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'

DoAN HUY OANH

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IC
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NHA XUAT BAN DM HOC QUOC GIA TP HO CHi MINH

- 2004-

",'"".'4 .

XIN

CHU

Y II

T~i rdt mong manh va rdt gny.

B~n tlpet~i xin ditng ",~nh toy.
Ditng viit "do cdc trang
ri4y. Dung ldm rdeh va
.Mllil tlitng ,41nhf1ng
tl;nJob~nIMen.Vi t~i
ebn ph~e v~ .hi~u
b~n khdc nita.
Cd", un.

Hen gl!P
l~i.

TK .OJ CDN)
DHQG.HCM-04

176/106

GD.TK.01-04(T)

Lui n6i ddu

Tijp tai lifU nay trinh bay mQt cach SCIIU(Jclich sa giao d!lc tM gim tit thili SCIkhai den
hifn tl;li,g6m 36 chuClngva chia lam nam phdn:
phdn thu nhiirla "Ciao d!lCSCIkhai va giao dW c6 dl;li". Phdn nay g6m co sau chuClng,tit
chuClng 1 dln chuClng 6. ChuClng1 trinh bay vR nRn giao d!lc SCIkhai i'JAi Cijp, Mesopotamia,
Bdc Trung Hoa, Maya, Aztec va Inca. Tit chuClng2 den chUClng6 trinh bay vR nRn giao d!lc
c6 dl;lii'JAn DQ, Trung Hoa, Do Thdi, Hy 4zp va La Mii. Trong sf;'cac nRn giao d!lc nay; nJi
bijt nh({t la nRn giao d!lc cd dl;liHy 4zp voi cac trier gia tien khi'Ji,dUng hang ddu CUllnhiin
IOl;liva cung la cac nha giao d!lc n6i tieng nhu Aristotle, Socrates, Plato; chinh nRn giao d!lc
nay dii khai nguyen nRn giao d!lc tay phUClngsau nay; nRn giao d!lc d(ic bift, thien vR luan ly
dl;loduc cuaTrung Hoa cung la ngu6n g6c cua nRn giao d!lc Dong Ii..
phdn thU hai la "Ciao d!lC trung dl;li". phdn nay g6m co ba chuClng, tit chuClng 7 dtn
chuClng 9. ChuClng 7 trinh bay nRn giao d!lc trung dl;liKy To Ciao; chuClng 8 trinh bay nRn
giao d!lc trung dl;liByzantine; chuClng 9trinh My nRn giao d!lc trung dl;liH6i Ciao. NRn giao
d!lc H6i Ciao n& bijt nhiir vi dii san xuar dU(JcnhiRu h{Jcgia n6i titng, dii khi'Ji s,! cac phat
minh khoa h{Jc kY thuijt va quan tr{Jng nh({tla dii chuye'n alp cac kien thUc vR trier h{Jc,nJian
van, khoa h{Jccua nRn giao d!lc co'dl;liHy Lr,Jpden nRn van minh tay phuClng sau nay.
Phdn thU ba la "Ciao d!lC thili Ph!lC Hung". phdn nay g6m co bOn chuClng. tit chuClng 10
den chUClng13. ChltClng10 trinh bay nRn giao d!lc Au CMu thili Ph!lC Hung vm vifC khi'Jis,!
chuClngtrinh giao d!lc nhan van va khoa h{Jcdo anh huang nRn giao d!lc c6 dl;liHy 4zp qua
viin h{Jcva giao d!lc H6i Ciao; cung quan tr{JngkhOng kem. giai dOl;lnnay danh dau s,! thiinh
lijp cac dl;lih{Jcdung nghfa clla nhiin IOl;li,bdt ddit tit Y. den Phdp va cac nUoc Au CMu khdc.
ChuClng 11 trinh bay n/n giao dw A Chiiu trUoc khi tilp xuc vm tay phuClng; dola nRn giao
d!lc clla An DQ, Trung Hoa va Nhijt Ban; nQi dung clla chuClngnay khOi s,! tit truoc thili trung
d(li va chiim dtit sau thOi trung dl;li. ChuClng 12 trinh bay nRn giao d!lc nhiin van i'JAu Chiiu
tl;liY, cac nuoc Bilc va Tay Au do anh huang van h{JcH6i Ciao. ChuClng 13 trinh bay vR nRn
giao d!lc thai Canh Tan thuQc giai dOl;lnPh!lc Hung voi quan ni?m mm vR giao d!lc th,!c
d!lng, giao d!lc tam ly va giao d!lc bdng ngon ngil dan tQcma khong phdi tieng La Tinh.
phdn thU tula "Ciao d!lC cijn dl;li, tM ky thU 17 dfn the' kY thU 19". phdn nay g6m co My
chuClng,tit chuClng 14 den chUClng20. ChuClng 14 dR cijp dln gido d!lc Au CMu tM kY thU 17,
vm s,! hinh thanh cac quan die'm va trierly giao d!lc, do s,! dong gop clla cac nhii giao d!lc

nai titng nhu Ratke va Comenius. Chuetng 15 trinh bay nRn giao dflCAu CMu VaGthe' kY thu
18. danh
vifC ma dau cua chuetng trinh giao dflC qu6c gia, vm sl,l dong gop cUa cac nhQ
giao dflC ndi titng nhu Locke. Vico. Rousseau ... Chuetng 16 trinh bay nRn giao dflC t<;Iicac
thhuQc d;a My CMu Uli the' kY thll 18. Chuetng 17 trinh bay nRn giao dflC tay phuetng the' kY
tM 19 vm d(ic diEm la sl! xudt hifn cua cac quan dilm tritt Iy giao dflC hifn dJ;tiqua cdc nhQ
giao dflC nai tilng nhu Pestalozzi, Froebel. Herbart ...Chuetng 18 trinh bay sl,l phdt triin hf
thorzg giao dr,tcquae gia a tay phuetng VaGthe' kY tM 19. Chuetng 19 trinh bay nganh su pht;Im
tm cu6i the' kY tM 19. Chuetng 20. chuetng cual cung cua phcln thu tu trinh bay nRn giao dflC
An DQ va NhQt Ban chiu anh hubng tay phuetng tm cum the' kY tM 19.
Phcln tM nam la '~GiaodflC hifn d<;Ii,tht kY thU 20 tm ngay nay". Phcln nay dai nhdt vm
muili sau chuetng, ttt chuetng 21 dtn chuetng 36. Chuetng dau lien cUa phcln nay. chuetng 21,
trinh bay cac quan diEm giao dflC hifn d<;Ii.quan m,mg nhaf la quan diim "giao dflC lay h(Jc
sinh lam trung tam". Cac chuetng khdc Ian lu(ft trinh bay nn giao dflC cua nhiu qw5c gia.
thuQc nhdu khu vl!c. Chuetng 30 la chuetng dai nMf ala cu6n sach, trinh bay nn giao dflC
Vift Nam ttt khbi sl,l den hi~n t<;Ii.Chuetng cual cung, chuetng 36, trinh bay vai ta chuc giao
dflCqu6c tt.
vm tren nam tram trang sach, SO<;Ingia khOng dam co tham v(Jng trinh bay mQt cach chi
tief va day du lich su nn giao dflC the' gim, mQt sO' chi titt chilc chiln dii khOng du(/c d cq.p
tm. mQt sO' chi titt dii khOng du(/c d cq.p dtn mQt cach sau rQng. Vi vq.y. chUng tai chi xin
trinh bay mQt cach "solu(/c"wli chu dich neu ra nhilng nn giao dflC tieu bilu. cac quan diEm
giao dflC qua cac thili d<;Iittt so khai t1Jihifn d<;Ii,ciing nhu cac hf th6ng giao dflC, ngo hclu
dong gop y kien voi cac nhQ giao dflC cung nhu cac giao sinh
Vm cac tac phiim du(/c dung lam tai lifu tham kl'uio cho tq.p tai lifu nay, SO<;In
gia thanh
thl!c cao Ibi voi cac tac gia vi dii khOng xin phep rieng titng quy vi; vi mflc dich giao dflC.xin
quy vi IU(/1lgthll cho.
LAn ddu tien du(/c xuaf ban, tq.p tai lifu nay chilc chdn co nhiu khuyef dilm. SO<;In
gia hiln
hoan don nhQn nhilng y kitn phe binh xay df/ng cua dQc gia.
SO\Jngia xin cam t<;I.

oou

Mua xuan niim 2004

SO<;In
gia

Mucluc

LiIi noi dan

MJl.clJl.c
Phiin th,z nhfft.- Gwo dJl.c sd khai
Chlidng 1.. GUio d,!c sd khai

tr 01-02
03-09

va gwo

dJl.ccd d{zi

I. Gitio dflC sa khai Ai C(lp - Gitio dflC ton gitio. dqo duc
II Gitio dflC sa khai Mesopotamia - Gitio dflC dao 'tqo tu Sl, nhan vien
III. Gitio d{4csa khai Bilc Trung Hoa - Gitio dflC luan ly, dqo dltc
IV. Gitio d{4cdan tQc Maya - Gitio d{4cton gitio
V .Gitio dflC dan tQc Aztec - Gitio d{4ctruy2n kMu
VI Gitio d{4cdan tQc Inca - Gitio d{4ctruy2n kMu
Cht/dng 2.- GUio d,!c clf dq,i An D~ - GUio d,!c ton gUio
,
'"
I. Anh huiJng An DQ Gitio
,
II. Anh huiJng Ph(lt Gitio
III. Gitio dflC cd dqi An DQ- Gitio dT,lCcao ddng titn bQ
IV. Gitio dflC cd dqi An DQ va A CMu
Chl/dng 3.- Gitio d,!c cd dq,i Trung Hoa - GUio d,!c lulln ly dqo duc
I. Gitio dflC cd dqi diJi Chlf.- Gitio dT,lcKhdng Hrc khiJi s,!
II. Gitio dw cd dqi diJi Tan - Gitio d{4cphap tri
III. Gitio dflC cd dqi diJi Htin - Gitio d{4cluan ly dqo duc cua Khdng Hrc hung

12-56
12-16
13-13
13.14
14-14
14-15
15-16
16-16
17.21
/7.18
19.20
20-21
21-21
22-28
22-26
26-27

thinh
IV. D(ic dilm gitio dT,lccd dqi Trung Hoa - Gitio dflC luan ly dqo dltc nhung

27-28

thitu khoa hrc

Chlidng 4.- Gitio dliC cd drl-iDo Thtii - Gitio d,!c ton gUio
I. NguiJi Do Thai
II. Do Thai Gitio
III. Gitio dflC cd dqi Do Thai - Gitio d{4Cton gitio
Chlidng 5.- Gitio d,!c cd dq,i By Lq,p - GUio dllC cao Mng hlillg th;nh
> goc
'"
I . N guon
.
II. Gitio d{4cthanh ph{f tiiu quoe Sparta - Gitio dT,lcbinh bi
III. Gitio dT,lcth~nh phD'tiiu qu{fc Athens (Nhii Diin) - Gitio dflC tudi tre, Gitio
dT,lccao dilng phat triln viii ctic nha gitio d~c Sophist, Socrates, Plato,
Isocrates. Aristostle
IV. Gitio d!,c cd dqi Hy Lt;tp - Gitio d{4ccao ddng hung thinh

28-28
29.31
29.30
30-30
30-31

32-48

32-33
33-33

33-40
40-48

Chliung 6.- Gido d(ICcd d(li La Mii - Anh /1I1dnggido d(IC cd d(li Hy L(lp
I. Gido dl,lCdJ truyin La Mil
JJ. Anh huiYng gido dl,lc cO'd(li Hy L{lp
///. Gido dl,lc La Mil - Truifng cao dling luq.tphtip, truifng toe

kY

49-56
49-50
50-54

va vi~c sit
54-56

dl,lng ngon ngl1 La Tinh

PhOn th,z hai.- Giao d{lc trung dq.i

Chlldng 7.- Gitio d(ICtrung d(li Ky To Gitio - Gido dtjc ton gido
I. Tit the' IcY tM 1 Mn the' IcY tM 4 - Anh huiYng gido dl,lc co'd(li Hy L{lp
JJ. Tit the' IcY tM 5 de'n the' IcY tM 8 - Gido dl,lc nhii thO va chung vi~n
///. Gido dl,lc thOi Ch~rlemagne - Gido dl,lc the'tl,lc khiJi sf!
IV. Anh huiYng chuung trinh giao dl,lc Charlemagne
V. Cdc hgc gia Ky To Giao
. Chliung 8.- Gitio d(ICtrung d(li Byzantine - Anh hlidng gido d(IC cd d(li Hy L(lp
I. Gido duc tiiu hoc
Gido d~c trung 'hgc
///. Gido dl,lc cao dllng
IV. Gido dl,lc ton giao
Chliung 9.- Gido d(ICtrung d(li H6i Gido - K/lOa hl)c kj thu4t tien bl)

I. H6i Gido vii giao chu Muhammed

JJ. ChU dich gido dl:lcH6i Gido - Gido dl:lccao ddng vii khoa hgc kj thuq.t

sa

///. Cac co
gido dl:lc
IV. Cdc hgc gia L8i l(lc H6i Gido
V. Anh huiYng giao dl:lcH6i Giao - Ngu6n goe nin gido dl,lc vii van minh

57-76
57.62
58-58
58-59
59-59
60-60
60-62
63.66
63-63
63-64
64-65
65-66
67-76
67-68
68-69
69-71
71-75
75-76

tily phuang

77-136

PhOn th,z ba.- Giao d{lCthili Ph{lc Hung

Chliung 10.- Giao d(ICAu CMu thui Ph(IC Hlillg - Gitio dtjC nhiln viill khoa hl)c
khiii S(t - VifC thilllh Iq.pcac d(li hl)c diiu tien
.I. Bien chuyin gido dl:lccudi thOi trung d(li - Giao dl:lcnMn van khoa hgc
. khiJi sf!
JJ. VifC thanh lq.p cdc d(li hgc dau tien
///. ENc diim cdc d(li hgc dtiu lien
@Gido
dl:lctrung, tiiu hgc
Chliung 11.- Giao dtjc A Chau trliuc anh hltdllg tay phliung
" I. Cido dl,lcAn Di) - Gido dl:lCphdt triin
JJ. Gido dl:lCTrung Hoa - Gido dl,lCKh6ng HQc, tit chuang vii khoa cit
///. Gido dl:lcNhq.t Ban - Gido dl:lcphdt triin
Chliung 12.- Giao d(ICnhlin viill Au CMu thUi Ph(IC Hling
I. Ngu6n anh huang - Anh huang H6i Gido vii anh huiJng chu nghra

77-94
78-81
82-91
91-92
92-94
95-112
95-97
97-108
108-1I2
113.126
1I3-1I5

nMn Viln
4

II. TruyJn thong nhan van Y - Cdc nhi! nhan van, cdc trung tam gido d{lc
va gido d(lc ngoai hQc duang
III. Gido d{lc nhan van Bdc va Tay Au: Ha Lan, Tay Ban Nha va Anh Qu5c
Ch/lclng 13.- Giao d(/C thifi Callh Tan - Quan IIi?m mUi v~ giao d(lc tam ly,
gido d(/c th(Ic d(lIIg va giao d(/c IIgoll IIgil
I. Gido d{lc thiJi Canh Tan a Duc voi Luther, Melanchton, Sturm
II. Gido d{lc theli Canh Tan a Anh voi Elyot, Ascham, Mulcaster, Bacon
III. Gido dl:lcthiJi Canh Tan a Phdp voi Rabelais, Ramee, Montaigne
IV. Calvin va chucmg trinh Canh Tan - Gido dl:lcd(li chung
V. Gido d(lc Ky To Gido thOi Canh Tan - Gido d{lc ton gido c5 diEn Phong trao "Phdn Canh Tan"
VI. Di san cua phong trao Canh Tan - Gido dl:lctam ly, thr,tcd{mg, ngon ngil

phiill thl1 tll.- Giao d(tC cqll d{ti - The' ky tM 17 de'll the' ky thl1 19
CI"Iclng 14.- Ciao d{/c Au Chllu the' kj tl"l17 - Quail diim, trie't ly gUio d(lc
khi'Ji s{I
I. Haem canh xii h,)i valich sii
1J.Anh huang chu nghra khoa hQc v(ln nang va chi! nghra duy ly voi Bacon,
Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz
III. Quan dii/m gido dl:lcmoi (7 Trung Au vdi Ratke, Comenius va Khu Gido D{lc
Gotha
ylv. Quan diim gido d(lc moi (7 Phdp - Gido dl:lcliinh d(lo, gido dl:lctu vi~n,
gido d{ICph(l nil, gido dl:lcmy thugt
V. Quan diEm gido d(lc moi (7Anh - Gido dl:lcTin Lanh Putritan va gido d(lc
quy tilc, liinh d(lo
VI. Cdc han lam vii'n - Cdc han lam vii'n n5i tieng.: Han Ldm Vii'n Phdp
Qu6'c, Hiln Lam Vii'n Hoang Gia Anh, Hiln La1(l Vii'n Khoa HQc Phdp
CII/lclllg 15.- Ciao {h{c Au Chllu the' ky tl"llS - Ciao d(lC quae gia khi'Ji s(I
I. Gido d{lc th,li lIcmg Thinh w/i John Locke, Giambattista Vico va Sl!
tien bil cua n2n d(li hQCa Duc
II. Giao dl:lcchiu dnhhuang "chi! nghra nhi~t tinh"pietism voi Francke, Hecker
va cdc truiJng su ph(lm ddu tien
III. Gido dl:lcchiu anh hU(7ng"chi! nghra tl!nhien"naturalism va "duy cam"
sensionalism ve/i Rousseau Condillac, Helvetius, Basedow, Kant
IV. Gido d{lc chiu anh hU(7ng"chi! nghra quoe gia"nationalism voi Diderot,
Condorcet iJ Phdp; voi Frederick the Great (7 Duc; voi Peter the Gtreat,
Catherine the Great, Alexander I a Nga; vdi Bell, Lancaster (7 Anh
CII/ldllg 16.- Ciao d(lC tllll9c dia Tay Au iI My CMu toi cur/i the'ky thd ISCiao d{lc {lIIh II/Iilllg tOil giao
, 5

l/5-121
121-126

127.136
128-129
129-132
132-133
133-134
134-135
136-136

137.238
137.150
138-138
139-139
139-142

142-145
145-147
147-150

151.173
152-156
156-158
158-164

164-173
174.1S4

I. Giao d{tc t{li thuQc dia Tay Ban Nha va B6 Dao Nha iJMy CMu Gido d{tc anh huiJng ton giao
II. Giao d{tc t{li thuQc dia Phdp iJ Quebec (Canada)
Giao d{tc anh huiJng ton giao
lll. Giao d{tc t{li thuQc dia Anh iJMy - Gido d{tc anh huiJng ton gido va
gido d{tc cao dltng the't{tC khiJi s
IV. Giao d{tc t{li thuQc dia Anh iJNewfoundland va Maritime provinces Gido d{tc anh huiJng ton gido
Chlidng 17.- Gitio d(lc tay phrldng the'ky thd 19- Quan ditm, trie't If gido d(lc
hifn ~i
I. F oan canh lich sa va xii hQi
II. Pestalozzi voi quan diim gido d{tc hifn d{li "lay hQc sinh Lam trung tam"
Ill. Froebel vm quan ditm gido d{tc "My hQc sinh lam trung tam" va "gido d{tc

