Definition of the Six Trigonometric Functions

Right triangle definitions, where 0 < < / 2.

opp.
hyp.
csc =
sin =
hyp.
opp.
adj.
hyp.
cos =
sec =
hyp.
adj.
opp.
adj.
tan =
cot =
adj.
opp.
Circular Function Definitions, where
r
y
csc =
sin =
y
r
x
r
sec =
cos =
r
x
y
x
tan =
cot =
x
y

is any angle

Units Circle

2
1
=
= 0.707
2
2

3
= 0.866
2

Common Reference Triangles

1
= 0.500
2

Reciprocal Identities
1
1
1
tan x =
sin x =
csc x =
cot x
csc x
sin x
1
1
1
cot x =
cos x =
sec x =
tan x
sec x
cos x
Tangent and Cotangent Identities
sin x
cos x
tan x =
cot x =
cos x
sin x
Hyperbolic Functions
e x ex
e x + ex
sinh x
sinh x =
cosh x =
tanh x =
2
2
cosh x
1
1
2
2
csc hx =
sec hx =
= x
= x
x
sinh x e e
cosh x e + e x
1
cosh x
coth x =
=
tanh x sinh x
Sum and Difference Formulas
sin (u v ) = sin u cos v cos u sin v
cos(u v ) = cos u cos v sin u sin v
tan u tan v
tan (u v ) =
1 tan u tan v
Double-Angle Formulas
2 tan u
tan 2u =
sin 2u = 2 sin u cos u
1 tan 2 u
cos 2u = cos 2 u sin 2 u = 2 cos 2 u 1 = 1 2 sin 2 u
Power Reducing Formulas
1 2 cos u 1
1 cos 2u
= (1 cos 2u )
sin 2 u =
tan 2 u =
2
2
1 + cos 2u
1
+
2
cos
u
1
cos 2 u =
= (1 + cos 2u )
2
2
1 cos 2 x
sin 2 x
tan x =
=
sin 2 x
1 + cos 2 x
Sum-to-Product Formulas
u+v
uv
sin u + sin v = 2 sin
cos
2
2
sin u sin v = 2 cos

u+v
u v
sin
2
2

cos u + cos v = 2 cos

u+v
uv
cos
2
2

cos u cos v = 2 sin

u+v
uv
sin
2
2

Reduction Formulas
sin ( x ) = sin x
cos( x ) = cos x
csc( x ) = csc x

tan ( x ) = tan x

Pythagorean Identities
sin 2 x + cos 2 x = 1 1 + tan 2 x = sec 2 x
1 + cot 2 x = csc 2 x

sec( x ) = sec x
cot ( x ) = cot x

Fractions
a c ad + bc
a
+ =
a
a
a
b d
bd
b = a d = ad
= =
c b c bc
a c ac
b
b b
=
d
b d bd
(a / b ) + (c / d ) = (a / b ) + (c / d ) bdfh = (ad + bc ) fh
(e / f ) + (g / h ) (e / f ) + (g / h ) bdfh (eh + fg )bd
Exponents
n
An A m = An+m
Am / n = n Am
A m = A mn
m
A
( AB )n = A n B n
= A m n
A1 / 2 = A
n
A
n
A0 = 1 ( A 0)
A
An
1
m
= n
A = m
B
B
A
Logarithms
log = common logarithm (logarithm to the base 10) = log10

( )

ln = natural logarithm (logarithm to the base e) = log e

e = 2.71828182846

10 B = A

eB = A

e ln A = A

log 10 = 1

log A = B

ln A = B

10 log A = A
log 1 = ln 1 = 0

ln e = 1

ln e A = A
log 10 A = A
1
log AB = log A = log B
log = log A
A
A
log = log A = log B
log A n = n log A
B
ln A = (ln 10)(log A) = 2.30258509 log A
log A = (log e )(ln A) = 0.43429448 ln A
Law of Sines
a
b
c
=
=
sin A sin B sin C
Area =

c 2 = a 2 + b 2 2ab cos C

A + B + C = 180

a ' b' c '

= =
a b c

x=

Law of Cosines

1
1
1
bc sin A = ac sin B = ab sin C
2
2
2

Similar Triangles

A = Bx
log A
log B

Product to Sum Formulas

1
sin u sin v = [cos(u v ) cos(u + v )]
2
1
cos u cos v = [cos(u v ) + cos(u + v )]
2
1
sin u cos v = [sin (u + v ) + sin (u v )]
2
1
cos u sin v = [sin (u + v ) sin (u v )]
2
Cofunction Identities
sin
csc
sec

x = cos x

cos

x = sec x

tan

x = csc x

cot

sin x
cos x
sin x +

x = sin x

x = cot x
x = tan x

= cos x

cos x +

= sin x

cos

x
1 + cos x
=
2
2

= cos x

sin

x
1 cos x
=
2
2

= sin x

x
1 cos x
=
2
sin x
Quadradic Equation and Quadradic Formula
ax 2 + bx + c = 0
b b 2 4ac
x=
2a
( a 0)
Temperature Conversion Formulas
0 F = 459.67 R 0C = 273.15 K
tan

5
( F 32) = 5 R 273.15 = K 273.15
9
9
9
9
F = C + 32 = K 459.67 = R 459.67
5
5
5
5
K = ( F 32 ) + 273.15 = R = C + 273.15
9
9
9
9
R = (C + 273.15) = K = F + 459.67
5
5
Distance Between Points P( x1 , y1 ) and Q( x 2 , y 2 ) is,
C =

d (P , Q ) =

(x1 x2 )2 + ( y1 + y 2 )2

Slope of Line Between Points

y 2 y1
x 2 x1
and any

m=

Distance Between any Point P( x1 , y1 )

line Ax + Bx + C = 0 is,
Ax1 + By1 + C
d=
A2 + B 2

Factoring Formulas
x 2 y 2 = ( x + y )( x y ) x 3 y 3 = ( x y ) x 2

xy + y 2

Degree Conversions
= 3.14159265359

(x y )2 = x 2 2 xy + y 2 (x y )3 = x 3 3x 2 y + 3xy 2 y 3

The Greek Alphabet

Alpha
Iota
Beta
Kappa
Gamma
Lambda
Delta
Mu

Epsilon
Nu
Zeta
Xi

Eta
Omicron
Theta
Pi

Rho
Sigma
Tau
Upsilon
Phi
Chi
Psi
Omega

Binomial Theorem
For any positive integer n,
(a + b )n = a n + na n1b + n(n 1) a n2 b 2
1 2
n(n 1)(n 2 ) n3 3
a b + ... + nab n 1 + b n
+
1 2 3
(a + b )1 = a + b
For instance,

1 radian =
1 degree =

180

180

radians = 90 degrees

degrees = 57.2957795131
radians = 0.01745329252

Interpolation Equation
(b is unknown)
a b? c
ba cb
=
ed
f e
d e f

9 14 21

Difference of Like Integers Powers, n > 1

a n b n = (a b ) a n 1 + a n 2 b + a n 3b 2 + ... + ab n 2 + b n 1

To get degrees from radians, multiply the radians by

2 ? 6

To get radians from degrees, multiply the degrees by

Example:

(a + b ) = a + 2ab + b
(a + b )3 = a 3 + 3a 2 b + 3ab 2 + b 3
(a + b )4 = a 4 + 4a 3b + 6a 2 b 2 + 4ab 3 + b 4
2

2 radians = 360 degrees

b? =

180
180

a ( f e ) + c(e d )
(f d)

