hp xa phng - nhng iu cn bit (hiu r v DOF)

Do khng th i tn thread c "C ai quan tm n vic tnh DOF khng?", m ci tn khng r

lm nn em to Thread ny thay th tip tc, u tin em xin copy ci on m u:
DOF (Depth of field - su trng nh) l mt yu t rt quan trng khi bn ph. C nhiu thc mc
xung quanh DOF, chng hn nh "ti sao my P&S li rt kh to c DOF mng mc d khu (fnumber) m ln?" V ngi ta vn bo nhau rng chp Portrait th dng FF v n xa phng tt hn,
vy cu hi t ra l "my FF c tht s xa phng tt hn (so vi crop) khng?" "Tiu c c nh
hng n DOF khng?", vn vn v vn vn...
Thc t hn na l, khi bc cm mt ci ng 17-55f3.5-5.6 hay 70-200f4L hay 50f1.4,...th bc s c
kh nng thay i DOF th no, xa phng ra sao.
Em thy y l mt ch th v v hay gy "m m" (nh em lc mi tm hiu). Em nh vit mt bi
ni v DOF v cch tnh DOF, va l cc bc pro "chm" cn hc hi thm, va cc bc
newbie (nh em) c c hi hc hi.
Nhng khng bit trn din n ai ni cha v c bc no quan tm khng khng em vit ra li b
cc bc mng hoc "" ^^. Ai quan tm vo Comment nh, em s da vo m quyt nh vit hay
khng.
Thn i,
Tip theo l phn u:
u tin mi cc bc xem qua cc nh minh ha ny:
7mmF2.8

7mmF2.8 vi mt phng ly nt khc

7mmF8

y l 3 tm nh em ngi chp ti ch khi vit bi ny, bng my P&S Canon G7. Em c ghi thng s
quan trng km theo l tiu c v khu .
C 3 tm em u khng dch chuyn my, m ch thay i thng s.
- Tm u tin chp 7mmF2.8, ta thy chai Vrohto u r, pha sau m, mc d 2 chai t gn nhau
nhng chai sau m cho thy DOF kh mng (<10cm).
- Tm tip theo vn 7mmF2.8, nhng em thay i im ly nt (dng ch Flexizone ca G7, my
SRL c th chn im ly nt). V kt qu l chai Vrohto sau nt, cn chai trc b m i.
Nh vy sau 2 tm nh trn ta c th thy DOF thay i theo KHONG CCH T MY NH
(THU KNH) N MT PHNG LY NT (ngha l ch th ta mun n nt nht)
- Tm cui cng em chp 7mmF8, ta c th thy c 2 chai VRohto u nt, chai trc nt hn, v em
ly nt chai trc. Nh vy DOF trong tm nh ny su hn so vi 2 tm nh trn.
Ri, l on v d cc bc hnh dung ra c cu chuyn y. Gi em xin i vo "chuyn mn"

DOF PH THUC VO CC YU T NO?

Ni mt cch tng qut, c 3 yu t:
1. Aperture (khu ) hay cn gi l f/stop, f-number, l m ca ng knh. Yu t ny a phn cc
bc u bit. Khu cng ln (f-number cng nh, vd: f2.8>f4>f8>f22...) th DOF cng mng, v ngc
li. Ngha l cng cc yu t khc, th chp F2.8 cho DOF mng hn F8. Tm nh 7mmF2.8 v

