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Strategic Analysis of Khilafat Movement
Strategic Analysis of Khilafat Movement
By:
Muhammad Ahsan Qureshi
Bachelor of Science In Computer Sciences
1st -Semester
Department of Engineering & IT
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Contents
1.
2.
3.
Introduction
Background
Historical Perspective
a.
b.
c.
d.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Ottoman Caliphate
Khilafat In South Asia
Collapse
Legacy
15.
16.
17.
03
03
03
05
06
06
06
07
07
07
08
08
08
09
Strategic Analysis
Conclusion
Bibliographic Search
10
10
11
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Khilafat Movement
1. Introduction:
The Khilafat movement was started by Maulana Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali, both brothers,
Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad, Hasrat Mohani and Dr. Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari. It was started in
1919 to support the Ottoman Caliphate and was short lived, ending in 1924 by the overthrow of
the Caliph by Kemal Ataturk in Turkey. It was briefly supported by Gandhi as an alliance of sorts
was formed to gain Indian independence which was then Part of the British Raj. Khilafat
movement was launched by Muslims of South Asia to force British government to protect the
Ottoman Empire after World War 1.
2. Background:
After the First World War in 1918, British and its allied powers decided to divide Turkey among
themselves. Turkey supported Germany in the First World War. Germany lost the war and Turkey
had to face the music. British and its allies also resolved to dissolve the designation of Khilafat.
The designation of Khilafat always remained holy and sacred in the Muslim history. Khalifa is
considered the vicegerent of Allah on the Earth. Therefore, the Muslims became infuriated on this
unholy act of the British government. Maulana Mohammad Ali Johar and Maulana Shaukat Ali
Johar along with other Muslim leaders started a movement called the Khilafat movement.
3. Historical Perspective:
a). Ottoman Caliphate
The Khilafat movement (19191924) was a pan-Islamic, political protest campaign launched by
Muslims in British India to influence the British government and to protect the Ottoman
Empire during the aftermath of World War I. The position of Caliph after the Armistice of
Mudros of October 1918 with the military occupation of Istanbul and Treaty of Versailles (1919)
fell
into
a
disambiguation
along
with
the Ottoman
Empire's
existence.
In India, although mainly a Muslim religious movement, the movement became a part of the
wider Indian independence movement. The movement was a topic in February 1920 Conference
of London.
The movement gained force after the Treaty of Sevres (August 1920) which imposed
the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire and gave Greece a powerful position in Anatolia, to the
distress of the Turks. They called for help and the movement was the result. The movement
collapsed by late 1922 when Turkey gained a more favorable diplomatic position; by 1924 it
simply
abolished
the
roles
of
sultan
and
Calif.
The cause of the Ottoman monarch evoked religious passion and sympathy amongst Indian
Muslims. Being a Caliph, the Ottoman emperor was nominally the supreme religious and political
leader of all Muslims across the world.
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c) Collapse
In wake of these disturbances, the Ali brothers began distancing themselves from Gandhi and the
Congress. The Ali brothers criticised Gandhi's extreme commitment to non-violence and severed
their ties with them after he suspended all non-cooperation movement after the killing of 23
policemen at Chaura Churi in 1922. Although holding talks with the British and continuing their
activities, the Khilafat struggle weakened as Muslims were divided between working for the
Congress, the Khilafat cause and the Muslim League.
The final blow came with the victory of Mustafa Kemal's forces, who overthrew the
Ottoman rule to establish a pro-Western, secular republic in independent Turkey. He abolished
the Calif role and sought no help from Indians.
The Khilafat leadership fragmented on different political lines. Syed Ata Ullah Shah
Bukhari created Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam with the support of Chaudhry Afzal Haq .Leaders such as
Dr. Ansari, Maulana Azad and Hakim Ajmal Khan remained strong supporters of Gandhi and the
Congress. The Ali brothers joined the Muslim League.
They would play a major role in the growth of the League's popular appeal and the
subsequent Pakistan movement. There was, however, a Caliphate Conference in Jerusalem in
1931 following Turkey's abolition of the Khilafat, to determine what should be done about the
caliphate. People from villages such as Aujla Khurdwere the main contributors to the cause.
d) Legacy
The Khilafat struggle evokes controversy and strong opinions. By critics, it is regarded as a
political agitation based on a pan-Islamic, fundamentalist platform and being largely indifferent to
the cause of Indian independence. Critics of the Khilafat see its alliance with the Congress as a
marriage of convenience.
Proponents of the Khilafat see it as the spark that led to the non-cooperation
movement in India and a major milestone in improving Hindu-Muslim relations, while advocates
of Pakistan and Muslim separatism see it as a major step towards establishing the separate
Muslim state. The Ali brothers are regarded as founding-fathers of Pakistan, while Azad, Dr.
Ansari and Hakim Ajmal Khan are widely celebrated as national heroes in India. Jats were the
only group who were with the Ali brothers the whole time. Other tribes such
as Rajputs surrendered. Main tribes of Jats included Metlas and Aujla.
4.
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5.
