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GIVING AWAY OLD COMICS

Giving Away Old Comics:


An Exercise in Distributing Reading Material
Aaron White

GIVING AWAY OLD COMICS

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Abstract

This paper describes an action research experiment in which I gave away a collection of
my old comic books to people in the community. I overtly observed and assisted in the
searching and selection processes of people who came to my house, hereinafter
patrons, to find comics for themselves and, in many cases, their children. I found that
organization of the materials shaped the ways people searched but could not determine
what materials people selected. I also found that many people were willing to take the
entire lot sight unseen, but when asked to make selections most patrons were cautious
and highly selective. I observed the ways family members assisted and entrained one
anothers selection processes. My unreliable sorting of materials and largely hands-off
approach left patrons to their own devices. I conclude that future research in this area
needs to explore the possibilities of publicity and active participation in patrons
education about materials.

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Giving Away Old Comics:

An Exercise in Distributing Reading Material


In my project I planned to give away reading material; specifically, my old comic
books. As Ranganathan writes, books are for use, not preservation, and I have hundreds
of comics in storage, entertaining no one. These were not high-value comics. They were
musty, dog-eared, wrinkled, but still readable. Further, some were child-friendly, while
others were strictly for adults. None of them were for everyone, but all of them were for
someone. I hoped to find those someones within my own town over the course of a few
days. This question of free distribution pertains to libraries, since they offer a wide
selection of materials for free, and seek to distribute this material across the
community. Some library materials are roughly handled by previous patrons, so the kind
of wear and tear my comics have received is a consideration for libraries.
I planned to get the word out about my comics giveaway by advertising on widely
traveled, locally oriented websites like Craigslist, Freecycle, and Creative Loafing. I
planned to observe and informally survey participants as they perused the comics, and
ask them about how they heard about the giveaway and how they were searching. I also
kept track of how many boxes of comics were left each day of the giveaway. My
objective was to give away every single comic in the collection within three days. I knew
that if I simply offered the whole lot as a giveaway, many people would be willing to take
the whole lot, but I wanted many people to select only the comics they wanted.
Therefore I decided to place a limit on the number of comics one person could take in
order to maximize distribution.

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Research Questions

With the widespread availability of entertainment online, including comic strips


and books, will there be sufficient interest in free used comics to motivate potential
readers to show up for the giveaway and take all these free used comics?
Will boxes of alphabetized comics be more popular than books of randomly
ordered comics, or will it make no difference how the comics are sorted?
Will separating child-friendly comics from more adult-oriented comics affect the
ways people search?
Literature Review
Much of the literature on giving things away for free assumes a business model of
some kind. Anderson (2009, 188) discusses Freecycle, a nonprofit that helps people give
away, or request, leftover belongings. He also notes Craigslist as a website where people
offer free second-hand materials. But for the most part Anderson focuses on business
models that use free offerings to build an interested customer base.
Bell (1991) and Offner (1997) focus on classic models of gift economies as
reciprocity-driven alternatives, or forerunners, to market economies. In this model there
is a general expectation that gifts will be reciprocated. The exchange of gifts between
friends and family follows this model. If goods and services are not mutually exchanged,
then goods and services may be exchanged for regard, reputation, and gratitude. Berquist
and Ljungberg (2001) focus on free information markets such as open-source
programming. All these sources conclude that gift economies are reciprocity based.

GIVING AWAY OLD COMICS

Another role for gifts is to distribute an embarrassment of riches from one who
has too much to those who do not, and this pertains to my giving away of comics I no
longer want. Antelope meat called for a gift economy because it was perishable and
there was too much for any one person to eat. Information also loses value over time and
has the capacity to satisfy more than one. In many cases information gains rather than
loses value through sharing. (Pinchot, 1995, p 50-51).
The inspiration for my project began with a passage from Ranganathan:
A modern librarian, who has faith in the law that BOOKS ARE FOR USE, is
happy when his readers make his shelves constantly empty. It is not the books that go out
that worry him. It is the stay-at-home volumes that perplex and distress him. (1931, p.
6-7)
I had regarded this passage as an exhortation to selfless giving, but reading about
gift economies showed me that Ranganathans values include the reputation and standing
of the library as a source of reading material. My motive in giving these comics away
was not about building reputation for myself, but about clearing storage space and
divesting of antelope meat that had served its purpose for me. First Nation gift
economies believed that The gift must always move. (Anderson, 2009, p. 186) My
city, Kannapolis, has many people with scant purchasing power; perhaps the free
entertainment I offered would improve the community in ways Ranganathan would
anticipate.