? 2
6?
=
14 9 21 14

2(21 14 ) + 6(14 9 )
= 3.667
(21 9)
GPS Coordinates
?=

1 Degree = 1 = 60 = 3600 = 60 miles = 316800 feet

1 Minute = 1 = 60 = 1 mile = 5280 feet
1 Second = 1 = 88 feet

Convert Degrees Minutes Seconds to Decimal Degrees

DDD MM SS.sssssss
DDD.ddddddd
3
3
2
2
(i.e.
109
40
04.04832
109.6677912)
For instance,
a b = (a b ) a + ab + b
SS .sssssss
MM +
a 4 b 4 = (a b ) a 3 + a 2 b + ab 2 + b 3
60
DDD.ddddddd = DDD +
Series Formulas
60
x3 x5 x7
x2 x4 x6
sin x = x
+

+ ...
cos x = 1 + + ... Convert Degrees Minutes Seconds to Degrees Decimal
Minutes
3! 5! 7!
2! 4! 6!
3
5
7
2
4
6
DDD MM SS.sssssss
DDD MM.mmmmmmm
x
x
x
x
x
x
sinh x = x +
+
+
+ ... cosh x = 1 + + + + ... (i.e. 109.6677912
109
40.0647200)
3! 5! 7!
2! 4! 6!
SS .sssssss
2
3
4
x
x
x
DDD MM .mmmmmmm' = DDD + MM +
ex = 1+ x +
+
+
+ ...
60
2! 3! 4!
Convert Decimal Degrees to Degrees Minutes Decimal
x3 x5 x7
1
Seconds
tan x = x
+

+ ..., ( 1 x 1)
3
5
7
DDD.ddddddd
DDD MM SS.sssssss
1
2
3
4
DDD = DDD.ddddddd DDD
= 1 + x + x + x + x + ..., ( 1 < x < 1)
1 x
MM .mmmmmmm' = (DDD.ddddddd DDD ) 60
x2 x3 x4
MM ' = (DDD.ddddddd DDD ) 60 0.mmmmmmm
ln (1 + x ) = x
+

+ ..., ( 1 < x 1)
2
3
4
SS .sssssss" = ((DDD.ddddddd DDD ) 60 MM ) 60
Simple Interest
Compound Interest
Convert Decimal Degrees to Degrees Decimal Minutes
nt
r
DDD.ddddddd
DDD MMM.mmmmmmm
I = Pr t
A = P 1+
n
DDD = DDD.ddddddd DDD
I = Interest, P = Principle, r = Rate, t = Time of Investment
MM .mmmmmmm' = (DDD.ddddddd DDD )
A = Money Accrued, n = Number of Periods in Time

a b = (a b )(a + b )
2

(
(

Triangle
h = a sin
1
Area = bh
2
Law of Cosines
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 2ab cos

Circular Ring

Right Triangle

Sector of a Circle
( in Radians)

Pythagorean Theorem
c2 = a2 + b2

( p = average radius, w
= width of ring)
Area = R 2 r 2
= 2pw

Area =

Equilateral Triangle
3s
h=
2
3s 2 sh
=
4
2

2h
3
Parallelogram
s=

a2 + b2
2
3
Ellipsoid Volume = abc
4

Circumference 2

Trapezoid
h
(a + b )
2

Right Circular Cone

Circle
D = 2r
r=

D
2
2

Ellipse
Area = ab

Area = bh

Area =

rs
8
2
D
s = r =
2
Sector of a Circular Ring
( p = average
radius, w = width of
ring, in Radians)
Area = pw

Area =

D 2

r 2

Volume =

r 2 h
3

Lateral Surface Area =

1
D
D=
2
2
2

D
D 2
Area = r =
=
2
4
Circumference = D = 2r
2

Sphere
4
Volume = r 3
3
Surface Area = 4r 2

r r 2 + h 2 = rs
Any Cone or Pyramid
(A = Area of Base)
Ah
Volume =
3

Right Circular Cylinder

Frustum of Right Circular Cone

Volume = r 2 h

Volume =

Lateral Surface Area = 2rh

(r 2 + rR + R 2 )h
3

Lateral Surface Area =

s(R + r )

Wedge

Any Cylinder or Prism with Parallel Bases

(A = area of upper
face,
B = area of base)

V = bh
b = area
of base

A = B sec

Prefixes for Powers of Ten

Power Scientific

Actual Number

Abbrev.

Name

10 24

1E-24

0.000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,1

yocto

10 21

1E-21

0.000,000,000,000,000,000,000,1

zepto

10 18

1E-18

0.000,000,000,000,000,001

atto

10 15

1E-15

0.000,000,000,000,001

femto

10 12

1E-12

0.000,000,000,001

pico

10 9

1E-9

0.000,000,001

nano

10 6

1E-6

0.000,001

micro

10 3

1E-3

0.001

milli

10 2

1E-2

0.01

centi

10 1

1E-1

0.1

deci

10 0

1E0

---

---

10

1E1

10

deka

10

1E2

100

h or H

hecto

10

1E3

1,000

k or K

kilo

10

1E6

1,000,000

mega

10

1E9

1,000,000,000

giga

10

12

1E12

1,000,000,000,000

tera

10

15

1E15

1,000,000,000,000,000

peta

10

18

1E18

1,000,000,000,000,000,000

exa

10 21

1E21

1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000

zeta

24

1E24

1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000

yotta

10

Some Fundamental Constants

**Numbers in parenthesis represent how many total decimal places it is carried out to be nearly exact.

Atomic Mass Unit

1.660 540 2(10) x 10 27 kg

931.494 32(28) MeV/ c 2
6.022 136 7(36) x 10 23 (mol ) 1

NA
Average Earth-Moon Distance
Avogadros Number

Average Earth-Sun Distance

Average Radius of the Earth
Bohr Magneton

B =

Bohr Radius

a0 =

Boltzmanns Constant

Compton Wavelength

e
2 me
2

me e 2 k e
R
kB =
NA

C =

h
me c

3.84 x 10 8 m
1.259 842 519 690 x 10 9 ft
1.496 x 1011 m
4.908 136 482 940 x 1011 ft
6.37 x 10 6 m
2.089 895 013 120 x 10 7 ft
9.274 015 4(31) x 10 24 J/T
0.529 177 249(24) x 10 10 m
1.380 658(12) x 10 23 J/K
7.270 063 x 10 27 Btu/R
2.426 310 58(22) x 10 12 m

Density of Air (20C and 1 atm)

1.20 kg/ m 3
0.074 913 600 lbm/ ft 3

Density of Water (20C and 1 atm)

1.00 x 10 3 kg/ m 3
62.428 lbm/ ft 3

Deuteron Mass

3.343 586 0(20) x 10 27 kg

2.013 533 214(24) u

md
=

Diracs Constant
Electron Mass

h
2

me

Electron-Volt
Elementary Charge
Faradays Constant
Gas Constant

eV
e
F
R

Gravitational Constant

1.054 572 66(63) x 10 34 Js

2.77 505 62 x 10 41 Btuhr
9.109 389 7(54) x 10 31 kg
5.485 799 03(13) x 10 4 u
0.510 999 06(15) MeV/ c 2
1.602 177 33(49) x 10 19 J
1.602 177 33(49) x 10 19 C
964785.309 C/gmol
8.314 510(70) J/Kmol
10.731 640 psia/ ft 3
6.672 59(85) x 10 11 N m 2 / kg 2
3.322 80 x 10 11 lbf ft 2 / lb 2

Gravity

32.174 ft/ s 2

(Free-Fall Acceleration)
Hydrogen Ground State
Josephson Frequencyvoltage Ratio

9.806 650 m/ s 2

me e 4 k e2 e 2 k e
E0 =
=
18.605 98(40) eV
2a 0
2 2
2e / h

4.835 976 7(14) x 1014 Hz/V

Magnetic Flux Quantum

0 =

Mass of the Earth

Mass of the Moon
Mass of the Sun
Neutron Mass

mn

Nuclear Magneton

n =

Permeability of Free Space

Permittivity of Free Space

0 =

Photon Wavelength

Photon Frequency

f0

Plancks Constant

Proton Mass

mp

Rydberg Constant

h
e2
RH

Speed of Light in Vacuum

Quantized Hall Resistance

h
2e

e
2m p

5.98 x 10 24 kg
7.36 x 10 22 kg
1.99 x 10 30 kg
1.674 928 6(10) x 10 27 kg
1.008 664 904(14) u
939.565 63(28) MeV/ c 2
5.050 786 6(17) x 10 27 J/T
4 x 10 7 N/ A 2 (exact)

