js v nhit Curie Tc ca vi vt lu t

32

S d hng t

S d hng t ca tinh th cobalt

33

S d hng t
Trong mt vt liu t kt tinh,cc tnh cht t s rt ph thuc
vo cc phng tinh th ha, m cc dipol t s sp xp. Hnh 4
biu din hiu ng ny i vi mt n tinh th cobalt. Cu trc
tinh th hexagonal ca cobalt c th c t ha d dng theo
phng [0001] ( tc l dc theo trc c), nhng c trc kh ca
t ha theo phng loi [1010], nm trong mt phng c s (
90o so vi trc d).
Mt php o d hng t tinh th theo phng d t ha l
trng d hng, Ha ( c minh ha trn hnh 4 ), l trng i
hi quay tt c cc mmen i 90o, l mt n v trong mt
n tinh th bo ha. S d hng c gy ra bi mt lin kt
ca cc qu o electron i vi mng, v theo phng d t
ha th lin kt ny l lm cho cc qu o ny trng thi nng
lng thp nht.
34

S d hng t
Hng d t ha i vi mt nam chm vnh cu,
fert hay hp kim t him, c th l n trc ,
song n cng c th c cc vt liu vi nhiu trc
d hoc trc d nm ti mi ni trong mt
mt phng no hoc trn b mt ca mt hnh
nn. S thc l,mt nam chm vnh cu c tnh d
hng n trc ngha l kh kh t , v n cn
tr s quay ca phng t ha.

35

Cc men t
gii thch c s tht l cc vt liu st t vi t
ha t pht c th tn ti trng thi kh t, Weiss
a ra khi nim cc men t. Weiss xy dng trn
c s ca cng trnh trc ca Ampre, Weber v
Ewing khi a ra s tn ti ca chng. Cc kt qu tm
thy ca cng trnh ny lin quan n iu l bn trong
mt men mt s ln cc mmen nguyn t c
nh hng l 10 12 10 18, vt qu mt khi lng ln
hn nhiu so vi nhng d on trc . t ha bn
trong men c bo ha v s lun nm theo
phng t ha d khi khng c t trng ngoi t
vo. Phng ca s nh hng men ngang qua mt
khi lng ln vt liu l ngu nhin nhiu hay t v v
vy t ha ca mt mu l c th bng khng.
36

Cc men t
men t tn ti nhm gim nng lng ca h. Mt mu c
t ha ng nht, nh trn hnh 5(a), c mt nng lng tnh t
ln lin quan n n. l h qu ca s c mt ca ccc t t
do ti b mt ca mu, khi pht sinh ra mt trng kh t , Hd.
T quy c c chp nhn cho dnh ngha ca mmen t cho
mt dipol t th t ha bn trong mu ch ra i t cc nam
cho n cc bc, trong khi phng ca t trng ch ra l i
t cc bc n cc nam. V vy, trng kh t theo phng
ngc vi s t ha ca mu. ln ca Hd ph thuc vo
hnh hc v t ha ca mu. Ni chung, nu mu c t l cao
ca di trn ng knh ( v c t ha theo truc di) th
trng kh t v nng lng tnh t s thp.
37

Cc men t

Minh ha s chia vt liu thnh (a) n men, (b) hai

dmen, (c) Bn men v (e) Cc men khp kn.
38

Cc men t

Vic phn chia mu c t ha thnh hai men nh

minh ha trn hnh 5(b) lm gim nng lng tnh
t xung cn mt na. Trong thc t , nu nam chm
c phn chia thnh N men th nng lng tnh t
s c gim i N ln, v vy, hnh 5(c) c nng
lng tnh t ca hnh 5(a). Hnh 5(d) ch ra cu trc
men kn, nng lng tnh t bng khng, song
iu ny ch c th c i vi cc vt liu m khng
c mt d hng t n trc mnh, v cc men ln
cn khng phi b t ha theo phng 180 o i vi
nhau.

39

Cc men t
Vic a vo mt men lm tng nng lng tng cng ca
h, v vy vic chia thnh cc men ch tip tc khi vic gim
nng lng tnh t ln hn so vi nng lng i hi to ra
vch men. Nng lng lin quan n mt vch men t l vi
din tch ca n. Vic biu din s ca vch men c ch ra
trn hnh 6, ch ra rng cc mmen dipol ca cc nguyn t bn
trong vch khng nm 180o i vi nhau v nng lng trao i
cng tng ln bn trong vch. V vy, nng lng vch men l
mt tnh cht ni ti ca mt vt liu ph thuc vo mc d
hng t tinh th v cng ca tng tc trao i gia cc
nguyn t ln cn. dy ca vch s thay i tng quan n
cc thng s ny, v mt d hng t tinh th mnh s ph hp mt
vch hp, trong khi m mt tng tc trao i mnh s thch hp
vi mt vch rng.
40

Domains:

Magnetized material

Unmagnetized material
E total minimized by presence of
domains within material that align
spins within domains, and keep H
external ~ 0

41

Domains

Domains showing the

effect of minimizing
exchange energy and
magneto static energy

(a)

(b)

Magneto Static Energy

MAXIMUM

(d)

(c)

MINIMIZED

REDUCED

(e)

Showing additional energy contributors Magneto

Striction and Wall Surface Energy
42

Domains

Magnetic Domains delineated by iron filings

in an applied Magnetic Field.

Magnetic Force Microscopy

(MFM) image showing the
magnetic domains in a piece of
heat treated carbon steel

43

Part 2

Domains

Wall thickness about 1000 (100 nm, 0.1 m)

44

Cc men t

S biu din vch men 180o

45

Cc men t

V vy, mt nng lng cc tiu c th t

c vi mt s ring bit cc men bn
trong mt mu. S cc men s ph thuc
vo kch thc v hnh dng ca mu ( n s
nh hng ln nng lng tnh t) v tnh
cht t ni ti ca vt liu ( n s nh hng
ln nng lng tnh t v nng lng vch
men).
46

8- Hin tng t tr

Mt chu trnh tr in hnh ca vt liu st t hay fert.

