Speech and Language Delay and Disorder: Mtsdarmawan

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Speech and Language Delay

and Disorder

mtsdarmawan

Pendahuluan
Salah satu penyebab ggn perkembangan
yang paling sering ditemukan pada anak
Semakin meningkat
Angka kejadian 510% pada anak pra
sekolah.

What are speech / language delays &


disorders?

Speech :
Is the sound that comes out of our mouths.
When it is not understood by others there is
a problem.
Speech problems, such as stuttering and
mispronunciation can be very frustrating.

What are speech / language delays &


disorders?

Language
Has to do with meanings, rather than
sounds.
Language is a measure of intelligence and
language delays are more serious than
speech problems.

What are speech / language delays &


disorders?

Language delay
is when a childs language is developing in
the right sequence, but at a slower rate.
Speech and language disorder :
Abnormal language development.
Delayed speech or language development
is the most common developmental
problem.

The milestones in normal speech


Age
development
Language Level
Birth
2-3 months

Cries
Cries differently in different
circumstances; coos in response to
you

3-4 months
5-6 months
6-11 months

Babbles randomly
Babbles rhythmically
Babbles in imitation of real speech, with
expression
Says 1-2 words; recognizes name; imitates
familiar sounds; understands simple
instructions

12 months
18 months
Between 1 and 2
years

Uses 5-20 words, including names


Says 2-word sentences; vocabulary is
growing; waves goodbye; makes sounds
of familiar animals; uses words (like more)
to make wants known; understands no

The milestones in normal speech


development
Between 2 and 3 years

Between 3 and 4 years


Between 4 and 5 years

Between 5 and 6 years

Identifies body parts; calls self me


instead of name; combines nouns and
verbs; has a 450 word vocabulary; uses
short sentences; matches 3-4 colors,
knows big and little; likes to hear same
story repeated; forms some plurals
Can tell a story; sentence length of 4-5 words;
vocabulary of about 1000 words; knows last
name, name of street, several nursery rhymes
Sentence length of 4-5 words; uses past
tense; vocabulary of about 1500 words;
identifies colors, shapes; asks many questions
like why? and who?
Sentence length of 5-6 words; vocabulary of
about 2000 words; can tell you what objects
are made of; knows spatial relations (like on
top and far); knows address; understands
same and different; identifies a penny, nickel
and dime; counts ten things; knows right and
left hand; uses all types of sentences

If the child is not meeting these milestones,


the first step is to get their hearing checked
.
Even if they seem to hear just fine, kids are
experts at picking up visual cues to get by.
Its important to catch hearing loss early.

Language problem or is just "latebloomer"


Whether a child with delayed speech is a
late bloomer or has an expressive language
disorder or other underlying cause of
speech delay. Thats why its worth seeking
help.
The earlier child gets help, the greater their
progress will be.
And if they turn out to be a late bloomer,
the extra attention to their speech will not
have hurt in any way

KRITERIA DIAGNOSTIK
Perlu observasi menyangkut beberapa
pertanyaan : apakah anak sudah dapat
melakukan hal-hal berikut:
A.Pengulangan suku kata antara umur 12 15 bulan.
B.Mengerti kata sederhana (mis tidak) setelah 18
bulan.
C.Berbicara dengan kalimat pendek setelah umur 3
tahun.
D.Bercerita sederhana saat umur 4 5 tahun.
E.Atau melakukan perbandingan pada anak normal.

PENYEBAB GANGGUAN BICARA


A. Retardasi mental.
B. Ggn pendengaran : cek OAE : Otoaccoustic Emission
C. Ggn bicara karena kelainan organ bicara : lidah
pendek, kelainan bentuk gigi dan mandibula,
palatoschizis atau cleft palate
D. Ggn berbahasa sentral, yaitu tidak sanggup
menggabungkan kemampuan pemecahan masalah
dengan kemampuan berbahasa yang selalu lebih
rendah.
Sering menggunakan mimik untuk menyatakan
kehendaknya seperti pada pantomim. Pada usia
sekolah, terlihat dalam bentuk kesulitan belajar.

