UnsteadyStateConduction

(TransientConductionHeatTransfer)
LumpedHeatCapacitySystem
TransientHeatFlowinASemiInfiniteSolid
TransientHeatFlowinAnInfiniteSolid

Introduction
Steadystate equilibriumcondition
UnsteadystateorTransientheattransfer
takesplacewhentheboundaryconditionsofa
systemarechangedwithtime.
Transientheating/coolingprocessthattakes
placeintheinterimperiodbeforeequilibrium
isestablished.

LumpedHeatCapacitySystem
Lumpedsystem systemthatconsidereduniformin
temperature
Lumpedbodymodelassumptions:
Thesolidcanbeapproximatedtohaveauniform
temperature
Notemperaturegradientswithinthesolid
Thesurroundingfluidmustbelargeenoughsothatits
temperatureremainsconstant
Surfaceconvectionresistanceislargecomparedto
internalconductionresistance

Transientheattransferinwhichtemperatureofagiven
systemdoesnotchangewithspacebutonlywithtime.

 Considerabodyabove,submergedinafluidof
temperature,T andheattransfercoefficienth.
Att>0,thebodytemperaturewillchange
Boundarycondition: t=0s,T=Ti
t>0s,T=T(s)

 Energybalanceofthesystem:convectionheatlossfrom
thebody=decreaseoftheinternalenergyofthebody

dT
Q h. A.(T T ) cV
dt
m V ,
T Ti at t 0

 Solutionoftheequation:

T T
e
Ti T

h. A

.c .V

Timeconstantofthesystem,t ;measurehow
fasttemperatureschangeinthesystem

.c.V

1
t

. .c.V R t .Ct
h. A
h. A
AnyincreaseinRt orCt willcauseabodyto
respondmoreslowlytoreachthermal
equilibrium

ApplicabilityofLumpedCapacityAnalysis
Condition:BiotNumber,Bi 0.1

h.T
Bi
K
.T
Ls
Ls
h.Ls
K
Bi

1
K
h

Where Ls is a
characteristic length,
Ls = V/A

Example3.1(Harimi2007,Cengel2006)
Apersonisfounddeadat5pminaroomwhich
temperatureis20oC.Thetemperatureofathe
bodyismeasuredtobe25oCwhenfound,and
h=8W/m2.K.Considerthebodyasacylinderof
30cmdiameter,1.7mlong,estimatethetime
ofdeathofthatperson.
Assumehumanbody(72%water)atroom
temperature:
=1000kg/m3
K=0.608W/m.K
cp=4.18kJ/kg.K

Example4.1(Holman2010)
Asteelball[c=0.46kJ/kg.oC,K=35W/m.oC],
5cmindiameterandinitiallyatauniform
temperatureof450oCissuddenlyplacedina
controlledenvironmentinwhichthe
temperatureismaintainedat100oC.The
convectionheattransfercoefficientis10
W/m2.oC.Calculatethetimerequiredforthe
balltoattainatemperatureof150oC.

TransientHeatFlowInASemi
InfiniteSolid
Semiinfinitesolidcanbevisualizedasvery
thickwalls:onesideexposedtosomefluid,
theothersideremainsunaffectedbythefluid
temperaturesincethewallisverythick.
Considerasemiinfinitesolidmaintainedat
someinitialtemperature,T0.Thesurface
temperatureissuddenlyloweredand
maintainedatatemperature,T1.

WithoutConvectionBoundaryCondition

T0

T1

Thedifferential
equationforthe
temperature
distributionT(x,t)

T 1 T

2
t
x
2

 Where:
T=T(x,t),TemperatureinoCatpositionxand
timet.
K
2
Thermaldiffusivity(m /s),

cp
Boundary&initialcondition:
T(x,0)=T0 for t =0
T(0,t)=T1 for t >0
SolvedbyLaplacetransformtechnique,the
solutionis

T x, t T1
x
erf

T0 T1
2 t

 WheretheGausserrorfunctionisdefineas

2
x
erf X erf

2 t

x / 2 t

Valueoferf[X] canbeobtainedfromcharts/
books

 Whenthedefinitionoferrorfunctionis
insertedintheequation,theexpressionforthe
temperaturedistributionbecomes:

T x, t T1
2

T0 T1

x / 2 t

Theheatflowatanyxpositionmaybe
T
obtainedfrom

Qx KA

Performingpartialdifferentiationgives

T
2 x2 / 4t x T0 T1 x2 / 4t
T0 T1
e
e

x
x 2 t

 Atthesurface(x=0),theheatflow:

KAT1 T0
Q0
t

Thetotalheatremovedatthesurfaceis:

Q0
t
2 K T1 T0
A

Example3.3(Harimi2007)
AlargeblockofsteelK=45W/m.K, =1.4x
105 m2/s,isinitiallyatauniformtemperature
of35oC.Thesurfaceisexposedtoa
temperatureT1 =250oC.Calculatethe
temperatureatdepthof2.5cmafteratimeof
0.5minutes.

Example3.4(Harimi2007)
Alargeslabofaluminumatauniform
temperatureof200oCsuddenlyhasitssurface
temperatureloweredto70oC.Whatisthe
totalheatremovedfromtheslabperunit
surfaceareawhenthetemperatureatadepth
4.0cmhasdroppedto120oC.
=8.4x105 m2/s,K=215W/m.K

Example46(Cengel2006)
MinimumBurialDepthofWaterPipestoAvoid
Freezing
Thegroundiscoveredwithsnowpackat10C
foracontinuousperiodof3months,andthe
averagesoilpropertiesatthatlocationare
k=0.4W/m.Cand=0.15x106m2/s.Assumingan
initialuniformtemperatureof15Cforthe
ground,determinetheminimumburialdepthto
preventthewaterpipesfromfreezing.