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Methods
I collected six longboxes of comics and book-bound comics (a.k.a. graphic
novels) that I wished to give away. My plan was to advertise the comics on the websites
Freecycle, Craigslist and Creative Loafing, all of which provide free classified ads for
giveaways. A draft ad:
Free used comics and graphic novels. Manga, Vertigo, Superheroes, misc. Far
from mint but still readable. (Address redacted) 28083 2-6 PM Oct. 28-30. All free!
There were six longboxes, consisting of

One box family-friendly comics, alphabetized by title


One box alphabetized comics that I deemed to be PG rated
One box adult-oriented comics, also alphabetized by title
One box g-PG comics in random order
Two boxes of book-format comics
I planned to watch and see if browsers respond differently to different orders,
such as by ignoring the unsorted box or the adult box.
I planned to set the boxes on a picnic table and oversee them during the times
advertised. I also planned to set a maximum of 15 comics and 3 books per person on the
first day of the giveaway, in order to prevent anyone from simply taking the lot (once I
examined the quantity of material I doubled this limit). If the comics moved slowly I
would increase the maximum as necessary on the following days. Throughout the
giveaway Id log my observations and make adjustments to unanticipated questions or
concerns any patrons might have. In my retail experience everything must go style

GIVING AWAY OLD COMICS

near-giveaways reach a point where stock remains that someone might reasonably want,
but none of the available customers/patrons actually takes. Id watch and listen to see if
there was anything I could do to prevent any materials remaining, aside from allowing
people to take all the product without selecting.
The Giveaway Begins
On October 27 I placed ads on Craigslist, Freecycle and Creative Loafing, the
local free weekly. The text of my Craigslist ad read:
I have 6 longboxes of comic books and graphic novels that have been in storage
too long. Manga, Vertigo, Marvel, DC, Fantagraphics, misc. Hundreds and hundreds of
comics to choose from. Musty and worn but still readable. Front yard at 116 S. East Ave.,
Kannapolis, NC 28083 2-6 PM Oct. 28-30. All free!
Within hours I received 5 emails from people who assumed that I would give
them the entire collection. Since I wanted people to select the comics they wanted and
leave the rest, I amended the ads with the following:
This is part of a school project, and I have to set a limit on how many any one
person can take. Right now it's 30 comics and 6 books per person per day. The limit
might loosen up by Sunday depending on how much is left.
Freecycle, which publishes posts only after they have been reviewed by a
monitor, deleted the information about time, place and per person limits. Although I
found nothing in Freecycles posted rules forbidding the posting of addresses, times or
per person limits, it seems the monitor felt such information should be directly negotiated
between offerers and seekers.

GIVING AWAY OLD COMICS

I planned to offer the comics in a yard sale format, but Friday, October 28 was
cold and wet, so I set up the six longboxes of comics indoors on my dining room table.
Its possible that if Id been out in the yard, or posted signs in the neighborhood, I would
have received more patrons. I positioned the longboxes in a row, with the adult box
behind them at a 90-degree angle with a lid on, separating it from the rest of the
collection but keeping it available.
Friday my first four visitors arrived around 2, within minutes of each other, and
searched the comics side by side. The first two were a middle-aged couple, and when I
asked them if they were looking for anything in particular they answered The old
comics. Marvels. Marvel is a superhero comics publisher with a strong brand identity
decades in the making, best known for Spider-Man and the X-Men. The couple flipped
through the comics one by one; their searching didnt seem to change on the basis of
organization. Whether the box was alphabetized by title or in random, jumbled order,
they looked at each issues cover before selecting or skipping it. This searching behavior
proved common to all my patrons. The couple bypassed the one box of adult-oriented
material after I told them what it was. They took several issues of Wonder Woman
(published by DC, Marvels chief competitor), Little Lulu (published by Gold Key
Comics; the woman stated that she read Little Lulu as a child) and Sock Monkey (a
lushly drawn childrens comic, published by Dark Horse Comics). They also took some
older Marvel comics: The Eternals by Jack Kirby, the cartoonist who, as much as anyone,
created Marvel Comics, making this a representative Old Marvel comic. I told all
patrons that I had only put the 30 comics/6 books maximum in the ad to discourage
people from thinking they could take the whole batch, and I had no intention of policing