47

8- Hin tng t tr
Cc vt liu st t v ferit t c cc ng cong t ha
ban u khng tuyn tnh ( tc l cc ng chm trn
hnh 7), bi v t ha thay i vi t trng ngoi l
do mt s thay i trong cu trc men t. Cc vt
liu ny cng ch ra tnh tr v t ha khng quay v
gi tr khng sau khi ct t trng ngoi. Hnh 7 ch ra
mt chu trnh t ha tiu biu ; hai chu trnh biu din
cng mt s liu , song, chu trnh mu l phn
cc ( J = 0M = B - 0 H) v chu trnh mu xanh l
cm ng, c hai u c v i vi t trng ngoi.
48

Hin tng t tr
Trn mt phn t th nht ca chu trnh c minh ha l
ng cong t ha ban u ( ng chm chm), ch ra s tng
ca phn cc v ( cm ng ) ln s p t ca mt trng
n mu cha b t ha. Trong mt phn t th nht, phn
cc v trng ngoi , c hai u dng, t l chng trong cng
hng. phn cc tng ban u bng s ln ln ca cc men
c nh hng thun li, n s c t ha trong phng d
ca tinh th. Khi phn cc c th tng ln khng th hn na
bi s ln ln ca cc men, th phng ca t ha ca cc
men khi s quay t trc d sang nh hng vi trng.
Khi tt c cc men c nh hng hon ton vi trng
ngoi th s bo ha s t c v phn cc khng th tng
hn na.
49

Hin tng t tr
Nu trng ngoi c d b th phn cc quay tr v dc
theo ng lin mu theo trc y ( tc l H = 0), v cc
men s tr v hng d t ha ca chng. H qu lm gim
phn cc. Trn hinh 7, ng xut ph t im bo ha n
trc y l nm ngang, biu din mt vt liu nh hng tt,
cc men c t ha theo hng d ca tinh th ti im
bo ha.
Nu hng ca trng ngoi l ngc li ( tc l theo hng
m ) th khi s phn cc s i theo ng vo trong mt
phn t th hai. Hin tng tr ngha l s phn cc chm li
pha sau trng ngoi v s ngay lp tc chuyn hng vo
ytong mt phn t th ba ( tc l s phn cc m). S phn
cc s ch gim xung sau khi trng ngoi cao c t
vo :
1) to mm v nui ln cc men c nh hng ph hp
i vi trng ngoi.
2) Quay hng ca t ha ca cc men v pha t trng
50
ngoi.

Hin tng t tr

Sau khi p t mt t trng cao, s phn cc bo

ha s t c theo hng m. Nu t trng ngoi
sau gim xung v li c p t theo chiu dng
th chu trnh tr y s c v ra.
Nu trng c chuyn lp li t hng dng sang
m v ln th khi s t ha v cm ng t s v
mt chu trnh tr theo hng ngc chiu kim ng h.
Din tch cha bn trong chu trnh ch ra lng nng
lng hp th bi vt liu trong sut mi vng ca chu
trnh tr.
51

52

Cc thng s t
Chu trnh tr l mt phng tin c trng cho cc vt liu t, v cc
thng s khc nhau c th c xc nh t n.
Trong na phn t th nht, phn cc bo ha Js v v vy m
t ha bo ha , Ms c th o c.
Song, hu ht cc thng tin hu ch c th nhn c trong mt phn
t th hai ca chu trnh.
Trng c to ra bi nam chm sau khi trng t ha c ngt
ra , c gi l cm ng cn d Br hay Jr.
Trng ngc i hi a cm ng t v khng gi l lc khng
t cm ng, bHc,
Trong khi , trng ngc i hi a t ha v khng gi l
lc khng t ni ti, jHc.
Gi tr cc i ca tch s ca B v H c gi l tch nng lng cc
i, (BH)max v l s o lng cc i ca cng hu ch c th thc
hin bi nam chm. (BH)max c dng nh mt c trng cho vt liu
nam chm vnh cu.
53

Cc thng s t
Hnh dng ca ng cong t ha ban u v chu trnh
t tr c th cung cp thng tin v bn cht men bn
trong vt liu.
H s vung gc l php o vung gc ca chu trnh
v l mt i lng khng kch thc gia 0 v 1, c
nh ngha bng t s ca trng ngc i hi gim J
i 10% khi cm cn d, trn Hcj. V vy h s vung
gc l 1 tng ng vi mt chu trnh vung gc hon ho.
C vi phng php khc phn loi vung gc ca
chu trnh, nh t s ca ji trn js .

54

C ch lc khng t:
i vi mt vt liu t cng, ngi ta mong mun rng cc men khng
th quay mt cch d dng phng ca t ha v cc vch men khng
dch chuyn mt cch d dng / hoc vic to mm cc men l kh khn.
- ngn cn vic quay cc men, vt liu phi c mt s d hng t tinh
th n trc mnh. Ni cch khc, s d hng t hnh dng xy ra trong
cc ht c dng hnh kim, , nng lng tnh t s nh khi t ha
nm trong trc dc ca hnh kim so vi trc ngang.
- Nu kch thc ca ht t gim xung n mt kch thc ngng m
di n s gim trong nng lng tnh t bng vic tch thnh hai men s
nh hn so vi vic tng nng lng do vic a vo vch men. Cc ht
di kch thc ngng c gi l cc ht n men, v nu chng
c d hng cao ngn cn vic quay hng ca t ha th cc
ht s gi li t tnh v kh b kh t. C ch lc khng t loi ny c th
c quan st trong cc nam chm NdFeB phun- nng chy., kch
thc tinh th l ~ 50 nm, so vi kch thc ngng cho cc ht n men
55
l ~ 300 nm.

Cc nam chm vnh cu cng c th chng li s kh t bng cch

cht cht cc vch men. Trong cc nam chm loi Sm2(Co, Fe,
Cu, Zr )17, iu ny t c bi s c mt ca pha SmCo5, trong
nng lng vch men thp hn ng k so vi nng lng ca
pha Sm2Co17. V vy cc vch men b cht cht bn trong pha
SmCo5 v c hai qu trnh t ha v kh t u kh khn.
Cc nam chm vnh cu cng c th t c lc kh t bng vic
to ra kh khn cho vic to ra mm ca cc men mi. C ch
ny c th tm thy trong cc nam chm vnh cu NdFeB thiu kt,
, mt pha bin ht khng t tc dng lm trn cc bin ht khi
dch chuyn cc v tr mm men. Cc nam chm vnh cu khng
ch c vic to mm s d dng b t ha v trng thi ban u
c vi men trong mi tinh th, nhng kh kh t bi v iu
ny i hi to mm cc men ngc mi.
56

Chng II. Cc vt liu t cng

57

58

59

Cc nam chm cng, cng cn gi l cc nam chm vnh cu, l cc vt

liu t m vn cn gi li tnh cht t ca chng sau khi b t ha. Thc
t th iu ny c ngha l cc vt liu c lc khng t ni ln hn ~ 10
kAm-1.
Ngi ta tin rng cc nam chm vnh cu c nhng ngi Trung
Quc s dng lm kim labn vo 2500 nm trc cng nguyn. Song
ch vo u th k hai mi, thp carbon cao v thp cha vonfram /
crom thay th lodestone lm cc nam chm vnh cu tt nht. Cc
nam chm ny l cc nam chm vnh cu do s cht cht cc vch
men bi cc lch mng v sai hng. S dch chuyn ca cc lch
mng bn trong mt vt liu thng b ngn tr bi cng cc nhn t
nh hng ln s dch chuyn ca cc vch men v nh mt h qu,
cc thp ny rt cng v mt c hc v c ngun gc l t cng. Cc
nam chm ny c mt tch nng lng gn bng 8 kJm-3.