The Khilafat Movement aimed at presenting the Ottoman Empire and the continuity of the
temporal power of Khalifa to protect Muslim lands without any mandate. Mohammad Ali put
forward the demands of the Khilafat Movement in a speech delivered at Paris on March 21, 1920
by declaring:
The Khilafat shall not be dismembered but that the Khalifa
shall have sufficient temporal power for the defence of the
Faith, that in the Island of Arabia there shall be exclusive,
Muslim control without mandate or protection and that the
Khalifa shall remain as heretofore the warden of the
Holy places.
The second Khilafat Conference (Amritsar) was held in Dec. 1919. Maulana Muhammad Ali and
Shaukat Ali joined the session after being released from prison. In Jan. 1920, M. A. Ansari led a
delegation to Viceroy while Maulana M. A. Johar to Europe. The Khilafat Committee decided to
start non-cooperation in collaboration with the Congress in May 1920.
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This feeling of oneness and of a common struggle was instinctively felt by Dadabhai Naoroji,
Bannerjee, Gokhale, Tilak, Lajpat Rai and other leaders of the time. Under the leadership of
Gandhiji and Jawaharlal Nehru, this became a matter of faith as well as of policy.
8. Non-cooperation movement:
The Nagpur Session of the Congress (Dec. 1920) approved non cooperation with Government
but Jinnah opposed and left the Congress on 13th April 1923, because he was against the use of
extra-constitutional means of protests.
The country was passing through a critical period and both the Congress and the Muslim League
fully felt the necessity of mutual co-operation to the Khilafat Movement. The leaders of the two
movements met at Amritsar and resolved to launch a country-wide agitation under the leadership
of Mr. Gandhi. So the two movements, one led by Maulana Muhammad Ali and the other by Mr.
Gandhi merged into one and it was directed against the British Government.
The policy of progressive, non-violent, non-cooperation was to be given effect to in the following
manner:
10.
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b) Developments in Turkey
In 1922 Attaturk emerged as a national leader and restricted powers of Sultan. Next he was
appointed Chief of the state by Grand National Assembly. In March 1924, Khilafat was
abolished. This caused a widespread resentment among the Indian Muslims. They sent
delegations to Turkey but failed to achieve their objectives.
11.
12.
End of caliphate:
After Hijrat Movement, the Muslims had to come back to the Sub-continent but now they had
lost their hearth and home. They had to face the severe circumstances in the Khilafat
movement. In 1924, Mustafa Kamal Ata Turk assumed power in Turkey and abolished the
institution of Khilafat himself lf. This act of him really disappointed Muslims. Thus the Khilafat
Movement came to an end without achieving its goals.
13.
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14.
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15.
Strategic Analysis:
The Khilafat Movement failed to achieve its objectives of restoration of caliphate. Muslims of India
were very discouraged and disappointed on its failure. Yet the Khilafat Movement had some
favorable effects on Muslims of India in the long run.
16.
The movement gave a general awareness and created self-confidence among the Muslims.
It awakened their sense of political understanding.
They started taking parts in nation politics and also learnt methods of protesting, arranging
and holding mass meetings and fighting for their rights.
Educated Muslims, students and Ulemas started taking interest in politics.
This movement created a number of political workers who later started taking interest in
politics and played an important and active role in the Pakistan Movement.
These workers had direct contact with the masses. Now they were able to boldly present
their demands to the British Government.
The Khilafat Movement gave a boost to Muslim journalism and many important Urdu
magazines and newspapers came out voicing the demands of Muslims.
The magazines and newspapers contributed a great deal towards political awakening and
advocating their demands of Pakistan Movement later on.
The members of the Khilafat Movement were more concerned with the
fate of the Khalifa than the western powers and people of Turkey.
The Hindus and the Muslims had different aims. The Hindus wanted independence from
the British while the Muslims had the aim of gaining power back to the caliph.
The movement also created a strong anti-british feeling. This made Ghandi call of the
campaign before Kemal Ataturk abolished the movement.
The outcomes of Khilafat Movement were huge. It left both good and bad effects.
It results in protest and rallies on street of subcontinent.
There was an increase in violence day by day. It results in collapse of Hindu Muslims
Alliance.
A huge number of people were involved in this movement, ma b this was also a reason of
civil disobedience.
Because of some violent incidence in the country which resulted in the deaths of many
Hindus, Muslims and British people, Mahatama Gandhi G called off his Non-Cooperation
Movement. This was a major jolt to the Khilafat Movement
Conclusion:
Every movement against the British rule left its good as well as bad effects on the people.
After Khilafat Movement Muslims of the Sub-continent become united, strong and
conscious about their separate identity which led them towards final destination. This was
the real credit which Muslims derived from Khilafat Movement.
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17.
Bibliographic Search:
Web Reference
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khilafat_Movement
http://www.cssforum.com.pk/css-compulsory-subjects/pakistan-affairs/51264-mynotes-plz-check-2.html
http://storyofpakistan.com/khilafat-movement/
http://notesonpakistan.blogspot.com/2009/05/khilafat-movement.html
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/316624/Khilafat-movement
http://www.allamaiqbal.com/publications/journals/review/oct86/5.htm
Books Reference
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