GIVING AWAY OLD COMICS

how many comics people took. Nonetheless, the first pair of visitors took only a few
dozen comics, then told me they planned to send most of them overseas to a son in the
military.
My third patron of the day was a middle-aged man who said he came on behalf of
his son, who had to work that day, but liked Marvel comics. I began to regret my limited
selection of Marvels. As the third visitor considered a garishly painted cover for a comic
titled Shade, The Changing Man, he stated its been so long since I looked at these
things, I have no idea what Im looking at. He also took a slender selection of comics,
several Marvels but also a few Swamp Things (published by DC).
My fourth visitor was a man in his thirties who said he liked Marvels. He took a
slender stack of my dwindling supply of Marvels, as well as a Batman book (Arkham
Asylum, a glossy painted comic from DC, in hardcover).
My fifth visitor was a woman who wanted to get comics for her son, a 12-year-old
bookworm who, she said, liked adventure comics. Like my other visitors she searched
carefully through each box, looking at the cover of each individual comic. When she
found a comic interesting she took it out of the box and perused the interior before
making a final decision about the comic. She took a larger stack than the earlier visitors
after I assured her that I wouldnt really hold her to a maximum. She left, then returned a
half-hour later with her son. He searched carefully, also perusing interiors of the comics,
and selected a stack of adventure-oriented comics from multiple publishers, expressing
no preexisting preferences regarding companies, titles or characters.

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While this mother and son were searching, another woman came with her 4 foster
boys. They all searched at the same time, and worked collaboratively to point out comics
they thought each other would enjoy. They also showed one another pictures that amused
them, often punctuated with comments like This looks like Steve! When I told the
woman that one box contained adults-only material, the eldest boy, about 12,
immediately began searching that box. The woman noticed but didnt seem to mind.
This boy stated Im looking at them and putting them back if I see anything.
Occasionally he would whisper to another boy, and they would stare and giggle over
some bit of imagery in these comics. This boy, who professed to be a poor reader but
evidenced careful visual attention, left with a stack of erotic comics; the woman stated
Your Dad is going to go through those.
Another, younger boy liked horror comics; cover illustrations featuring monsters
drew his enthusiastic approval, and he took a thick stack of comics. A third boy, about 7,
took many issues of Swamp Thing and Animal Man, complex, wordy comics I would
have expected to be over his head. Perhaps their many drawings of monsters and animals
drew his attention. He also found a comic titled The Replacement God and seemed
intrigued by its intricate cover art. He showed it to the woman, who said I dont like
that title. The other mother said Neither do I. The boy stared at the cover for a few
moments, then held the comic aloft and announced No one can take this! Its called
The Replacement God, before placing it back in the box. A fourth boy took far fewer
comics than the other boys, all of whom expressed astonishment, since he was apparently
the biggest reader in the group. This boy took more time to consider each comic in the
boxes, and was still looking after the others were ready to go. He took only a few

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comics. The woman selected numerous copies of Ranma 1/2, a girly-looking manga
comedy series, for her two absent daughters, then searched through the adult box, stating
that she was going to find some comics for her husband and herself. I gave the woman a
box to carry the familys haul. The box was almost full.
They were the last visitors for the first day. Both of the mothers stated theyd
seen the advertisements on Freecycle, a website of apparent greater interest to mothers in
low-income towns than an urban-oriented website like Craigslist. I consolidated all the
alphabetized comics in one box. I decided to trust parents abilities to decide whether any
given comic was appropriate for their children, and combined the comics I had
considered to be G-rated with the PG-rated ones. I also respaced the boxes to give
searchers more elbow room.
Day 2 began with the mother and son from day one, this time with the womans 6
year old daughter as well. Both son and daughter searched through the comics. Son
complained about a section of one consolidated series (Maison Ikkoku, a manga romance
of little likely interest to a young boy): All of these are the same! The daughter had
difficulty reaching the books in boxes, so I removed a number of books and laid them on
the tabletop; it occurred to me that select books would be better presented displayed face
up instead of filed in boxes. Mother allowed the son to search by himself but oversaw
her daughters searching and selecting, choosing girly comics, mostly manga like
Ranma by Rumiko Takahashi. She discouraged the girl from taking books, even books
by Rumiko Takahashi, saying I think youll do better with comics than books. This
seemed to be a response to the girls difficulty keeping the books open.