176-178
178-183
183-184
185-199
185-187
187-190
190-193

vuiln tre"

IV. Herbart va quan diim "giao d{tc tam If va nMn cach"

V. Cdc nM gido d{tc hifn d{li khdc cua Duc: Fichte, Schleiermacher, Humboldt
VI. Cdc nM gido d{tc hifn d{li cua Phdp: lacotot, Itard. Seguin
Chrldng 18.- Gido d(lc tay phrldng the'ky thd 19 - Hf th6ng gitio d(lc quoe gia
phdt tritn
I. Hf thOng gido d{tc quoe gia t{li Duc
II. Hf thOng gido d{tc quoc gia t{li Phdp
lll. Hf thorlg gido d{tc quoc gia t{li Anh
IV. Hf thOng gido d{tc quoe gia t{li Nga
V. Hf thOng gido d{tc quoc gia t{li My
VI. Hf thong gido d{tc quoe gia t{li Canada
VII. Hf thOng gido d{tc quoc gia t{li Uc
Vlll. Hf thong gido d{tc quoc gia t{IiNew Zealand
Chrldng 19.- Nganh srlph(lm tUi cutfi tMky thd 19
I. Nhilng phdt tritn ddu tien - Nganh su ph{lm t{li Duc
II. Nganhsuph{lmt{IiPhdp
lll. Nganh su ph{lm t{li Anh, My - Phuong phdp Gido D{tc Ph{t Gido
IV. Gido d{tc su ph(lm t{li cdc d{li hQc
V. Nganh su ph(lm vao ht)u Mn the'kY tM 19
Chrldng 20.- Gitio d(IC A CMu anh hrldng tIly phrldng tUi culfi the' ky th1119Gitio d(lCAn D~ va Nhijt Ban
I. Gido d{tc A~DQ - Gido d{tc Anh
II. Gido d{tc Nht)t Bdn - Gido d{tc quoc gia dan tQcphdt tritn

Philn thu nam.- Giao dljc hi?n dq.i, the' ky thu 20 tm. hi?n tq.i
CIIl/lIng 21.- Gido d(ICthtky

174-176

thd 20 - Cdc quan ditm gido d(lc hifn dq.i

6

193-195
195-197
197-199
200-225
201-205
205-209
209-211
211-212

213-219
219-221
221-223
223-225
226-230

226-226
227-227
227-228
228-229
229-230

231-238
231-234
234-238
239-519
239-258

I. Haem canh xii hQi va lich sit

II. Quan diim "giao dl:lcbaa thtl": cac nhd giao dl:lcbaa thU va quan nifm
gido dl:lcbaa thtl cua giao hQi Ky To Giao
Ill. Quan diim"tam ly giao dl:lc"voi Wundt, James, Thorndike, Freud, Jung,
Piagel va nganh tam ly su ph{lm
'.
IV. Quan diim "giao dl:lctich q(c"voi John Dewey va anh huiJng
V. Quan dilm "giao dl:lcl{{y h9C sinh lam trung tam "voi Decroly, Montessori
VI. Quan diim "giao dl:lcth1/Cnghifm "voi Claparede, Piaget, Whitehead

.f.' VII. Quan dilm "giao dl:lccai t{lo xii hQi"

-' VIll. Nhilng van di kh6 khan trong giao dl:lc- Van di
b(j khoa h9C kY thu~t, v{{n di nhtin dl:lng, v{{n di
Chlldng 22.- Giao.d(lc the' kj tM 20 va tm hifn tIJi gia phat triin
I. Gilio dt,Lct{li Ptuip
II. Giao dl:lct{li Duc
Ill. Giao dl:lct{li Anh
IV. Gido dl:lct{li My
V. Giao dl:lct{li Nh~t .
VI. Gido dl:lct{li Canada
VII. Gido dl:lct{li r.J c
VIll. Giao dl:lct{li New Zealand
IX. Giao dt,Lct{li Y
X. Giao dl:lcl{li Tht,LySf
Xl. Giao dl:lct{li Thl:lYmin
XII. Gido dl:lct{li Ha Lan
Chztdng 23.- Giao d(lC the'kj thz120 va tm hi?n tIJi -

xii hQi bitn chuyin do titn

giao dl:lcthich dang
Giao d(lc tIJi cac quifc

243-246
247-249
249-253
253-255
255.256 v'
256-258;

Gilio d(lc anh hlldng

IV. Gido dl:lctrung h9C

V. Gido dl:lcd{li h9C
Chlldng 25.- Gilio d(lC the'kj thz120 va tm hi?n tIJi - Gilio d(lC Phi Chou
I. Gido dl:lcNam Phi (South Africa)
II. Gido dt,LcZaire
III. Gido dl:'cNigeria
IV. Giao dl:'cAlgeria
7

242-243'"

259.311/
260-264
264.269
269.274
274-283
283-291
291.296
296-305
305-306
306-307
307.308
308-309
309.311

chinh trj
1. Gido dl:lcLien XO
II. Giao dt,LcTrung Qu6c
Chlldng 24.- Giao d(lC t~e'kj tM 20 va tm hi?n tIJi - Giao d(lC Nam My CMu
I. Vifc quan Iri va diiu hdnh giao dl:lc
II. Khuynh huang cai lien
Ill. Gido dt,Lctiiu h9C va giao dl:lCd{li chUng

240-242

312.326
312.318
318-326
327.336
327.328
328-328
328.330
330-332
332-336
337.352
338.341
342-343
343.344
344-345

V. Giao dt,tc Morocco

VI. Giao dt,tc Mozambique
VII. Giao dt,te Ethiopia
VIII. Giao dt,tc Zambia
IX. Giao dt,tc Sudan
X. Giao dt,tc Senegal
XI. Giao dt,tc Liberia
Ch,ldllg 26.- Gitio d!,c thfky

345-346
346-348
348-348
348-349
349-350
350-351
351-352

tllt120 va tUi hifll t{li - Gitio d!IC Trullg DOllg

I. Nh(in dinh t6ng quat

II. Giao dt,tcAi C(ip (Egypt)
III. Giao dt,tc Thd Nh! Ky (Turkey)
IV. Giao dt,te Lebanon
, V. Gitio dt,tc Ba Tu(lran)
VI. Giao dt,tc Iraq
VII. Giao dt,tc Saudi Arabia
VIII. Giao dt,tc Syria
IX. Giao dt,tcJordan
X. Giao dt,tc Do Thai (Israel)
Ch,ldllg 27.- Gitio d!ICtM ky tM 20 va tUi hifll t{li - Gitio d~c Nam A
I. Giao dt,tcAn DQ
II. Gitio dt,tc Pakistan
III. Giao dt,tc Sri Lanka
IV. Giao dt,tc Bangladesh
Chllllllg 28.- Gitio d!ICtM ky tM 20 va tUi hifll t{li - Gitio d!ICDong A
I. Giao dt,tc Him Qu{fc
II. Giao dt,tc CQng hila Dan chzl Nht3.ndan Triu Tien
III. Giao dt,tc Dili Loan
C11lldllg29.- Gitio d!ICthfky

t1lt120 va tUi hifn t{li - Gitio d!IC Dong Nam

I. Giao dt,tc Indonesia

II. Giao dt,tc Malaysia
III. Ciao dt,tc Singapore
IV. Giao dt,tc Thai Lan (Thailand)
V. Giao dt,tc Philippines
VI. Giao dt,tc Mitn Di?n (Myanmar hay Burma)
Ch,ldllg 30.- Gitio d!IC Vi?t Nam tUi hifll t{li
"
I. Giao dt,tc thili Bac thuQc (I I ITTL-939STL) - Giao dt,tc Trung Hoa
II. Giao dt,tc thili tl!chU (939-1861) - Giao dt,tc Khdng H(Jc: cdi titn thili
nM H6, cl!c thinh thili Le Thanh Tong, dan tQc dili Quang Trung, suy
d6i cUOlLe. tli chuCfng va cli nghi?p dili Nguyn
8

353-368
353-358
358-360
360-361

362-362
362-363
363-364
364-365
365-365
365-366
366-368
369-381
369-376
376-378
378-379
379-381
382.388
382-384
384-385
385-388
389.402
391-393
393-394
394-395
395-398
398-400
400-402

403-466
406-408

408-440

.
I


III. Gicio d"c thOi Phdp thuQc (1861-1945) - Giao d"c anh huang tay phudng
va giao d"i:: Vift Nam
IV. Giao d"c thOi dQc l,;ip(I945-hifn t{li) - Giao d"c quo(: gia phdt triln
Clutdng 31.- Nganh SItph(Im thtky tllll20 va tui hi?n t(Ii
1. Nganh sU ph{lm VaGti~n ban tM kY thU 20
.
ll. Nganh sU ph{lm VaGh,;iu ban tM kY thU 20 va toi hifn t{li
Chl/dng 32.- Td chuc va ch,tdng trinh giao d(ICtiill h(lc trong hi?n t{li
1. T5 chUc va di~u hanh
II. Chudng trinh giao d"c
III. Phudng phdp giang d{lY "lay hQc sinh lam trung tam"
IV. Thl thUc kilm tra danh gia
~h,tdng
33.- Td clulc va chl/dng trinh gitio d(ICtrtll/g hvc phd thonCJ
trung h(lc ky thll4t, hllan nghi?p va cao diing ky thuijt trong
hi?n t(Ii
.

440-452
452-466

467-470
467-468
468-470
471-479
471-475
475-476
476-478
478-479

480-494
480-486
1. To' chUc va ddu hanh
486-487
II. Chudng trinh giao d"c
487-491
'f- III. Phudng phdp giang d{lY "15y hQc sinh lam trung tam"
491-493
IV. Thl thuc kilm tra danh gia
V. Truong trung hQc ky thu,;it, truang huan nghifp va truang cao Mng ky thu,;it 493.494
495-501
Ch,tdng 34.- Giao d(IC dijc bi?t trong hi?n t(Ii
495-496
1. Trac nghifm trl thOng minh hQc sinh
496-497
II.Chudng trinh giao d"c hQc sinh khuytt t,;itthl ch5t
497-499
III. ChUdng trinh giao d"c hQc sinh tam tMn btl't o'n dinh
499-499
IV. Chudng trinh giao d"c hi;Jcsinh co cam xtlc btl't thuang
499-500
V. Chudng trinh giao d"c hQc sinh thOng minh
500-501
VI. Chudng trinh giao d"c t{li gia dinh
502-513
Ch,tdng 35.- Td ch,lc va chl/dng trinh giao d(IC d(Ii h(lc trong hifn t(Ii
502-504
1. Philn IO{lid{li hQc
504-507
II. T5 chuc d{li hQc
507-508
III. Quy~n tl! tri cUa de;i hQc
508-509
IV. Sinh vien va quy~n ll!a chQn nganh hQc
509.510
\.. V. Phudng phdp giang d{lY
510-512
VI. Thl thuc kilm tra danh gia
512-513
Vll. Doi st;'ng d{li hQc
514-519
Chl/dng 36.- Cac to' chuc giao d(IC qlloc tt
514-516
1. Cac truang Quoc tt
516-519
ll. Van bdng Ttl tai Quoc tt
520-533
M(IC 1(ICtra c,lll

Sdlll(lc

Ljch sit giao d(lc

Giao dl}c co lhi dinh nghfa nhl1 la sl! Iruyn d(I1 nhClng gid Iri van hoa va kitn thac
Irong xii hQi. Vai nh(in dinh nay. giao dl}c co dinh nghfa II1(Jngtl! nhl1 xii hQi hoa cua coc
nha khoa h(Jc XQ hQi. Tre ern du 0' bill cu thili d(Ii nao: c6 xl1a hay hi~n l(Ii. b{[t cu nai nao:
Au Chiiu hay A CMu, sinh ra diu khOng co van hoa. Gido dl}c dUllc thitt l(ip di huang ddn
Ire ern h(Jc hOi v m(Ji phl1(Jng difn cUa van hoa. ngo Mu co thi thich nghi vai diJi sifng
truang Ihanh tU(Jnglai trong XQ hQi. hO(ItdQng tich cl!c di hoim thanh nhifm VI}cong dan.
Trong xii hQi sa khai. 16 chuc giao dl}C hau nhl1 khOng co, khOng truiJng, khOng thay.
Thay vao do. lfit cd cac sinh hO(Itxii hQi dUllc coi nhu truiJng h(JCva Mu htt cac b(ic phI}
huynh la iMy d(IY. Xii hQi cang ngay cang phdl triin va tro nen phuc t(IP. Sl! truyn d(It kitn
thuc giCla tM hf nay va 1M hf U titp. mQt so' nguiJi khOng chuyen man dii khOng Ihi thl!c
hifn dUllc. Vi v(iy c&nphdi co mQt t6 chac vai nhiin Sl! dUllc dao t(Io dUng ra thl!c hifn vifc
truyn d(I1van Ma. T6 chuc nay la IruiJng h(Jc. nhiin sl! nay la giao vien.

,
j

Vai lhili gian, XQ hQi bien chuyin khOng ngilng. IrUiJngh(Jc dUllc t6 chac thanh hf IhOng;
giao dl}c khOng chi huang vaa cac sinh hO(It diJi song hang ngay: d(JC,viet. tinh toan, rna
con phdi huang dan h(Jc sinh suy tuang v cac van di Iritu tUt;Jng.dung oc luang IUt;Jng.tri
phan doan. phdt huy sang kien de' co thi cdm nh(in dUllc nhClngbitn chuyin phac t(IP trong
xii hQi. Vifc litp nh(in kien lhac nay mo duiJng cho h(Jc sinh khdm phd mQt cach sau rQng
van hoa eua xii hQi bien ehuyin h(Jn la chI co quan sat va rna phOng trUac kia. T6 chac xii
hQi dan dan dUllc hoan thifn va cac nha .giao dl}c dii co' gting Ihitl l(ip cac quan diim 16ng
quat vi giao dl}C. Do do, Iy Ihuytl va Iritt Iy giao dl}c dUllc hinh thanh. t6 chac gido dl}c
dUllc hoan bi vai thiJi gian cho lai ngay nay .

II

Phfln thu nhiit

Giao dlJ,c sd khai va giao dlJ,c cd d{li
(Chzldllg

1de'" Chl/dllg 6)

Chlldng 1

Giao dljc

sd

khai

I. Giao dt.Jc so khai Ai C~p - Giao dt.Jc ton giao, d~o duc
II. Giao dt.Jc so khai Mesopotamia - Giao dt.J~dao t~o tu si, nhan vien
III. Giao dt.Jc so khai Bilc Trung Hoa - Giao dt.Jc luan 19, d~o duc
IV. Giao dt.Jc dan ti}c Maya - Giao dt.Jc tOn giao
V. Giao dt.Jc dan ti}c Aztec - Giao dt.Jc truyen khifu
VI. Giao dt.Jc dan ti}c Inca - Giao dt.Jc truyen khifu
Danh ttt giao dl)e trang x~ hqi so khai chi-co nghla la xii hqi h6a. D6 Ia qua tdnh truy~n
d<jtvan h6a rat giai h<jn. Van h6a eua xa hqi sci khai ehila cai vii tn) nho he chung quanh
vai cae sinh hO<jtrat giai h<jnva vlnh cii'u, dU<;fC
lI'uy~n di)t ttt dai nay de'n dai sau vai rat it
hay khong thay d6i. Nhu v~y, giao dl)c trong xii hqi nay chi la nhG'ng sinh hO<jtrat don
gian va l<)ch~u M sinh t5n trang dai s6ng hang ngay. Giao dl)c nay huang d~n tre em tra
thanh philn lit t6t theo y nghla eua hi? li)c, trung thanh vai ci?ng d5ng va nha'n mi)nh vao
giai- om)n tu6i tn~. C6 nhi~u hq l<je so khai nen ra't kh6 tdnh hay mi?t cach c6 h~ th6ng
vi~e d,!y d6 eon em. Tuy v~y, mqt s6 dijc dil!m dii dU<;fC
ghi nMn v~ cac n~n van h6a nay.
Tre em thuang tham dl,fcae sinh hO<jt cua nguai IOn va vi~c nay dU<;fC
nha nhfin chung
hoc nguai My Margaret Mead (*) goi la"cam thong, rno phong, hoa h<;fp".Theo ha, tre em
cae hi? l<jcso khai trude tu6i d~y thl dU<;fchoc hoi va thl,fc hanh cac ky thu~t can han cua
.(*) Murxuret Meud (/90/-/978).

phong
DU(/Ilg

Ba lid lllNe hi/it dElnnhiBu quu nit- nxhien CUllva cac tac phdm vB win Mu,
lien quun ,ttn Sl;I phdt trlEn ,Mj SO;lM con rlKur)i. Bel dii Slj;lK nhiu mim wJi cdc hf) l(le it Thdi Binh
t1 n;.:hien cuu \'~ vun htJu c:ua h(}, Bil d4u hlinK titn sf nht1n chung h(ll.' t(li Dgi h{Jc Columbia va lii

tljc

xialllllli,- m(it \'i l/!>i1otanx tgi thanh phfi' New York tren 40 ndm (/926-/969).