60

Alnico
Trong s pht trin ca cc nam chm vnh cu , s ci thin u tin trn cc
thp , vo u nhng nm 1930, php hin ra nhm ca cc hp kim c
gi l cc hp kim Alnico. Cc hp kim ny ch yu da trn cc nguyn t
nickel, cobalt v st vi mt lng nh ca nhm, ng v titan ( Trng lng
in hnh %: Fe-35, Co-35, Ni-15, Al-7, Cu-4, Ti-4). Thnh phn hp kim v
vic c pht trin hng nm, v cc tnh cht t ti mt cc i vo
nm 1956 vi vic a vo alnico 9 d hng ct, vi mt tch nng lng ~ 80
kJm-3. Cc hp kim ny vn c dng cho ti by gi v chng c mt nhit
Curie cao ( ~850oC), v h qu l c th lm vic cc nhit cao hn
cng nh bn vng hn xung quanh nhit phng so vi vi hp kim hin
i hn. Song , nhc im ch yu ca chng l chng c lc khng t ni ti
thp ( ~ 50 kAm-1) v nh mt h qu, chng ch c th c to ra di dng
hnh mng nga hay hnh tr mng di, khng biu hin cc trng kh t ln.
Cc nam chm ny c thiu kt hay c trc tip, v sau c trong
mt t trng. Cch x l ny to ra mt vi cu trc nh hng gm cc
thanh Fe-Co() trong mt ma trn Ni-Al() t yu. Lc khng t bt ngun t
bn cht hnh dng thanh ca pha khi pht sinh d hng hnh dng cng vi
tnh t yu ca pha c nh cc vch men.
61

Fert cng,
Tin b tip theo trong s pht trin ca nam chm vnh cu n vo nhng nm 1950
vi s a ra cc fert hexagonal cng thng c xem nh nam chm gm. Cc vt liu
ny l fert t v v t l ca st bn trong vt liu c t d kh thp (~400 mT). Lc
khng t ca cc nam chm ny ( ~ 250 kAm-1), vt qu xa bt k vt liu no trc
y. t d thp ngha l tch nng lng cc i ch c ~ 40 kJm-3, thp hn c alnico,
nhng nh lc khng t cao nn cc vt liu ny c th lm thnh cc phn mng hn.
Cc nam chm cng th hin trng kh t va phi v v vy c th c s dng cho
cc ng dng nh l cc mot nam chm vnh cu. Cu trc fert lc gic c tm thy
trong c hai loi BaO.6Fe2O3 v SrO.6Fe2O3, nhng fert Sr c cc tnh cht hi cao hn.
u im chnh ca cc fert l chng c gi thnh cc k thp, nh vic d dng x l v
gi nguyn liu thp, iu ny lm cho chng tr thmh vt liu nam chm vnh cu c
ng dng rng ri nht. Cc nam chm c to ra bng qu trnh luyn kim bt v khng
c vn no trong vic xy ha bt trong sut qu trnh x l. Bi v vt liu vn l mt
xyt bn vng.Con ng x l bt bao m chc chn rng cc nam chm gm c cc
ht rt nh ( < 1 mm), l cn thit cho vic pht sinh lc khng t trong cc nam chm
ny. Trong qu trnh x l, bt c l xp cht trong mt t trng nh hng
phng d ca t ha ca cc ht v v vy tng cng t d v tch nng lng cc
i.
62

Loi SmCo
Vo nm 1966, cc tnh cht t ca phase YCo 5 c pht hin ra.
l phase u tin da trn c s ca mt nguyn t t him (RE) v v
mt kim loi chuyn tip (TM) c tm thy l c cc tnh cht nam
chm t him. T hp ca RE v TM l t hp l tng bi v RE cung
cp tnh d hng cho phase v TM cung cp t ha v nhit Curie
cao. S pht hin ra SmCo5 tip theo vo nm 1967 v tr thnh vt liu
t vnh cu RE/TM thng mi u tin, c kt dnh polymer v c
mt tch nng lng ~ 40 kJm-3. Cui nm 1969, ngi ta thy rng cc
nam chm thiu kt SmCo5 c th c to ra vi tch nng lng ~ 160
kJm-3. Cc nam chm ny c Sm d to ra mt phas bin ht nhn v lc
khng t thu c bng vic ngn cn s to mm ca cc men ngc.

63

Vo nm 1976, tch nng lng cc i k lc c tng ln n 240 kJm-3,

vi mt hp kim da trn c s Sm2Co17. Cc vt liu ny l da trn thnh phn
chung Sm2(Co, Fe, Cu, Zr ) v t c cc tnh cht t vnh cu ca chng
bng vic kim sot cn thn vi cu trc.cc nam chm c to ra bng luyn
kim bt v l dung dch c x l ti ~ 1100 oC, chng l n phas. Giai
on ng nht ny c tip theo bng vi vic x l gi ha ti nhit thp
hn, nhit , vi cu trc mng c to ra. Cc mng da trn phas
loi Sm2Co17, giu Fe v cc bin mng bao gm mt lp phas loi SmCo 5,
giu Cu. Cc tnh cht t ni ti ca cc mng v cc bin mng thay i nh
l nng lng vch men t gim nhiu bn trong ng bin mng v t
dnh cht cc vch men, dn n cc tnh cht t vnh cu. Vn cn c nhiu
iu l th trong cc vt liu ny nh chng c tim nng hat ng nhit
cao (~500oC), to ra cc ng dng mi c th c , chng hn chu c trong
ng c turbin kh.
Vn ch yu i vi cc nam chm da trn Sm/Co l gi t ca nguyn
liu. Samari t phong ph hn cc nguyn t t him khc, nh cc nguyn t
La, Ce, Pr, v Nd, chim hn 90% ca cc kim loi t him trong cc qung t
him tiu biu. Cobalt c xp vo loi kim loi quan trng chin lc v vic
64
bun bn b hn ch.

