190 Athenaze: Book I Singular: 20 einé iE sepé— BE Plural: -¥AOete elnete Yee eipete AGBete ‘Note that in the singular the accent of the compound forms of these im- peratives is recessive, e.g., éndveAbe (from énavépyoua). Exercise 1h Read aloud and translate: 1. “ABE Bedpo, & Hedge, xox por obAdoBe. 2. “Bic (yesterday) Aixov elBov npdc tb aithnov (sheepfold) npoorsvra. 3. “Yous (perhaps) aitbv év tots Specw dydpeba. kal aiphoonev.” 4, ob obv nates eis wd aitMov deprxduevor Moxov Eloy éx caw Spay xortdvtee, 5. rv Abxov iBévres Dong alfpovar Kal Sudxovaw oxdebv. 6. 8 BE ndnxog todg naiduc dv thy Poxmptav (his stick) ethe Kol HABev ag ovdAnyopevos, 7. ol notes tov xdanov elSov npoorévee: Kai elnov: “ENE Sedpo, & nénne- ‘ausics oe pevodpev. 8. “oneibe. mpdg t& Spn Yuev Kal tay AaiKov alpfaonev.” 9. 6 St ndnnog elnev: “énavéABere, b noidec: ph tre xpd¢ t& Spy: tov yep Abxov og edphigere.” 10. otras eixdby todg naiSac otxabe Hyaryev. 8. Augment To indicate past time in the aorist indicative, as we saw in Grammar 1 above, Greek puts an c before the stem of verbs beginning with conso- nants. This is called a syllabic augment, If the stem begins with a vowel or diphthong, the initial vowel is lengthened in spelling or sound, This is called temporal augment, because long vowels are held for a longer time. The following list compares present and aorist indicatives and shows how the stems of verbs beginning with vowels and diphthongs are aug- mented. A number of these verbs are sigmatic or asigmatic 1st aorists (to be introduced in the next chapter) and are cited merely as examples of temporal augment. Present Aorist Single vowels: éxoto Hxovoa (a lengthens to n) byeipo Herp (ealso lengthens to n) fryéopon iymoduny {no change) ‘txvéopor txouny ((lengthens to Spud Spina (o lengthens to @)