12

Giao

dl}c sCI khai

diJi song bO I~c. Thfry d~y chinh la cha anh trang ci)ng d6ng. Ho~t dong giao dl)c nay ca
tinh each duong nhien va khong dn t6 chuc. Tuy nhien, sau tu6i d~y thl, nhieu bO I~c dil
to chuc vicc hl)c t(lp cua cac thieu nien m(H cach chi. tiet han. Thfry d~y ca thi! la nguai
cung Clll1gdilng hay khac ci)ng d6ng trang bi) l~c. Cac thieu nien thuang duqc t~p trung
trung cal' trai hl)c tflp rieng bi~t. Chuong trlnh giao dl)c g6m ca cac gia trj van haa, ton
giao, It': nghi, tflp tl)c. m nhien, chuong tr\nh nay nJm trang khuon kh6, gioi h:;tnkien thuc
clia bi) l~c va tongiao la chuang trlnh giao dl)c quan trl)ng nh5t. Tuy nhien, nhieu nen
giao dl)c Slj khai rilt tien bO voi tru(lng hl)C va giao vien, giang d~y nhung kien thUc ve y
hl)c, thien van ...
NhO'ng nen giao d\IC so khai tien bi) va khac bi~t la Ai C[)p va Mesopotamia, bat dffu
vao khoang nam 3000 TIL(') va keo dai den 1500 nam. Tiep theo dOla nen giao dl)c
(*) S()~JI1Kid dung lit ngil TTL (tn.ldc ttl)' ljeh) vi
IV h~tI dWfi) rhay \'( trW!" (,(Jng nguyen.

nien Ijch hi~n himh iii nibl ljch tily phI/on}: (Xem them m~('

Bae Trung Hoa. Ngoai ra cal' bi) I~c Maya, Aztec, Inca il Nam My Chau cling co mi)t nen
van hllU, giao duc rut dac biet VilOgiai do~n nay.
I. Ciao dl,lCsd khai Ai Cljip (3000TTL-1500 TTL) - Ciao dl,lc tOn giao, d:;to duc
Giao dl)c trung giai do~n nay cua Ai C~p la dac quyen cua giOi tu 51. Hl) la giai dp tri
thuc co the luc IOn ve chinh trio Hl) dam trach cac man hl)c quan trl)ng nhu ton giao, y hl)c,
khoa hl)c. Cac man hl)c khac nhu thu cong, xay dl!'ng, kien truc do nhan vien cong quyen
dam nhiem.

,
\

Giao dl)c so khai Ai C~p t6 chuc hai lo~i [ruang do cac tu 51 va nhan vien cong quyen
dam trach. Mot truang dao t~o tu 51 va mot truang dao t~o cong chuc. Tn~ em nam tu nam
tu6i duqc hqc dl)C, viet, tinh toan can ban Wi tu6i 17 t~i truang dao t:;to cong chuc. Sau
thai gian hqc t~p, cac em duqc gii'i di thlfc t~p t~i cac van phong cac em dl!' djnh cong tac
trang tuong lai. Tu vien la noi dao t~o cac tu 51 voi thanh nien tu 17 tu6i trillen danh cho
con em gia dlnh quy ti)c. Thoi gian hl)c t~p keo dai nhieu nam, Dl)C va hl)C thui)c long la
phuong philp giang d~y quan trqng. Chuang trlnh giao dl)c la ton giao, d~o dU'c. Ky lu~t (j
day r5t khat khe voi ml)o dfch dao t~o mi)t giai c5p cao quy cho xa hoi.
Giao dl)c sci khai Ai C~p r5t c6 dii!n. Tuy nhien, nguai Ai qp xua cling co ap dl)ng
phuljng phap thl!'c hanhtai cac van phong cong quyen.
II. Ciao dl.lC sd khai Mesopotamia
nhan vien

(3000TTL-1500TTL)

- Ciao dl.lC dlio t:;to tu sT,

Mesopotamia thuQc mien Trung Dong, ogay nay la cac quac gia Syria, Iraq va Th6 NhI
Ky (Turkey). Giao dl)c so khai Mesopotamia phat trii!n d6ng thiJi voi giao dl)c Ai qp va
cling cli mQt chieu huang tuong tlf nhung khai silc h(jn. Giao dl)c co ml)C dfch dao t~o tu
13

Ciao

d(lc

sa khai

si va cong chuc. Chuong trlnh hQc g6m co dQC, viet, lu~t, y hQc, chiem tinh hQc. Thong
thuong, thieu nien thuQc giai clip thU<;lng1u'Udu<;lCdao t'!o M tra thanh cong chuc. Do la
. cae nM su'Ut~p co nhi~m VI,Ighi chep, sao Il,Iccac lo,!i giffy to, sach va. HQ cling la thu thu
va giao vien. Truong dao t'!o tu si la cac tu vi~n, con em cac nM quy tQc du<;lCtheo hQc 0
day. Chuang trlnh giao dl,lc n~ng v~ ton giao va cac man hQc khac.
MQt d~c di~m cua n~n giao dl,lc nay la vi~c phat tri~n h~ th6ng thu vi~n. Thu vi~n la
trung tam dao t'!o tu si do cac tu si uyen bac t6 chU'c va di~u hanh n~m trong cac tu vi~n.
Phuong phap hQc t~p viin la ghi chep, ghi nM va giang d,!y ca nhan. Vi~c ghi chep, su'U
t~p cac ban thao la cong tac kho khan lau dai d~ tra thanh cac nM su'Ut~p. Thol gian hQc
t~p keo dili nhi~u nam va ky lu~t nghiem khilc.
Khong co Mu hi~u nao v~ vi~c giao dl,lc cao d~ng. Tuy nhien, sl! hi~u biet rQng rai cua
cac tu si, h~ th6ng thu vi~n da rna dfiu cho chuang trlnh giao dl,lc cao d~ng sau nily.
III. Giao dlJc sd khai Biic Trung Hoa (1766 TTL.1000 TTL) - Giao dlJc luan

Iy,

d"o

duc
Giao dlJc so khai Bilc Trung Hoa khai sl! ttt tri~u d,!i nM Thang (1766-1122 TTL), tri~u
d<)iphong kien dfiu tien cua Trung Hoa. Chu Han du<;lCd~t niln mong vao giai do<)n nay
tll'c la tren 3.000 nam trudc day. Khac vdi giao dl,lc ton giao cua Trung Dong, giao dlJc
Bilc Trung Hoa la mQt n~n giao dl,lCthe tl,lCchI! trQng d~c bi~t van luan Iy, d<)odUc. Con
nguoi phai song trong khuon kh6 d<)oIy vdi trach nhi~m giua ca nhan vdi ca nhan va giua
ca nhan vdi gia dlnh, xa hQi. Ngay ttt thai xa xua nhfft cua n~n van hoa nay, tlnh thuong
yeu gia dlnh, tlnh than thi~n xom lang, Ii: nghi va am nh,!c la nhung chu dil quan trQng
cua giao dl,lc.
Truong hQc dU<;lC
thiet I~p vao dfiu nha Chu (l122 -256 TTL) t,!i thu phu cac vuong hiiu
va t<)ikinh do. T6 chuc giao dl,lc t,!i cac dia phuong neu co da rfft don gian t,!i cac thi trffn.
Sach giao khoa dU<;lC
viet tren cac thanh tre, thanh go c6ng kilnh va n~ng nil. Phuong phap
giao dl!c Iii t~p oQc va hQc thuQc long.
IV. Gilio dlJc dan t{lc Maya (1000 TTL.250) - Giao d\Jc t6n giao
Giao dl,lc dan tQc Maya khai sl! ttt khoang nam 1000 TTL t,!i Nam My Chau, nay la cac
nudc Guatamala, Honduras, EI Salvador va phat tri~n cl!c thjnh van nam 250. Nguoi
Maya dil sang che fa mQt h~ thong chu viet kha tinh vi. Nien Ijch c6 Maya rfft tien bi) do
cac lhily tu bien so<)n din cu vilo sl! chuyiln dQng cua qua dfft quanh mat troi va g6m co
365 ngay. s6 ngay nay du'<;lCchia thanh 18 thang, moi thang 20 ngay, con I,!i 5 ngily Iii
nhung ngay cu6i nam. Nguoi Maya tin tuang r~ng nhung ngily cu6i nam Iii nhung ngily
khol}g t6l nen hQ an chay, s6ng d,!m b<)cd tdnh rui roo Nien ljch nily chung to dan tQc
14

Gido

d\IC

sa khai

Maya co trlnh d(J hii!u biet kha eao vf toan va thien van, khong kern glnien ljeh Julian (*) do
hoilng de La Ma Julius Caesar (*) chi thi bien so~n vao nam 461TL vf mue d(J
("') Nien 'feh Julia11. Nien lich tidy ('()n xei td /lien

chuY~1ld(jnK cuu nuJ! Inii, bu() Kf1m

365 I'U 11-1 n~dy chi" hilll /2 thullg. Mr]i thill/g OJ 30 h()~k 3/ TlJ.:ily IrLl/huIlK hui ('() 2X f1gay. L[eh nay (tulle up
dl:lng llli 1/(11/1 J 5X2 I'U dUi/c lhay fhi" ",lng ljell Gr~g()rian. Nien lieh !iUU nuy c1L.t{fcK{Ji Lii l,ich nu!i, chfnh xu~.
hi/II

\'Ll

lIuI/c nil'

l[eII eu ('(In eu

\lUO

slf

lip dl:lllg (len 1/K(I)' nay.

1/L1I!l'

Julius Caesar (JUU?--I-I 7TL). Chfl1h khJch. nhJ hung hifn. d(,Ji fu(/ng, Ilhil c1(i(' lui Ln Mii. m(;[ nhiin v(it
n/)'i rif'ng I'CIO h,.lc nhJr IronK ijeh su. Onx ,lii hie!/ La Mti tlu/nll kinh dtJ ella m(i! ,tit qui}(.' hung flu;lnh triii r(;ng
khcip Au Chdu suu nhi~u ehiel1 d;n;.: hiln hJch. Cae,'Wf ,tem li nhiEu cui eJeh eho La Mii nhu cui lie'n niEn
ljell, cui It/ himll chinh. hd nhi(1Il ('Je viE" ('hue n) rhl/c lui. thiE't ll}p hf thl;'ng rhu ~!i(".duo h~ th()ng kinh
1~ICh. Trollg cu(;c chi;'1 ehinh phl:4c Ai C{1p. ling chinh phl:lC cu ml houng Ai Cl}p Cleopatra (*) vu dem vE La
Mil. Caesar hi cdc Ihe' l~(eltJi 14p l1am chE't l'UO /1(lm 4.:1 7TL.
(*)

(*) Cleopatra

(69-30

TTL). C(h'K chua Ai C'<lp n) site llfp '(inK IiI)' vu cung ('() nhiEu Iham V(JnK chfnh trio Khi

I'LHl"'ehaJJl1't,I)(i 11(;'iflg/ii. Khi Caesar ehinli phl:lC Ai C(.ip I'UO II(1m 4X ITL. (jnK chinh phf:lc dU(jc nKU()i drp nil
funlJlg. Nf.111l46 77L, Cleopatra

theo Caesar

~,JLa

Mil. Sau khi Caesar

miii (niim .:1.:1ITL). Cleopatra

dem

ngtlrfi con tmi \'~ 1It/(fC, muu 11l(jgier em lrai liJ hO(lng de' Ai C\ip. ltua con 1hz liJm vua. hu lum phf:l chinh. Num
-II 77L, Cleopatra

),;{/j'

UfI!flg Ul Mil Mark Antony (X2 :-30 77L), hai ngUfli yeu nhau vu kef hdn num 37 ITL.

AlIlon)' hi 4u(ln La Alii giei I'U Cleopatra

tI:'

Ut

1'10

1/(/1/l

30 77L.

ehinh xac.
Yoi Sifehu trqng d~e bii;t vf ton giao, dan t(Jc Maya kinh tn;mg th5y tu VIgioi nily co cong
Ion trang eong eUl)e giao d~c. Gidi tu si rat hanh dii;n vf sif hii!u biet sau f(Jng, d~o due eao
vit nhi611nglidi tre!thilnh co van cho cae vua chua. Chue v~ tu si thliang dlil}e cha truy6n con
neii va phili trili qua nhi6u giai do~n hqe t~p kM khan lau dili vdi cac mon hqe: dqc, viet,
lich Sli, ttJn giao, thien van. Huan luyi;n tam linh lit u(ie diEm neli b~t nhat ella nfn giao due
Maya. Tif kIm ehe, nhan n~i, khiem ton, than thii;n, chUng mife lit nhung due tinh quy bau
dn ghi sau trong tam tri M sau nay thlie hii;n trong dai song xa h(Ji va trong cac l~ nghi ton
giao. DE phat trii!n ky lu~t tif giae, cae tu Sl tliang lai phiii chiu difng m(Jt thai gian dili ehay
tjnh, kh6 h~nh vit dE chung tel thai d(J tif giae, hq tham gia tkh cifc trang cae nhom lao d(Jng.
Ngliili Maya khong co trliang hQc cho cae h~)esinh khi con nhi). Cae em hqe t~p mQi khia
canh v6 eu(Je song qua vi~e quan sat vil thlie hanh voi phu huynh. Ngily nay, nglioi Maya
sinh s6ng i'Jcae nlide Gu~tamala, Honduras, El Salvador va van giul.1l1<;Je
cae dijc linh van
h()a e6 tflly6n, dong thlii cling hap thu olil.lencn van hoa tie'n b(J ella cae qu6c gia tren.
Y, Giao dl)c dan tQc Azlec - Giao dl)c lruy~n khiiu
Theo lieh sU',dan tile Aztec s6ng du eli, du canh tlt xa xlia vil dinh eli t~i khu vife ngay
nay lil New Mexico, thu do eua Mexico vao nam 1200. Tlt xa xlia, nglioi Aztec co hi;
thong dung hlnh iinh cae con v~t thay eho ehu vie'1. HQ biio t5n van h6a bang caeh lruyfn
khtlu M ghi nhd cae bien co, nien lieh, kien thue ton giao. Tu Sl va cae b~c liio thilnh chju
trach nhii;m v6 giao d~c. Hq cling ehinh lit tae giii cae bili thd, cac bai thanh ea M d~y
15

Cicio

d(IC Sfl

kIwi

do con em. HQc sinh tu 10 tu6i du\jc hQc hili v~ thtj nh,!c. Cac bang vc du\jc ap dyng M
cae hoc sinh di: dang ghi nho cac con s{) va su ki~n. Nguiji Aztec xay dung nhit3u d~n dai
rat co gia trj v~ kie'n truc va Ijch sii'ctln t(ln qi tdi ngay nay. Hi~n qi dan toc nay tft! thanh
mOt nMm tl1ie'uso tai Mexico.
VI. Giao dl.lc dan tQc Inca - Giao dl.lc tl'uy~nkh5u

Dan tOc Inca la nhITng bO laC song tu xa xua tai khu vtfc ngay nay la phia nam Peru. Toi
nam 1200, hQ thilnh I~p m(\t Mu quae va tu nam l43H hQ tn! thahh mOt M qu{)c (j Nam
My Chau. Nguiji Inca xua kh6ng co ehIT viet va ding nhu nguoi Aztec, ho ap dyng vii;c
truy~n khiiu dC truy~n ba giao due van h6a.
Nen giao duc so khai Inca dUt.jcehia lam hai loai: daY ngh~ cho thuiing dan va day van
hoa cho quy tOc. Ytta moi sinh ra, dua tre trii thanh eon ella xii hOi va tt'li 5 tu6i, cac em
duric daY do tai cac trung tam giao dyc. Nong nghii;p IiI ngh~ chinh cua Inca va nghc nay
dU0c d,lY cho con em thu'iJng dan. Con em quy t(lCduric giao due ricng bict va gl1m Cll b{)n
giai doan hoc t~p: giai doan thu nhat hQc ve ngon ngITn6i, giai doan thu hai vc tem giao,
giai doan thu ba vc Ijeh su, giai doan thu tu vt3khoa hQc, thien van. Giao vicn ii day la cae
tu si loi laC. Sau thai gian dai hQe t~p, h,lC sinh phai thi d~u vdi nhi~u bai thi kM khan M
trCjthanh nha quy t(lc. NguiJi Inca cling lam ra nien Ijch, co nhi~u kien thuc v~ xay dtfng,
giao thong. Dan tl}CInca ngay nay tn"j thanh mOl nh6m thie'u so s{)ng rai rac tai nhicu
quac gia thuoc giiii oat dai phia lay dai lyc Nam My Chau.
Tiii li~u tham khao:
- Cut'sur, Julius, TtiLlii!'n hJch khou The World Book EncydofJediu.

lui lifu dii dt1/l nhu Irel/.

- GreKoriun calendur. Tit difn huch khou The New Encyclopaedia
- Julian culendur. Tili lifu ,Iii dJn nhu [ren.
- Muyu. Tdi lifu (1c7 dun nhu fren.

Multimedia

Edition, 2001.

- Clt'opulru.

8ritunnic(J, Multimedia

- Mewl, MurMuret. Til t1iin hach khou The World Book Encyclopedia,

- Th~ Old World Ci\'ilizatiofl

Editioll. I 99X,
- The Old World Civiliwtion

(~( Aztec,

EditiolJ, /99X.

Multim~dia Edition, 2001.