7mmF8 trn kia l v d r rng: F2.8 DOF mng hn, F8 DOF su hn.
ng dng: mun ly nt mng hn (xa phng) ta m khu rng ra (F2, 2.8,4). Mun gn nh
tt c u nt ta khp khu li (F11,16)
2. Khong cch n mt phng ly nt. Cng gn th DOF cng mng.
Em xin ni thm 1 cht v ci mt phng ly nt ny, n dn ra kh nhiu khi nim, nhng cng n
gin thi. Mt phng ly nt k hiu l POF (plain of focus), l mt phng m trn mt phng nh l
nt nht. i xa dn v 2 pha (gn ngi chp hn v xa ngi chp hn) nh vn nt trong mt tm
m mt ta "chp nhn", m dn n khi ta thy n "ht nt gi". Gn nht m ta cn chp nhn k hiu
l Dn (near), xa nht k hiu l Df (far), nh vy DOF = Df-Dn. Vy ci t "chp nhn" ni ln
iu g? Cn ty vo mt ngi xem, ngha l Df v Dn cn ph thuc vo nh gi ca ngi xem
nh, c ngi bo th l chp nhn, c ngi bo "th m my ku l nt". Nhng tt nhin khng v
th m khng c "chun". Em s bn thm v v ny sau, n hi ri t, ni lun 1 ln s cc bc "tu
ha", hihihi.
Kt lun ta ng dng cho yu t ch 2 ny l: Mun DOF mng hn, mi tin li gn mt phng
ly nt hn (hoc ly nt mt phng khc gn mnh hn nh, khng phi lc no cng buc
phi l "zoom chn" u , ging trn 2 tm nh cng 7mmF2.8 em ly nt 2 chai Vrohto
khc nhau , em c dch my nh i u, vn thay i DOF), v tt nhin, ngc li.
Ni n y bc em nh em ch i st go mai lm bnh, lt v em vit tip nh. Ci ny cn di,
khng vit lun mt lc c u ^^
By gi em ni n ci yu t th 3, yu t gy nhiu tranh ci cng nh "bn khon" nht.

l:
3. Tiu c ng knh
ng tiu c cng di, cho DOF cng mng.
Ngha l vi cng cc yu t khc, ng 80mm s cho DOF mng hn ng 50mm. C ngi cho rng

tiu c khng nh hng n DOF

, ch thay i gc nhn, v cho
rng yu t th 3 l Format size, tc l kch thc phim/sensor: FF cho DOF mng hn Crop 1.3, Four
Third, v.v...
Nhng thc ra, Format Size ch nh hng n COC (hay COF: Circle of Confusion), em tm dch l
vng trn mt nt (d, mt nt ch khng phi mt nt u ). Ni n y em cp tip n ci
v Dn Df trn:
1 im nh trn POF (mt phng ly nt) s to 1 im nh trn phim/sensor, i xa dn mt phng ly
nt th ta trng vn nt nhng thc ra lc 1 im nh ti vng khng to 1 im trn film/sensor,
m to thnh 1 vng trn, vng trn ny nh mt ta khng phn bit r nt lm, v vn thy nt,
cho n khi n ch "khng chp nhn" th gi l Dn, Df. Ti Dn, Df vng trn c ng knh bng
vi vng trn mt nt, nhm, mt nt (COC, COF), ra ngoi vng Df-Dn th thi khi bn, mt nt trm
trng :D.
Vy COC chp nhn c c ng knh l bao nhiu? Cu tr li l n thay i theo tng Format
Size, in nh to bao nhiu, ng cch bao xa ngm tm nh , "mt ng tt hng?". By gi em ch
xt n Format size, vi kch thc nh v im t mt c ly chun l 8x10in, t mt cch 25cm,