1
0c 2

Standard Atmospheric Pressure

Stefan-Boltzmann Constant
Weins Constant

2.067 834 61(61) x 10 15 Wb

c3

8.854 187 817 x 10 27 C 2 /N m 2 (exact)

1239.8425 nm
12398.425 A
2.417 988 3 x 1014 Hz
6.626 075(40) x 10 34 Js
1.744 529 9 x 10 40 Btuhr
1.672 623(10) x 10 27 kg
1.007 276 470(12) u
938.272 3(28) MeV/ c 2
25812.805 6(12)
1.097 373 153 4(13) x 10 7 m 1
2.997 924 58 x 10 8 m/s (exact)
9.835 710 56 x 10 8 ft/s
1.013 x 10 5 pa
14.692 322 832 psi
5.670 510 x 10 8 W/ m 2 K 4
1.712 340 x 10 9 Btu/h ft 2 R 4
0.002 897 756 mK
5215.961 R

CONVERSIONS
LENGTH

m = Meter
in = Inch
km = Kilometer
rd = Rod
A = Angstrom
1m
1 cm
1 mm
1 yd
1 ft

cm = Centimeter
Mpc = Megaparsec
mi = Mile (International)
fath = Fathom
fermi = Fermi

mm = Millimeter
pc = Parsec
nmi = Nautical Mile
ftUS = US Survey Foot

yd = Yard
lyr = Light Year
miUS = US Statute Mile
mil = Mil

ft = Feet (foot)
au = Astronomical Unit
chain = Chain
= Micron

= 100 cm = 1000 mm = 1.0936133 yd = 3.28084 ft = 39.37008 in = 0.001 km = 0.00062137 mi = 0.19884 rd = 0.4568056 fath = 3.280833 ftUS
= 1000,000 = 10,000,000,000 A = 1,000,000,000,000,000 fermi
= 0.01 m = 10 mm = 0.328084 ft = 0.393700787 in = 0.00001 km = 0.000006214 mi = 0.0004971 chain = 0.0019884 rd = 393.700787 mil
= 10,000 = 100,000,000 A = 10,000,000,000,000 fermi
= 0.001 m = 0.1 cm = 0.00328084 ft = 0.03937008 in = 0.000001 km = 0.00000062137 mi = 0.00004971 chain = 0.00019884 rd = 39.3700787 mil
= 1000 = 1,000,000 A = 1,000,000,000,000 fermi
= 0.9144 m = 91.44 cm = 914.4 mm = 3 ft = 36 in = 0.0009144 km = 0.000568182 mi = 0.181818 rd = 0.5 fath = 2.999994 ftUS = 36,000 mil
= 914400 = 9,144,000,000 A = 914,400,000,000,000 fermi
= 0.3048 m = 30.48 cm = 304.3 mm = 0.3333 yd = 12 in =0.0003048 km = 0.0001893939 mi = 0.060606 fd = 0.16667 fath = 0.999998 ftUS
= 12,000 mil = 304,800 = 3,048,000,000 A = 304,800,000,000,000 fermi

1 in

= 0.0254 m = 2.54 cm = 25.4 mm = 0.02778 yd = 0.083333 ft = 0.0000254 km = 0.00001578383 mi = 0.0050505 rd = 0.01389 fath = 1000 mil
= 25,400 = 254,000,000 A = 25,400,000,000,000 fermi
1 Mpc = 1,000,000 pc = 3,261,634.07982 lyr = 206,264,806,247 au = 3.086E19 km = 1.9174E19 mi
1 pc
= 0.000001 Mpc = 3.26163497 lyr = 206,264.806247 au = 3.086E13 km = 1.9174E13 mi
1 lyr
= 9.46053E15 m = 1.034616E16 yd = 3.10385E16 ft = 0.306594785168 pc = 63,239.713959 au = 9.46053E12 km = 5.8785E12 mi
1 au
= 149,597,900,000 m = 290,806,758,530 ft = 0.00000485 pc = 149,597,900 km = 92,955,825.4791 mi
1 km
= 1000 m = 100,000 cm = 1,000,000 mm = 1093.61329834 yd = 3280.83989502 ft = 39,370.0787402 in = 3.24078E-14 pc = 1.057E-13 lyr
= 6.6846E-9 au = 0.62137119224 mi = 0.539956803458 nmi = 0.621369949498 miUS = 49.7095959596 chain = 198.838383 rd = 546.80556 fath
= 3280.83333 ftUS
1 mi
= 1609.344 m = 160,934.4 cm = 1,609,344 mm = 1760 yd = 5280 ft = 63,360 in = 5.21553E-14 pc = 1.70111E-13 lyr = 1.07578E-8 au
= 1.609344 km = 0.868976241901 nmi = 0.999998 miUS = 79.99984 chain = 319.99936 rd = 879 99824 fath = 5279.98944 ftUS
1 nmi
= 1852 m = 2025.37182852 yd = 6076.11548556 ft = 1.852 km = 1.15077944802 nmi = 1.15077714646 miUS = 92.0621717168 chain
= 368.248686867 rd = 1012.68388888 fath = 6076.10333328 ftUS
1 miUS = 1609.34721869 m = 1760.00352 yd = 5280.01056 ft = 1.60935 km = 1.000002 mi = 79.99999 chain = 319.99999 rd = 879.99999 fath
1 chain = 20.1168402337 m = 2011.68402337 cm = 20,116.8402337 mm = 22.000044 yd = 66.000132 ft = 792.001584 in = 0.02011684 km
= 0.0125 mi = 4 rd = 11 fath = 66 ftUS = 792,001.584003 mil
1 rd
= 5.02921 m = 502.921 cm = 5029.21 mm = 5.500011 yd = 16.500033 ft = 198.000396 in = 0.00502921 km = 0.003125 mi = 0.25 chain
= 2.75 fath = 16.5 ftUS = 198000.396 mil
1 fath
= 1.8288 m = 2.000004 yd = 6.000012 ft = 0.0018288 km = 0.00136366 mi = 0.090909 chain = 0.363636 rd = 6 ftUS = 72,000.144 mil
1 ftUS = 0.3048 m = 0.333334 yd = 1.000002 ft = 12.000024 in = 0.0003048 km = 0.000189394 mi = 0.0151515 chain = 0.060606 rd = 12,000.024 mil
1 mil
= 0.0000254 m = 0.00254 cm = 0.0254 mm = 0.00008333 ft = 0.001 in = 24.5 = 254,000 A = 25,400,000,000 fermi
1
= 0.000001 m = 0.0001 cm = 0.001 mm = 0.00000328084 ft = 0.00003937 in = 0.03937 mil = 10,000 A = 1,000,000,000 fermi
1A
= 0.0000000001 m = 0.00000001 cm = 0.0000001 mm = 3.937E-9 in = 0.000003937 mil = 0.0001 = 100,000 fermi
1 fermi = 1E-15 m = 1E-13 cm = 1E-12 mm = 3.937E-14 in = 3.937E-11 mil = 0.000000001 = 0.00001 A

AREA

m = Meters Squared
ft = Feet squared
A = Are
1 m
1 cm
1 yd
1 ft
1 in
1 km
1 Ha
1A
1 mi
1 miUS
1 Acre
1B

B = Barn
yd = Yard squared
km = Kilometers Squared Ha = Hectar
Acre = Acre
miUS = US Statute Miles Squared

= 10,000 cm = 1.19599 yd = 10.7639 ft = 1550.0031 in = 3.86102E-7 mi = 2.471044E-4 Acre = 1E28 B