Tli {1itn hach kJwa The New Encyclopaedia

Briwflnica,

Multimedia

(~(EKy"t. TiJi li?u {hi dJII n}," rren,

. Tht' aiel World Cil'iliz.utiof1 (~(JIl{'a, T(li li(u ,1,i dun

IIhU'

tren,

- The Old World Ch'ili7././tirm (~{Maya, Tdi /iru &1 dJn nhu rren,
. The Old World Ch'ilizUfiol1 (~{Mesop(}ltiJ1lia,

- Th~ Old World Ciriliz.utio/l

- Thol1lP.WIl, Eric

T,ii lifu d" dun nhU'Iren,

(~{N()'r(hChina. Jui lh'u

,1" d"n

The Rist! and Full (~(Mayl.J Cil'iliz.arion,

- Woody. Thol1/(J,\',L~re and Educution

. ZunrH'uk, Rudolph.

ill

Eurly Socidies,

nhu Iren,

/977.
J Y7U

The AZ.1t'Cs Arranxt'l1lent,' The Sociul History

(~rPr~-Sf'anish Mexico.

/9X5,

16

1
Chlidng 2
A'

Giao

dl;lC

cd diJi An

Giao
,
,

dl;lC

DI)
ton,giao

"

I. Anh hlidng An D(l Giao

II. Anh hlidng Ph~t Giao
III. Giao d\IC c6 d~i An D(l - Giao dl}Ccao dang titn b(l

IV. Giao dl}c c6 d~i An D(l va

eMu

Giao dl}C so khai khdi sl)' cii nghln nam truac tily Ijch, keo dai tai nhii'ng nam dfru tay
Ijch t~i cac khu vl)'c Ai C).p, Mesopotamia,
;

Bilc Trung Hoa va Nam My Chau. Sau thai

gian nay, xii hi?i bie'n chuy~n va trd nen phuc t~p hon. Do d6, t6 chUc giao dl}c cling thay
d6i thea. Elay la giai do~n giao dl}c c6 d~i d An Eli?, Trung Hoa, Do Thai, Hy L~p, La Mil.
Trang chudng nay, chung ta tlm hi~u n~n giao dl}c c6 d~i An Eli?
I, Anh hlidng An D(l Giao (Hindu)
An Eli? Giao la ton giao c6 nhfit the' gidi, xufit hit$n cii nghln nam trudc tily Ijch. Hfru he't
I

tin d6 d~o nay seJng t~i An va chie'm tai 83% diln seJ. An Eli? Giao da chi pheJi tu tUdng,
giai cilp xa hi?i, doi seJng, phong tl}c dan An. Khac vai cac ton giao khac, An El(> Giao

khong do ai sang liip rna dfrn dfrn hlnh thanh qua nhi~u nam. Kinh thanh Veda du<;fCtin d6

i,

hQc tilp ci\u nguyen

nhan vilt lich sU', c,ic nhan vilt trang huy~n tho~i, cac sinh vilt va cac hi en tu<;fng thien

hang ngay. An Eli? Giao thocung

nhi6u thfrn. Cac thfrn nay la cac

nhien. Tin d6 d~o An tin tudng rhng can nguoi che't di nhung linh h6n khong che't rna dfru
thai kie'p khac. MueJn tranh khoi kie'p luan h6i, tin d6 phai seJng thanh thilt, kinh trQng thfrn
thanh, thfrY tu, ton trQnlj tai san mQi nguoi voi hy vQng du<;fchudng coi phuc sau
chung.

khi Him

Nguoi thea d~o An ci\u ngUYen hang ngay, dang I~ vilt vai thl)'c phftm, hoa qua,

hUdng ne'n t~i cac d~n lho. Nhii'ng cui?c hanh hUdng xa du<;fCt6 chlic hang nam t~i cac d~n

tho n6i Mng.

Eliic bit$t Ia vit$c tam nudc song Hhng Ha (Ganges)

M x6a

cling du<;Jct6 chuc djnh ky, keo dai nhi~u ngay vai nhi~u mau sac v~

bo \i?i loi. L~ h(>i

Ie viit va trang

phl}c.

Giai cfip tang Iii' dung dfru xa hi?i. HQ vua la thfry tu, vua la thfrY d~y hQc, dU<;Jccac giai
cfip khac kinh trQng mi?t each diic bit$t.
An Eli? c6 mi?t n~n van h6a c6 nhat the' giai. Vao khoang
xam lang dfit An, danh b~i nguui dja phudng, chinh
17

rY~l':'-'~:;-;~-;~';"i;::.~;':~~.-'
.'~""~:"
.
j . (

'''1 ~

of)

2000 nam TIL,

phl}c hoan toan

nguoi Aryan

lanh th6 va t~o dl}'ng

Ciao d(lc co' dgi

A~Dr?

mQt de' qu6c hung m\lnh. Thco voi thai gian va Vlii s\l' phat trii!n clia t6 chuc xii hQi, thanh
phan tri thuc bao g6m nhit:u tu si An Dl) Giao dii co anh hu'dng IOn tai chinh quyGn va dan
dan hq thanh l~p mQ[ giai dip rieng voi nhifu dac guyt:n goi la giai cap Brahmin hay giai
cap tiing lO',dung dau trang xii hQi. MQt nMm khac g6m cac nha guy tQc, cac su quan ti,lO
thanh giai cap quy tQc, giai cap thu nhi hay giai cap Kshatriya. Giai cap thu ba la giai cap
dia chli, thu'llng gia hay giai cap Vaism. Giai cap cuoi cung chie'm d\li da so dan An Iii
Sudra hay Untouchable, giai dip th(,Jthuyfn, cung dinh, nang dan, no 1~. Tlt the ky thu 6,
s\l' phan biet giai cap tren dng them sau n)ng. Tinh tr\lng nay keo dai cho tai nam 1950
khi IUat ch6ng ky lhi giai cap ra doi. Nhu'ng tren th\l'Cte, tlnh tr\lng ky thj v~n t6n t\li nhit:u
it cho toi ngay nay.
.
Ton giao la ngu6n goc cac sinh hoal lrang xii hQi c6 An DQ. No kht>ng nhung bao g6m
viec Ie Ie, tho cung ma clln chi ph6i chat che he thong tu' tu'lJng, 16 chuc chinh quyt:n,
giao dl!Cgua viec hl)c taP kinh Veda hay kinh thanh An DQ Giao.
Vt: phu'(jng di~n giao dl!C, trc cm khi Clll1nhi\ du'ljC cha mte giao dl!C t\li gia. Lon len
du'(,Jcgiao dl!c t\li nha cac tang lu. Cac em du'~jchl)c taP mien phi kt! d an 0. Di! bu li,li,
hoc sinh giup do thay vdi cac viec nhl; nhu' dl,ln dep nha cli'a, san soc gia suc, vu'on cay.
Thilng thu'lJng phu huynh hoc sinh dong gop th\l'c pha'm vi hq thuQc thanh phan kM giii.
Con em giai cap tang lO'di hl)C vao luc 8 tu6i, con em giai cap guy tQc di hqc VilOluc II
tu6i va con em giai cap dia chli di hl,lc vao luc 12 tu6i. Con em giai cap cung dinh ill nhien
khong co dit:u ki~n va khii nang di! di hoc vi mieng an hq can chu'a dli n6i gi oen vi~c hqc
hanh. Du co khii nang di hqc chang nua, thai dQ ky thj cGng ngan cam viec nay. Tn:; em
nu chi du'(,Jcgiao dl!c t\li gia.
Chu'dng trlnh giao dl!C g(\m co taP dqc kinh Veda, t~p hat cac tMnh ca, hqc cac mon
hqc kMc nhu' thien van, khoa hl,lc, ngiln ngu tuy thco trinh dQ. Doi voi con em tang lu,
viec hqc taP kinh Veda du'(,Jcchu trqng dac biel. Trong suot thoi gian hl)c t~p, hqc sinh
phai tuan theo ky IUat nghiem khifc, y phl!c gian di, an chay tru'ong, ngu tren tam g6 cung,
s6ng dQc than. ThOi gian hl,ll' tap keo dai tdi 12 nam. Hl)c sinh muon hoc taP them, thai
gian nay khong co gidi h\ln. Sau thai gian hqc taP t\li nha cac tu si, hqc sinh xuat s:1c du'(,Jc
theo hqc t\li cac trung lam tu'llng t\l' nhu' cac tnfong cao d5ng do cac tu si hqc gia thong thai
dam lrach. d day, hqc sinh du'(Jc tham d\l' cac CUl)Cthao IUan.
Phu'(lng phap hqc taP khac biet tuy theo miln hqc. Voi kinh Veda, hqc sinh phiii taP dqc
cho dung, nhan m\lnh vao cach phat am. Tiep thco phai nhd va tom 1u'(,Jcdu(,Jcy nghia clia
kinh thanh. VlJi dc miln hqc nhu' IUat, trie't, thien van, toan, hqc sinh phai hii!u va ghi nM
du'(,Jc. V(Ji nfn giao dl!c cao d5ng, hqc sinh du'lJc dong gop vao cac cUQc thao lu~n, co
nghia la h(,ldu'(,Jcphep dilt cilu hoi va lhay giai nghia rQng rai. Tuy nhien, hqc thuQc long
van la phu'dng phap can ban.
18

.-

Ciao

dl;lC

co' dQi A~Dr?

II. Anh hLidnl( Ph~t Ciao

Vilo khoang thl' ky thu 6 TTL, nhii'ng Ie nghi va t~p t\IC do vi~c hqc t~p sau r(ing kinh
Veda da lam lang them m(it cach thai qua vai tro vun da quan (rqng cua giai cilp tang Iii',
gay bat man tmng dan chung. Giao d\lc tn'! thanh d(ic quyen cua giai cap nay, gay chia re
giii'a giai dip nay va cac giai cap khac. Day la nguyen nhan cua vi~c pMt tri.:!n hai ton
giGOIm1i. D6 la Ph~t Giao va d~o Jain vao khoang nam 500 TTL.
Nguoi sang lap ra Ph~t Giao la Siddharta thu(ic dong Sakya Thich Ca, sinh t<)iphia bac
An DIl vao the' ky thu 6 TTL va mat vao nam 480 TTL. Ong Ia can nha quy t(ic, CO vc;1
,on, nhung thay sIf kh6 cIfc cua tdn the', bo vinh hoa phu quy di tu, !lm hi.:!u y nghia ton
giao r6i di dIU du khiip m1i d0 truyen ba ly tLi('!ngt6n giao nay. Ong duc;1cnhieu nguoi tin
theo, t6n la Ph~t TO hay lihudda. Bhudda la til'ng Ph~n, ngon ngii' cua An D(i, co nghia la
tIf gi:k (IIf mlnh t,nh ng(i), giac tha (cUu d(i nguoi khac) va giac hanh (hoim thanh trqn
wn). Thkh Ca nh~n ra cu(i, doi la b.:!khO voi sinh lao b~nh lil va con ngLioi mai mai chlm
dam vao dii tram luan. SIf khO cIfc nay kh6ng phai (j m(it kiep ma het kiep nay dCn kiep
kha" lufrn qufrn tmng vong "[uan hbi" nhLi banh xe quay het vong r6i tr0 I<)i.Do la cai "
nlihi?p nMn qua". Dieu ta nh~n
kiep nay la cai qua cua kiep truoc va la cai nhan cua
kiep sau. eu nhu v~y ta chju dnh "nghi~p baa" karma mai mai. Cai kiep nhan qua cua
ron nguoi ,hinh la long tham. Muon di~t h'mg tham, di<;t d\l" ta phai doc chi tu hanh,
hanh dtmg theo ltfL1ngtam, thea chinh d~o, di~t du,j, kil'p nhan qua, duc;1cgiai thoat ra
ngoai V(lIlg luan hoi, khong can nghi~p baa, khtlllg sinh khong tii' nii'a va toi dLi<;1c
coi nat
ban nirvana. T6m I~i, Ph~t T6 cho doi la be' kh6 va m\lC dkh l~p d~o cua ong la cUu d(i
,hung sinh ra khoi dnh tdm luan, nghi~p chuang.
Dao Jain la t6n giao IOn thu 6 trang hi~n t~i An D(i. T6n giao nay kh0i sIf tll' xa xua,
phat trien manh vao the ky thu 6 TTL va co nhieu tin do la nhii'ng ngLioi giau co. NgLioi
thco dao Jain tin tui'Jng ba dieu quan trqng: kien thu" long tin va hanh d(ing. Hanh d(ing
quan tnmg nhf.t voi nam loi the: khong gian tham, khtlllg mang tai san, khong sat sinh,
chan th~t, til't h~nh. Cac tu si nam nii' an mik gian di. Tili san cua hq Ia cai ch6i va cai
bat. Cai ch6i M quet s~ch duong xa, xoa bo t(ii Ioi, tranh dam len sinh v~t; cai bat de:!khat
thue. Ho an ,hay truong. D<)o Jain co nhieu den dai dcp de, hang nam thu hut nhieu du
kha,h hanh hu(jng.

Hai 16n giao tren khong cong nh~n gia trj cua kinh Veda va phan dui giai cilp tang Iii'
An DClGiao VIgiai dip nay ,hiem d(ic quyen t6n giao, giao d\lc. Hq
trliong giang d~y
rim ron em moi giai dp kh6ng phan bi~t giau ngheo, tin ngliong. Ph~t Giao t6 chuc m(it
h~ th6ng giao d\l' tu si rieng trang car chua den.
M(it bil'n e6 quan trqng dii xfry ra. Do la sli xuat hi<;n ,ua trieu d~i Nanda (*) va trieu
dai Maurya ('I') Car vua chua hai trieu dai nay dii ehu trtftJng nhieu di tien xa h(ii ci'i d"i

ma

t9

(*)

,Vunda D/JIIg he

tUIII

l'UtI

//

phia hile An Di} lil num 343 TTL ,le'n mlm 321 7TL. Cue

I'Wi

chua diJnX h~) nii)'

,1ii Ihlfc hifn nhitu ciii cuch ve cue phu(1nK difn: minx IIXhi?p, thu(1nX nIi, xuy dlfnx ' hinh hj \'I:J Xiuo dl;4e.
(*) Muuryu.

D(lng h(J tum \'uu (/ An D(j til mln1 32 J ITL ,1e'nmim IX5 7TL liR!] Ihen ,NmX h~) Nantla.D()nx

IIUY t'hu trUng

\"(J()

\'i(c phul (riell hinh hi, t(1chue c/;nx 4uyen \'U d(ic hi?( iu nUllIlunx

Muurya dii ti/p nh4n nhieu .HI Xiii, tunx ni til cae IIWIc ngoui

I'UO

dg.o Plu)t. Cue

\'UU

h~)

chua

nghien cuu Ph,}t Cicio; (1c1nXth/li ciinx xui

nhieu phdi ,loun truyen Xiuo ru nU/lc nxoui.

An DQ ehiu anh hliiJng qua sau xa cila kinh Veda. Cae di tie'n nay thUl}Ccac phliong di~n
ehinh tri, (.wi s6ng hang ngily vii giao d~e. Nho v~y, nhi6u tang li1 tif bi) c1ac quyfn giao
d~e, trt) v6 voi nhi~m v~ ton giao. Giai dp quy t(\e tif be) m(\t phUn c1acquyfn binh bi vii
giai cap eung c1inh co C(j hQi ngoi len khoi ehe' c1(lno Ii;, Cae bie'n ehuyn tren ellia c1e'n
vii;e di tie'n giao d~e. Trliong hQc c1li<;iC
thie't I~p t~i nhi6u I1(ji.Giao vien khong phai chi
la tang lu ma con la hoc gia nua.Trung tam giao d~e Taxila (*) ela nili tie'ng trong giai
(*) T(lxi/a. Thdnh /Jh/;' ('(1 d phia fJy hac Xn D(), ritt ph(1n Ihjnh

chie'n (flInh fdn phd l'iio the' k.,"thl1 5. Ngoui \'i(c

,,~c

(WI

phdt

WJO

hui, ha Ihe' kf TTL. Thdnh phi;' nu)' (lil hi

uln ia lIl(il trung tum XiJo

tri~'n tlul11llX 1IIi, Taxi/a

{1cJngI'tii nhitu h(J(' giii nUl trlliinX dg.y h~)e I'a ('() nhieu nui" {lr.

elo~n nay. Day chlia phai Iii mQt c1~ihoc, song la milt trung tam giao d~e cao cling voi
nhieu hoc gia giam sat vii giang d~y cac trliang khae nhau.
Vao the' ky thu 3 TTL, Ph~t Giao c1li,jesli ilng h,} nhi~t thanh eua vua Asoka (*) vii
(*) A.wka ( !-23X ITL).

M(j( vj vua cuu l!f)nK Muurya.