WithConvectionBoundaryCondition
Transientheatconductionusuallyconnected
withaconvectionboundaryconditionatthe
surfaceofthesolid.
Forsemiinfinitesolid,thiswouldexpressedby:

hAT T x 0

T
KA
x x 0

Thesolution:
hx h 2t

T T0
h t

1 erf X exp 2 1 erf X

K
K
K
T T0

TransientHeatFlowinAnInfiniteSolid
Onedimensionaltransientconductionrefers
toacasewheretemperaturevaries
temporallyandinonespatialdirection.
Threecommoncases:

GeneralExpression
Infinitewall/plate:

T 1 T

2
x
t
2

Infinitecylinder:

T 1 T 1 T

2
r
r r t
2

Sphere:

1
1 T
rT
2
r r
t
2

TransientHeatFlowinanInfinitePlaneWall
Boundaryconditions:
fort=0s
T(x,0)=T0
T 0, t
fort>0s
0
x
T L, t

K
hT L, t T
x
Thereforethesolution:

T T
2
An exp n F0 cos n x / L
T0 T n 1

 F0 >0.2,n=1:

T T
2
A1 exp 1 F0 cos 1 x / L
T0 T

Atthecenterofthewall(x=0,t>0,T=T*):

T T
cos 1 x / L
T0 T
Where,

T* T
2
A1 exp 1 F0

T0 T

Allvaluesof1andA1 withrespecttoBiotno.aregiven.

 Biotnumber:
Fouriernumber:

hL
Bi
K
F0

t
2

Maximumamountofheattransferredtothe
body(T >T0)orfromthebody(T0 >T)=the
changeintheenergycontentofthebody:

Qmax m.c p T T0 .V .c p .T T0

Thefractionofheattransfer:

sin 1
Q
1
1
Qmax

TransientHeatFlowinanInfiniteCylinder
Boundaryconditions:
fort=0s
T(r,0)=T0
T 0, t
fort>0s
0
r
T r0 , t

K
hT r0 , t T
r
Thereforethesolution:

T T
2
An exp n F0 J 0 n r / r0
T0 T n 1

 F0 >0.2,n=1:

T T
2
A1 exp 1 F0 J 0 1 r / r0
T0 T

Atthecenterofthecylinder(r=0,t>0,T=T*):

T T
J 0 1 r / r0
T0 T
Where,

T* T
2

A1 exp 1 F0
T0 T

Allvaluesof1andA1 withrespecttoBiotno.aregiven.

 ThefunctionofJ0 isthezerothorderofBessel
function(J1 isthefirstorder),whichthevalues
aregiven.
hr0
Biotnumber: Bi

Fouriernumber: F t
0
2

r0

Thefractionofheattransfer:

Q
J1 1
1 2
Qmax
1

TransientHeatFlowinSpheres
Boundaryconditions(samewithcylinder):
fort=0s
T(r,0)=T0
T 0, t
fort>0s
0
r
T r0 , t

K
hT r0 , t T
r
Thereforethesolution:

T T
1
2
An exp n F0
sin n r / r0
r
T0 T n 1
n
r0

 F0 >0.2,n=1:

1
T T
2
A1 exp 1 F0
sin 1 r / r0
r
T0 T
1
r0
Atthecenterofthecylinder(r=0,t>0,T=T*):

T T
1

sin 1 r / r0
r
T0 T
1
r0
Where,
T* T
2

A1 exp 1 F0
T0 T

 Allvaluesof1andA1 withrespecttoBiotno.
aregiven.
Biotnumber&Fouriernumberformulasame
asinfinitecylinder.
Thefractionheattransfer:

Q
3
1 3 sin 1 1 cos 1
Qmax
1

Allvaluesfor1,A1 ,J0 ,J1 canbereferredtoFigure

3.8 Figure3.16(Harimi2007)orfromanybooksof
heattransfer.

Example3.5(Harimi2007)
Anordinaryeggof80gcanbeapproximatedas
sphereof25mminradiusandwhoseproperties
areK=0.6W/m.Kand =0.14x106 m2/s.The
eggisinitiallyatauniformtemperatureof5oC
andisdroppedintoboilingwaterat100oC.
Takingtheconvectionheattransfercoefficientto
be1200W/m2.K,determinehowlongitwilltake
forthecenteroftheeggtoreach91.96%ofthe
absoluteboilingwatertemperature,usingany
appropriatemethods.(Timeshouldbegivenin
minutes).

Example3.6(Harimi2007)
Apieceofaluminumweighing6kgandata
temperatureof300oC,issuddenlyimmersedinafluidat
20oC.Theconvectionheattransfercoefficientis58
W/m2.oC,andtakingthealuminumasasphereofradius
8cm.
CheckwhethertheLumpedSystemmethodcanbe
appliedornot?
Ifeitheryesorno,useappropriatemethodtocompute
thetimerequiredtocoolthealuminumto100oC,50oC
and25oC.
Discussyourresult.
Cp =0.896kJ/kg.oC,K=40W/m.oC

Example3.7(Harimi2007)
Asmallpotatowhichisconsideredasasphere
ofdiameter4cm,iscookedinsideaboiled
water.Beforethepotatowasimmersedinthe
boiledwater,itstemperaturewasrecordedto
be25oC.Computethetemperatureafter10
minutes:
A)atthecenterofthepotato
B)atr=1cmofthepotato.
Potato: =1.5x107 m2/s, =1050kg/m3,
Cp =3.64kJ/kg.K,K=0.55W/m.K
Boiledwater:h=400W/m2.K