= 0.155 in = 1.0764E-3 ft
= 0.83613 m = 9 ft = 1296 in
= 0.11111 yd = 144 in = 929.0304 cm = 0.092903 m
= 6.4516 cm = 6.9444E-3 ft = 0.00064516 m
= 100 Ha = 10,000 A = 247.1044 Acre = 0.386102 mi
= 0.01 km = 100 A = 2.471044 Acre = 3.86102E-3 mi
= 2.471044E-4 Acre = 0.01 Ha = 0.0001 km = 3.86102E-5 mi = 1E30 B
= 2.589988 km = 639.99744 Acre = 0.999996 miUS = 3,097,600 yd = 27,878,400 ft = 2,589,933.11034 m = 258.998811 Ha
= 1.000004 mi
= 4046.8726 m = 4840.01936 yd = 43,560.17424 ft = 2.5625E-3 mi = 4.046873E-3 km = 0.4046873 Ha = 40.46873 A
= 1E-28 m

VOLUME

m = Meters Cubed
in = Inches Cubed
pt = Pint
tbsp = Tablespoon
fbm = Board Foot
1 m

cm = Centimeters Squared
in = Inches Squared
mi = Miles squared

st = Stere
L = Liter
ml = Milliliter
tsp = Teaspoon
qt = Quart

cm = Centimeters Cubed
galUK = Gallon (UK)
cu = Cup (US)
bbl = Barrel

yd = Yards Cubed
galC = Gallon (Canadian)
oz = Fluid Ounce (US)
bu = Bushel

\ft = Feet Cubed

gal = Gallon (US)
ozUK = Fluid Ounce (UK)
pk = Peck

= 1 st = 1,000,000 cm = 1.30795 yd = 35.314667 ft = 61023.7440946 in = 1000 L = 1,000,000 ml = 264.172 gal = 1056.68821 qt = 2113.37642 pt
= 4226.7528377 cu = 33,814.0227 oz = 6.28981 bbl = 28.3775934 bu = 113.510374 pk
1 st
= 1 m (same as above)
1 cm
= 0.000001 m = 0.000035315 ft = 0.061024 in = 1000 m = 0.000264172 gal = 0.0010567 qt = 0.0021134 pt = 1 ml = 0.004226753 cu
= 0.033814 oz = 0.067628 tbsp = 0.202884 tsp
1 yd
= 0.76455486 m = 764,554.857984 cm = 27 ft = 46,656 in = 764.55486 L = 201.974026 gal = 807.8961 qt = 1615.79221 pt = 3231.584416 cu
= 25,852.67532 oz = 4.808905 bbl = 21.696227 bu = 86.784907 pk
1 ft
= 0.02832 m = 28,316.8466 cm = 0.037037 yd = 1728 in = 28.31685 L = 7.48052 gal = 576/77 gal = 29.92208 qt = 59.844156 pt = 119.68831 cu
= 957.50649 oz = 0.1781076 bbl = 0.803564 bu = 3.214256 pk = 12 fbm
1 in
= 16.387064 cm = 0.000578704 ft = 0.016387 L = 0.004329 gal = 0.017316 qt = 0.034632 pt = 16.387064 ml = 0.069264 cu = 0.5541125 oz
= 1.108225 tbsp = 3.32467 tsp
1L
= 0.001 m = 1000 cm = 61.023744 in = 0.264172 gal = 1.0566882 qt = 2.113376 pt = 1000 ml = 4.226753 cu = 33.814 oz = 67.628 tbsp
= 202.88414 tsp
1 gal UK = 1.00000044 gal C = 1.2009505 gal
1 gal C = 0.99999956 gal UK = 1.2009499 gal
1 gal
= 0.83267381 gal UK = 0.8326742 gal C = 0.003785 m = 3,785.411784 cm = 0.13368055 ft = 231 in = 3.7854 L = 4 qt = 8 pt = 16 cu = 128 oz
= 256 tbsp = 768 tsp = 3,785.411784 ml = 0.0238952 bbl = 0.1074209 bu = 0.4296835 pk
1 qt
= 0.25 gal = 2 pt = 4 cu = 32 oz = 64 tbsp = 192 tsp = 0.00946353 m = 946.352946 cm = 57.75 in = 0.946352946 L = 946.352946 cm
= 0.02685522 bu = 0.107451 pk
1 pt
= 0.125 gal = 0.5 qt = 2 cu = 16 oz = 32 tbsp = 96 tsp = 473.176473 cm = 28.875 in = 0.473176 L = 473.176473 ml = 0.0134276 bu = 0.05371 pk
1 ml
= 1 cm (see 1 cm above)
1 cu
= 8 oz = 16 tbsp = 48 tsp = 0.25 qt = 0.5 pt = 0.0625 gal = 236.5882365 cm = 236.5882365 ml = 14.4375 in = 0.23658824 L

1 oz
1 ozUK
1 tbsp
1 tsp
1 bbl
1 bu
1 pk
1 fbm

= 1.0408423 ozUK = 2 tbsp = 6 tsp = 29.57353 ml = 29.57353 cm = 0.029574 L = 0.0078125 gal = 0.03125 qt = 0.0625 pt = 1.8046875 in
= 0.96076036 oz
= 3 tsp = 0.5 oz = 0.0625 cu = 14.7867648 ml = 14.7867648 cm = 0.0147868 L = 0.00390625 gal = 0.015625 qt = 0.03125 pt = 0.90234375 in
= 0.333333 tbsp = 0.1666667 oz = 0.020833334 cu = 4.9289216 ml = 4.9289216 cm = 0.00492892 L = 0.00130208 gal = 0.0104167 pt = 0.3008 in
= 4.51168 bu = 18.0467072 pk = 67.375 fbm = 0.1589873 m = 5.61458334 ft = 0.20794753 yd = 42 gal = 158.987295 L = 168 qt = 336 pt
= 672 cu = 5376 oz = 10,752 tbsp = 32,256 tsp
= 0.221647 bbl = 4 pk = 14.93347 fbm = 0.03523907 m = 1.244456 ft = 0.046091 yd = 9.309177 gal = 35.23907 L = 37.23671 qt = 74.4734196 pt
= 0.25 bu = 0.05541177 bbl = 3.733368 fbm = 0.0088977 m = 0.311114 ft = 0.0115227 yd = 2.3272944 gal = 8.8097675 L = 9.3091774 qt
= 0.2678546 pk = 0.066964 bu = 0.0148423 bbl = 0.00235074 m = 0.083334 ft = 0.00308642 yd = 0.6233766 gal = 2.35974 L = 2.4935065 qt

TIME

yr = Year
1 yr
1 yr
1 day
1 hr

day = Day

min = Minute

s = Second

= 365.242198781 day = 8765.81277074 hr = 525,948.766244 min = 31,556,925.9746 s

= 365 day = 8760 hr = 525,600 min = 31,536,000 s
= 24 hr = 1400 min = 86,400 s
= 60 min = 3600 s

VELOCITY ( SPEED )

m/s = Meters per Second

mph = Miles per Hour
1 m/s
1 cm/s
1 ft/s
1 kph
1 mph
1 knot
1c
1 mi/m

hr = Hour

ft/s = Feet per Second

c = Speed of Light

kph = Kilometers per Hour

mi/m = Miles per Minute

cm/s = Centimeters per Second

knot = Nautical Miles per Hour

= 100 cm/s = 3.28084 ft/s = 3.6 kph =2.23693629 mph = 1.9438445 knot
= 0.01 m/s = 3.28084E-2 ft/s = 0.036 kph = 2.23693629E-2 mph = 1.9438445E-2 knot
= 0.3048 m/s = 30.48 m/s = 1.09728 kph = .68181818 mph = .5924838 knot
= .277778 m/s = 27.77778 cm/s = .9113444 ft/s = 0.62137119 mph = 0.5399568 knot
= 0.44704 m/s = 44.704 cm/s = 1.466667 ft/s = 22/15 ft/s = 1.609344 kph = 0.86897624 knot
= 0.51444 m/s = 51.4444 cm/s = 1.68781 ft/s = 1.852 kph = 1.14077945 mph
= 299,792,458 m/s = 983,571,056.43 ft/s = 1,079,252,848.8 kph = 670,616,629.384 mph = 582,749,918.358 knot
= 26.8224 m/s = 60 mph = 88 ft/s = 52.1386 knot