Loi NdFeB
Vo nm 1984, cc tnh cht t ca NdFeB c pht hin mt cch ng
thi b General Motor M v Sumitomo Special Metals ca Nht Bn.C hai
nhm u to ra vt liu da trn phas t Nd 2Fe14B, nhng cc phng php
gia cng khc nhau.
Thiu kt
Ti Nht Bn, Sumitomo Special Metals pht trin con ng gia cng
luyn kim bt, ban u cho tch nng lng c quan st cao nht tng c,
hn 300kJm-3. Cc nam chm vnh cu thiu kt da trnNdFeB sau ny c
sn xut ravi tch nng lng cc i ~450 kJm-3, bng cch ci thin vc x
l nhit, c kim sat nhiu hn v s dng cc thnh phn giu st hn.
Cc nam chm da trn NdFeB thiu kt t c lc khng t do mt phas
giu Nd ti cc bin ht c tc dng to ra phas lng khi thiu kt, lm trn
cc bin v v vy ngn cn vic to mm cc men t ngc.
Cc bt HD sau tip tc b v ra bng thit b nghin phun (Jet), lm gim
kch thc ht xung cn c 5 mm. Cn phi ch rng khi hp kim ang
di dng bt th rt d chy v phi c gi trong mt kh tr.
65

Hnh 9. Phng php x l nam chm vnh cu NdFeB thiu kt.

66

Khi bt b v ra mn kch thc mi ht bt l mt n tinh th, c th nh hng

trong mt t trng. S nh hng ny c gi ti ch bng cch p bt thnh khi c
mu xanh, c 60% c. T hp ny sau c nung trong chn khng nhit ~
1050oC trong 1 gi. Trong giai on nung nhit, hydro c a n vt liu v c
bm ht ra. Khi gi ti nhit ~ 1060oC trong mt gi th s thiu kt s xy ra v t
hp s tr nn m c, vi s gip ca mt cht lng bng vic lm nng chy pha
giu Nd. Sau khi thiu kt, cc nam chm s c lm ngui v sau d c x l nhm
t c cc tnh cht t ti u.
Sau nam chm c gia cng cho t kch thc theo yu cu ng dng d nh. Do
s co ngt ln xy ra trong thi gian thiu kt, iu ny xy ra ln hn theo phng nh
hng, khng th p t hp co ngt n kch thc chnh xc c yu cu. Vic gia
cng l cng vic rt tn km v , c bit i vi cc nam chm nh, mt t l ln vt
liu s mt i khi gia cng.
Do bn cht phn ng cao ca pha giu Nd, nn cc nam chm c xu hng b n mn rt
nhanh, c bit trong mi trng m. V vy, giai on tip theo ca vic x l l cung
cp mt hng ro bo v trn b mt ca nam chm. Vic ny thng c thc hin
vi mt lp ph nickel, tuy nhin nhm, km v nha epoxy cng c s dng. Cui
cng, cc nam chm c t ha v th a ra tiu th.

67

Nung chy
Hnh 10. S
biu din qu trnh
quay-nung chy v
sn xut nam chm
MQ.

68

 M vic quay-nung chy c s dng to ra mt di bng

ging nh vt liu c to bt. Trong qu trnh ny, hp kim nng
chy c phun ln trn b mt ca mt bnh xe ang quay c
lm ngui bng nc ( hnh 10), v t tc lm ngui l mt
triu oC/s . Vi cu trc v cc tnh cht t ca cc di NdFeB c
to thnh bng phng php quay-nung chy rt nhy vi tc
lm ngui, tc l vi tc bnh xe quay. Tc lm ngui cao s
to ra cc di bng thc s v nh hnh ( tc l khng phi l ht
tinh th) c lc khng t ni khng ng k. Tc lm ngui ti
u s c c cc di bng vi cc lc khng t cao nht; chng
bao gm cc ht Nd2Fe14B dng gn hnh cu ( ng knh 20
100nm) l cc ht n men , v vy c lc khng t cao (~ 1000
kAm-1). ti vn tc bnh xe di im ti u, tc ngui chm
s to ra cc di bng bao gm cc ht ln hn v c c trng
bng cc lc khng t thp. Loi bt ny khng th c thiu kt
to ra cc nam chm c hon ton m khng ph hy cc tnh
69
cht t, nhng c th c dng trong mt trong ba cch:

MQ-I
Di bng c phun nng chy c pha trn vi mt loi nha to ra mt nam
chm vnh cu kt dnh. Cc tinh th ca vt liu MQI c nh hng hn n sao
cho cc nam chm l ng hng v c th t ha theo bt k trc no. Bn cht ng
hng ca vt liu gii hn (BH)max cho n ~ 80 kJm-3.
MQ-II
Tnh m dc c ci thin ca cc di bng phun-nng chy c th c c bng vic
p nng ti ~750 oC m khng c tc dng ngc ca lc khng t ca bt. Cc nam
chm loi MQII ny biu th mt s nh t nh ( ~ 10%) v t d m dc 100% ,
tc l cc tnh cht t khng b gim xung bi vt liu khng t, chng hn nha. V
vt MQII c (BH)max cao hn MQI vi gi tr 100 120 kJm-3.
MQ-III
S nh hng ln hn mt cch ng k ( > 75%) v v vy tch nng lng cc i
ln hn, c th nhn c bng mt bc x l ph thm. Vt liu MQIII c nung
cho n ~750oC trong mt khun cht ( die cavity) c mt ng knh ln hn v sau
c bin dng chm. Qu trnh p nng th hai ny, gii hn s ti cht ( dieupset forge), to ra mt dng nha ( plastic flow) v s dnh hng li ca cc tinh th.
Cc nam chm nh vy , nh MQIII c 100% c, v do s nh hng ca tinh
th nn c tch nng lnf cc i l ~400 kJm-3.
70

Cc ng dng ca vt liu t cng.

71

T l tng trng trong vic sn xut cc nam chm t him

tip tc khng st gim, mc d c cc din bin ca nn kinh
t th gii. Nh vy, cc nam chm NdFeB thiu kt biu th
mt s tng trng khng ngng ~ 12%, trong khi t l
tng trng ca cc nam chm kt dnh vt qu 20%. Hin
nay gi tr tng cng ca cc vt liu t cng vt qu cc
vt liu t mm v khong cch cng ngy cng rng ra. L
do ca s tng trng ngon mc ny l mt phn do th
trng PC trn ton cu ang hng thnh, nh c 60% sn
lng nam chm NdFeB a vo cc ng dng lm a cng,
Cc mt c cun chng n ( voice-coil-motors(VCMs)).
Song iu ny khng phi l tt c v bng 4 cho ta thy mt
s tng hp ca mt khong rt rng cc ng dng ca cc
nam chm t him, v nhiu trong cc ng dng d vn tip
tc tng trng.