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The second visitor of the day was a man in his thirties who said he once did a
comics giveaway too, because his girlfriend wanted more space. He was a careful,
choosy searcher who expressed familiarity with the comics and artists he liked. He
selected multiple comics illustrated by the artist Mike Allred, and mentioned a
longstanding fondness for Allreds work. He also expressed admiration (This looks
cool) for the cover art of a comic titled Promethea, then opened a copy to investigate the
interior. He took a selection of Promethea comics after this examination of a single issue.
He stopped at thirty, and after I assured him that there was no real numerical limit he
selected a few more; about 35 in total.
Around 4:45 a thirtyish man with a folder came. He consulted the folder, which
appeared to contain a list of comic titles and issue numbers, and took about a half-dozen
popular superhero comics. With the assistance of the folder he seemed to know exactly
what he wanted (Batman, Justice League of America) and showed no interest in anything
else.
No one else came that day, and I decided to update my online advertisements in
hopes of boosting turnout for Sunday. My new Craigslist ad read:

Giving away comic books and graphic novels in Kannapolis, Oct. 29-30 (116 S.
East Ave, Kannapolis NC 28083):

I have 6 longboxes of comic books and graphic novels that have been in storage
too long. Manga, Vertigo, DC, Fantagraphics, Maison Ikkoku, Neon Genesis Evangelion.
Rumiko Takahashi. Pulp Magazine. Odd indy and arty comics, too. (Most of the Marvel

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has been taken.) Hundreds of comics to choose from. Musty and worn but still readable.
At my house: (address redacted) 2-6 PM Oct. 29-30. All free!

I felt the need to list specifics about what remained in hopes of enticing people
who might enjoy these comics while discouraging those who only wanted Marvels from
wasting their time. I received 4 emails in response to the updated ad, asking about what
comics I had left. I answered each email. That night I found a few books Id intended to
include in the giveaway but had set aside and forgotten. I incorporated them into the
collection and reorganized the longboxes. Now there were three boxes of comics
including the adult box, one box of books, and several manga book collections displayed
face up on the tabletop.
Sunday one married late-twenties couple came. The spoke at length about their
longstanding love of comics, as well as their desire to find comics for their children.
They perused the comics at length, commenting frequently on specific comics that caught
their eyes or reminded them of related comics they enjoyed. They took as many comics
as the two of them could comfortably carry, including some of the books Id added the
previous night, and offered to come take the remainders after six. I promised to call
them.
No one else came. Just over two longboxes of comics and one box of books
remained. Most of the remaining product was obscure material or childrens manga in
book form (most childrens manga in traditional western comic book format had been
taken). After six the couple from earlier that day called to see if any comics were left. I
told them I needed to take some photographs of the material for a class presentation, and

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I would call them by Wednesday. I emailed two online comics critics whose work I
enjoy, offering them some free comics. One, Noah Berlatsky, responded. I told him
about what I had left, and he requested four series, three of which (Maison Ikkoku, A
Distant Soil, and Neon Genesis Evangelion) had been unpopular with my visitors. The
fourth, Pulp Magazine, had only been popular with a boy who seemed drawn to the
prurient content. I packed the comics in a longbox, filling it almost to bursting, and
mailed it to Noah. Then I went through the remaining material and retrieved a half-dozen
items I decided to keep after all. Tuesday I called the couple from Sunday. The next day
they arrived with another man and took the two boxes of remaining comics and books,
along with the empty boxes.
In all I received 14 emails in response to my two Craigslist ads, 12 in response to
my freecycle ad, and 1 for my Creative Loafing ad. I responded to each email, answering
questions as best I could about location, time and content. After the giveaway I received
5 emails in response to the Craigslist ad asking if I still had any comics.
I received visitors 9 times during the actual giveaway. 5 visits included multiple
people: married couples twice, mothers and children three times. Three visits involved a
repeat customer, coming back with her children. 5 times the visitors stated they were
selecting partially or entirely for their children.
Positioning books flat on the table with covers displayed seemed to encourage
visitors to examine the books, but none of the books were taken. Most of these books
were childrens manga. I was surprised none were taken, because the small paperback
format is, in my experience, the format of choice for enthusiastic manga readers, but none

