Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy

The PDH hierarchy
ICT electronics
The telecommunication networks

Information
only meaningful for the end user
Signals
modification of a physical characteristic: electricity, light,
magnetism...relative to time
Transmission media
allow the movement of a signal from a source to a target
Nodes
relay the signals maintaining their characterictics.
There are three basic types:
regenerator, switches/routers and multiplexers
ICT electronics
Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy
2/
32
Signals & Information
Information
Analog
signals
ICT electronics
Digital
Analog
Modulation
Digital Modulation
Digital
Digitalization
Codification
3/
32
Transmission media
Transmission types
Twisted pair
- Conductors
Coaxial
Transmission obstruction
- Attenuation
proportional to the distance
the signal loses power
must have a good relation with noise
- Noise
- Dielectrics
Optical Fiber
thermic
intermodulation (sum total of frequencies)
noise point
Space
- Distortion
different propagation speeds
ICT electronics
4/
32
Telecommunication in evolution
ICT electronics
5/
32
The arrival of digital technology
analog
LE
analog
: 1900
analog
LE
digital
digital
Modem
Modem
analog
digital
ICT electronics
LE
LE
digital
digital
LE
LE
analog
digital
: 1960
: 1990
6/
32
The digitalization of signals
SAMPL ING
t0
t0 +T
QUA NTISATIO N
011
010
001
000
100
101
110
111
E NCODING
001
t0
ICT electronics
011
t0 +T
001
101
100
7/
32
Nyquist Sampling theorem
In order to convert an analog signal to digital it is necessary to use a sampling

frequency (fs) at least two times the highest frequency
fs 2BW (in Hertzs)

i.e. to digitalize a phone channel BWc = 4000 Hz in 8 bits each sample it
would be necessary:
fs =2*4000=8000 Hz
T= 125s: this is the base period for all digital networks

codifying:
8000 samples/seg* 8bits/sample = 64.000 bits/seg

this is the basic speed for digital channels
ICT electronics
8/
32
Capacity of a channel: the Shannon Law
The capacity of a noisy channel is :
C= Bw log2 (1 + P/N)
C: capacity of a channel in bit/s
Bw: Band width in Hz.
P: Signal power
N: media noise
Show a max capacity for a noisy channel for transmitting digital information
ICT electronics
9/
32
Types of digital modulation
7V
3V
PAM
7V
5V
3V
V
- V
-3 V
-5 V
-7 V
(3)
(2)
(1)
(0)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
011
010
001
000
100
101
110
111
3V
t0
t0+T
t0
t0+T
- 3V
t 0+3T t 0+4T
t0
t0 +T
t0 +2T
PDM
PPM
t0
PCM
t7
t0 t1 t 2
t 3 t4 t5 t6
t8 t9
Delta
Modul.
t0
t
1
011
001
101
100
t0+T
DIGITAL
PULSE
MODULATION
t 4 t5 t 6 t 7
t 0 t 1 t2
t3
ANALOG
PULSE
MODULATION
t0+T
001
ICT electronics
t
- V
t8 t9
10/
32
Line Codification
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
+V
NRZ
0
-V
+V
AMI
0
-V
+V
HDB3
B
0
V
B
-V
+V
CMI
0
-V
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
ICT electronics
11/
32
Multiplexing
DTE-A
BWs1
BWC
BW
s2
DTE-B
.
.
.
BWs1
DTE-F
MULTIPLEXER
Transmission channel
TDMA
FDMA
A
F
E
B
C
B A F E D CB A
CDMA
1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1
f
001011101110111001
frame
Bit
Bit
ICT electronics
12/
32
Digital switching
a) Analog switching
Modulator
multiplexer
Demodulator
demultiplexer
A(f1)
A(f1)
B(f2)
B(f2)
A(f1), B(f2), C(f3), D(f4)
C(f3)
A(f1), B(f2)
Analog
switch
C(f3)
D(f4)
D(f4)
C(f3), D(f4)
4 channels at the
same frequency
b) Digital switching
Digital switch
ABABABABAB
ABCDABCDABCDABCD
CDCDCDCDCD
ICT electronics
13/
32
Advantages of digital technology

Reduces hardware cost
Simplifies swtiching
Improves reliability, maintenance and quality

Allows you to offer Quality of Service (QoS)
Optimizes the use of resources
Supports audio, data, video under a unified media
Makes it easier to build computer networks
...but
Requires more Band Width
Needs synchronization
ICT electronics
14/
32
Digital milestones
Telex (Germany 1935) first digital network