Onx tich tlfe LinK h~i phong triw phut trifn

PIuJ-t CiJo

30 nil", fiji "J.:,ii, m(/ r(ing unh hutlng t(in giuo nuy fre,1 khdp liinh thff In d(1ng th/li WI; \'i~c ehinh
1"11:,4'-' hinh hi. Ong coi cue cu(ic chinh ph{' liinh thlf liJ cue ctl('h: thunh chie'n ,re nUl nWl1g
(7()
Ph(j.t. Nxou; ra,
(ing CI)fl ,hue ,1d)' ~'ii?eIruytf1 giJn ru mMe fl;:()ui, d(Je hiN Iii t1 Tich um (Sri l.l1nka) 6ng
holing til, ('(inX
chua [Jm SU giu Iru)'tf/ giao kJujp mIl. Ke't quii iu Ph(1t Ciao trlieJc kia chllu cue tn-mg flim 1/)" Xiuo d m(jf ,Hi'
{rong

SU(i',

gu"

(1ju phu(lng, nay ian rl1 kJulp flU/Ie vii c()n tru)'tn hJ ra

1IU(1C

ngoui.

phat trin m~nh me khilp 11(ji.Khi vua nay milt, An DQ Giao tai phat trin vii tif the' ky thu
I, d Ph~t Giao Ian An DQ Giao elfu dong gop vao eong eu(\e giao d~e c1~ichung vii giao
due tem giao, Nhli v~y, chua mie'u khilng nhung IiJ noi h"e t~p eila gioi tang ni, mil con Iii
Illji hqe t~p eila cae h"e sinh tiu hQe, trung hqe nua.
III, Ciao dl,lCcll d~i An DQ - Ciao dl,lCcao d~ng tie'n b(l
TrDng khuang 500 nam tif the' ky thu 4 c1e'nthe' ky thu g, n6n giao due An DQ c1li<;iC
t6
ehue kha hoan bi do sang kie'n eila cae vua chua. Day Iii giai c1uan eila D~i hQc Nalanda.
Nalanda khtJng nhifng la mc}t trli(jng el~i hqe eCl elai eua An, ma con Iii mQt trung tam
nghien ellu Phat Giao thu(\c ti~u bang Bihar phia bile. D~i hqc nay khoi S1fho~t c1(\ngtif
the' ky thu 6 TTL va phat trin manh me vilo cae the' ky 4,5,6,7. Toi khoang nam 1200, de'
quae Hili Giao ehinh ph~c An DQ va Nalanda bi pha hily. Nhung eUQckhao c6 ggn clay ela
tim ra di ticll m(\t day nha g0m to khu hqe qp voi kie'n true e6 truyen An DQ. D~i hQc
Nalanda vao lUe cue thinh co hang nghln sinh vien, voi co sc) hqc t~p trai r(\ng ca 100

20

Ciao dlfc cd dc;li An DQ

liing. VI n6i [ieng nen co nhi~u sinh vlen ngo~i quclc mucln ghi danh theo hQc. Cac sinh
vien niiy phai [ham dJ/ nhi~u biii [hi vii ket qua Iii co r5t it sinh vien nuoc ngoiii du<;lCthu
nh~n. t1iing ngiiy, cac sinh vien du<;lcnghe giilng giai v~ nhi~u d~ tai nhu kinh Veda, kinh
Ph~t, lu~n ly hQc, triet hQc, thien van, toan hQC,y hQc.
Mot 56 thi tr5n co t6 chuc truang tiu hQc vii trung hQc do cong d5ng dia phudng dai
thQ. Cac ton giao tiep tl,lCdong gop viio cong cuoc giao dl,lCt~i cac Mn chua cho dan
chung vii tang ni. Giao dl,lc ngh~ nghi~p ciing co xu5t hi~n. Phl,l nu viin chi dlt<;lCgiao dl,lc

I
i

I
l
I
I

I
!

t~i gia.
An DO viio giai do~n nay dil thJ/c hi~n dU<;lC
nhi~u tien bo trong cac ITnh vJ/c toan hQc,
khoa hoc, thien van. Aryabbatta (476-550) Iii nhii loan hoC 16i I~c. Gng cung la nha thien
van vii c6n Iii thi s1 nua. V~ thien van, ong nh~n dinh ding qua dat hinh tron, quay quanh
truc vii quay quanh mat trai. V~ toan hQC,ong dua ra quan dii!m v~ 56 khong va h~ th6ng
th~p philn. Gng tinh ra duqc can 56 vii tim ra dlt<;lCtrj gia clla Pi Iii 3,1416. Khi An Do
phong phi thuy~n khong gian (tilu vu trl,l) dilu tien viio nam 1975, dil dat ten ong cho phi
thuy~n niiy.

An

IV. Giao dl}C c6 d:.ti

DQ va A Chilu
Giao dl,lCc6 d~i An Do co anh hudng IOn den n~n giao dl,lc, ton giao a Tich Lan, Trung
Hoa vii Dong Nam A. Vi~c nay du<;lcthJ/c hien qua cac quan he, giao lltU van h6a, thudng
m,!i. Nhi~u nhii thong thai An DO dU<;lCmoi sang giang d~y t~i Trung Hoa, Tiiy T~ng
(Tibet). Nhi~u hoc giii, sinh vien Trung Hoa sang hQc t,!i An Do. Van h6a, giao dl,lc An
Do cung iinh huiing nhi~u oen vung Dong Nam A nh5t Iii viec phat trii!n PhQt Giao. PMt
Giao Mien Dien, Thai Lan, Viet Nam, Campuchia bilt ngu5n ttt An Do. Ngoai ra, khu vJ/c
niiy cung Iii noi nhi~u nguai An den kinh doanh. Trong khi Ph~t Giao phat trii!n m,!nh me
t,!i cac nudc A Chilu khac thl t,!i An DO, An DO Giao qua m,!nh, diln diln g~t anh huang
Ph~t Giao ra ngoiii va Ph~[ Giao a dily chi con Iii mot ton giao nho.
Tdi lifU (ham khiio:
_Aryahhuua. Til cHin !nkh khou The

NeVI'

Encyclopaedia Britannica. Multumediu Edition, 1998.

- A.wku. TiLl li~ucIii dun nh./.Itren.

_ DL((IIl~ Qudng Hum, Vift Num Van H()(:Sit Yeu, Pht)t Ciao. Sui Gf)n, B(j Cicio Df:lc, /968 .
. Jainism .. Tit eli;" huch khou The World Book Em.:yclopedia. Multimedia Edition, 2001 .
_ Mlluryun Empire. Ti'Itfiin hach khou The New Encyclopaedia' Britannica. Multimedia Edition, /998.
_ Mookerji, Rahukumud. Ancient /ndiwi Education: Bruhnll.mical and Budhi.'it, /969 .
. Nalumla. Tuc1in huch khou The New Encyclopaediu Britwmicu, Multimedia Edition, /998.
- .Yuudll Dynaxtry. Tili Iifu (1iidJn nhiJ tren .
. Thf! Education (?(Ancient India. TiJi li~u c1tldJn nhiJ tren

21

Chlidng 3

Giao dljc cli df!-i Trung Hoa

Gilio dljc luan lj df!-oduc
I. Giao d\lC c(}d~i difi Chu - Giao d\lC,Kh(}ng HQc khbi
1. HQC thuye't Kh(}ng Til'
2. HQc thuye't Lao Til'
3. HQc thuye't phap tri clla Han Phi Til'
4. Giao d\lc Kh(}ng HQc khbi 51!

51!

II. Giao d\lC C(}d~i difi Tiln - Giao d\lcphap tri

III. Giao d\lC C(}d~i difi Han - Giao d\lc luan Iy d~o duc clla
Kh(}ng HQc hu'ng thinh
IV. Bi)c diim giao d\lc c(} d~i Trung Hoa - Giao d\lc luan
d~o duc nhu'ng thie'u khoa hQc

Iy

Giao d\lc c6 d(li Trung Hoa rat phu hc.Jpvoi xii hOi nang nghi~p, lay gia dlnh fiim g5c.
Viio thai ky niiy, giay chua duc.Jcphat minh, sach duc.Jcghi chep tren cac thanh tre, g6
ghep I(li vii vi~c su- d\lng van con rat gioi h(ln. VI v~y, t~p dQc vii hQc thuQc long Iii
phu(jng phap giang d(lYguan tn:mg. Luiin Iy, d(lo duc Iii m\lc dich chfnh cua giao d\lC, Iii
s<Ji diiy lien I(lc m~t thiet giil'a ca nhiin, gia dlnh vii xii h(li. Thiin tlnh, Ie d(l, trung tin,
chung thuy, thanh th~t la nhil'ng dUc tinh guy bau. Chinh guyen Wc la cac vua chua co b6n
ph~n m(~mang giao d\lC, dao t(lOnhiin tai M ph\lng sl! xii hOi.
I. Ciao d\lC c(} d~i difi Chu (1111-255 TTL)
Day Iii thai d,!i phong kien. Cric vU{jnghfru cai trj diin chung, dll't dai va tuiin I~nh, ton
phu hoang de ma hQ coi la thien tu- tuc Iii can troi sai xu5ng M trj thien h(l. Truong hQc
dutJc thiet I~p t(li kinh do cua hoang de'va thtl phu cua cac vuong hfru M d(lY d6 can em
guy tOc va con em guan lai. Con em dan gia neu co kha nang, dieu ki~n duc.Jcgiao d\lc t,!i
dc trut'Jng dia phuong sau khi lam l\lng d6ng ang. Cac truong nay do tu nhiin t5 chuc vii
giang d(lY. Con gai M<Jc cha mt; d(lYd6 t(li gia ve b5n ph~n va duc h,!nh ph\l nu M doan
chilc riing khi Idn len, hQ se hoan thanh b6n ph~n lam vc.J,lam mt; trang mQt xii hQi lily gia
dlnh lam g5c. Chu(jng trlnh hQc t~p cua con em hoang tQc, guan I(li g6m co sau phfrn: Ie
22

Ciao d!1c c6' dgi Trung Hoa

nghi, am nh~e, van hqe, tinh toan, ban eung, eili ngi/a. Can nhii dan giii chi dueJe hqe t~p
doc, t~p viet.
Viio eUlli d'Ji Chu, xii hoi phong kien bilt d5u tan vo. Chinh quy~n trung udng eua thien
III kh6ng kiem soat dU'Je cae VU(lng h5u. TInh hlnh bfrt 6n dinh niiy eung vOi cae kh6 khan
khae nhu lut l(ii, doi kern, gi(ie giii dii Iii cd h(ii eho cae triet gia, hqe giii, SI phu dua ra cae
g.iai ph~ip ciii tien. Do d6, nhi~u hqe thuyet tu tul1ng moi xufrt hien. Trang so niiy n6i b~t

1,

nhClt la hoc lhuyet Kht1ng Tit, Liio Tit va pha p tr) ehu ngh1a eua Han Phi Tit. Moi hqe
thuyct e6 111()nde va cd siJ giao dl)e rieng.
1. Hvc thuyet

Kh<lng TU'

Kht1ng Tit (551-479 TTL) ten la Khu'u, nguoi nude L(\ m(lt Vu'dng hau nha Chu, nay
thu(ie (inh S,ln 8()ng. Ong lam quan 8~i Ttl Khfru coi viee
dung, tll quail, di ehu du de

xit an. Sau khong dUl,le vua tin

ntloe ehtl h5u trong 14 Ilam rna kh6ng dU'Je vua chua nao bie't

den khii nang. Ollg tri'l v~ nuoe Lo nghien etIu, su'u t5m trie't hqe dUdng thai, d<)y hQe va
so~n saeh dl' giITi bay tu tU(Jng. Ong kh6ng e6 y dinh sang laP m(it m6n phai trJet hqe ma
chi lil su'u taP, g6p nhiit, ban b~e v~ d~o lam nguui dIT co tll trulle. Thi/e si/, ong dii

M I<)i

m(\( kho tang sang tae Idn lao: m(it ph5n do 6ng viet, m(it ph5n do m6n de su'U t~p v~
nhung Wi ClIlg d~y. Vdi sif nghieP

nay, ong qua xung dang dU<.lcnguui sau ton Iii ong t6

eua Kh(lng H'.le hay Nho Hoc. Nhung tae phii'm va Wi giang d<)y eua ong baa g6m:
1.I Tu Thl1 (b6n cu6n such)
B(l nay do de

m()n de su'u taP va g6m e6:

a. D'.li Hve
S~ieh day v~ d~o ngl(d, quCln Iii', gUI11e6 hai ph5n : ph5n kinh ehep cae loi phat bic5u eua
KhClng Tii', ph5n truyen la Wi giai thich eua Tang Tii', m(ltm6n
b. Trung

de eua Kh6ng Tii'.

Dung

Saeh ghi ehep nhung Wi tarn huyet eua Kht1ng Tii' v~ " tri, nhan, dung, thanh"
mCJl1de Iruy~n l~i va ehau n(ii ong la Tii' Ttl ehep thanh saeh.

do cae

c. Lm)n Ngu
Saeh ghi ehep 1,'li ban IUan giua Kh6ng Tii' va de
h,}e, ehinh tri, h()e Ihuat do de m6n de su'u t~p.

man de v~ cae vfrn d~ Juan Iy, trie't

d. M:.lI1h TU'
Saeh do Manh Tii' vift va banluan

v~ hqe thuye't Kh6ng H'.lc. M~nh Tii' (372-289 TTL)

ten that Iil Kha, ngudi nude Chau nay thu(ie tinh S(in 86ng,
SUll~ Kht1ng Hoc, I~i e6 tai hung bien, ehu du de

23

h()e tra eua Tii'TI1. Ong thong

nude ehtl hau, mUlln dem kha nang

Gido

dl;lc

cd di Trung Hoa

giup vua. tri Illflle nhung kh6ng dutle ai tin dung. Ong v~ que rna truang d(lYhQCva viet
saeh Manh Til. Qua sang tae nay. 6ng M e~p den van d~ luan Iy. quan tii'. chlnh trj.
kinh teo Ve luan Iy. llllg ban lu~n v~ tinh thii;n, giao dl!e, ttln tam (giG'lay long thlmh), trl
lri (kien Ir1), dutlng tinh (nu6i lay khi phaeh). Ve nhan cach eua nguai quan tii' hayd(li
trutJng phu hay dai nhan. 6ng bll1l ve cae due Hnh nhan, nghIa. Ie, tri, tin. Ve ehinh tri,
ong n6(: vua phili lrong nhan nghIa khi tri dan. Ve kinh teo ong dua ra phuong lu(/e ve
eanh nllng, mue sue, ding nghi;. Ong kh6ng nhii'ng la mOt nha tu tuang loi l(1erna con Iii
melt van gia dai tai. Van 6ng hung htln, khue triet. Tu tuang eua ong nhm trang khuon kh6
va nui tiep tu ludng Khilng Til.
1.2 Ngii Kinh ( nam eu6n saeh)
Bel nay do Khclng Tti vLrasu'Utfrm vLrasang tac. Nguyen e6 sau kinh nhung do vii;c delt
saeh ella Tan Thuy Hoang (xcm cae phan sau), kinh Nhae dii that I(le, chi tlm du(/e mot
ehuung, dua vao kinh Le goi la ehu(Jng Nhae Ky.
a. Kinh Thi ( thd)
EO ea dao ella Trung Hoa do Khclng TO'su'Ut~p.
b. Kinh ThLi (ghi chep)
BO lu~t ii; ella Trung Hoa tu nam 2357 toi nam 771 TTL (tu Nghieu Thuan tOi Chu) do
Khclng Tli"su'Ut~p.
c. Kinh Dich (thay Mi)
Bii saeh ve lhu~l tu0ng sll do Khilng Tti giiing giili, phe blnh.
. d. Kinh L~ (1~ nghi)
BO saeh ve cae Ie nghi, t~p tl!e trong gia dlnh, lang xii, trieu dlnh do Khilng TO' bien
sOan.
e. Kinh Xuiin Thu
BO sO'nUtk Lo IUniim 722 TTL den nam 4R 1 TTL do Khilng Tii' bien sOan.
2. HQc thuyet Lao Tit
Thco Sti Ky (*) clla Tu Mii Thien (*) thl Lao Tii' hQ Ly ten NhI, nguai nUDeSa nay
(*) Ttl MJ Thien

nguy

xtlu

(/45TfL-X5

TTL). Sii Kia {lJu liel1

\,(J

fit;; ti{ng

Iii su quail nUl khilng pluli su gia I'i h() l'itt su rheo S'

nil qUlJ1/ tr(mg. Ngmli

ro. ring cr'm hi nhci Ihien

\'i1n, c1i1d()llg

\'UU

nhJr olu Trul1X Hou. Nhi~u

viet sit
chua. B(; Sli Ky eua Tu Mil Thien lil h(; sit

g(Jp I'un \'uo \'ife cui

titn

ni~n

I1K"()i

iich

Trung

Hoa

m/ir khi dong lung S~( t(,li QUil(' Sil Qua1/. Ong l1u(IC thay the' chao Tf:Jiday iJnK
sung tuc h(j SU K.\' . l1i~U ma thun ph/:l (mg on UrIc nhung chua thl!e hi~n ,1U(/C. Tn((/c iJnK. Kh/fnK Tit ,til viet
"Xuan Thu", h(j su \'~ ill/riC !JJ w/i clr,Jc,1i~ill phe hinh khia ("(,mh [ua" I)', cua cuc .'II! ki(n [jch sit. Tu Mil Thien
I'lla lIum

IU5 71'L Thrill/Jhl!-

(hi lhl!c hi?/I IIIr.it hinh lillie

Iheo fllu IU Ill/Ii

).:/1.111,Ihti

ring

,'iet

su lIuJi g(jm

("(J

nt.Jm p/uln: (Mu lien

hili hi diJn lie'" cue hi~/l

('(j'

fa

/jell su '~Ji Ct.te

I.{UWl Ir~JI1g.Ihli ILl Iii phdn chuy,:n khdo cue d(ic di2'111 n/J'i h(lf cuo fjell

24

ddn

I'u(/ng

lie'l cuc

hien

eli'ljeh

.'Iii' tr;iu

dinh

hdu. Ihu hu fa chi tiet cuc hie'n c/{

su. eur'ri dmg

fa

phJn .HlU 115m ,iEu ,fill

Ciao

d(JC

cd d(,li Trung

Hoa

sUo Tdi lifU lhu11I khiw huo Wim .<itt liru eua Qulk' Si:t QUUIl trieu llinh ~Jank VLl(/n~ luiu. such
lfuy?n l1tf(!tlJ.: IluI/ cuu cue h(Je phdi III tUtlng t'u cd dD sit nuu. N(h dung SU KS' cuo Tu /trlii Thien k}/(jng nhilng buo
grim uk chi {iiI /jeh su nUl c/m (Ie q'ip itf/n cuc de fiii un ninh. thuml;': m~li.Kiuo dl;Jc, ngh? tlluc)t, ll(li .W)'ll{ nila.
nie

nhall

n)1 Itch

thULle tinh An Huy. Khong ro niim sinh va niim mat nhung chilc chiln ang song d6ng thai
veli Khilng Tit VI c6 liln hai triet gia c6 g;ip nhau va ban vf chii' . Ie ". Ong c6 lam quan
cho nha Chu va la tac gia El~o Eluc Kinh, mOt tac phllm. n6i len ton chi, ml!e ofeh cua hQc
thuyet LITo Tit. Theo Elao Eluc Kinh thl "oao"
trai dat, van V~l. Nguai mu{)n theo d~o

la mOt nguyen

danh phu 4uy; b6 cae ham mu{)n; s{)ng theo thien nhien,

"

!
I

Iy rat huyen di~u va sinh ra

phai "va vi thanh tinh "; khang

h~lp veli eang b5.ng, Ie phai.