72

Ni chung, cc nam chm vnh cu vn rt quan trong . C th

minh ha iu ny trong mt chic xe t. Trong nm mi
nm trc, mt chic xe t ch c mt nam chm ( ci o tc
), trong khi nhng chic xe hin i c th c ti hng
trm mt nam chm vnh cu. Hin ti cc mt ny hu ht
u da trn fert- sr ( SrFe12O19) v s thm nhp ca cc
nam chm NdFeB vao trong lnh vc ny i hi gim gi
thnh ng k, mt s tng trong nhit hat ng cc i v
s ci thin trong vn chng n mn. Cc ch li y tim
nng ca viv s dng nam chm NdFeB c th l mt s gim
ng k v th tch v trng lng v tnh hiu qu c ci
thin. iu ny c th nh hng ch yu n vic s dng cc
nam chm ny trong tng lai.
73

74

Bng 4. Cc v d v ng dng i vi cc vt liu t vnh cu.

Xe hi
Mt khi ng, h thng phanh chng kha (ABS), mt iu khin gt
nc, cc bm phun, Qut v iu khin ca s. Ch ngi..., loa, phanh bng
dng xoy, my pht in xoay chiu.
Vin thng
H loa, micro, chung in thoi, ng nghe, ni, chuyn mch v rle.
X l s liu
B iu khin v actuator a cng, cc mt bc, my in.
Hng in t tiu dng.
Mt DC cho vi tm, My git, Khoan, B iu khin DC th thp cho cc
thit bkhng dy, B loa cho TV v Audio, Dng c sa cha v tp trung tiu
im ca chm TV, Da copact disc, Computer gia nh, my quay video, b
kha.
Cc thit b in t.
Cc cm bin, Cc cng tc khng tip xc, Cc ph k NMR, a o
nng lng, Cc thit b bin i in c, Cc ng dn trng cho nhau,
Dng c hat ng chuyn dng, Thit b hm.
75

Cng nghip.
Mt DC cho cc dng c t tnh, Robot, Cc thit b tch t
cho vic tch kim loi v qung, Cc vt mang t, cc my nng,
Cc b hm v khp ni, Cc thit b o.
Thin vn v khng gian.
Cc vt mang khng ma st, Cc mt bc, Cc lin kt cp,
Thit b, cc ng truyn sng, La bn t ng.
Phu thut sinh hc.
Hm rng, Nha khoa, Khoa chnh hnh, Lnh vt thng, trt l
thng d dy, Cc vng ai y, Tri tim nhn to t ng, Thit
b qut c th cho Chp nh cng hng t(MRI).

76

9. Cc vt liu t mm.
Cc vt liu t mm l cc vt liu c t ho v kh t d dng. in
hnh l chng c lc khng t ni ti nh hn 1000 Am-1. Chngc s
dng u tin tng cng hoc che chn t thng c to ra bi mt dng
in. Thng s chnh, thng s dng nh mt biu tng cho vt liu t
mm l t thm tng i ( r, y r = B/moH ), l php o cho bit
hng ng nh th no ca vt liu i vi t trng ngoi. Cc thng s
chnh khc ng quan tm l lc khng t, t ha bo ha v dn in.
Cc loi ng dng ca vt liu t mm nm trong hai lnh vc chnh: AC v
DC. Trong cc ng dng DC, vt liu c t ha nhm thc hin mt hat
ng v sau b kh t ti kt thc ca hot ng, v d mt nam chm in
trn mt cn trc cu hng , c ni mch ht li thp v sau b ngt
mch tho ri thp ra. Trong cc ng dng AC, vt liu s lin tc xoay
vng t ha theo phng ny n phng khc, qua mt chu k hat ng., v
d nh bin th cng sut. Mt t thm cao l tt i vi mi loi ng
dng, nhng s quan trng ca cc tnh cht khc s thay i.

77

i vi nhng ng dng DC, iu ch chnh cho vic chn vt liu hu nh

u ging nhau l t thm. V d nh trong cc ng dng che chn, t
thng phi c che chn thng qua vt liu. y vt liu c s dng
pht sinh ra mt t trng hoc to ra mt lc, v vy t ha bo ha c th l
quan trng.
i vi cc ng dng AC, iu ch quan trng l nng lng b tn hao bao
nhiu trong h, khi vt liu chy vng quang chu trnh tr. Su65 mt mt nng
lng c th bt ngun t ba nguyn nhn khc nhau: 1. chu trnh tr, lin quan
n din tch cha bn trong chu trnh tr.; 2. mt mt dng in xoy, lin quan
n s pht sinh cc dng in bn trong vt liu t v cc mt mt chng li s
kt hp; 3. s mt mt d thng, lin quan n s dch chuyn ca vch men
bn trong vt liu. Cc mt mt tr c th c gim xung bng vic gim lc
khng t ni ti, vi vic gim h qu din tch bn trong chu trnh tr. Cc mt
mt dng in xoy cng c th c gim xung bng gim dn in ca
vt liu v bng vic dt mng vt liu, s nh hng ln dn in ton b v
l quan trng v hiu ng da ti tn s cao hn. Cui cng, cc mt mt d
thng c th c gim xung bng vic c mt vt liu hon ton ng nht,
m bn trong n khng c s cn tr s dch chuyn ca cc vch men .
78

Cc hp kim St-Silic.
Cc hp kim ny c dng lm li bin th v c bit l cc
thp in. Trong cng nghip in , in th hu nh lun lun l
AC v ti tn s thp, 50-60 Hz. Ti cc tn s ny cc dng in
xoy c pht sinh trong cc li bin th. Hp kim Fe vi Si c
mt nh hng v cng ln ln in tr ca vt liu, vi s tng ca
h s 4/3 % trng lng Si. Silic cng c ch li lm gim t
gio ( tc l s thay i di ln t ha) v s d hng t tinh
th. Thm vo , vt liu c s dng di dng cn mng ,
dy in hnh 0.3 n 0.7 mm. Vic thm vo qu nhiu silic lm
cho vt liu cc k dn v kh sn xut, khi cho mt gii hn
thc t 4% trng lng vo s lng silic c thm vo. Gn y,
m65t k thut c pht trin to ra vic dt mng vi > 6%
trng lng Si, bng vic x l lng ng hi ha hc SiCl4 lm
giu cn dt mng vi Si sau khi to hnh cn dt mng. Cc thp
in in hnh nht s chagia 3 v 4 % trng lng Si.
79

i vi cc ng dng bin th, t thng nm c u th hn

theo di ca cc l dt mng v v vy, n tt tng
cng t thm theo phng ny. iu ny t c
bng cc giai on cn nng v lnh khc nhau to ra cc l
cu trc si, c bit nh cc thp silic dnh hng ht, vi
hng [001] theo di ca l dt mng. Cc hng tinh th
loi <001> l cc hng d ca t ha v v vy, t
thm ln hn. Hinh11 ch ra s d hng ca Fe v minh ha
hai loi cu trc c th t c.cu trc lp phng nm trn
cnh (cube-on-edge) v lp phng. Ch rng cu trc lp
phng c hai hng loi <001> nm trong mt phng ca l
v cung cp mt li ch nu cc l mng dng E c th c
ct ra t l si ( sheet).
80

(a) D hng t tinh th ca Fe,

81

(b) Cu trc lp phng-ba v (c) cu trc lp phng ca thp silic nh

hng ht.