Digitalization (France 1942)
Fax (Japan 1950)
Integration (USA 50s) of transmission and switching
AT&T (USA 1962) first PTT with digital switching
Western Electric (USA 1965) first digital transmission PCM 24 channels
Telefonica (Spain 1968) first packet network
IDN (USA 70s) first full digital network
ISDN (Europe 1984) standarized voice and data metwork
SONET (USA 1988) first installations
B-ISDN (1989) broadband networks
ATM (1994) first public ATM net
ICT electronics
15/
32
Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchies

Europe (CEPT)
5th level
USA
Japan
564992 Kbit/s
397200 Kbit/s
x4
4th level
x4
139264 Kbit/s
x4
3rd level
274176 Kbit/s
x3
34368 Kbit/s
x6
1st level
ICT electronics
x5
6312 Kbit/s
x3
x4
2048 Kbit/s
1544 Kbit/s
x 30
single channel
32064 Kbit/s
x7
8448 Kbit/s
x4
x3
44736 Kbit/s
x4
2nd level
97728 Kbit/s
x 24
64 Kbit/s
16/
32
PDH is a hierarchy
MUX
2 Mbit/s
8 Mbit/s
MUX
8
34 Mbit/s
34
TRANSMISSION MEDIA
2
MUX
8
140 Mbit/s
COAXIAL CABLE
SATELLITE
34
RADIO LINK
OPTICAL FIBRE
140
LTE
8
8
34
2
8
Four standarized mux levels 2, 8, 34 and 140 Mbit/s
ICT electronics
17/
32
PDH is plesiochronous
PDH
PDH
PDH
PDH
PDH
PDH islands with their own clock
PDH
clock
alignment
SWITCH
ICT electronics
18/
32
The PDH hierarchy

A
Remote Alarms Indicator (FAS and MFAS)
Spare bits (national use)
T1
i - Tributary bits
J11
Justification control bits
R1
ai bi ci di
Justification bits
i - Channel CAS bits
CRC-4 Error signaling bits
CAS multiframe alignment

Frame alignment bits
CRC-4 Multiframe alignment
0
C1 C2 C3 C4
ICT electronics
Frame alignment supervision bits

Cyclic Redundancy Checksum bits
19/
32
The 2048Mbit/s basic frame

CAS: 30 channels/frame
CCS: 31 channels/frame
Frame 0
Frame 1
Frame 15
FAS
NFAS
FAS
NFAS
FAS
NFAS
ch 1
ch 2
ch 15
ch 1
ch 2
ch 15
ch 16
ch 16 ch 17
ch 30
ch 17 ch 18
ch 31
MFAS S A S
s1
s16
s2
s17
s3
s18
s14
s29
s15
s30
BITS PER SAMPLE: 8 bits

SAMPLING RATE (of every channel): 8000 samples/s
Frame duration: 125 s
CHANNEL BW: 0-3400 Hz
COMPRESSION LAW: A
INVERSION OF EVENT BITS
ICT electronics
20/
32
Frame alignment
FAS
FAS
tributaries bits
Allows targetting of synchronization to find the beginning of the frame
ICT electronics
21/
32
FAS
TS0
TS15
TTS1
S2
Frame 0 C10 0 1 1 0 1 1
TS16
TS17
TS18
TS31
00 0 0SA S
Frame 1 0 1 A
S
Frame 2 C20 0 1 1 0 1 1
S
Frame 3 0 1 A
s1
s16
s2
s17
s3
s18
Frame 14 C40 0 1 1 0 1 1
Frame 15 E 1 A
S
s14
s29
s15
s30
Also called NFAS
FAS
F r a m e A l i g n m e n t S u p e r v ision bit
FAS is only transmitted on odd frames

NFAS uses a bit equal to 1 to avoid coincidences
ICT electronics
22/
32
Cyclic Redundancy Checksum CRC-4

TS0
Frame 0
Sub-Multiframe
I
Frame 8
Sub-Multiframe
II
TS1
C1
0
C2
0
FAS
NFAS
FAS
NFAS
C1
C4
Frame 15 E
TS2
TS15
TS17
TS16
TS18
TS31
MFAS S A S
s1
s16
s2
s17
s3
s18
FAS
s8
s23
FAS
NFAS
s14
s29
s15
s30
C1 0 C 2 0 C 31 C 4 0 C 11 C 21 C 3 E C 4 E
C1C2C 3C4: CRC-4 check bits for the previous sub-multiframe