Nhl<:u hue gia, SI phu ehiu anh huang Joi s6ng tieu du, ph6ng khoang,
danh phu 'lui, c5u lay dnh

mliU c5u cang

chan duong cang

an nhan thanh thlji cua Lao Tit. Trang khi 06, nguai blnh dan

l~i tin cae dieu thiln tien, phu thuy, 06ng b6ng do sif giai thich sai IUm cua hQe thuyet nay.
pha p tri cua Han Phi Ttl

3. Hqc thuye't

Han Phi Tit ( '1-233 TTL) la triet gia nili tieng eua lieh sit cil o~i Trung Hoa. Ong Ia con
ehau vUllng hUu nha Han vao euoi doi Chu. Nguyen

la man o~ hQc thuyet

Khong Tit, 6ng

l~p hoc thuyet tu tuang rieng phu h<;1pvoi tlnh hlnh ehinh tr! oil vo eua che 0<) phong kien
dUljng thtji. Ong viet nhieu bai nghien cUu ve quan oiEm phap tr, va du<;lc nhieu nguoi cM.
y, o;ic bi~t la TUn Thuy Hoang,
TUn Thuy Hoang

hoang dC dUu tien eua nuoe Trung Hoa thong nhal. Khi

tan c6ng vuong hUu nha Han, Han Phi Tit du<;1ecit di lam su thUn hoa

giai. TUn dIT thu phl!C UUljC6ng. V f voi TUn, ong bi quan l~i trong trieu dem pha, nghi ky..
Ong bi bilt va buOc tOi u6ng thuoe o<)c ehel.
Theu Han Phi Tit, nha cUm 4uyen cUn phai thay oili ehinh sach tuy theo hoan canh I,ch
sLi, xIT h()i trung nude. GiU khu khu m(\t lu~t I~ ea lil 16i thtji. Thay diSi ehinh sach Ui\ dap

I
1

ling vdi hilnh vi, thai o(i eua dan chung VI con ngliai vdi ban tinh co hG'u feh ky, thiEn e~n.
Canh thanh blnh, thinh tri khLlI1g thi! thue hi~n dUI.jCveli nhii'ng due tinh t6t eua oang quan
vu(jng mil veli quyen

han cua chinh 411yen va dan chung phai tri~t oE tuan theo Jll~t Ie.

Ong dlia ra oe nghi ve lu~t phap nghiem

minh nhu

"sat nhan gia tu" (giet nguai phai tQi

ehe't) va phUn thuljng c.ho nhii'ng nguai e6 eong . Ong eang nhan m~nh den hanh vi cua
dan chung, ph,li huang ve ml!e tieu lam tang them quyi\n hanh eua Vlla chua.
4. Giuo d~lc Kh6ng
Trung sCi de

H\lc khO'i slj - Giao dI.Jc luan

hoc thuyet

Iy dl.lo due

tu tu0ng euCii otli Chll, hoc thllyc't

Khilng HQc niSi tieng nhat

voi h.; thring giao due trili r(lng khilp nlJi va co anh hUI)ng IOn t(li van h6a, phong tl!c, t~p
4Uan VI tu tuiing luan Iy d~o oue eua hqe thuye't nay rat phu h<;1pvai 16i s6ng t1nh cam gia
dlnh eua ngutji Trung

Hoa. Ml)t sinh ho~t khae nii'a eua giao dl!c vao giai do~n nay la

dung trude su de doa dtl vo, de

VUIJng hUu eho moi cac Sl phu Khtlng HQc khilp noi de'n

giang day. trllyen ba van h6a trung lITnhthtl eua h\!_ Vi.;e nay oa t~o nen mOt sinh hoat giao
25

Ciao dlfc

cd d\Ji Trung

Hoa

d~c rat phong phu tren loan liinh th6 quOc gia va co anh httong ldn lao den dl?ichung.
Ket qua vi~c giang day eua mon phai Kh6ng HQc, qua cae co so giao dl!e eua tri~u
olnh, cua cae vuong hftu va eua cac nho sT,dii dtta den vi~e pMt tritin mot each dang kti
v~ ngon ngli', viin hQe, kinh truy~n. Kh6ng Til' co Tu Thtt, Ngu Kinh; Lao Til' co DI?o Due
Kinh; Han Phi Til' co cae bai ngfiien cUu ve phap tri ehu nghTa. Nen giao d~e Kh6ng HQe
trang giai oo~n khili su ve euui dtii Chu dii dt! lai kha nhieu lai li~u ve l6 ehue ehfnh
guyen, ve giao due, ve trau doi nhan each, d,?o due khong nhli'ng co gia lri eho xii hOi
Trung Hoa ma con co anh httilng Idn ldi eae nude liln e~n cling' nhtt triet hqe Hy L,?p
duong lhtli co anh httong sau rong den van hoa tay phuong.
II. Giao dl;lCc6 d,li dO'iTiln (221- 206 TTL) - Giao dl;lCphap trj
Sau nha Chu den nha TJn. Nhieu h(.lelhuyet lU tttc'lngdii phat trifn lrang thai ky e6 o,?i
va hqe lhuyet phap lri eua Han Phi Til' lIii lIttde Tan Thuy Hoang (*) lIje bi~t ehu y. Vua
(*) run ThLiy Houng

(259-2/0

fJ thJi IU \'ul/ng Juju nhd

7TL).

runlell

Hot/lip' de'lluu

n;.:/Ji klli III1Ii ('()

liell niu IIU/lc Trung Hou th/tng nluil (22/-2/0TTL).

/3 lu/;'i. Nh'l

nlut, {rung 1{le l.{wi~' (StlU \'lIltng huu) \'(1 da p!Uil fnin

run

m()/ hf {luj,/X

Onp,

I'UOgiui d()<lfl ndy Iii IIU}! \'Udng hJu nU,mh

t()'

chue ('(inK quyen khd tinh

vi vi hiel up

d~ng 4UUl1 ,liilll hec thuye'( "hap trio Niim 22/17L, run Thliy Hoiing lieu dift cue vUffng Juju khue \'U fh, ngal
hoiJng (Te: Trong khi d nglJi, flng tlii thc hi(n cac cui cach v~ f1hi~u phUf1n;':di~n nhu xu)' dlfn;.:, thuong mqi,
xicio df:l(". Df]ng thi1i, /in}: cLing chi' fh; xu)' dT!nX nhi~u d~n dili, cunx (1i~n, dap Vljfl Ii tnlf'ln;.: Ihimh diJ.imdy
nghin cd)' .HJ'd{ n;.:iInchiJn J.:iiJcphuan;.: hac. Di cunx un;.:cho cuc d;n;.: Irinh nily, ddn chun;.: (til phd; (Mng
thue' cuo, hiUlg \,(:Jfi nhun ciJng (til chei ti cue d;nJ.: Iru/lIlg xci)' dlfn;.:. Vi ~'4y, l'ua Tan (TJphdi (T(Ii phd vdi cac
klu; khiIn n(ji h(j \'(1.'II!phJn n(i cua dan chung. Nhi~u iJn /mg thout chei vi hi mUu sal. Niim 2/0 ITL, on;.: mal
khi (tung lTithlnh tm 4uan sf. B(i'n niim .'iUU khi Tan Thiiy Hoang mdi, tri~u dgi nhJ TJn cung chet Iheo. Niim
fCJ74, khi khui 4W}t lc1ngtum Tan Thuy Hoimx. cae nha khuo clf dii tim dU{/C6.000 ngl!a chien va hinh St hdn;.:
simh due, c() nhi(/11 l'f:I cunh guc lung dIn Iron;.:m(j( khu l1ii'trOng 52 cd)' sl'/ \'urJng.

Tan lIii ap d\lng hqe thuyet nay mot each tri~t dt!; ngo hau t~p trung quyen hanh vao trung
U(ing; bai bae, da kich eac hqe thuyet khae; t'?o dl!ng mot ehinh quyen trung ttong ehuyen
ehe, thilng nhat va hung manh. Chinh saeh nay bi eae Sl phu Kh6ng H9C phan dOi kjch li~t
vi xam ph~m vao guy~n tl! do ttt ttti\ng cua hqe, lam lIao li)n nep song tlnh cam eua ngttoi
dan Trung Hoa. D6 cham dl1t dui l~p, vua Tftn ra I~nh cam xuat ban, Ittu hanh, efft gili'
saeh truy~n Kh6ng Hoc. ST phu phan lIili ehinh saeh nha vua, Ittu gili' sach truy~n eli, bi
bat, bi chon silng. so' SI phu, hoc gia bi chon silng vao nam 213 TTL khoang 460 ngttoi.
Ngttoi dtii sau len an njng ne ehinh saeh "dilt saeh chon sung hQc tro" eua Tftn Thuy
Hoang. Nha Tan ap dung chinh saeh phap lri mill each lan nhan lIua den vi~e s~p d6
tri~u lI~i nay vao nam 206 TTL va hqe thuyel ltt tttling phap trj cung eao chung. Nha Tftn
tuy bi chi lrich ve ehfnh saeh phap tri nhttng tri~u lI~i nay oil djt n~n mong eho mOl chinh
guyen lrung ttllng m,?nh, th6ng nhat oat nttde, mi\ lIttong cho cae tri6u d,?i sau cung co'
quyfn hanh va banh lrttdng the ll!e, phat lrit!n anh httang ra nttde ngoai.
26

Ciao d!/c c6' ul;li Trung Hoa

vi': phuong di~n giao d\lc, Tfrn Thuy Hoang ulin gian hoa va ph6 thong hoa .chli' viet,
xuiit ban sach giao khoa cho cac lop va long, san xuat but long va thl!C hi~n vic%cviet tn?n
l\la lhay cho vii)c viet Jen lhanh Ire, go. Ngoai ra, lri~u d~i nay can hc%thong hoa phuong
phap do luong, phal hanh tii':n ti), rna mang duang sa, song daD.
III. Giao d~lcc6 dl.li dlii Han (206 TTL-220) - Giao d\lc IU3n

Iy

dl.lo duc cua Kh6ng

HQc hung thjnh

Nha Han thay the nha Tfrn va duy trl, phal lrien nhieu ciii cach cua nha Tfrn. Tuy nhien,
dieu quan lrong nhat di ngUlJCI~i chlnh sach cua nha Tfrn la lai ap d\lng cac tu tuang Khilng
Hoc, thay the cho lU tui'lng phap tri. Nhli'ng sach dim trudc kia nay tra thanh quan tr<,mgva tra
thanh sach giao khoa chinh thuc. Trieu dlnh ra Ii)nh tim toi nhli'ng sach cu bi cam doan dang
dudc dlt giiiu, ghi chep lai, xuat ban de daY hoc va phil bien trong dan chung. Chinh sach moi
cua tri':'u dlnh m(1duilng cho vii)c sl1u t~p va phe blnh cac tac ph5m c6 dicn. Ve phuong dii)n
nay, Trung Hoa di trudc kha xa cac nut1c tay phuling. Dilng thai, vii)c phat minh ra giay viet,
cang giup cho vii)c sang tac, phe blnh. giao d\lc them phil bien.
Thili ky nay cung xuat hii)n nhii':u thi sl, triet gia, Slr gia, nghc%Sl. N6i b~t nhat la 8lr gia
Tu Mil Thien (Xem muc I, m\lc 2 tren). Dng dU\ICcoi la cha de eua nganh Slr hoc Trung
Hua vii Iii tac gia b(\ "Slr Ky", tdnh bay lieh slr Trung Hoa tu khai thuy den the ky thu I
TTL. Mot
duoe
.. bo thu muc
.
. soan
. thao va xuat ban , liet
. ke tat cii cac sach dil xuat ban.
Day Iii b(\ thu m\le c6 dien. B(\ tu dien Hoa ngli' dfru tien cung dUlJe xuat ban.
Cac tu tuijng cua Kh6ng Hoc dUlJcde cao va ap d\lng vao vic%et6 chue eong quyen eung
nhu' glao d\lC. VI v~y, rat nhieu SI tir, van gia, triet gia, thi Sl dulJc khuyen khich vii)c sang
tac va tu dat vao hilng ngu cac man di) cua Kh6ng Tlr. Cae vua nha Han tuy cong nh~n
cac tu tudng Kh6ng Hoc nhu Iii nhli'ng nguyen tae can ban M dao tao nhan tai va dii':u
hanh gu6ng may e{lIlg quyen, nhung khong co vit;c ngan dlm sl! ph6 bien va phat tricn
cac hoc thuyet tu tui'lng khac.
Truong hoc dUl.1et6 chuc tu kinh d6 tdi cac thi tran. Dae bic%tla cac truong tu dUl.1Cmd
t~i cac tu gia do cae nho Sl Kh6ng Hoc dam trach tai khilp noi trang nudc. Cae truang
nily dllllg gop vilo vii)c giao d\lc mi)t caeh j(jn lao cung nhu truyen ba tu tuang Kh6ng
Hoc trong dai chung. M(\t dicm quan trong nli'a a day la Quoe Tlr Giam, m(\t dai hoc quoe
gia duoc thiet I~p tai kinh do vdi rilt d6ng sl tlr theo hoc. Chuong trlnh giao d\le baD g6m
sach giao khoa can ban la cac kinh truyi)n cua Kh6ng Hoc, e(lng them voi am nhac, binh
bi. Nhu v~y, sau nganh hoc tu trude van dU\ICduy trt.
Dudi trieu d~i nha Han, lilnh th6 duoc ma ri)ng, giao th6ng phat tricn a trong nudc eung
nhu ra nude ngoili. Nho v~y, PMt Giao dU0C truyen vao Trung Hoa tu An Di). Nhli'ng
lu tudng Ph~t Giao dfru tien co Ie dil dU\ie truyen vilo qua cae thullng gia, su gia, tang ni.

,I

I
,

27

Ciao

d{IC ('(5'

aqi Trung Hoa

Vao thc ky thtl' I, hoang de'Trung Hoa cl1 stl' gia sang An ElQ M nghien cU'uv~ Ph4t Giao
va ucm v~ nhi~u kinh Ph4t. Sau U6, cac tang ni Ph4t Giao An ElQva cac SI phu Trung Hoa
ua so~n va dieh nhi~u kinh Ph4t sang ticng Trung Hoa. Tang ni An ElQkhong nhling sang
truy6n u~o ma con mang theo cii nhling kie'n thtl'c v~ toan hqc, thicn van, y hoc M truy~n
ha Klcn Ink. am nh~c Trung Hoa anh hlIiJng An El{\.Tuy v4y, trang khoang hai thc ky
sau khi ulMc gioi thi~u vao Trung Hoa, Ph4t Giao van chua ulIlJCph6 bicn VI Kh6ng Hqc
4ua manh, chi pheli m,!i Iinh vtfe trong uiJi selng dan chung. Han nua, quan diem v~ xa hQi
va cuoe selng doc lhan cua cac tu SI Ph41 Giao xa cach voi llt tuilng gia dlnh, sinh con cai
eua KhC;ng Hoc. Ben eanh d6, cac mon de eua Lio Tl1lai co nhung nghien cU'u v~ Ph4t
Giao VIell diem 11Idngd6ng.
Sau nha Han, Trung Hoa liim vao tlnh lr~ng chicn tranh va mai toi thc ky thtl' 6, Ph4t
Giao mdi c6 m(lt thc dtl'ng va kh(Ji stf pMt trien m6t h~ thelng tli tliong moi vao dui selng
tinh than dan chung Trung Hoa. Tuy nhien, Ph4t Giao chi laton giao, Kh6ng Hoc d~y v~
dao Jam nglIiJi vatli tlIiJng nay van phcl bicn nhat trong xa hOi c6 Trung Hoa.
IV. Di)c diem giao dl.lc cll dl.li Trung Hoa - Giao d~lc luan

Iy

dl.lo dUc nhu'ng thie'u

khoa hQc
Tli tlIilng hqc thuyct Khclng I'll chicm l1Uthe' trong ChUllng trlnh giao dl.lc c6 d"i Trung
Hoa maC du Kh6ng Hqc chi dang ii trang tlnh trang phat trien. ChlI(jng trlnh sau rnon hqc
v<1ndl(de duy trl, nhlIng mon hoc tinh toan qua s(j diing, con mon vo bi the dl!C cung dan
bi 4uen lang VI linh than trqng van khinh vo. Sau d6, chliang lrlnh Kh6ng HQc tra thanh
dC,Ct{in. ChlIdng trlnh nay nhan m~nh V:10luan Iy, d~o dtl'c, co ml!c dich giang d~y v~ d~o
lam nglIlJi. VI chu trong vao dao dU'cnen 11ItlItJng Kh6ng Hqc thien v~ Iy tuong rna khong
4uan tam dcn thtfc te'. H,!c sinh, Sl til' thi dua hoc hIli v~ b6n ph4n trung thanh voi thien til',
hicu lhao v(ji eha me, nhung ho kh6ng dude hoc hi,i gl v~ duiJng 16i 6n dinh xa hOi. M~nh
Til' ell d6 e4p dcn dU(Jng leli cln dinh kinh tc, nhung cac man d~ kh6ng hqc hoi dUlJCgl.
M(ll sel phat minh v~ giay vict, but vie't eung do sang kie'n ca nhan chtl' khong do chuang
lrlnh giao duc sang t~o ra.
Tili [i~u Ihl1/11khdo:
. DU(I/lg Qwi/lg Hdm. Vi~t Nam Viln H~)cSa Yt"u, ci)lI,t:

dl}flg ('uu l'lln

h~)c Trun;: Hou. SiJ.i C(:.n.

Dr} Ciao DI:'C,

lY6X.
_ DUlll1g Q1U(lIg Hum. Vifl

Naill

VJn H{!(" SI1 Y2u, D,.w Giuo. Sili G/)f~, B(j Giuo Dl:ic' 19(jK.