82

Cc hp kim v nh hnh v tinh th nan.

Cc vt liu ny c to ra di dng ca mt bng
bng phng php quay nng chy. Cc hp kim bao gm st,
nickel, v hoc cobalt vi mt hay nhiu hn cc nguyn t
sau y: bor, cacbon, phospho v silic. Chng c mt lc
khng t cc k thp, nh hn mt bc v ln so vi FE-Si
tiu chun, v nh vy th mt mt tr thp hn. Song chng
c t ha tng i thp v khng ph hp cho nhng ng
dng dng cao . Chng tm thy th trng cho cc ng dng
dng thp v nhng dng c c bit nh , chng c th
cnh tranh vi Ni-Fe.
83

Thay v c hp kim trn mt bnh xe quay to ra cc di

bng ngi tacng c th bm mt dng hp kim nng chy
vo trong mt b nc hay du to ra cc dy vdnh hnh
chiu dy in hnh l 50 mm. Cc dy ny c mt chu trnh
tr rt vung gc vi nhng thay i ln trong t ha ti
trng thp, l cho chng tr thnh cc vt liu l tng cho
nhy v chuyn mch.
Gn y c nhiu quan tm n cc vt liu tinh th nan,
c to ra bng vic cc vt liu v nh hnh. Cc hp kim
ny c th l n pha nhng thng bao gm cc ht kch
thc nan, trong khong t 10 50 nm, trong mt matrn v
nh hnh. Chng c in tr tng i cao, d hng thp v
tnh bn c hc cao.

84

Cc hp kim Nickel-St.
Cc hp kim ny , cn gi l permalloy, cc k tuyt vi, c
s dng trong mt khong rng ca cc thnh phn, t 30 n
80% trng lng Ni. Trn khong thnh phn ny, cc tnh
cht thay i v thnh phn ti u phi cla chn cho mt
ng dng ring bit. Cc hp kim hm lng Ni cao c t
thm cao, xung quang 50% trong lng Ni, c t ha bo
ha cao v hm lng Ni thp, c mt in tr sut cao.
C cc s phn loi c bit cc hp kim Ni-Fe c t gio
zero v d hng t zero, chng hn nh mumetal, c to ra
bng vic x l nhit k lng v cc cht ph thm Cu, Cr.
Cc hp kim ny c t thm cc cao, n 300000 v lc
khng t ni ti thp l 0.4 Am-1.
85

Cc fert mm.
Ti tn s cao, cc vt liu t mm kim loi hon ton khng th
c s dng do mt mt dng in xoy. V vy, cc fer mm, l
cc cht cch in gm, tr thnh cc vt liu tt nht. Cc vt liu
ny l ferit t vi cu trc tinh th lp phng v thnh phn tng
qut l MO.Fe2O3, y M l kim loi chuyn tipnh l nickel,
mangan hay km.
Fert MnZn, c tn thng mi l ferroxcube, c th s dng ti
cc tn s cho n 10 MHz, chng hn, trong cc b truyn v thu
tn hiu telephon v trong b chuyn mch ngun cng sut ( cng
c th tham kho converter DC-DC). i vi loi ng dng ny,
lc thc hin lm tng tn s l cho php s thu nh li.
Thm vo na l mt phn h fert mm, l cc fert vi sng,
chng hn granat st ytri. Cc fert ny c s dng trong khong
tn s t 100 MHz n 500 MHz, cho vic dn sng cho cc bc
x in t v trong cc thit b vi sng nh ci chuyn phas
( phase shifter).
86

Cc ng dng AC.
Cc ng dng AC lin quan n cc mch in v ch yu trong cc bin
th khi chuyn i th AC ny thnh mt th khc. S truyn cng sut c
hiu qu hn ti cc th cao, nhng nguy him hn v kh s dng nh
hn. V vy, cc bin th tng p ( step-up)c dng tng th cho s
truyn ti v cc bin th h p ( step-down) c s dng gim th
trc khi a vo nh.
Loi bin th nh nht l bin i DC-DC, cn c gi l ngun nui
thay i ( switch mode power supply). Nhng ci ny thng c gn ln
trn mt con chip c th t vo mt board mch. Chng ly th DC li
vo. Dao ng th thnh tn hiu AC, sau i qua mt cun dy qun
quanh mt li xuyn, mt cun pick-up s thu tn hiu t li v chnh sa (
nn) li thnh th li ra. S vng tng i trn cc cun s cp (input) v
cun th cp (output) xc nh s khc nhau v th gia li vo v li ra.
Cc vt liu t mm cng ng mt vai tr quan trng trong cc mot
in, chng tng cng trng c to ra bi cc vng qun mt.
Trong cc mt nam chm vnh cu, chng cng c dng che chn
t thng c to ra bi cc nam chm vnh cu.
87

Cc ng dng DC.
Mt trong nhng ng dng DC chnh l trong lnh vc che
chn t. Mt vt liu t c t thm cao c s dng
bao quang mt thit b cn phi c che chn, Hnh 12
minh ha mt v du n gin ca mt l chn t , mt
ng tup hay mt hnh cu bng vt liu c t thm cao
che chn t trng khi vo bn trong ng tup hay hnh
cu. Hiu qu ca vic che chn c th biu th qua h s
che chn,S, y S lin quan ti trng bn ngoi (Bo) v
trng bn trong (B1) bng phng trnh 9
B0
S
(9)
B1
i vi mt hnh cu, S cn phi c tnh theo phng
trnh (10), y r = t thm tng i, d = dy ca
vch v D = ng knh .
4 r d
S
(10)
3 D

88

Hnh12. Vt chn t bng ng tup hay qu cu vt liu t mm.