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of my visitors expressed particular interest in manga or familiarity with the social codes
of western manga fans, in which the traditional comics format is held in disdain as a
manga format. Most of those who selected manga selected Ranma , a girly looking
comic, for their young daughters. Most of the comics that remained at the end of the
giveaway were unfamiliar to a broad audience and of little immediate interest to people
who do not regularly read comics or who only read well known comics such as Batman.
Answering my Research Questions
Q. With the widespread availability of entertainment online, including comic
strips and books, will there be sufficient interest in free used comics to motivate potential
readers to show up for the giveaway and take all these free used comics?
A. For every four email responses I received to my classified ads, I received one
visitor or set of visitors. (One respondent, upon learning of the 30 per person limit,
replied that he lived in South Carolina and was only willing to drive to Kannapolis if he
could take the whole set.) Perhaps a wider, more diverse advertising strategy (signs) or a
more visible presence (like the yard sale format Id intended before the weather got so
cold and wet) would have improved the giveaways public face.
My oddball and eclectic comics collection met with a mixed response from
visitors. Familiar superhero comics moved briskly; horror-themed comics, including
Swamp Thing, also proved popular. Manga received a mixed response. Ranma , which
uses a girly visual style, proved popular with the one girl and the two moms, both of
whom stated they were selecting comics for absent girls. Cartoony non-girly
material proved unpopular. Manga in book format was extremely unpopular; I conclude

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that manga aficionado preference for manga in book form hasnt permeated mass culture.
I also found that presenting books in different face-out configurations assured them a
quick glance from visitors, but every book I presented in this way (most of which were
childrens manga) remained at the end of the giveaway. Although I only scratched the
surface of presentational possibilities, I tentatively conclude that if material does not
interest patrons, fresh presentation of that material will do little to change their interest
levels.
Q. Will boxes of alphabetized comics be more popular than books of randomly
ordered comics, or will it make no difference how the comics are sorted?
A. Visitors seemed to practice the same searching process regardless of how the
boxes were organized: they generally searched item by item through each box, looking at
each cover, then flipping to the next or pulling out the comic in order to examine it more
carefully. Alphabetizing comics by title groups multiple issues of the same series
together, which proved helpful to fans of a given series (one boy took many issues of
Swamp Thing, and despite taking the most comics of his foster brothers he was finished
searching earlier than the rest). Another boy expressed frustration with the grouping of
titles, angrily declaring of a batch of Maison Ikkoku comics that These comics are all
the same! I initially believed that my visitors consistent looking at every single comic
suggested that the comics might as well be organized in any sequence, but I now believe
that visitors searched that way because, with the comics in no order, an item-by-item
search was the most reliable way to find comics of interest. By contrast, most comic
book stores not only alphabetize, but provide raised tags that delineate where each series
begins and ends in the box, so fans of a particular title know where to look. I conclude

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that if material organization is sloppy, patrons will decide they must search item by item
if they are to be assured of finding any materials of interest.
Q. Will separating child-friendly comics from more adult-oriented comics affect
the ways people search?
A. To some extent. Several searchers shunned the adults-only box once I
identified it as such, and only one person, a pubescent boy, showed special interest in it. I
eventually gave up on preserving a firm distinction between the kid-friendly box and the
PG-rated boxes, partly because, after observing parental decision-making about
appropriateness, I decided they were better judges of appropriateness for their children
than I was. For example, I was uneasy with young children taking Swamp Thing, many
issues of which state on the cover For Mature Readers. Nonetheless one young boy
took many copies of Swamp Thing and professed great enthusiasm for them.
Furthermore, of the two parents who joined the children in the search, both took an active
role in the searching, commenting on the childrens selections and making suggestions
about what they ought to take or leave. Having advised parents of the adult box, I
preferred to take a laissez-faire approach, allowing parents to regulate their childrens
choices.
Conclusion
Within a limited time and with minimal publicity it is possible to give away
materials, but requiring a selection process reduces the likelihood of giving it all away.
Many people are happy to take a complete set of materials, even when many of the
materials are not anything they would choose individually. It would have been easy to