_ Gull, HUH'ur"- A His/ofY (~rChinese Education Ins/ilU/ions: To the End (~rFjl'e Dy"ustit's, 1951.
_Hun Fei T:u. Ttl ,1iell huch khou The New Encyc!o{'uetiiu Britwmica, Multumedia Edition, 1991'..
- Shinh Huu!/~ Ti. Tiji lifu ,1el dJ" nhu tre".
- Ssu Mu Chien. riji lifu &1 tiJn nhu tren

2S

Chltdng 4
Giao dl;lC crl dgi Do Thai
Giao dl;lC ton giao

'.

I. Ngu'ui Do Th3i
II, Do Thai Giao
III. Giao d\lc c6 dl.li Do Thai - Gi:io d\lc tOn giao
I. Ngu'Oi Do Thai (Jew)
Nguoi

Do Thai

la con chau

(*) Ht!hrt:Yo'

cung OJ ngh/u

Abraham

(*) dii sang

(*) Ahfilhwll..0ng
Gilio.

{lur

uf

(*) tif khoang

Do Thdi. Ten ()l1g C() mghla Iii nguili

ll.ii

mien

(7(t, Afe.wpotumio.

(*), ong t6 Iii

oj' "Iuil thR' gi{N.

nam I~OO TTL

ch"

CliO

va tZiOthanh

cu. Theo kinh thJnh Do

liar rhUl.!c Th/'/ Nhl Kj'. Khi chu

mut,

iJ/lg

\,J

Thai
f1 ti

Ishmael In! rhunh n~LI()i sung /(Jp

"If.!! sir b(j I(.'t" H(1i Ciuo: lrong khi (M, m(J[ IIKl1lfi COIl (rai kJuic len Id Isaac, l1ii fhllc .'it! k/ nKhi?p chu In)
rhunh ()ng //;' eua nxu/li Do Thai. Ahruhum Iii nhun l'(11m1itieng nhur trong lieh ,'ill Do Theil.
(*) Palestine.MJl/h diil ph{u nan! Diu Trun;: Hili. /i~n l'tli Ai C(1p. III thilnh ,1iu diu cJ n;:UrJiDo Thdi Ian
lIgtltii A R(ip, 1c1 (lia diim tranh chup ;:iuu hui diin t(h' tren tit xu xtlu {'ho dell hi?n ti. N;:lI(JiDo Thili (lil tljnh
ell t~Ji,Wy til tluli Ahruham hli nilm 135 ITL Suu dt'Jvim;: (Taln"y tn! thdnh liinh thtf cuu de' qu(/c La Mil. Ttli
nJIIl 600, n;:ut'JiIi Rl)p dinh cu {(,Ii,(TJy cho ttli hi~n t~li, NJIIl 19-1X.Do Tluli tili l(1p qu('/c 'i dJy va n}.:UrliA
R~jp ciil/g mu//n t~w dt!ng m(jt quac' gia t(,ii vunJ.:(Tii;nuy.
mien

Pult!.Hine

I'U .nlY

ngu(Ji thU(1ng c[, goi la Hebrew

il vung dat Palestine

r/;' ("Uti ngulli

/)l1g sinh fa \'J lljnh

giang

til IIg6n l1/.:ilcuu fl;':U(1i Do ThJi. Dli)' 1<1nglill/lgil

dl/llg {len fhil (1Ju tiRn. Ong

vu,(1ng quac Do Thai (Israel).

Nam

nl;h~u

COli Imi:

135 TTL, thu d6 Jerusalem

phuc va tho'ng tri khu vlfc nay toi the ky thu

('tJ

bi cle qu6c La Mii chinh

6. Vut1ng quelc Do Thai tan vo, ngu'oi Do

Thai tan mat di 11l0i n(1i kh5p the gioi, phia tiiy tdi t~n Tay Ban Nha, phia clong toi t~n
Trung Hoa. Ngu'oi Do Thai rat bao thu, cloan ket, th6ng minh

nhu'ng l'ii rat chi Iy, ti mi.

Them vao cI,), ton giao va van hoa khac bi~t, nen di den dau hq cling bi bZiCcliii, xa lanh,
neu kh(lIlg bi dan ap. Tif the ky thu 7, de quac Hili Giao
Ngu'<.JiDo Thai tuy sang lu'u vong kh5p the
tai l~p quelc. Nal1l 1907, thanh phaTel

R~p thang

tr) Trung Dong.

gioi, van vqng v~ que cli va hy vqng co ngay

Aviv (nay la thu d() Israel)

dul,1c thanh I~p va I1lQt

so' it ngu'lji Do Thai tif cac nt1i tril vi: m~c <Iu c6 su' chelng deli cua ngu<.Ji A R~p. Trong The
Chi&n Thli II (1939-1945),

6 tri~u ngu(Ji Do Thai (2/3 <Ian sel Do Thai

a Au

Chau ) bj

Due Quelc Xii sat hai. Sau the' chie'n nay, vdi slf chap thu~n eua Lien Hi~p Quac, nu'oc
Do Thai dude

tai I~p, sau gan 2.000 nam vong qUelc. Vi~c tai I~p qUelc gia Do Thai

cllta den tranh chap, chie'n tranh giil'a quac gia nay va kheli cac qUelc gia
quanh. Twng hi.;n t'ii, c6 khoang

13 tri.;u ngu'lji Do Thai stlng tren

29

R~p chung

khifp the gioi: 6 tri~u

Ciao dl}c c6 di Do Thai

My, gdn 6 tri~u t<ii Israel, mQt s6 selng t<ii dc mtlJc Argentina,

tai

Anh, Phap va mQt sel it t<ii nhi~u nl10c khac. C6 nhifu

dc

nha bac hoc tai Janh, dc

khoan

ehuyen

gia loi lac dc

CanaJa,

Nga (Russia),

ngl1(Ji Do Thai la dc

nganh,

nha ty phu,

hang niim d6ng g6p mQt ngiin

ilJn lao d~ phat tri~n chinh qu6c.

II. Do Thai Ciao (Judaism)

Do Thai Giao la tCm giao c6 clia the gidi, chI thd c6 mQt thl1Qng

oe.

Ky To Giao va H6i

Giao cling nhl1 Do Thai Giao, eung thlJ mQt thdn, cung phat xuat tu Trung
nhien, dc

thl1l.1ng de vii de

J<iY luan Iy, dao due elia

gl1l1ng sang trang lieh sU'. Kinh thanh nily gQi la kinh thanh el1U l10e old

khac voi kinh thanh tan I1dc nell' testament

Do Thai ctm c6 bQ sach talmud

nguyen

Tuy

lCm giao nay khac nhau v~ tin difu va dl1tlng leli hanh d<i0' Kinh thanh Do Thai

Giao dl1dc tin d6 lri';l di! tCm trong VI d6 iii nhO'ng lUi giang
testament,

Dong.

Jay

vG

Ie

elia Ky To Giao. Ngoai kinh thanh,

nghi, lich sU', lu~t d~o. Ngl1di Do Thai cUu

qi nha va t<ii thanh dl1dng. Tu Sl Do Thai rabbi la ngl1i'1i liinh dao tinh thdn, dl1~1e

huan luy~n trong nhiGu niim va dl1Qc tin d6 kinh tr'.lng. Ngay thu bay hang tudn iii ngay

s""""th,

Ihanh

lin dil ngh! vi.;c va cUu nguycn.

Ie ngh!

hl10ng va nhO'ng ngily

Do Thai Giao can co nhO'ng ngily hilnh

khac nO'a. Khac vdi nhieu tCm giao kh:lc, dao Do Thai Iii O<iO

clia ngl1di Do Thai. Sau nay, d~o cho phep nhO'ng '.Ii co m<;, iii ngl1di Do Thai ol1Qe phep
nh~p O<io. Gdn day, h'.l cho phep nhO'ng '.Ii c6 cha la ngl1i'1i Do Thai cling dl1<}cnh~p d~o.
Tuy nh;en, trcn Iy Ihuy.:t, ho chap nh~nnhap

d~IOcho bat cu '.Ii.

III. Ciao dvc cll d,li Do Thai - Ciao dl)c tOn giao
Giao Juc c6 d<ii Do Thai bjt ngu6n tu gia dlnh. Ngl1di m<;,Jay do con di
diic bi~t la con gai. Ngl1i'1i cha c6 tdch
chuyen

cUn cho dc

khi con nho,

nhi.;m cung cap nhO'ng gl1l1ng sang ve d<i0 duc,

con, diic bi~t la con trai vao luc tu6i tn:: va trl1i'jng thanh.

Nhl1 v~y,

lien h~ eha me;, con di dii thay the cho lien h.; thdy tro ii nGn giao Jyc c6 d<ii An DQ. Nfn
giao dyc nay rat khuon mau, nghiem khjc, g6m d vi~c trung ph<it thi! xac.

VI djnh cl1 ii khu vl)'c Palestine,

ngl1i'1iDo Thai chiu anh hl1iing van h6a Trung Dong va

phat tri~n mQl nfn giao dyc dilc bi~t tu khoang

giai cap chuycn
sach kinh doanh.

nghi.;p Cll nhi~m vy ghi chep, sao Iyc, thi"'t i~p cac hlJp dling, quan Iy s6
H'.l la nhO'ng ngl1i'1i sao lye. Ddn dan, dl1di trieu d<ii vua

Solomon (*) , hQ dl1(ic giao pho vi~e soan

(*) DUI'id (I03U-Y05

77L).

Vi

\'Wi

Ihli nhi

IIU)! hillh dnh quan Ir(mg "{i.e ,,/ui', tmng

n!u

niim 1.000 TTL. D6 iii vi.;c dao t~o mQt

I./lle ,Til c1J CliO SI! nghifp

CUll

thao, 111UgiO' van thl1, an I.;nh trieu dlnh. Sau

Do ThJi.

(~IIIIK()i

ke'

l'i

\'U(1chu iii Suul (."-10U017L).

Ijch .I'U Do Thui, !dm \'Ull gdll -10 niilll. Nhieu chuong

("uu ling trong ding

cU(Je

thang

chil/h, lii ,hr! nh<;c. Khi I'wl eha lU lrgn, ()nx sunx lue lI1(jllhi
IIhieu

nh{j', 1J1lh

th/l. khJ

/1(1ng hiflh

/-1.)221TL).

V.i \'uulhl1

hu eLiu Do

Of/X lJ

trung kinh tJulnh

cl<lO. t(j' ('hue himh

cum ndi ti{ng.Ollg cunx iiL 'ue Xid

phJ'm lru)'tn

hui lJUfllh /hu /mng q.lU udc. Kinh thdllh tiln Uric CUll K)' T() Giuo cling e() llt c(ip

(*) SU/OlllO/l (

David (*) va

71uli, tell ng()i J.:.( IIghifp

30

\'ua dIU

dell

iii

rJflg.

Dw'it!

vuo fulm

905

Gido dl;lc c6 dr;li Do Thai

TTL. OnN 1ml r(inK liinh Ih(1, chinh

phf:lC

nhi~ucutt dai, xli)'

d{lng

nhi~uddn dill

ll;li

kinh d(j Jerusalem ..

nay, vi~c dao t;,to cac nha sao Il)c con bao g6rn nhieu kie'n thuc khac nua ngoai vi~c ghi
chep.
Chuang trlnh giao dl)c c6 d\li Do Thai chuyen chu vao vi~c giang d\lY kinh thanh. H<)c
sinh phai t~p d<)c va h<)cthuoc long tung chuang. Kinh thanh va nhung Wi giai thich dtfqc
ghi chep r6i dong thanh sach voi cac trlnh dO rieng bi~t: ti~u h<)c, trung hQc, cao d~ng.
Truong hQc va mot so trung tam giao dl)c cao d~ng duqc thie't l~p t\li kinh do va cac thanh
pho 'pn. Kinh thanh khong nhung dong vai tro quan trQng trang nen giao dl)c Do Thai rna
con chi phoi doi song hang ngay cua dan chung. Vi~c ren luy~n tl rni nay dii giup Do Th<li
t6n t\li trang giln 2.000 nam Itfu vong va viln duy irl duqc cac d~c di~rn ve ton gi<lo, gi<lo
dl)c van hoa cho toi ngay t<liI~p quoc nam 1948.
Tili li~u tham khdo:
. Ahruhum. Tit ditn hdch khou The World Book Encyclopediu. Multimedia Edition. 2001.
- DUI'jd. Titl li~ultil lltin nhu tren .
. Druzin. Nuthan. His/Ory (!(Jewish Education from 515 Be /0 220 AD. 1979 .
. Jew Tit rlitn hd('h khoa The World Book Encyclopedia. Multimedia Edition. 2001.
- Judaism. Tul li(u dil "tin nhu tren.
- Pulestine. Tid li(u ,Ui dan nhll tren .
. Solomon. Titj lifu dil (hin nhu tren.
- The Education {~(Andent Hehrew. Tit iliin ha,:h khoa The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, Multimedia
Edition. 199/i .

3t

Chlidng 5
Giao d~c cd dq,i By Lq.p
Giao d~c cao diing hling thinh

I. Ngu6n gl>c
II. Giao dl,lCthanh phI> ti~u qul>c Sparta - Giao dl,lc binh bi
III. Giao dl,lc thanh phI> ti~u qul>c Athens (Nhii Di~n) - Ghio dl,lc cao diing
pMt tri~n
1. Giao dl,lc tu6i tre
2. Giao dl,lc cao diing voi cac nha giao dl,lc Sophist, Socrates, Plato,
Isocrates, Aristotle
2.1 Giao dl,lc Sophist - Giao dl,lc chinh tr!
2.2 Giao dl,lc Socrates - Giao dl,lc dl>i tho:)i phe blnh
2.3 Giao dl,lc Plato - Giao dl,lc thao lu~n thien v~ If titling
2.4 Giao dl,lc Isocrates - Giao dl,lc thao lu~n thien v~ nhan van
2.5 Giao dl,lc Aristotle - Giao dl,lc thao lu~n, thlfc tt va da d:)ng
IV.Giao dl,lc c6 d:)i Hy L:)p - Giao dl,lc cao diing hltng th!nh
LCd sd giao dl,lc
2.Ghio dl,lc th~ dl,lc th~ thao
3.Giao dl,lc ti~u hQc
4.Giao dl,lc trung hQc
5.Giao dl,lc cao diing hltng thinh
5.1 Huftn luy~n thanh thitu nien
5.2 8ao tang vi~n, thlt vi~n Alexandria
5.3 Cac trltang y khoa
5.4 Cac pMt minh khoa hQc, ky thu~it
5.5 Cac trltang tritt hQc
5.6 Cac trltang hUng bi~n
I. Ngu6n gl>c
Llch str c5 d~i Hy L~p (Greece) khoi st! V110khoang nam 1400 TIL. Giao dl.JccM tn;mg
VaGvi~c dao t~u cae nha sao ll.Jccling nhl1 ngl10i Do Thai. Sau the' kythu 8 TIL, khi ngon

32

Gido dt,tc c8 d(}i Hy U;ip

,c-

ngu Hy L<)pdu'<Jcphat trin, xa h(li bien chuyn va s1/ xuat hi~n cila cac thien anh hung ca
Iliad (*) va Odyssey (*) cila Homer (*), thl n~n giao dliC Hy L<)pdil thay d6i. Con trai cac

,
!1

lIiwl. Odyssey. HOlIJa Iii m(J[ nhdn ~'4t huyen film!i fronx \'(1n,ft~)c dun ;:ian c(1l1l:li Hy 1..4p. Theo
lruyen thuye'r, ()ng liJ hJe giu hui rhien unh hung cu Iliad \'U Odyssey, tlU(fC san): lac vuo khoang nurn 700 TTL
Hoi ,hi phl/III tidy CU [1,.41/gtiuh lhan chien lllJu dung cum Iron;: In;n chien Trojan vao khoung nam /200 ITL.
(*) HII/l/e-r.

nha quy tdc du'~jc dao t<)o trong cac vu'ong phil theo chi~u hu'ong cac thien anh hung ca
d trd thanh cac quan nhan can dam, dam hy sinh M bao v~ liinh th6. Am nh<)c, tho
cling du'<jchQc t~p. Cac thanh nien nay sau tra thanh cac philn til' u'Utu, cac anh hung cila
che d(\.
Thai ky nay cling danh ctau s1/ xuat hi~n cac thanh phil ti6u quilc. Mili thanh philla m(lt
quoc gia nhc\ va ngu'oi dan khi tru'(jng thilnh se tn) thanh con cila quoc gia, khdng con tuy
thu(\c gia dlnh nua.
II. Giao dl}c thanh phO' ti&u quO'c Sparta - Giao dl}c binh bi
Sparta la m(\t thanh pho ti6u quoc c6 d<)i Hy Lap, phat trifn m<)nh van the ky thl1 8
TTL. Vi~c giao dliC khdng nhung du'<jc th1/c hi~n trang lop hQC rna con du'<Jcthl!C hi~n qua
cac h(\i he dinh dam, sinh ho<)tton giao, qua cac cu(lc vui choi khieu vii, thi dua am nh<)c.
Huan luy~n th6 chat ciing dong m(\t vai tro quan trQng trong giao dliC. L1/c si Sparta do')t
du'<jc nhieu huy chu'(ing trong the v~n c6 d<)iHy L<)p.Tuy nhien, hQc t~p quan sl! va cong
dan giao dliC dong vai tra quan trQng nhat vdi nwc dkh dao t')o cac chien si diing cam,

-I

'I,,

san sang d6ng g6p. hy sinh cho t6 quoc.