89

R rng t phng trnh 10, t thm cng cao th vt liu s che

chn tt hn. Mt iu cng nhn thy l s che chn cng ln th
t thm ca vt liu hay dy ca vch buc phi tng ln
b tr.
Cc vt liu t mm cng c s dng cho cc u cc in t,
tng cng trng c to ra bi nam chm. Cc chuyn mch
solenoit cng s dng cc vt liu t mm tng tin cy. Hu
ht cc thit b nam chm vnh cu u s dng cc vt liu t
mm che chn t thng hoc l cung cp mt ng tr v cho
t trng, v d nh cc my qut ( scanners) c th ca nh chp
cng hng (MRI) c cc nam chm vnh cu ln vi mt ci gng
(yoke)bng vt liu t mm t ngn cn trng kh t, lm
gim trng trong khe ca my scanner.
Ti tn s cao, cc vt liu t kim loi khng th c s dng do
mt mt dng in xoy. V vy, cc fert mm l cc in mi
gm, tr thnh vt liu tt nht.
90

10. Cc vt liu t khc

Vt liu t gio.
Hu ht cc vt liu t u biu hin tnh t gio, l s thay i trong kch
thc vt l do kt qu ca trt t t. C hai loi t gio: t gio t pht, xut
hin t trt t t ca mmen nguyn t di nhit Curie ( thng gy ra
s n th tch) v t gio cm ng t , xut hin t s sp xp ca cc men
t khi c tc dng ca mt t trng ngoi.
S t gio t pht c c khai thc c hp kim da trn NiFe, cn gi l
invar, vi s ch s kin l n c s gin n nhit zero cho n nhit
Curie ca n. Nh c ch trc y, t ha bo ha ca mt vt
liu gim khi nung nng n nhit Curie do s gim ca bc nh hng
ca cc mmen t nguyn t. Bi v s sp xp ny v s gim ca t ha
bo ha sau lm cho s gin n th tch c gy ra bi s t gio t pht
v v vy vt liu co li. Trong trng hp ca invar s co li ny l do s mt
mt ca t gio t pht bng s gin n c gy ra bi qu trnh dao ng
nhit thng thng, v v vy vt liu s khng thay i v kch thc. Song ,
trn nhit Curie s khng c trt t t no lu hn v s gin n nhit
xy ra bnh thng.
91

S t gio cm ng trng xy ra khi s nh hng cc men t v s thay

i kch thc c gy ra bi trt t ca cc mmen t nguyn t t hp li
cho mt s thay i kch thc khi vt liu.Vt liu c t gio li ch
ln l Terfenol, l hp kim ca Tb, Dy, v Fe. Terfenol dng lm cc sensor v
tr v trng, cng nh b truyn ng c hc v micro ( speaker). Cc sensor
v tr / ti trng lm vic theo nguyn l l: khi mt vt liu t gio biu hin
mt sc cng th t ha ca vt liu s thay i. Cc b truyn ng
Terfenol thng c mt thanh Terfenol, c t di lc nn nh hng
cc men t vung gc vi chiu di ca thanh. Mt cun dy qun quanh
thanh c th p t mt t trng ln thang nhm nh hng cc men dc
theo chiu di ca n. S trn hnh 18 ch ra mt b truyn ng, c mt
nam chm vnh cu bin i thanh Terfrnol sao cho dng in chy trong
cun dy theo cc phng khc nhau s lm cho b truyn ng gim xung
hay tng ln theo chiu di. Nu s bin i t khng c mt th mt dng
in theo mi phng c th lm cho thanh truyn ng n ra v nu actuator
c s dng lm loa th tn s ca th t ln cun dy c th tng gp i
bi ngi ni..
92

Hnh 18. S ca mt b truyn ng (actuator) bng tetfenol.

93

T tr.
T tr (MR) l hiu ng m in tr ca mt vt liu t thay i
ph thuc vo hng tng i ca dng in v t ha. Trong
hu ht cc trng hp, in tr l cao nht khi dng in v t
ha l song song v thp nht khi chng vung gc. Mc t tr
ca mt vt liu thng c th hin theo s thay i phn trm
ca in tr t in tr cao nht n thp nht v thng c gi tr
c vi phn trm. ng dng chnh cho cc sensor MR l trong
cc u c ca cc a cng.
Mt hiu ng tng t c quan st trong cc lp t a lp ,
chng hn Fe/Cr, y cc lp st t xen k tng cp phn song
song vi nhau. Di nh hng ca t trng , s nh hng
tng i ca t ha ca cc lp s thay i v in tr s gim
xung n gi tr cc tiu khi cc phng ca t ha ca cc
lp song song. Hiu ng ny cho s xut hin ca s thay i in
tr 50-60%, v hiu ng c mang tn l t tr khng l (GMR).
94

Vt liu ghi t
S dng k tht t ghi ting ni con ngi ln u tin c k s
ngi an Mch, Poulsen, thc hin vo nm 1898. Vic ghi c
thc hin trn mt dy st t, nhng do thiu phn khuch i nn
cht lng ghi rt ti. Vo nm 1927, bng t c pht minh
mt cch ng thi M v c. Song cc bng h xyt cho vic
ghi audio khng c pht trin cho mi n nm 1947 bi
hng 3M.
a cng u tin, c k hiu l RAMAC, c gii thiu
bi IBM vo nm 1957, v c dung lng t tr 2000 bit in -2.
Dung lng tr tng ln mt cch nhanh chng v u n t
RAMAC v vo nm 2000 t xp x 1 Gbit in-2, tc l mt
s tng bng h s nhn 5 triu. S tng ny trong dung lng lu
tr c minh ha trong hnh 13., theo s gim trong din tch trn
a c i hi tr thng tin.
95

Hnh 14. Biu din hnh khi kch thc ca mt bit d liu trn mt a
cng. Kch thc c phng to ln 1000 ln.

96

Bng t.
Cc bng t c s dng mnh cho vic ghi cc tn hiu
audio v video, tuy nhin khng bit r l k thut ny s
c tip tc s dng bao nhiu lu na vi s xut hin tnh
ph bin ca digital versatile disk ( DVD).
Cc bng c th c lm vi c mi trng ht c dnh
ln mt plastic ln mng c bc bay kim loi (ME) ln
trn mt . Lp t trn bng ht ch c 40% vt liu t,
trong khi bng ME c 100% lp t. V vy, cc bng ME
cho ta ghi cht lng tt hn, tuy nhin chng tiu ph thi
gian nhiu hn to ra v t tin hn. Cc bng ht r hn
nhiu , v vy l s la chn cho phn ln cc bng t.

97

C mt dy cc loi ht t c th s dng v lit k trong

bng 5, vi cc tnh cht t ca chng. Gi tr ca lc khng t
cho trong bng 4 l ly gn trung bnh v lc khng t ph
thuc mnh vo kch thc v hnh dng ht, s thay i trong
bt k m bt no. Kch thc ht nh hn v t ha cao hn
s dn ti cht lng ghi tt hn, tc l t s tn hiu trn n
ln hn. Khi mt ghi tng ln, th kch thc men t gim
xung v v vy kch thc ht buc phi gim xung v lc
khng t ca vt liu buc phi tng ln. Vt liu r nht v ph
bin nht l -Fe2O3 , trong khi vic lm tng cht lng c th
t c thng qua vic s dng -Fe2O3 c thay i cobalt (23% trong lng), dioxyt crom v tt nht l st tinh khit. Cui
cng , cng cn ch trong bng 5 l hexafert bari, c lc
khng t ln nht v c s dng cho cc ng dng m d
liu tn tr bt buc an ton v khng chc i hi ghi li , v
98
d nh th tn dng (credit card ).