ACCELERATION

m/s = Meters per Second Squared

ft/s = Feet per Second Squared

cm/s = Centimeters per Second Squared

1 m/s = 3.280835 ft/s = 100 cm/s

1 ft/s
= 0.3048 m/s = 30.48 cm/s
1 cm/s = 0.01 m/s
9.80665 m/s = 32.174 ft/s

MASS

kg = Kilogram
lbt = Troy Pound
ct = Carat

g = Gram
ton = Short Ton
grain = Grain

lb = lbm = Pound (mass)

tonUK = Long Ton UK
U = Unified Atomic Mass

oz = Ounce
T = Metric Ton

slug = Slug
ozt = Troy Ounce

1kg
1g
1 lb
1 oz

= 1000 g = 2.20462 lb = 35.2739 oz = 0.06852 slug = 0.001 T = 5000 ct = 6.02E26 U

= 0.001 kg = 0.03527 oz = 0.000001 T = 5 ct = 15.4324 grain
= 0.45359 kg = 435.592 g = 16 oz = 0.03108 slug = 1.21528 lbt = 0.0005 ton = 0.0004536 T = 14.5833 ozt = 7000 grain = 2.73E26 U
= 0.02835 kg = 28.3495 g = 0.91145 ozt = 141.747 ct = 437.50 grain

1 slug

= 1 lb s

1 lbt
1 ton
1 tonUK
1T
1 ozt
1 ct
1 grain

= 373.242 g = 0.82286 lb = 13.1657 oz = 12 ozt = 5760 grain

= 907.185 kg = 2000 lb = 32000 oz = 14,000,000 grain
= 1016.05 kg = 2240 lb = 35,840 oz = 1.12 ton = 1.01605 T = 6.02E29 U
= 1000 kg = 2204.62 lb = 1.10231 ton = 5,000,000 ct
= 31.1035 g = 1.09714 oz = 155.517 ct = 480 grain
= 0.2 g = 0.0004409 lb = 0.00705 oz = 0.0000002 T = 3.06865 grain
= 0.06479 g = 0.02286 oz = 0.32399 ct

1U

ft

= 14.5939 kg = 32.174 lb = 514.785 oz = 469.205 ozt

= 1.6E-27 kg = 3.66E-27 lb = 1.6E-30 T = 931.5 MeV

c2

FORCE

N = Newton
pdl = Poundal

dyn = Dyne

lbf = Pound (force)

1N

= 1 kg m = 1E5 dyn = 0.2248 lbf = 101.97162 gf = 7.233 pdl

1 dyn
1 lbf
1 gf
1 kip

= 1E-5 N = 2.2481E-6 lbf

= 4.448222 N = 444822.161526 dyn = 9.001 kip
= 0.00980665 N
= 1000 lbf

s2

gf = Gram (force)

kip = kiloPound (force)

1 pdl

= 0.138254954 N

ENERGY, WORK, HEAT

J = Joule
ftlb = Foot Pound
1J

erg = Erg
therm = Therm (EEC)

Kcal = Cal = kilo-Calorie cal = Calorie

MeV = Mega electron Volt eV = electron Volt

Btu = British Thermal Unit

kWh = kiloWatt hour

2
= 1 Nm = 1 Ws = 1 kg m = 10,000,000 erg = 0.0002388 Kcal = 0.238846 cal = 0.00094782 Btu = 0.737562 ftlb = 9.47813E-9 therm

s2

= 6.2415E18 eV = 2. 777777778E-7 kWh

1 erg
= 0.0000001 J = 624150.636307 MeV = 624,150,636,307 eV
1 Kcal = 4186.8 J = 41,868,000,000 erg = 1000 cal = 3.968321 Btu = 3088.0252066 ftlb = 0.00003968 therm
1 cal
= 4.1868 J = 41,868,000 erg = 0.0.001 Kcal = 0.00396832 Btu = 3.0880252 ftlb = 3.9683E-8 therm
1 Btu
= 1055.05585 J = 0.251996 Kcal = 251.99576 cal = 778.16926 ftlb = 0.000010002 therm = 0.000293071 kWh
1 ftlb = 1.35582 J = 0.00032383 Kcal = 0.32383155 cal = 0.00128507 Btu = 3.766161E-7 kWh
1 therm = 105,506,000 J = 1.05506E15 erg = 25,199.67517 Kcal = 25,199,675.1696 cal = 100,000.393096 Btu = 77,817,232.1218 ftlb = 29.300111111 kWh
1 MeV = 0.000001602177 erg = 1,000,000 eV
1 eV
= 1.602177eeE-19 J = 1.60217733E-12 erg = 0.000001 MeV
1 kWh = 3,600,000 J = 3.6 MJ = 2,655,220 ftlb
1 MMBtu = 1 dekatherm

POWER
W = Watt
1W
1 hp
1 kW
1

btu
hr

Hp = horsepower

J= Joule

kW = kiloWatt

btu/hr = British Thermal Units per Hour

erg
ft lb
btu
= 3.41297
= 1.3410221E-3 hp = 10,000,000
s
s
hr
s
s
ft lb
ft lb
btu
=745.69987 W = 550
= 33,000
= 2545.05076
= 0.746 kW
s
min
hr
btu
ft lb
= 1000 W = 1.3410221 hp = 3412.96928
= 737.562
s
hr
N m = 0.738
=1 J =1

= 0.293 W

PRESSURE

pa = Pascal
atm = Atmosphere
inHg = Inches of Mercury inH20 = Inches of Water

bar = Bar
torr = Torr
mmHg = Millimeters of Mercury

psi = Pound per Square Inch

psf = Pound per Square Foot

1 pa

= 1 N = 9.86923E-6 atm = 0.00001 bar = 0.000145 psi = 0.00750062 torr = 0.00750062 mmHg = 0.0002953 inHg = 0.00401865 inH20

1 atm
1 bar
1 psi
1 torr
1 mmHg
1 inHg
1 inH20

= 101,325 pa = 1.01325 bar = 14.6959487755 psi = 760 torr = 760 mmHg = 29.92126 inHg = 407.189359 inH20
= 100,000 pa = 0.9869233 atm = 14.503774 psi = 750.061683 torr = 750.061683 mmHg = 29.5299875 inHg = 401.864652 inH20
= 6894.757293 pa = 0.068046 atm = 0.0689476 bar = 51.714933 torr = 51.714933 mmHg = 2.036021 inHg = 27.7075924 inH20 = 144 psf
= 1 mmHg (same as below)
= 133.32237 pa = 0.001315789 atm = 0.00133322 bar = 0.0193368 psi = 0.03937 inHg = 0.5357755 inH20
= 3386.38816 pa = 0.033421053 atm = 0.03386388 bar = 0.491154077 psi = 25.4 torr 25.4 mmHg = 13.608697 inH20
= 248.84 pa = 0.00245586 atm = 0.0024884 bar = 0.0360912 psi = 1.8664535 torr = 1.8664535 mmHg = 0.073482421 inHg

1 Mpa

=1

1 kpa
1 dyn

cm 2

m2

N
mm 2
= 1 kN
m2
= 0.1 pa

TEMPERATURE
C = degrees Celsius
C

F = degrees Fahrenheit

K = degrees Kelvin

5
(F 32) = 5 R 273.15 = K 273.15
9
9
9
9
C + 32 = K 459.67 = R 459.67
5
5
5
( F 32) + 273.15 = 5 R = C + 273.15
9
9
9
9
(C + 273.15) = K = F + 459.67
5
5