mt tt (khng b tt nh):
FF 35mm: COC = 0.03mm
Crop 1.6: COC = 0.019mm (cc bc ch 0.03/1.6=0.019)
G7 crop 4.8 (Four Third): COC = 0.006mm (tng t: 0.03/4.8=0.006)
Ti sao COC ca Format size ln hn li ln hn? Nguyn nhn l khi xem nh ngi ta phng nh
ln mt mc no vd nh ly chun 8x10in nh trn, th ci vng trn mt nt trn sensor n ln
ln theo, format size cng nh cng phi phng t l ln hn, nh hn 1.6 ln th phng to ln 1.6 ln,
nh hn 4.8 ln th phng to hn 4.8 ln, cho nn mi c ci t l COC nh trn.
Ni n y cc bc s thy l trn FF COC=0.03, to hn trn Crop, ng ngha vi Dn, Df ly di ra
hn, DOF theo m cng dy hn. Vy nu em gn ci ng 50mm ln FF v ln Crop, cc iu kin
khc nh nhau, th DOF ca Crop s mng hn.
Th no cng c bc bn em v cu pht biu
ny. Nhng xin khoan cho em ni nt, ci ng 50mm trn FF n l 50mm, cn trn Crop 1.6 n tng
ng 80mm. Th nn khng so kiu c, em phi lp ci 80mm ln FF v 50mm ln Crop 1.6 v
so, kt qu l thng FF n cho DOF mng hn (hehe, nhng m nu em lp ci 80mm qua ci Crop
1.6 th em li xa phng tt hn trn FF nhen ^^). Vy iu g khin my FF vn thch hp hn cho
chp Portrait, hehe, em ngh khng phi do FF xa phng tt hn, em ch c kin l vi ci ng
80mm trn FF em ng cch 8m ly ton thn chng hn, th lp trn Crop 1.6 em phi ng cch
12.8m em mi ly c ton thn, lc em ht tong ln mu mi nghe, bt tin pht. Cn li em xin
cc pro portrait phn xt.
Trc khi tip tc ta kt lun ci ng dng yu t ny ci : Bt lun l trn FF hay Crop hay
Format Size no i na, tiu c thc t (khng phi tng ng) ln hn s cho DOF mng
hn, v ngc li. Cn tnh bng tiu c tng ng th vi cng tiu c (tng ng),
Format Size ln hn cho DOF mng hn (80mm trn FF cho DOF mng hn 50mm (~80mm)
trn Crop 1.6).
Ri, n y ta c th gii thch c kh nhiu cu hi, chng hn nh:
Ti sao trn my P&S rt kh xa phng, mc d khu ln F2.8 chng hn?"
- n gin v tiu c thc ng P&S thng rt ngn (nh ci G7 ca em l 7.4-44.4mm), tiu c ngn
tt cho ra DOF dy. Mun xa phng trn G7 em phi kt hp: khu ln nht c th, ly nt gn
(gim khong cch t ng knh n mt phng ly nt bng cch a my n gn im ly nt hn,
hoc chn im ly nt khc gn ng knh hn), ko tiu c ra cng xa cng tt (tic l n li lm em
gim t F2.8 ln F5.6, hu tin ^^). Th cho nn thng cm P&S chp Macro th xa phng c, ch
chp chn dung th mission impossible ^^, chng l em li d st ci my vo mt mu m chp...qui
vt , hihihi
Vy trong 3 yu t: khu , tiu c, khong cch n mt phng ly nt, yu t no nh hng
nhiu nht?
y l mt cu hi hay, v nu xt ring, th mi chuyn tht r rng, c iu trn thc t cc yu t li
lin quan n nhau.
Trc ht ta xt ring :
Em a ra 1 v d (trong v d c tnh ton con s c th, tnh th no tm thi em cha cp n):
- Nu em dng ng 50mm, F2.8, trn my crop 1.6, ly nt ch th cch em 5m, DOF trong trng
hp ny khong 1.1m
- Gi nguyn nhng ci khc, ch tng F2.8 ln F2, DOF ~0.76m, gim khong 34cm
- Gi gi nguyn nhng ci khc, tng tiu c ln 70mm, DOF ~0.54m, gim 56cm
- Li gi nguyn nhng ci khc, m n gn ch th hn, cn 4m, DOF ~0.68, gim 42cm
Nhn xt: Tng khu ln 1 stop cc bc gim DOF khng nhiu lm, so vi tng tiu c hay gim

khong cch ly nt.

