Chapter1

1.1 MaterialsScienceand Engineering

is an interdisciplinary
field concernedwith
inventingnew materialsand improvingpreviouslyknownmaterialsby developinga
deeper understandingof the microstructure-composition-synthesis-processing
relationships.
is the chemicalmake-upof a material
1.2Compostion,
of arrangements
of atomsor ionsin material.
Structure,is a description
Synthesis,is the processby which materialsare madefrom naturallyoccurringor
otherchemicals.
Processingmeansdifferentways of shapingmaterialsinto useful componentsor
changingtheirproperties.
grain
is the structuralfeatureof a materialsuchas grainboundaries,
Microstructure,
undera microscope.
sizeand structure,subjectto observation
betweensynthesisand processing,
1.3 MaterialsScience-emphasison relationships
structureand properties.
MaterialsEngineering-emphasison transformingmaterialsinto usefuldevicesor
structures.

Chapter2
make-upof a material
2.1 Chemical
2.2 The term structuremeansa descriptionof arrangements
of atoms,as seen at
differentlevelsof detail.
is in the lengthscaleof 10 to 1000nm whereasmacrostructure
2.5 Microstructure
is
-) 100,000
nm or 100pm.
b7 (a) Usingdatain AppendixA, calculatethe numberof iron atomsin oneton (2000
pounds).
(20001bX454
gflbX6.02x 1d3 atoms/mol)
=9.79 x1027atoms/ton
55.847glmol

Soltttlon:

(b) Usingdatain AppendixA, calculatethe volumein cubiccentimetersoccupiedby

onemole of boron.
(l molX10.8lg/mol)
=4.7 cm3
2.3 g/cm3

Solutlon:

,t8

ln orderto platea steelpart havinga surfaceareaof 200 in.z with a 0.002in. thick
layerof nickel,(a) how manyatomsof nickel arerequiredand (b) how manymoler
ofnickel arerequired?
Solutlon:

Volume- (200in.2x0.002in.)(2.54cm/in.)3= 6.555cm3

'.J

(a) (6.ssj cm3xa.ft2g/cmgxe.oz

x t023atomymol)
= 5,9gx 1023
atornr
58.71g/mol
(b) (6.555crn3x8.902
g/cm3)
= 0.gg4mol Ni required
58.71g/mol

I-T-0.002in

2-g Supposean elementhasa valenceof Z andanatomic numberof 27. Basedonly on

the quantumnumbers,how manyelertronsmustbe presentin the 3d energylevel?
Solutlon:

We canlet x be thenumberof elecfionsin the 3d energylevel.Then:

lsz ?sz2po3tz3p63d4s2(mustbe 2 electronsin 4s for valence= 2)
Since27-(2+2+4+2+4+2)= J = a theremust be 7 electrcnsin the 3d
level.

2-\l

Bondingin the intermetalliccompoundNirAl is predominantlymetallic.Explain

of
why therewill be little, if any,ionic bondingcomponent.The electronegativity
nickelis about1.8.
Solutlon:

Theelectronegativity
ofAI is 1.5,whilethatof Ni is 1.8.Thesevalues
arerelativelyclose,so we wouldn'texpectmuchionicbonding.Also,
both aremetalsandpreferto give up their electronsratherthanshareot
donatpthem.

2-14 Calculatethe fractionof bondingof MgO that is ionic.

Solutlon:

E*"= 1.2
Eo=3.s
=
- t.Z)2]= exp(-1.3225)= 0.266
[o,,r.nt exp[(-O.25X3.S
fronic= 1 _ 0.266= 0.734... bondingis mostlyionic

2-19 Wouldyou expectMgO or magnesiumto havethe highermodulusof elasticity?

Explain.

Solution: MgO has ionic bonds, which are strong comparedto the metallic bondl
in Mg. A higher force will be required to causethe sameseparation
betweenthe ions in MgO comparedto the atoms in Mg. Therefore,Mg
should have the higher modulus of elasticity.In Mg, fr,= 6 x 106psi; in
M g O ,f i = 3 0 x 1 0 6 p s i .