PENYEBAB GANGGUAN BICARA


E. Deprivasi (tidak ada rangsangan yang
baik).
F. Bilingual.
G. Keterlambatan fungsional.
Fungsi reseptif sangat baik, anak hanya
mengalami gangguan dalam fungsi
ekspresif:
Ciri khas : anak tidak menunjukkan
kelainan neurologis lain.

H. Mutisme selektif.
Terlihat pada 3-5 tahun : tidak mau bicara pada
keadaan tertentu, misal di sekolah atau bila ada orang
tertentu.
Kadang hanya mau bicara pada orang tertentu,
biasanya anak yang lebih tua.
Keadaan ini lebih banyak dihubungkan dengan
neurosis atau ggn motivasi.
Juga ditemukan pada anak dengan ggn komunikasi
sentral dg intelegensi yang normal atau sedikit rendah.
H. Celebral Palsy.
I. Autisme.

Penyebab

learning disability
language-based learning disabilities.
Hearing loss
hearing should be tested.
Intellectual disabililty
Prematurity
developmental delays
prematurity and speech and language dela
ys
.

Penyebab

Auditory Processing Disorder


cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy
traumatic brain injury
Autism
cleft lip or cleft palate
speech development and cleft palate.
Apraxia of speech
Selective mutism i

Penyebab
It is important to identify speech/language
problems early, so the child can begin
treatment.
Speech and language treatment can begin
before a child starts talking.
Treatment can and should begin as soon as
possible.
Research : children know a lot language
long before the first word is ever said.

Penyebab
If any risk factors (misal LBW) or any of the
problems listed above should be tested
early and periodically for speech/language
problems.
If the child needs treatment, it should be
developmentally appropriate and
individualized.
The team might include:
a doctor, an audiologist, a speech-language
pathologist, an occupational therapist, and/or
a social worker.

TANDA BAHAYA GANGGUAN KOMUNIKASI


4 6 BULAN
Tidak menirukan suara yang dikeluarkan
orang tuanya;
Usia 6 bulan belum tertawa atau berceloteh

TANDA BAHAYA GANGGUAN KOMUNIKASI

8 10 BULAN
Usia 8 bulan tidak mengeluarkan suara
yang menarik perhatian;
Usia 10 bulan, belum bereaksi ketika
dipanggil namanya;
9-10 bln, tidak memperlihatkan emosi
seperti tertawa atau menangis

TANDA BAHAYA GANGGUAN KOMUNIKASI

12 15 BULAN
12 bulan, belum menunjukkan mimik;
12 bulan, belum mampu mengeluarkan suara;
12 bulan, tidak menunjukkan usaha
berkomunikasi bila membutuhkan sesuatu;
15 bulan, belum mampu memahami arti "tidak
boleh" atau "daag";
15 bulan, tidak memperlihatkan 6 mimik yang
berbeda;
15 bulan, belum dapat mengucapkan 1-3 kata;

TANDA BAHAYA GANGGUAN KOMUNIKASI

18 24 BULAN
18 bulan, belum dapat menucapkan 6-10 kata;
18-20 bulan, tidak menunjukkan ke sesuatu yang
menarik perhatian;
21 bulan, belum dapat mengikuti perintah sederhana;
24 bulan, belum mampu merangkai 2 kata menjadi
kalimat;
24 bulan, tidak memahami fungsi alat rumah tangga
seperti sikat gigi dan telepon;
24 bulan, belum dapat meniru tingkah laku atau katakata orang lain;
24 bulan, tidak mampu meunjukkan anggota tubuhnya
bila ditanya;

TANDA BAHAYA GANGGUAN KOMUNIKASI

30 36 BULAN
30 bulan, tidak dapat dipahami oleh
anggota keluarga;
36 bulan, tidak menggunakan kalimat
sederhana, pertanyaan dan tidak dapat
dipahami oleh orang lain selain anggota
keluarga;

TANDA BAHAYA GANGGUAN KOMUNIKASI

3 4 TAHUN
3 tahun, tidak mengucapkan kalimat, tidak
mengerti perintah verbal dan tidak
memiliki minat bermain dengan
sesamanya;
3,5 tahun, tidak dapat menyelesaikan kata
seperti "ayah" diucapkan "aya";
4 tahun, masih gagap dan tidak dapat
dimengerti secara lengkap.

Terima Kasih

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