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give my entire set of comics away to any of numerous takers, but it proved impossible to
mandate a selection process and give everything away.
The ways individual patrons search comics show remarkable consistencies, which
seem to be entrained by the formats of the comics and the containers. Glancing at the
cover illustration of a comic was every patrons first action in considering a comic; the
importance of the cover (including the title) as a grabber can, in my observation,
scarcely be overstated. Individual tastes varied widely, however, and in my small town
there was little interest in culturally unfamiliar or avant-garde material and presentation.
Families searched collaboratively, helping one another to find and evaluate materials,
while enforcing expectations about what materials were or were not suitable for children.
Having separated out material that was clearly unacceptable for children (by reason of
explicit sexuality and violence) from the general collection, I found parents were better
able to make decisions about appropriateness for their children than I was.
Much of what I observed during this giveaway corresponded to my experience in
retail. Some merchandise, regardless of what could be said on its behalf, will simply fail
to connect with the available audience. I offered no salesmanship during the giveaway,
aside from my classified ads, all of which tried to strike a balance between enticing
visitors and honestly advising visitors of the limitations of the comics and the giveaway.
Kannapolis is a mill town without a comic book shop or robust art scene, so the
lack of interest in unfamiliar or art-oriented comics is no surprise. Most people associate
comics with superheroes and a few other child-oriented genres. Manga, despite its recent
burst of popularity with younger readers, is still unfamiliar to most Americans, and

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independent/underground comics have always been a niche market. It was unrealistic of


me to expect people to take all this odd material in a selective fashion, particularly given
the restrictions of time and publicity. A longer giveaway process and more robust
publicity campaign may have brought in patrons who would desire the less popular
material.
If I were to conduct future giveaways of this nature, I would improve publicity by
placing ads far in advance of the event, putting up signs and flyers around town, and
perhaps even conduct mini-giveaways at public spaces. Finding more publicity platforms
seems like an ideal way to increase turnout.
For future giveaway-oriented research I would consider salesmanship and/or
publicity on behalf of odder materials, encouraging patrons to consider titles that they
might otherwise overlook. For example, A Distant Soil (a comic series well represented
in the giveaway but which no one except a comics critic in Chicago really wanted) is a
beautifully drawn tale of alien abduction and tasteful eroticism. If it were a film or a TV
show it might be easy to sell such a premise, but it falls a bit outside the parameters of
what people expect from comic books. A sales/educational approach, as opposed to the
no-pressure approach I took to the giveaway, might encourage people to select comics
they might otherwise overlook. Handled poorly, of course, sales attempts might be offputting and pushy.
I was struck by the way family members engaged in collaborative searching.
Married couples and siblings showed each other items of possible interest. Mothers
helped children make decisions about what to take. I was also perplexed by the ways

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mothers did or didnt monitor the materials their children took. One woman seemed
comfortable with her pubescent son looking at erotic pictures of women, while both
mothers objected to the comic book title The Replacement God. Both mothers also
found comics in the general mix that contained material both they and I agreed would be
a better fit in the adults only box. This suggests that when concerned parents challenge
books in childrens collections, it might be more fruitful to treat it as a crowd-sourcing of
the selection process than an attack. Transferring material from less appropriate to more
appropriate sections of a library can be facilitated with live and online responsiveness
from attentive patrons. The value of family involvement in searching for and selecting
reading material, as well as delineating the ebb and flow of community standards, was
brought home for me in this experiment. Parents help (or possibly intrude on) childrens
selection process. Family members seek feedback from, and give feedback to, one
another. The value of family cooperation in the reading material selection process
suggests that public and school libraries do well to encourage family involvement in the
library.

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References
Anderson, C. (2009). Free: The Future of a Radical Price. New York, NY:
Hyperion.
Pinchot, G. (1995). The Gift Economy. In Context, 1995(41). Retrieved from
http://home.ubalt.edu/students/UB95M03/WFD/IDIA620/SourceMaterial/GiffordPinchotTheGift.doc
Bergquist, M., & Ljungberg, J. (2001). The Power of Gifts: Organizing Social
Relationships in Open Source Communities. Info Systems J, 11. Retrieved from
http://www.idi.ntnu.no/grupper/su/courses/tdt10/curricula/P2-4-bergquist01.pdf

GIVING AWAY OLD COMICS


Bell, D. (1991). Modes of Exchange: Gift and Commodity. Journal of SocioEconomics, 20(2). Retrieved from http://www.economics.uci.edu/~dbell/Modes.pdf
Offer, A. (1997). Between the Gift and the Market: The Economy of Regard.
Economic History Review, 3. Retrieved from
http://economics.ouls.ox.ac.uk/10489/1/gift3.pdf

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