001011:
EE:
CRC alignment signal

CRC distant error indicating bits
Allows the detection of errors
ICT electronics
23/
32
NFAS: No FAS
DISTANT
ALARM
8 Mbit/s
LTE
LTE
FRAME
LOSS
8 Mbit/s
TS0
Frame 0
Frame 1
Frame 2
Frame 3
Frame 14
Frame 15
TS1
TS2
TS31
FAS
NFAS
FAS
NFAS
FAS
NFAS
Used to manage alarms and errors
ICT electronics
24/
32
bit A: Remote Alarms Indication
TS0
Frame 0 C1
FAS
Frame 1 0 1 A
S
Frame 2 C2
FAS
Frame 3 0 1 A
S
Frame 14 C4
FAS
Frame 15 E1 A
S
ICT electronics
TS1
TS15
TS17
TS16
TS31
MFAS SA S
s1
s16
s2
s3
s17
s18
s14
s29
s15
s30
25/
32
bits S for PTT use

TS0
Frame 0 C1
FAS
Frame 1 0 1 ASSSSS
Frame 2 C2
FAS
Frame 3 0 1 ASSSSS
Frame 14 C4
FAS
Frame 15 E1 ASSSSS
TS1
TS15
TS17
TS16
TS31
MFAS SASS
s1
s16
s2
s3
s17
s18
s14
s29
s15
s30
can be used for application, maintenance or monitoring of performance
ICT electronics
26/
32
CAS Multiframe
TS0
Frame 0
Frame 1
Frame 2
Frame 3
Frame 14
Frame 15
TS1
TS2
TS15
TS16
TS17 TS18
FAS
NFAS
FAS
NFAS
0MFAS
0 0 0 SA S
a1 b1 c1 d1 a16b16c16d16
FAS
NFAS
a14b14c14d14a29b29c29d29
TS31
a2 b2 c2 d2a17b17c17d17
a3 b3 c3 d3a18b18c18d18
a15b15c15d15a30b30c30d30
ai bi ci di : i-channel
signalling bits (CAS)
MFAS for CAS
Each of the 30 channels have associated 2 kbit/s, bits ai,bi,ci, di in TS16
ICT electronics
27/
32
Multiframe Alignment Signal (MFAS)

TS16
0MFAS
0 0 0 SA S
a1 b1 c1 d1 a16 b16 c16 d16
No MFAS
(NMFAS)
a2 b2 c2 d2a17 b17 c17 d17

a3 b3 c3 d3 a18 b18 c18 d18
Used to synchronize the CAS
ICT electronics
28/
32
bit A in NMFAS (TS16)

TS0
TS15
TS1
Frame 0 C1
FAS
Frame 1 0 1 A
S
TS17
TS16
TS31
MFAS SA S
s1
s16
Alarm bit used to indicate a power fault, loss of incoming signal, or loss of
multiframe alignment
then A=1 the response from the remote side is to set CAS bits to 1
A=1
CAS=1
ICT electronics
29/
32
2 Mbit/s channel structure

ch 1
Frame 0
Frame 1
Frame 15
FAS
NFAS
FAS
NFAS
FAS
NFAS
ch 2
ch 15
ch 16
ch 17 ch 18
ch 31
MFAS SA S
s1
s16
s2
s17
s3
s18
s14
s29
s15
s30
8 bit per sample

8000 samples per second
30 or 31 channels of information
125s frame period
3.400 Hz bandwidth per channel
ICT electronics
30/
32
PDH as circuit provider

RTB
RTB
8
Rented
ISDN
2
8
Frame
Relay
Internet
2
8
GSM
Rented
8
34
8
34
ATM
ISDN
Internet
Frame
Relay
GSM
ATM
PDH networks provide circuits to switched public networks.

They are also used to build synchronization networks
ICT electronics
31/
32
PDH network, some problems

The supervision and maintenance functions are limited (just a few
bits for alarms in NFAS, NMFAS and E bit (2 Mbit/s frame)
In order to get low speed channel (i.e. 2 Mbit/s) from a hight
hierarchy (i.e. 140 Mbit/s) a full demultiplexing is need
Loss of compatibility between European, Japanese and North
American hierachies
There are no standards for speeds over 140 Mbit/s
Low management capabilities
ICT electronics
32/
32

Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

The PDH hierarchy

The telecommunication networks