0 F = 459.67 R

0C = 273.15 K

R = degrees Rankine

ELECTRICITY
V = Volt
W = Watt
T = Tesla
1V
1A
1C
1
1F

A = Ampere
Fdy = Faraday
Wb = Weber

F = Farad
S = Siemen

grad = Grade

arcmin = Minute of Arc

arcs = Second of Arc

A s2
V
=1

= 0.0000103641 Fdy = 1 A s

2
= 1 kg m = 1 V

A2 s 3
2
4
= 1 A s
kg m 2

2
= 1 kg m = 1 J = 1 N m

1 Fdy

= 96,487 C = 96,487 A s

1H

2
= 1 kg m

s3

A2 s 2
2
3
= 1 S = 1 A s
kg m 2

1S

2
3
= 1 mho = 1 A s

1T

=1

1 Wb

= Ohm
mho = Mho

2
= 1 kg m = 1 A

1W

1 mho

C = Coulomb
H = Henry

kg m 2

kg
A s2
2
= 1 kg m
2
A s

ANGLES
= Degree

rad = Radian

1
= 0.0174533 rad = 1.11111111 grad = 60 arcmin = 3600 arcs
1 rad
= 57.29578 = 63.661977 grad = 3437.74677078 acrmin = 206,264.806247 arcs
1 arcmin = 1/60 = 1/3437.74677078 rad = 1/54 grad = 60 arcs
1 arcs = 1/3600 = 0.00000484814 rad = 1/3240 grad
1 sr

=1

m 2 m 2

LIGHT

fc = Foot Candle
lm = Lumen
1 fc
1 flam
1 lx
1 ph
1 sb
1 lm
1 cd
1 lam

ph = Phot

sb = Stilb

Sv = Sievert

Bq = Becquerel

m2
= 0.000342626 sb = 0.0010764 lam = 3.4262591 cd
m2
cd

sr
= 0.9290304 fc = 0.0001 ph = 1
m2
= 929.0304 fc = 10,000 lx = 1000 cd sr
m2
= 2918.6350796 flam = 3.1415926 lam = 10,000 cd
m2
= 1 cdsr
= 1 candle power

= 929.0304 flam = 0.3183099 sb = 3183.09886184 cd

Gy = Gray
Ci = Curie

1 rad

lx = Lux
lam = Lambert

= 10.763891 lx = 0.0010764 ph = 10.7639104167 cd sr

RADIATION

1 Gy

flam = Foot Lambert

cd = Candela

m2

rad = Rad
R = Roentgen

2
= 100 rad = 100 rem = 1 Sv = 1 m
2
s
= 0.01 Gy = 1 rem = 0.01 Sv

rem = Rem

1 rem

= 0.01 Gy = 1 rad = 0.01 Sv

1 Sv

2
= 1 Gy = 100 rad = 100 rem = 1 m
2
s

1 Bq

= 2.7027E-11 Ci = 1

1 Ci

= 37,000,000,000 Bq
= 0.000258 A s
kg

1R

VISCOSITY
P = Poise

1
s

St = Stokes

1P

= 1 kg
ms

1 St

= 0.0001 m

FREQUENCY
hz = Hertz

cpm = Cycles per Minute

1 hz

= 1 cps = 60 rpm

1 rpm

= 1 cpm =

cps = Cycles per Second

rev = Revolution

rpm = Revolution per Minute

1 hz
60

1 rev
= 360 deg
1000 rpm = 1000 hz
1 rev
min

60

= 2 rad
60 s

Derivatives
Remember: u ' =

du
= du , a = constant
dx

d
(ax ) = a
dx
d
[au ] = au '
dx
d
[a ] = 0
dx
d
[x ] = 1
dx
dv dv du
=
dx du dx
du
1
=
dx dx / du
d
[uv] = uv'+vu ' (Chain Rule)
dx
d
[u v] = u 'v'
dx
d u
vu 'uv'
=
dx v
v2

d
[sin u ] = (cos u )u '
dx
d
[cos u ] = (sin u )u '
dx
d
[tan u ] = sec 2 u u '
dx
d
[sec u ] = (sec u tan u )u '
dx
d
[csc u ] = (csc u cot u )u '
dx
d
[cot u ] = csc 2 u u '
dx
d
u'
( 1 < u < 1)
sin 1 u =
dx
1 u2

d
u'
( 1 < u < 1)
cos 1 u =
dx
1 u2
d
u'
tan 1 u =
dx
1+ u2
d
u'
( u > 1)
sec 1 u =
dx
u u 2 1

u'
d
csc 1 u =
dx
u u2 1
d
u'
cot 1 u =
dx
1+ u2
d
(sinh u ) = (cosh u )u '
dx
d
(cosh u ) = (sinh u )u '
dx
d
(log u ) = log e u '
dx
u
d
[ln u ] = u '
dx
u
d u
a = a u (ln a )u '
dx

( )

( u > 1)

Integrals

Remember: x is a variable, u is a variable,

v is a variable, a = constant, b = constant,
C = constant, k = constant, f(x) = function
n = integer, fraction, and/or number
m = integer, fraction, and/or number

adx = ax + C
kf ( x )dx = k f ( x ) + C
x n +1
+C
n +1

(n 1)

dx x1 n
=
+ C (n 1)
xn 1 n
dx
= ln x + C
x
(ln x )dx = x ln x x + C

(ln ax )dx = x ln ax x + C
b
a
c
a

f (x )dx =
f ( x )dx =

b
a

(ln ax )m +1 + C

(m 1)

m +1

e ax
(ax 1) + C
a2
1
n n 1 ax
x n e ax dx = x n e ax
x e dx + C
a
a
e ax
xe ax dx = 2 (ax 1) + C
a
x nb ax
x nb ax dx =

a ln b
n
x n 1bxdx + C (b > 0) (b 1)
a ln b
dx
= tan 1 x + C
2
1+ x
1
dx
a
= tan 1 + C
2
2
a
x
a +x
dx
1
a+x
=
ln
+C
a 2 x 2 2a a x
a2 x2 > 0
dx
1
xa
=
ln
+C
2
2
2a x + a
x a
x2 a2 > 0
xdx
1
= ln a 2 x 2 + C
2
2
2a
a x
dx
1 x+a
= ln
+C
x( x + a )
a
x
xe ax dx =

dx = x + C

x n dx =

x n (ln ax ) dx =

a
b

f ( x )dx + C

f ( x )dx +

c
b

f ( x )dx

e x dx = e x + C
e ax
e dx =
+C
a
(du + dv ) = du + dv
ax

udv = uv vdu

(Integration by Parts)

au
+C
ln a
1 a bx
+ C (a > 0 ) (a 1)
a bx dx =
b ln a
dx
= ln ln ax + C
x ln ax
dx
1
= ln (a + bx ) + C
a + bx b
dx
= ln x + x 2 a 2 + C
2
2
x a
xdx
= a2 x2 + C
2
2
a x
xdx
= x2 a2 + C
2
2
x a
x
dx
1
= sec 1 + C
a
x x2 a2 a
dx
= sec 1 x + C
2
x x 1
a u dx =

n +1
(a + bx )n dx = (a + bx ) + C (n 1)
b(n + 1)

dx

(a + bx )

dx

(a + bx )3

1
+C
b(a + bx )
1
==
+C
2
2b(a + bx )
=

dx
a +b x
2

1
bx
b2 x2
ln
+ 1+ 2 + C
b
a
a
a 2 b 2 x 2 dx =
x
a2
bx
a2 + b2 x2 +
sin 1
+C
2
2b
a
dx
1
bx
= sin 1
+C
a
a2 b2 x2 b

dx
x 1
= ln a + be cx + C
cx
a ac
a + be

(sin x )du = cos x + C

(cos x )du = sin x + C
(tan x )dx = ln cos x + C
(csc x )dx = ln csc x + cot x + C
(sec x )dx = ln sec x + tan x + C
(cot x )dx = ln sin x + C