nng t F2.8 ln F2 thng thng cc bc phi u t kh nhiu "xin", gi lens khu ln t hn
nhiu, khc bit 1 stop c th chnh nhau t vi trm n vi...ngn la ^^, khip!
Nng tiu c r hn v gim khong cch ly nt l r v ch - free lun ^^
c v l 1 tin vui cho ai t "xin", nhng rt tic ci g cng c ci gi ca n.
SAU Y L PHN QUAN TRNG:
Cc bc s thy trong 3 yu t trn, khu l c lp, cn tiu c (zoom bng tay) hay khong
cch ly nt (zoom bng chn) c lin quan n nhau, c th gp li thnh mt yu t l " phng
i" (zoom tay zoom chn g cng l zoom ^^).
Tng tiu c l phng to hn, m n gn hn cng l phng to hn, ni tm li c phng to hn th
DOF mng hn.
V y l ci gi ca n: ng khung vt th, i khi ta khng th n gn hn hoc tng tiu c
(zoom vo gn hn), v nh ta ang chp mt c gi, ta mun ly ton thn, th ng khung nh vy
ta buc phi: i xa hn, hoc: gim tiu c xung. Nu ta tng tiu c gim DOF th li phi i xa
hn (km theo hu qu tng DOF) mi ng khung c nh ban u, v ngc li, nu ta n
gn hn gim DOF th li phi gim tiu c ng khung nh ban u (km theo hu qu
tng DOF), cui cng l "hu tin".
Cht li th trong mt s trng hp, v l do ng khung vt th, 2 yu t "tiu c" v "khong cch
ly nt" s "gn nh" khng gip g c cho cc bc trong vic "xa phng" c. Em ni gn nh v n
c s khc nhau ca n, i lt em ni r hn.
Gi c l cc bc hiu hn v sao my FF li thng dng chp "xa phng" trong portrait, bi cng
1 khong cch hay tiu c thc, n "ng khung" c rng hn nhiu, khin ta khng phi i xa hn
(lm tng DOF) hoc gim tiu c (cng lm tng DOF).
Kt qu l dng khu tuy "xa x" v c v khng hiu qu bng 2 yu t kia, nhng trong mt s
trng hp, th n l cch duy nht, no choice man^^. V l m khu thng c ni n nh l
mt yu t quan trng nht (thm ch duy nht) iu khin DOF.
Li ni tip v "quan h tng ng" gia tiu c v khong cch ly nt, theo cch ni trn, ta d
hiu l "xa phng" bng cch n gn hn hay tng tiu c th kt qu nh nhau. Nhng thc t li
n va nh nhau li va khng nh nhau cht no. Sau y l nguyn nhn:
Nu gi nguyn t l phng i, hay ni cch khc, kch thc ch th trn film/sensor khng i, hay
ni cch khc na, ng khung ch th nh nhau, th DOF trong c 2 trng hp n gn hay tng
tiu c u nh nhau. Nhng tng tiu c (zoom n t xa) li cho kt qu "xa phng" tt hn. V
gc nhn 2 trng hp khc nhau, mt trng hp gc nhn rng, cho ta cnh pha sau ch th rng
hn, nhiu chi tit hn, trng hp cn li (tng tiu c) cho ta gc nhn hp, cnh pha sau ch th
b thu hp, t chi tit. Kt qu l tuy pha sau ch th u nm ngoi DOF, m i, nhng trng hp
sau trng "c v" m hn, "nht nha" hn nhiu ^^.
Vy v sau khi chp m cc bc c 2 la chn: n gn hn hoc zoom gn hn xa phng, th la
chn th 2 s gip xa phng p hn, mc d DOF vn nh nhau.

Em xin b sung ci nh minh ha

nh 1: Cng khong cch ly nt, tiu c di hn th DOF mng hn.

nh 2: Cng khong cch ly nt, cng tiu c, khu nh hn th DOF mng hn.
nh 3: Cng tiu c, cng khu, khong cch ly nt cng gn cho DOF cng mng.