Bng 5. Cc tnh cht t gn ng ca cc ht c s dng trong mi

trng ghi t.

Material

Saturation Polarisation
(mT)

Intrinsic Coercivity
(kAm-1)

Average Particle Size

(mm)

Particle Shape

-Fe2O3

440

30

0.5 x 0.1

Needle

Co modified -Fe2O3

460

60

0.5 x 0.1

Needle

CrO2

600

70

0.4 x 0.05

Needle

Fe

2100

125

0.15 x 0.05

Needle

BaO.6Fe2O3

460

200

0.15 x 0.05

Disc

99

Con ng sn xut mt bng t ht c minh ha trong

hnh 15. Cc ht t c trn vi mt cht kt dnh ( c
ha tan tromg mt dung mi), cc cht bi trn, s gip
gim bt s c xt khi bng c dch chuyn trn u,
vcc vt liu mi ( nh l Al2O3), cng v gip ngn cn
s mn ca mng t. Hn hp ny c rt ln trn mt
PET ( polyethylene tetraphthalate), c dy ~ 25 mm.
Thnh thong cc aramid c s dng cho cc cassette
chi lu, bi v cc ny c th mng n 5 mm. Cc ht
l d hng t, thng l do hnh dng ca chng, v giai
on tip theo ca qu trnh l nh hng cc ht ny trong
di ca bng trong khi lp t vn l cht lng. Sau
dung mi c lm bay hi bng cch lm nng bng v
c cn ci thin mt v li lp t dy c 3-5mm.
100

Hnh 15. Phng php ch to bng t ht.

101

Cc a t.
Vic ghi d liu ln trn mt a c u vit hin nhin so vi thi gian truy
nhp, bi v u c 5th sn sng di chuyn n ch tng ng trn a,
trong khi mt ci bng cn phi c cun li hoc cun tip v pha
trc ( advanced). C hai loi da: mm (floppy) v cng (hard). Cc
nguyn l ca vic sn xut v ghi trn cc da mm rt ging vi bng t
ht, tc l ging nh cc vt liu ht trn plastic.
Da cng c to ra trn mt rn, thng l nhm, dy c 2mm. Trn
c lng ng vi lp : mt lp di gip gn cht ( ~ 10 nm,
nickel phosphide); mt lp crom (5-10 nm) kim tra s nh hng v
kch thc ht ca lp t; lp t 9 50 nm PtCo vi cc ph gia khc nhau
Ta, P, Ni, Cr); mt lp ph trn bo v ( chng hn zirconia 10-20 nm) v
cht bi trn cui cng lm gim s c xt v s bo mn ca a
( chng hn mt n lp ca fluorocarbon mch di ( long chain)). Lp t
to ra mt cu trc t bo ca cc t bo t giu Co trong mt ma trn
khng t tnh. Cc t bo ny ging ht nh mi trng ghi t ht, nhng
trn phm vi nh hn nhiu.
102

Cu trc ca mt a cng c ch ra trn hnh 16. a c

km theo mt mt quay, s quay a; i vi dung lng tr
ln, mt vi a c th c dng thnh mt chng. Cc u
c v ghi c km vi mt cnh tay nhn ( swinging arm)
(mi bn u c), c th c qut ngang qua a khi s dng
mt cum ting.

Hnh 16. S
biu din cu to
ca mt a cng

103

Ghi v c cc d liu .
Vic ghi d liu c thc hin khi s dng mt u cm ng , nh c minh
ha trn hnh 17. Vic c d liu cng dng mt u cm ng hoc nh trong
mt a cng hin i , mt u t tr khng l (GMR) ( c minh ha trn
hnh 17).

104

Qu trnh ghi lin quan n vic i ngang qua ca mt dng in ( tc

l tn hiu c ghi) qua mt cun dy ca u. Dng in pht sinh
mt t trng trong khe khng kh ca mt li hnh ch C v mt
trng mp ra ( trong mt phng ca bng hoc a) hng ra ngoi
khe ti bng hoc a ang di chuyn qua n. Trng mp (fringing
field) s thay i trng thi t ca mi trng v nu cc tnh cht t
ca mi trng l thch hp th cm ng cn d ca bng trong vng
s t l vi lng dng in t vo cun dy. i vi tn hiu
digital, ch c hai trng thi cn d l i hi i vi vt liu v v
vy, cc yu cu v vt liu khng nghim ngt nh i vic ghi
analogue, tuy nhin kch thc ht nh hn l mong mun cho dung
lng tr cao v thi gian truy nhp nhanh hn.
Qu trnh c khi thc hin vi mt u cm ng rt ging
nh qu trnh ghi. Cc t trng hng ra khi bng hay a , cm
ng mt trng trong cun hnh ch C ca u c, n lt pht
sinh mt th trong cun dy. Sau th c th bin li thnh tn hiu
gc , l d liu audio, visual hay digital.

105

Trong cc a cng hin i, cc d liu c c li khi s dng mt u

GMR. Yu t GMR ca u c biu hin nhng thay i trong in tr
di nh hng ca t trng. Chng c th nhy cc t trng rt thp v
c mt phn gii khng gian rt cao. Vic s dng cc u GMR l cn
thit bi v mt lu tr c tng ln v kch thc men t trong mi
trng nh hn c ngha l cng trng ti mt cao c bit trn
b mt ca mi trng c gimm xung. Yu t GMR c ch ra trn
hnh 17 l mt loi van spin vi 4 lp: mt mng trao i phn st t
( chng hn st/mangan); mt lp cobalt vi hng ca t ha ca n
c cht cht ( pin) bi mng trao i phn st t ( hng ln trn trong
hnh 17); mt lp ng l vt cch v mt lp nickel/st vi phng t ha
ca n t do dch chuyn di nh hng ca t trng t mi trng ghi.
Lp t th dch (biasing) t ha NiFe trong mt phng ca mng v vung
gc vi phng ca t ha ca mng Co. Khi phng ca t ha ca
mng NiFe dch chuyn v pha phng ca t ha ca Co th s c mt
s gim t ngt ca in tr; khi n bin mt th s c mt s tng in
tr.
106

Ti liu tham kho:

1. David Jiles
Introduction to Magnetism and Magnetic Materials
Published by Chapman & Hall, 2 6 Boundary Row,
London SE 1 BHN, UK,1994.
2. Coey J. M. D.
Rare Earth Iron Permanent Magnet
Clarendon Press Oxford, 1996
3. Gordon E. Fish,
Soft Magnetic Materials, Proceeding of the IEEE,
vol. 78, No5, 1990. pp. 947-972
4. Himpsel F. J.
Magnetic nanostructures
Advances in Physics, 1998, vol 47. No4, pp. 511-597
107