2.17 The Van Der Wallsforcesmake PVC rigid or stiffer,as a resultof which its
glass transitiontemperature(at which all translational,vibrationaland rotational
motionceases)is relativelyhigh.

to be considered
2.22 Designparameters
-Thermalcoefficient
of expansion(shouldbe comparable
withsteel)
-Young'sModulusandYieldStrength(shouldbe high)

Problems
thatmightoccur:
-The compositemay developcrackdue to differingthermalcoefficients
of steeland
variation.
ceramicsubjectedto temperature

Chapte13
grid likepaftern,in three
3.1 Materials,
in whichthe atomsor ionsforma repetitive,
dimensions.
materialconsistingof onlyone largecrystal.
3.2 Crystalline
3.4 Polycrystallinea material comprisedof many crystals (as opposed to a
material
single-crystal
thathasonlyonecrystal).
Material:
3-6 Amorphous
Any Materialthatexhibitsonlyshortrangeorderof atomsor ions.

of pointscalledlatticepoints,whichare arrangedin a
3-11A latticeis a collection

periodicpatternso that the surroundingof each point in the latticeare identical.A

Latticemaybe 1,2or 3 dimensional.
of
of a latticethat stillretainsthe overallcharacteristics
The unitcell is the subdivision
entirelattice.
A groupof one or moreatomslocatedin a particularway with respectto eachother
witheachlatticepoint,is knownas the motifor basis.
andassociated
We obtaina crystalstructureby addingthe latticeand bases.

involveswritingand readingof magneticdomains

mediaapplications
3-36Recording
or "bits" by use of a polarizedfocusedlaser beam and a magneticthin film, or
"medium,"on a disk. Focusedlaserlight is used in both the writingand reading
by the sizeof the laserspot.The magnetic
processes,
and the bit sizeis determined
direction,becausethe magnetization
mediummust have an easy magnetization
directionsof the bitsare readby usingnormalincidencegeometryof the laserlight.
It is much easier to magnetizecertain magneticmaterialsin one particular
directioncomparedto the other.So the knowledgeof this direction
crystallographic
easier.
willmakethe processing

}iL4

A,
Determinethe crystal structurefor the following: (a) a metal with a;.49489
=
nm'
0.42906
ao
with
metal
(b)
a
r= 1.75A and oneatomper latticepoint; and
r = 0.1858nm andoneatomper latticepoint.
'?' in the calculationsbelow equals
SOltttlOn: Vy'ewant to detqmine if
(for FCC) ot Jl (fot BCC):

(a)(x)(4.948e
A) = (+Xt.zsA)
FCC
* = Ji, thereJore
nm)
(b)(x)@'a296nm)= (4)(0.1858
BCC
x= 43, therefore

3-1E Ametal havinga cubic structurehasa densityof 1.892glcm3,an atomicweightol

13291glmol, anda latticepararneterof 6.13.4..One atomis associaledwith each
latticepoint. Determinethecrystalsbuctureof the metal.
Solutiont

(x atoms/cellX
132.91glmol)

1.892g/cm3=

(6.13 x 10-8cm)3(6.02x 1023atoms/mol)

x = 2, thereforcBCC
3-20 Bismuthhasa hexagonalstructure,with ao=0.4546nm
and"n = Lig6 n*.
The densitvis 9.808g/cm3andthe atomiJweigtrt
is z0i.9i J*,t. Determine
(a) the volumeof the unit ce[ and(b) the
numberof atomsin eachunit ceil. ]
Soluflon: (a).Ihe volumeof theunit ccll
is I/ = ao2cocos3O.
V = (O.4546nm)2(I . I 86 nm)(cos30)= 0.21226
nm3
=2.1226x 10-22cm3
(b) If "x" is the number of atoms per
unit cell, then:
g/mol)

9.808glem3=
(2.1226x

x = 6 atomdcell

yU

Aluminum firil usedto packagefood is approximately0.001inch thick. Assumeth

all of ttreunit cells of the aluminumaxearrangedso that ao is perpendicularto the
foil surface.For a 4 in. x 4 in. squareof the foil, determine(a) the total numberof
unit cellsin the foil and(b) the thicltnessof the foil in numberof unit cells.(See
AppendixA.)
Solutlon:

The lattice paremeterfor aluminumis 4,04958x l0r8 cm. Therefore:

= (4.04958x 10{)3 =6.64@x lF23 cm3,
Vunitcc'
Thevolumeof thefoil is:
V.u = (4 in.X4in.X0.00lin.) = 0.016in.3= 0.262cm3
(a)The numberof unit cellsin thefoil is:
0.262^3

.
number=6
**ffi

=3.945
x loz.rce's

(b) The thicknessof thefoil, in numberof unit cells,is:

- (0'Q01in'X2'54cm/in')= 6,.27xr0f cens
number
'
4.04958x 10d cm

3-{0

Determinethe indicesfor the planesin thecubic unit cell shownin Figure3-38.