(sin ax )dx = 1 cos ax + C

a
sin ax
(cos ax )dx =
+C
a
(tan ax )dx = 1 ln(cos ax ) + C =
a
1
ln (sec ax ) + C
a
(csc ax )dx = 1 ln(csc ax cot ax ) + C =
a
1
ax
tan
+C
2
a
(sec ax )dx = 1 ln(sec ax + tan ax ) + C =
a
1
ax
tan
+
+C
a
2 4
(cot ax )dx = 1 ln(sin ax ) + C
a
x
sin 2 x
sin 2 x dx =
+C
2
4
x sin 2 x
cos 2 x dx = +
+C
2
4
tan 2 x dx = tan x x + C

(
(
(sec
(csc
(cot

)
)
x )dx = tan x + C
x )dx = cot x + C
x )dx = ln sin x + C

2
2
2

dx

(a + bx )

3b(a + bx )

+C

xdx
1
= 2 [bx a ln (a + bx )] + C
a + bx b
xdx

(a + bx )
dx

(a + bx )n

1
a
+ ln (a + bx ) + C
2
b a + bx
1
=
+C,
(n 1)(b)(a + bx )n 1

a + bx dx =

(n 1)

2
3b

(a + bx )3

+C

d ( x )

= csc 1 x + C

x x2 1
dx
bx
1
=
tan 1
(x in rads)
2
2 2
ab
a
a b x
(a > 0, b > 0)
dx
bx
1
=
tanh 1
+C =
2
2 2
ab
a
a b x
1
a + bx
ln
+ C (x in rads)
2ab
a bx
xdx
a + 2bx
= 2
3
2
(a + bx )
2b (a + bx )
xdx
a + 3bx
= 2
4
3
(a + bx )
6b (a + bx )

(x

dx

2 3/ 2

+a
xdx

a 2 x 2 dx =

+C

a2 x2 + a2
1
x
x a 2 x 2 + a 2 sin 1
+C
1
2
a
=

+
C
3/ 2
x2 + a2
x2 + a2
3/ 2
1
x a 2 x 2 dx = a 2 x 2
+C
3
x
3
x 2 x 2 a 2 dx =
x2 a2
4
x 2 a 2 dx =
2
4
a
a
x x2 a2
ln x + x 2 a 2 + C 1
x x 2 a 2 a 2 ln x + x 2 a 2 + C
8
8
2
3
x
x 2 a 2 x 2 dx =
a2 x2 +
3/ 2
1
x x 2 a 2 dx = x 2 a 2
+C
4
3
2
a
x
dx
x
x a 2 x 2 + a sin 1
+ C (a >0)
= sin 1 + C =
8
a
a
a2 x2
x a + bx dx =
x
cos 1 + C a 2 x 2 > 0
x 2 dx
1
3
=

a
2(2a 3bx ) (a + bx )
a + bx 2b 3
+
C
dx
a
15b 2
= sin 1 + C =
(a + bx )( 3a + bx ) + 2a 2 ln(a + bx ) + C
x
a2 + x2
x 2 a + bx dx =
x 2 dx
=
ln x + a 2 + x 2 + C
3
(a + bx )2
2 8a 2 12abx + 15b 2 x 2 (a + bx )
+C
dx
x
3
1 bx(2a + bx )
= cosh 1 + C =
105
b
2a ln (a + bx ) + C
a
x2 a2
xdx
1
a + bx
b3
2
=
ln
bx
+
a
+
C
a + bx 2 2b
ln x + x 2 a 2 + C
x 2 dx
=
x 2 dx
x
a
x ab
(a + bx )3
=
tan 1
+C
a2 x2
x
2
b
?
a
+
bx
dx = sin 1
b
ab
2
1 a (3a + 4bx )
a
x
+ ln (a + bx ) + C
3
2
b 2(a + bx )
a2 x2
dx
+C
2
2
2 2
=
x dx
a + 3abx + 3b x
2
x
a
+
bx
+
cx
=

+
C
3
(a + bx )4
3b 3 (a + bx )
a2 + x2
1
b
2
dx = ln x + a 2 + x 2
ln
a
+
bx
+
cx
+
x
c
+
+
C
2
x
x
a 2 + b 2 x 2 dx =
a2 + b2 x2 +
c
2 c
2
a2 + x2
1

2
cx

b
+C
=
sin 1
+ C (c > 0 )
a2
bx
b2 x2
x
ln
+ 1+ 2 + C
c
b 2 4ac
2b
a
a
dx
x2 a2
dx
x a
=
+C
2
2
2
= 2 ln a + bx + C
dx
a2x
x
x

a
=
x(a + bx ) b b
x 2 a + bx
n
x x2 a2
x 2 a 2 dx =

a + bx b
dx

+
+C
n +1
dx
ax
2a x a + bx
=
2
n

2
2
na
x a2 x2
x2 a2
dx + C (n 1)
dx
=
n +1
2
1 a + a2 + x2
a2 + x2
dx

ln
+C
=
a
x
n
x
1
1 x
2
2
+
tan
+C
x a
2 a 2 a 2 + x 2 2a 3
a
xdx
2
2
=
x
x

a
dx
dx
2
+
C
2
ax

x
=
n2
2
(2 n )a 2
x2 a2
a2 x2
xa
a sin 1
2ax x 2 + C
(
n

2
)
x
1
dx
a
+
+C
n+2
2a 2 a 2 x 2 2a 2 a 2 x 2
n
x2 a2
2
2
x x a dx =
+C
n+2

) ]

x 2 a 2 + x 2 dx =

x 2
a + 2x2
8

a
ln x + a 2 + x 2 + C
8

a 2 + x 2 a ln
x2
a2 + x2

a+ a +x
x

+C

dx
x2 a2 + x2

x 2 a 2 x 2 dx =

a2 + x2
+C
a2x
a4
x
sin 1 =
8
a

1
x a2 x2 a2 2x2 + C
8

a x
dx =
x
2

a + a2 x2
a x ln
+C
x
2

a x
2

dx =

a x
+C
a2x
2

2
a + bx dx =
b

dx
x a + bx
dx
x a + bx

=
2ax x 2
xa
a2
xa
2ax x 2 +
sin 1
+C
2
2
a

( 2ax x

) dx = (x a )(

2ax x 2
n +1
2

( 2ax x )
2

2a

(n 2)a 2

(tan

1
x tan 1 ax ln 1 + a 2 x 2 + C
2
sin ax x cos ax
x(sin ax )dx =

+C
a
a2
(x in rads)
cos ax x sin ax
x(cos ax )dx =
+
+C
a
a2
(x in rads)

(cos

(n 3)
(n 2)a 2

ax dx =

dx

( 2ax x )

x cos 1 ax

n2

+C

1
1 a2 x2 + C
a

ax dx =

2
a
1
a

n+ 2

+C ,

(n 2)

dx
+C
x a + bx
a + bx
+C
a

tan 1

a + bx a

ln

a + bx + a

+C

a + bx
dx =
x2
a + bx b
dx

+
+C
x
2 x a + bx
a3
xa
x 2ax x 2 dx = sin 1
+
2
a

(x + a )(2 x 3a )

