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Energy Conservation (Bernoulli'S Equation) : GDZ VDV DP
Energy Conservation (Bernoulli'S Equation) : GDZ VDV DP
dp
VdV gdz 0
Also recall that viscous forces were neglected, i.e. flow is invisicd
If one integrates Eulers eqn. along a streamline, between two points , &
We get :
2
dp 2
VdV gdz 0
1
1
p1 V1
p2 V22
gz1
gz 2 Constant
2
Flow work + kinetic energy + potential energy = constant
x
A
Due to the fluid pressure, the fluid element moves a distance x within
time t. Hence, the work done per unit time W/t (flow power) is:
p
W pAx p
x
A
AV ,
t
t
t
p 1
AV
p
pv
p1 V1
p2 V22
z1
V2 2 g ( z1 z 2 ) 2 gH
2 * 9.8 * 4 8.85 (m / s )
2
water height (m)
4
3
h( t ) 2
2.5e-007
1
0
2 h - 0.0443t
4
0
0
20
40
60
t
time (sec.)
80
100
100
t 90.3 sec
p2 V2
z2
2g
p1 V1
z1
2g
Energy lost, hL
(ex. friction, valve, expansion)
Energy extracted, hE
(ex. turbine, windmill)
hL
loss through
valves
heat exchanger
hE
hA
turbine
pump
hL, friction loss
through pipes
condenser
hL
loss through
elbows
Energy conservation(cont.)
If energy is added, removed or lost via pumps turbines, friction, etc.then we use
2
p1 V1
p2 V22
Extended Bernoullis Equation
z1 hA hE hL
z2
2g
2g
Example: Determine the efficiency of the pump if the power input of the motor
is measured to be 1.5 hp. It is known that the pump delivers 300 gal/min of water.
No turbine work and frictional losses, hence: hE=hL=0. Also z1=z2
4-in dia.pipe
1
zo
pump
Z=15 in
0.71 ft,
2g
2 * 32.2
Looking at the pressure term:
p1 w zo m z p2 w zo w z
p2 p1 ( m w )z
(844.9 62.4) * 1.25 978.13 lb / ft 2
15.67 ( ft )
w
62.4
p2 p1 V22 V12
pump work hA
16.38( ft )
w
2g
Flow power delivered by pump
P = w QhA (62.4)(0.667)(16.38)
681.7( ft lb / s)
1hp 550 ft lb / s
P 1.24hp
P
1.24
Efficiency =
0.827 82.7%
Pinput
1.5
p1 V1
p2 V22
Extended Bernoulli' s equation,
z1 hA hE hL
z2
2g
2g
p1 p2 p
P1
P2
Consider a laminar, fully developed circular pipe flow
R: radius, D: diameter
L: pipe length
w: wall shear stress
[ p ( p dp)](R 2 ) w (2R)dx,
w
p
P+dp
I
F I F IF
HK HKG
H JK
p p1 p2
4 4w w L L L LV 2 V
Darcys Equation:
hhLL
f f
gg D D D D2 g 2 g
2
f f VV 2 where f is defined as frictional factor characterizing
w
44 22 pressure loss due to pipe wall shear stress
2
I
F IF
G
HK
H JK
When the pipe flow is laminar, it can be shown (not here) that
f
64
VD
, by recognizing that Re
, as Reynolds number
VD
64
, frictional factor is a function of the Reynolds number
Re
Similarly, for a turbulent flow, f = function of Reynolds number also
Therefore, f
.
D
F
I
Re, : Pipe frictional factor is a function of pipe Reynolds
Such that ff FF Re,
H DDK
number and the relative roughness of pipe.
This relation is sketched in the Moody diagram as shown in the following page.
The diagram shows f as a function of the Reynolds number (Re), with a series of
parametric curves related to the relative roughness
FI.
HDDK
F
G
H3.7
Re
IJ
fK
K
L
V / 2g
2
1 V 2
2
, so that p K V
L 2
One of the example of minor losses is the entrance flow loss. A typical flow pattern
for flow entering a sharp-edged entrance is shown in the following page. A vena
contracta region is formed at the inlet because the fluid can not turn a sharp corner.
Flow separation and associated viscous effects will tend to decrease the flow energy;
the phenomenon is fairly complicated. To simplify the analysis, a head loss and the
associated loss coefficient are used in the extended Bernoullis equation to take into
consideration this effect as described in the next page.
V1
V2
V 2
2
V3
gz
(1/2)V32
(1/2)V22
KL(1/2)V32
pp
p1 V1
p3 V32
V32
Extended Bernoulli's Equation :
z1 hL
z3 , hL K L
2g
2g
2g
p1 p3 p , V1 0, V3 1
1 KL
( 2 g ( z1 z3 )
2
gh
1 KL
(Ch. 1 YAC)
mechanical
energy
F
I
G
JK
H
V2
pp
p V2
p V2
Flow energy in m in (u
gz )in , Energy out = m out (u
gz )out
2
2
The difference between energy in and out is due to heat transfer (into or out)
and work done (by or on) the system.
p V
m in (u
gz )in
2
p V2
m in (u
gz )out
2
system
10 kw
P=1.4 Mpa
T=350 C
V=80 m/s
z=10 m
dQ
V2
V2
dW
m (h
gz )in m (h
gz )out
dt
2
2
dt
dW
( 10) (1)[(3149.5 2748.7)
dt
80 2 50 2 (9.8)(10 5)
]
2(1000)
1000
10 400.8 1.95 0.049
P=0.5 Mpa
100% saturated steam
392.8( kW )
V=50 m/s
z=5 m
From saturated steam tables: hout=2748.7 kJ/kg
Q, q ?!%
Q total heat transfer (J)
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Internal Energy ?
Internal energy, U (total) or u (per unit mass) is the sum of all
microscopic forms of energy.
It can be viewed as the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of the
molecules
Due to the vibrational, translational and rotational energies of the moelcules.
Proportional to the temperature of the gas.
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