.r = -1, l l x = - l X 3 = - 3
y= th I l y = Z x J = 6
664) (originat 1,0,0)
a
A
x
J
3/a'
4
Llz=
z=
B: x = I
y--3A

llx= 1x3= 3
lly=-aAx3=4

Z= oo llZ= 0X3=
C: x = 2
y --3h.
z=l

345

(340)

(origin at 0,t ,0)

!lx= th.XS= 3
lly = zAx 6 - 4
6-- 6
llz;

(346)

sketch the foilowing pranesanddirectionswithin a cubic

(a)Il01]

(b)t0T0l

(d)

unit ceil.

G) trz2]t
(e)tZotl
t30ll
(g)(oTD {tr)(r02) rir
ioozj 0i irgoj ci ititi

Solution:
z

g
h

J . e
2

1t3

(D IzT3l

611srD

'-s2DeterminetheanglebetweenthetllO]directionandthe(110)planeinatetragq
ttre [0ll] directionand the (011)plar
unit cell; thenatil*ln' the angtebetween
,
t" io= i i'and co= 5 A' What is
p""*"t""
in a tetragonalcell' The lattice
for the difference?
resPonsible

tllol r (110)

a{iln)=2'5 l2= l'25

012=51.34"
0 = 102.68"
same;this
The lattice parametersin the 'r andy directionsarethe
the lattice'
But
90o'
allowsthe anglebetween[110] and (110)to be
l
parametersin the y and a directionsaredifferent!
!|54

Determinethe repeatdistance,Iineardensity,andpackingfractionfor FCC

nickel,
which hasa latticepammelerof 0.35r62 nm, in,the
ttool tt tol, and [l r] directions.Which of thesedircctionsis closepacked?
Solutlon:

t=(.[)fO.ts167) I 4=0.1243nm

For [100]:repeatdistance=ao=0.35167nm
lineardensity- llao= 2.84pointVnm.
linearpackingfraction= (ZXO.lU:3)(2.g4)
=g.7g7

For [110]:repeatdistance= ",li aolT= a,z4g7nm

lineardensity= 2l^12eo= 4.}zpointynmlinearpackingfraction= (2X0.1243)(4.92)=1,0

For U11l:repeatdistance
i 6oo= 0.6091nm
lineardensity= ll 6 oo= L.642points/nm
linearpackingfractioo= (?X0.eail,(1.642)= 0.40g
).. {at

- . t

|
I

a-

|
|
|

M
t

t r t ) \ t t
t r
I l

. a ^
-&+-'-g

---

I
f--n
\/^'

x l

-r-l

t,

I
I

t
l

Only the [110] is close packed;it has a linear Dackingfraction nf I

346

Wouldyou expectNiO to havethecesiumchloride,sodiumchloride,or zinc ble

structure?Basedon your answer,de8ermine(a) the lattice parameter,(b) the derl
and (c) the'packing factor.

Sofution: r*,*t = 0.69A

,o-, = | SZL

ln

=o.szcr.f=6fl
q4
fo-"

A coordination number of 8 is expectedfor the CsCl structure,&rd a

coordination number of 4 is expectedfor ZnS. But a coordination nu
ber of 6 is consistentwith the Na Cl structure,
(a) ao= 2(0.69)+ 2(1.32)= 4.02 L

(b)p=
(c) PF =

(4 of eachion/cellxs8.7l+ 16g/mol)
(4.02 x 10-8 cm)3(6.02x 1023atoms/mol)

=J.@, glemt

(4il3)(4 ions/cell[(0.69)3
+ (t SZ)31
= 0.678
(4.02)3