2ax x 2

n 2

dx

( 2ax x ) dx + C
(x a )( 2ax x ) +

na 2
+
n +1

a + bx
n+2

2 a + bx + a

dx

a + bx
dx =
x

a
x 2
ln x + x 2 a 2 +
x a2 + C
2
2
dx
=
x x2 a2
1
x
1
a
sec 1 + C = cos 1 + C
a
a
a
x
dx
xa
= sin 1
+C
2
a
2ax x

a + bx
a

+C ,
n + 2 n +1
(n 1,2)

x 2 a 2 dx =
x 2
a2
x a 2 + ln x + x 2 a 2 + C
2
2
x
sin 2ax
sin 2 ax dx =
+C
2
4a
x sin 2ax
cos 2 ax dx = +
+C
2
4a
1
tan 2 ax dx = (tan ax ) x + C
a
1
csc 2 ax dx = cot ax + C
a
1
sec 2 ax dx = tan ax + C
a
1
cot 2 ax dx = cot ax x + C =
a
1
ln sin ax + C
a

x a
+C
x
2

dx =

x2 a2

a2
x a2 + x2
ln x + a 2 + x 2 +
+C
2
2

(
2

ln x + x 2 a 2

x2 a2
dx =
x2

(a + bx )n+1

a
x a a sec
+C
x

x2

a2 + x2
dx =
x
2

x(a + bx ) dx =

x2 a2
dx =
x

a2 + x2

2ax x 2
dx =
x
2ax x 2 + a sin 1

+C

xa
+C
a

2ax x 2
dx =
x2
2a x
xa
2
sin 1
+C
x
a
2a x
+C
x
x 2ax x 2
cos(a + b )x
sin ax(cos bx )dx =

2(a + b )
cos(a b )x
+ C a2 b2
2(a b )
sin (a b )x
sin ax(sin bx )dx =

2(a b )
sin (a + b )x
+ C a2 b2
2(a + b )

dx

1
a

(sin

ax dx =

(sin

n 1

x 2 (sin ax )dx =

ax cos ax
+
na

n 1
sin n 2 ax dx + C
n
cos n 1 ax sin ax
cos n ax dx =
+
na
n 1
cos n 2 ax + C
n
n
tan ax dx =

tan n1 ax

a (n 1)

(csc

(tan ax )dx + C (n 1)
(csc ax )cot ax +
ax )dx =
a (n 1)
n2

n2

n2
n 1

(sec

(csc ax )dx + C (n 1)
(sec ax )tan ax +
ax )dx =
a (n 1)

(sin

n2

n2

n2
n 1

(cot

(sec

ax dx =

(cot

n2

ax dx + C

cot n 1 ax

a (n 1)
n2

ax dx + C

(n 1)

(n 1)

ax dx =
x sin 1 ax +

1
1 a2 x2 + C
a

dx
1
= cot ax + C
2
a
sin ax
dx
1
= tan ax + C
cos 2 ax a
dx
1
ax
= tan
+
+C
1 sin ax a
4 2
(x in rads)
1
dx
ax
= tan

+C
1 + sin ax
a
4 2
(x in rads)
1
ax
dx
= cot + C
1 cos ax
a
2
dx
1
ax
= tan + C
1 + cos ax a
2
dx
=
b + c sin ax
2
a b2 c2

tan

bc
ax
tan

b+c
4 2
+C

(b

>c

2x
a2 x2 + 2
sin ax
cos ax + C
a2
a3
x 2 (cos ax )dx =
2x
a x 2
cos ax +
sin ax + C
2
a
a3
x n (sin ax )dx =
2

xn
n n 1
cos ax +
x (cos ax )dx + C
a
a
x n (cos ax )dx =

x2
n n 1
sin ax
x (sin ax )dx + C
a
a
x n sin 1 ax dx =

x n +1
a
sin 1 ax
n +1
n +1

x n+1 dx
1 a x
2

+C

(n 1)

x n +1
x cos ax dx =
cos 1 ax +
n +1
a
x n +1 dx
+ C (n 1)
n +1 1 a2x2
x n 1
x n tan 1 ax dx =
tan 1 ax
n +1
n +1
a
x dx
+ C (n 1)
n +1 1 a2 x2
csc x(cot x )dx = csc x + C
n

sin (a b )x
+
2(a b )
sin (a + b )x
+ C a2 b2
2(a + b )

cos ax(cos bx )dx =

sin n ax(cos ax )dx =

sec x(tan x )dx = sec x + C

sin ax(cos ax )dx =

cos 2ax
+C
4a

(cosh ax )dx = 1 sinh ax + C

a
1
(tanh ax )dx = ln(cosh ax ) + C
a
(csc hax )dx = 1 ln tanh ax + C
a
2
(sec hax )dx = 1 sin 1 (tanh ax ) + C
a
1
(coth ax )dx = ln sinh ax + C
a
sinh 2ax x
sinh 2 ax dx =
+C
4a
2
sinh 2ax x
cosh 2 ax dx =
+ +C
4a
2
1
tanh 2 ax dx = x tanh ax + C
a

sin n+1 ax
+C
(n + 1)a
(n 1)

cos n ax(sin ax )dx =

cos n +1 ax
+C
(n + 1)a
(n 1)

csc n ax(cot ax )dx =

csc n ax
+C
na
(n 0 )

sec n ax(tan ax )dx =

sec n ax
+C
na
(n 0 )

sin n ax cos m ax dx =

sin n 1 ax cos m+1 ax

+
a (m + n )

n 1
sin n 2 ax cos m ax dx + C
m+n
(n m )

sin n ax cos m ax dx =

sin n +1 ax cos m1 ax
+
a(m + n )

m +1
sin n ax cos m 2 ax dx + C
m+n
(m n )

e ax (sin bx )dx =

e ax
(a sin bx b cos bx ) + C
a 2 + b2
e ax (cos bx )dx =
e ax
(a cos bx b sin bx ) + C
a 2 + b2
x(sinh ax )dx =
a
1
cosh ax 2 sinh ax + C
x
a
x(cosh ax )dx =
a
1
sinh ax 2 cosh ax + C
x
a

1
a c b
2

ln

c + b sin ax + c b cos ax
b + c sin ax
2

+C
dx
=
b + c cos ax
2
a b2 c2

tan 1

a c2 b2

ln

(c

> b2

bc
ax
+C
tan
b+c
2

(b

dx
=
b + c cos ax
1

x n (sinh ax )dx =

(csc h ax )dx = 1a coth ax + C

dx
=
b + c sin ax

> c2

c + b cos ax + c 2 b 2 sin ax
+C
b + c cos ax

(sinh x )dx = (cosh x ) + C

(cosh x )dx = (sinh x ) + C
(tanh x )dx = ln(cosh x ) + C
(csc hx )dx = ln tanh x + C
2

(b

(sec hx )dx = sin 1 (tanh x ) + C

(coth x )dx = ln sinh x + C
(sinh ax )dx = 1 cosh ax + C
a

<c

1
sec h 2 ax dx = tanh ax + C
a
1
coth 2 ax dx = x coth ax + C
a
sinh n 1 ax cos ax
sinh n ax dx =

na
n 1
sinh n 2 ax dx + C (n 0 )
n

(cosh

(cosh

ax dx =

n 1

ax sin ax
+
na

n 1
cosh n 2 ax dx + C
n
tanh n ax dx = + C

(
)

n 1

(tanh

tanh ax
+
(n 1)a

n2

(n 0)

ax dx + C

(n 1)

csc h n 2 ax coth ax
csc h n ax dx =
+
(n 1)a
n2
(
csc h n 2 ax )dx + C (n 1)
n 1
sec h n 2 ax tanh ax
n
sec h ax dx =
+
(n 1)a
n2
(sec h n2 ax )dx + C (n 1)
n 1
coth n 1 ax
coth n ax dx =
+
(n 1)a

(coth

n2

ax dx + C

(n 1)

xn
n n 1
cosh ax
x (cosh ax )dx + C
a
a
x n (cosh ax )dx =
xn
n n 1
sinh ax
x (sinh ax )dx + C
a
a
sec h n ax
sec h n ax(tanh ax )dx =
+C
na
(n 0)
csc h n ax(coth ax )dx =
e ax (sinh bx )dx =

csc h n ax
+C
na
(n 0)

e ax e bx
e bx

+C
2 a+b ab

(a

b2

(a

b2

e ax (cosh bx )dx =
e ax e bx
e bx
+
+C
2 a +b a b