Vao khoang nam 500 TTL,gioi liinh d<)obao thil thang the il Sparta, giao dliC cong dan
va th6 chat dii nhu'ung ch() cho vi~c huan luy~n d(lc quy~n binh bi. Giao dliC phll nu co
mllc dkh dao t<)o ngu'oi my tu'dng lai voi thuyet u'U sinh, lo<)i bo trt~ em am yeu, t~t
nguy~n. Tre em tu nho Wi 7 tu6i du'oc ngu'oi my u<)ydo t<)igia. Tu 7 oen 20 tu6i, cac em
du'liCquoc gia giao uliC va hoan toan trang tay chinh quy~n. Thieu nien tuy theo tu6i du'<Jc
phan phoi hQC tap trang cac don vi do cac chien si tn:: tu6i ,dam trach. Day la cac trung
tam giao dliC t~p th6, thllat Iy gia dlnh, song cUQcdoi hoan toan quan ngii voi dbng phliC
giiin uj, ngil tren dilt, an uong thieu than va nhi~u khi phai tl! mu'U sinh. Them vilO do, ky
luat qua nghi~t ngil, thieu nien phai t1/ Vt; va tranh gianh sinh til' voi d6ng b')n. Vi~c huan
luy~n d vao ban ngay Ian ban dem voi cac mon binh bi, chien tranh va phai tuan l~nh
thu'<Jngctlp mQt cach mu quang. Vi~c giao dliC binh bj khac kh6 nay dii giup Sparta tbn t\li
trong nhi~u the ky. Cuoi cung, oe quoc La Mil dilchinh phl}c ti6u quilc nay vao nhung
!lam dau tay lich. Ngay nay, tbn t<)imQt thanh phD moi, nho Sparta, giln thanh phD cii,
phia nam Hy Lap.

33

Giao d?lc

c6' d(Ji Hy

L{lp

III. Giao d\lc thanh ph6 tiiu qu6c Athens (Nhli E>iin) - Giao d\lc cao dng pMt triin
VilO khoang the' ky thu 6 TTL, thanh pho' ti~u quo'c Nha Di~n (Athens, nay la tM do
clla Hy L'!p) khong chffp nh~n chuang trlnh giao dl,lc binh bj clla Sparta. Cong dan Nha
Di~n van ton trqng lu?t phap va san sang baa v~ liinh th5 nhung nhung gia tr! v~ dui so'ng
va van hoa can nguoi viln du<)c ton trQng. Huffn luy~n binh bi chi la nganh thiS dl,lc, thi!
than clla gian duc. Quan di~m nay chung to thanh pho' dang huang v.5 vi~c phat tri~n dan
Chll. Nhling eung dung quen r~ng dan no l~ va ngo,!i ki.5u van bi lo~i ra ngoili vong sinh
hO'!t ehinh trio N.5n dan Chll Wc thjnh hanh nhilt vilo khoang the' ky tM 4 TTL van chi Iii
sinh hoat ella 10% dan s6. Ngu(Ji dan Nhii Di~n van hu(1ng v.5 cac thiln tu\jng trong anh
hung ca clla Homer nhung khong chd trQng vao khia e~nh hi~p si rna VaGvi~e hqc t~p thi!
duc th~ thao, Idc dilu ph6 bien trong cac gia dlnh quy toe thuong lliU, sau Ian truy0n de'n
mqi gioi.
I. Giao d\lc toili tn";
Giao dl,le lU6i tre xuilt hi~n vilo khoiing dilu the ky thu 5 TTL t,!i cac tu gia. Cac gia
dlnh kha gia don gia su d'.lYd6 con cai. T'.Ii day, tre em du<)e hQc dQc va vie't tren sap. Voi
trlnh d(\ cao han, cac em du<)c hqc t~p t,!i cac truung v~ tho, kich, lich sU',cae thiln tho,!i
Hy L'.Ip. Them vila do, cae em con du<)c hQe cac man thi! dl,lc thi! thao, dau v~t t'.li cae san
v~n d(\ng.
Nganh luan Iy d~o duc khong bj quen liing. Voi Iy tU(1ngcon nguui Nhii Dii!n "khan ngaan
vii d'.lo duc", giao vien ehiJ trqng di)c bi~t ocn vi~c thea doi h,!nh kii!m clla hqc sinh vii trong
khi giang d'.lYluon luon huang v.5 ml,lc dich nily qua bat cu man hqc nilo. Tho van, Ijch sU'
truy.5n d~t cae kie'n thuc ocn hqc sinh; c(\ng them voi tinh thiln thu\jng vo qua cac thiln tho~i,
dii dilo t'.l0du<)em(\t giai eilp thanh nien co kha nang va duc do cho Nhii E>i~n.
2. Giao d\lc cao cmng vOlcac nha giao d\lc Sophist, Socrates, Plato, Isocrates, Aristotles
2.1 Giao d\lc Sophist - Giao d\lc di~n thuytt chinh trj
. M(\t khuynh huang giao dl,le cao d~ng moi xufft hi~n vao cuo'i the ky thu 5TTL do cac
nha giao dl,lCSophist dm dilu. Cho Mn giai do~n nay, giao dl,lCcao d~ng rilt gioi h~n.
Cae nhil giao dl,lCSophist nh~n ra rhng m(\t nhu du moi v.5 giao dl,lCdii xuilt hi~n d Nhii
Dii!n d6ng thai voi slf phat trii!n cac sinh hm)t chinh trio VI V?y, tham dlf VaGcae sinh hO'!t
nay Iii tham vQng hang dilu ella cac thanh nien Hy L'.Ip.
Sophist la cac nM giao dl,lCchuyen nghi~p tu ben ngoai Wi, gidi thi~u mot 'hlnh thuc
giao dl,lCmoi, giiing d~y voi phuong phap trlfc tiep, thlfc Ie va dii thanh congo Do Iii vi~c
dien thuye't truoc cac man d~ va mQi gioi voi cae d.5 tai v.5 chinh trio Sau dien thuye't la
d6i thoai. Cae nM giao dl,lc nay khong trlnh bay cac van d.5 trlru tu<)ng nhu slf hi~n hiIu
34

Ciao

dl;lC

cd dl;li Hy Lq.p

ella con nguai rna dua ra nhung duong 16i M thVc hii;n sinh hOZltehinh tri trang doi s6ng
hilng ngily. Oien gia trlnh bayquan di~m ea nhan, d6i thoai voi thinh gia M quan di~m
nily dude chap nhan hay b6 tuc. Hai phudng phap giao duc dltQC ap dung a day: nghi;
thu~t ly lu~n va tai hung bii;n thuyet phl.Jc. Ket qua Iii nhung kien thU'c ella dien gia dii
dUl.ictruyi\n d~t va man di;, thinh gia ghi nh~n M tuy tii;n ap dl.Jng.
2.2 Giao dl.JcSocrates. Giao dl.Jcd6i tholJi thao lu~n phe blnh
Socrates (476-399 TTL) la triet gia tien khai va cung la nha giao dl.Jckha kinh cua Hy L~p.
Dng sinh ra va IOn len t~i Nha Di~n. CUoc s6ng gian dj, tu tuang triet hQC,chudng trlnh giao
dl.JCva cai chet bi th{uTIda lam ong trd thanh mot hlnh anh battlt va cao quy nhat trong lich slt
Hy L~p. GUn nhu suot doi, Socrates s6ng tren duong ph6 d~ giang d~y. Voi trang phl.Jcddn
gIiin, an uelng tiet d(l, ang cong hien ca cU(ledoi cho ly tudng "thiinh thljc" va "due h{lnh". Dng
nh(lIl dlllh rhng ban chat teltd~p clla con nguai dua Mn hanh dong chinh dang. Toi loi, sai Irai
xuat hii;n VI thieu suy tinh, kem hi~u biel. Dng tuyen bo rling "cuoC song khang suy tlnh thlfC
khong dang song" the unexamined life is not worth living.
Socrates giang d~y tren duong pho, khu buon ban, trang v~n dong truang. Phuong phap
giang Jay clla ong la doi tho~i. Dng dilt cau hoi M mon di;, thlnh gia tra Wi. Sau do, ong
nh~n dlllh vi\ cae diu tra Wi nay, v~ch ra dii\u hay, dii\u dd. Phudng phap giang d~y cua
ang oUIlc nguoi sau gqi la "Phuang Phdp Socrates", hai hOilc nhii\u nguoi thao lu~n M tlm
ra slf thaI. Dng sllng ii nhung noi cang cong, tiep xuc hang ngay voi cac man di;, tranh
IUan r(\ng rai voi cac triet gia, chlnh tri gia, van gia, thi sl ve du m9i phl10ng dii;n va v~ch
ra nhung uu di~m, khuyet di~m cua h9. Dng cho r~ng nhii\u ngl10i tlf cho la thong thai
nhung da khang dl1a ra dUQc nhung sang kien nilO dang k~ M chung to slf thong thai.
Socrates tlf cho r~ng ang hiu biet hdn nhii\u ngl10i VI ong luon luon tlf tlm hi~u cai yeu
kem, cai ngu dOt, di nhUm Hln M tien bo. Vii;c tV kim thao cua ong nhac m9i ngl10i tlf
ki~m thao, ttt tlm ra cai Jot. Ong bi ngl10i dl1dng thai ket an la kieu cang.
D6i voi ton giao, ang co thai do thieu klnh tr9ng cac than thanh va giao dieu. D6i voi
giai cap lanh d~o,. ong 'tuyen bo "H9 phai la nhung nguoi biet the nao la liinh d~o ma
khang phai lit nhung ngl1ai chi dl1Qcbau ra M liinh d~o". Ong co y che cac nha liinh d~o
Iii ngu dill. Quan di~m va thai do ,lla ong bi gioi Ianh d~o buoc toi la dau doc tam h6n
thanh thieu nien, di ngl1(jc I~i truyen thllng c6 truyi\n Hy L~p. Ong bi bat va bi ket an ttt
hlnh. Dng s5n sang chap nMn cai chet, tu choi slf giup do cua bZlnhU'u va man di; co y
dinh dl1a ang ra nuac ngoai lanh n~n. Dng can dam nh~n chen thu6c doc uong trl1ac mijt

\;

cac man de vao nam 399 TTL.

Socrates khang M l~i tac phffm nao. Tat cii cae chi tiet chung ta biet ve ang deu do
cae man de va ngl10i dULJngthoi ghi chep I~i. Nhung ngl10i nay Iii slt gia Xenophon (*J,
35

Gido dl;tc co'dgi Hy Lgp

triet gia Plato (*), tac gia Aristophanes (*) va triet gia Aristotle (*). Xenophon va Plato la
mOil de; cua Sucrates, Aristotle la man d~ cua Plato, Aristuphanes Ja nha viet kjch.
(*) Xenophon (430~355 TTL). Sii gia, qua" nhan, m(in df eua

Socrutes. Onx dii (Mng gdp ml)t each quan

lr~mg \'U()~\'i~c phd! lri~n viin ft/Ja elf etgi Hy Lt;.p. V(I; hai tac phUm ve thd)' d(1Yiil Memorah

Ngoui ru {jng n)n c(}n viet Hellenica,

(*)

Pluw.

Xel1l

vu Apology.

ljeh siteS lC;JiHy u;p 41 1-362 TTL..

ke' flip 2.3

(445-3X5 TTL). NhiJ \'iet hi, IUJi k;ch mil tie'ng nhu! th/li

JIl/:,C

(1(1iHy Lp. Quu nhilng vd kich

Onx viet tren 40 vd va hi~n nay
e()n blu igi II wJ, (rong dd C(l hui WI ndi \Ie Socralt'.'i: Clouds (hiii kich) va Socrates (hi kieh).
(*) Aris{ophunes

('(j'

cuu (inX . n';Ufii suu rhu)' dU{fC nhung d(ic dj~'m cuu xii h(h ,luang th/li Hy Lp.
(*) Aristotle. Xern ml:'c kf flip 2.5

Chll'ong trlnh giao d~c cao dftng thimh phel tieu qUelc Athens (Nhil. Bien) dil. hoan bi
han voi sif xufft hi~n cua cac nha giao duc ciing la triet gia nhll' Plato, Isocrates va
Aristotle.
2.3 Giao d~c Plato - Giao d~c Iy lu~n thien v~ Iy titdng
Plato (427-347 TIL) la nha giao d~c va triet gia n6i tie'ng cua Hy L;tp c6 d;ti. Dng ding
dll'Qccoi la m(lt tll' Wong gia quan trQng, co anh hll'ang Ion Wi Ijch su van hoa tay phll'ong.
Dng sinh ra tmng m(lt gia dlnh the't(lc ky cifu t;ti Nhil. Bien. Sau khi chung kien cai chet
cua thiiy d;ty la triet gia Socrates, ang thfft vQng, bo di chu du nhi~u nll'dc tmng nhi~u
nam. Nam 387 TIL, ang tra v~ Nhil. Bien thiet l~p "HQc Vi~n Giao D~c" Academy.
Academy co the coi la mOt lo;ti d;ti hQc diiu tien cua nhan lo;ti, giang d;ty eac man thien
van. sinh hqc, y hQc, toan, ehinh trio Dng lam giam delc va giang d;ty t;ti day tmng 40 nam
cho Mn ngay ang milt (347 TIL). Plato de l;ti nhi~u tac phii'm. Bi;\c diem tmng cac tac
phii'm cua ong la hlnh thuc deli tho;ti dialogue giUa hai hoi;\c nhi~u ngll'oi. T6ng c(lng co 35
tae phii'm deli tho;ti va mOt thi phii'm.
Cac tac phii'm deli tho;ti cua Plato dil. cho thffy nhung net quan tmng v~ phll'ong phap
giao d~c eua ang. Phll'ong phap giao d,lc nay dll'Qcdifa tren can ban ly lu~n. Ly lu~n chinh
xac uti lo;ti bo nhung sai liim, ho do. Theo ang, m~e tieu teli Mu qua dui tho;ti la tim ra
chan Iy. Chan Iy neli li~n cac thll'Cthe hi~n huu. Chll'ong trlnh giao d~e eua Plato dUQc
trlnh bay qua tac phii'm dOi tho;ti n6i tieng nhfft "C(lng Hoa" Republic. Dng cho r~ng the
gioi bao gam hai IInh vifc: thifC the va tinh than. Thife the co the dm nh~n dll'Qcqua cae
giac quan. Tinh thiin bao gom cac kien thuc chI co the earn nh~n qua trf oC. Unh vifc thifC
the l;ti co the ehia lam hai phiin: sif thifc hien nhien va- nhung di~u ta tin tuang se den.
Theo Plato, hiiu het nhan lo;ti bj cau thue tmng the giCIithifc the. M(lt sel nho dii co the
vll'Qtqua gidi h;tn nay va'di vao IInh vifc tinh thiin nho hQc hoi cel g5ng. Vdi nhi~u nam
hqc t~p, phan tich, Iy lu~n, nhom thieu sel nay co the cam nh~n du,1e m(lt each r6 rang cae
tu tll'ang tnIu tll'Qng nhu: thii'm my, cang b~ng, bac ai, luong tam ... Dng eho r~ng chI co

36

nhung ca nhan da holm tilt chliong trlnh giao d\lc tinh than nily moi co kha nang tht,tchi~n
cac sinh hoat chinh tri, giu nhung chuc V\ldi~u hilnh cong quy~n. Plato tin tliang rhng mi)t
chinh quy~n tot df;P chi co thi! nen tu mi)t xii hi)i co giao d\lc, trang 00 "vua chua Iiicac
triet gia vii cac triet gia Iii vua chua". V~ vai tro liinh O,!O,ong dii hoiln lOan d6ng 9 voi sli
phu Socrates.
Trung tam giao d\lc Academy cua Plato oli thu hut oliefc nhi~u nha thong thai tham dt,t
vao cong tac giang d~y va oao t'!o Ol1<;1c
nhi~u nha liinh d,!o ding nhli cac triet gia, hQC
giii. Aristotle, triet gia niSi tieng hang oau cua By Lap, ngang hilng voi Socrates va Plato,
ehinh Iii mon o~ xuilt de nhilt cua Plato. Academy ton tai miii tOi nam 529, sau tren 9 the
ky hO~.ltoOng.
Ngoai giao duc, Plato con o~ c~p den eac tl1 tli{ing khac v~ luan 19,.chinh trj, ton giao.
Vf luan 1'1.Plato nh~n dinh r~ng nlQi nglie)i Mu mliu cfru h,!nh phuc nhling hQ dii khong
b,et lam the nao oe tlure hii;n difu nay. Thea ong, h,!nh phuc Iii ket qua tilt yeu cua mOt
tam him 1:1nhnwnh. Do d6, ong khuyen mQi nglie)i nen song trang duc h,!nh VI duc h,!nh
dem I,!i sli thiinh theji eha tam h6n. VI v~y, vlln d~ can ban day Iii st,t hii!u biet, Iii kien
thlle. el, kien thue, hi'::u oli<Je h,!nh phuc va hieu outje duc h,!nh tuc Iii c6 thi! mliu cfru
dude hanh phue.
Ve eong b~ng, Ie phiii, Plato 1'1luan rhng thil chiu bilt cong con heln hanh di)ng bilt cong
VI bilt eong olia oen mOt tam h6n bi;nh ho,!n, tOi 16i. Doi voi ke vi ph,!m lu~t phap, ong
eho rhng tha nh~n sli trung ph,!t con han Iii tron tninh vlnh~n st,ttrung ph,!t dem I,!i hoi cai
v:l thlie hien oliae sll trang trang eua tam h6n.V~ triet 19 chinh tri, Plato nMn oinh can
ngli[lj co ba yeu to: tinh than, 9 chi, tham vQng. Tinh than kii!m soat tham vQng voi st,ttr<;1
giup ella 9 chi. Cung tlidng tt,t, xii hi)i eel ba h,!ng nglidi: vua chua, nglidi baa v~ lu~t phap
vii dan chung. Vua chua eai tri dan voi st,t tr<;1giup eua cac nhil baa vi; luiit phap.V~ ton
giao, Plato tin tlii1ng rhng sau khi chet, thi! xac tan bien nhung linh hon van t6n t,!i, nhiip
vaa th':: xae khae va tn) I,!i tran the.
Tli tlii1ng, triet 1'1eua Plato qua tot o<;p, cao qu9 nhli nhung giao di~u ton giao nen hiiu
the oii mt;nh danh triet ,1'1Plato Iii mOt thu "Irlei h(Jc lv luang". Sau ong, mi)t so triet gia
oii thue te h6a triet hoc 1'1tliCJngnay vii Oli<Je gqi Iii "Trlei H(Jc Plalo Mol".
Triet hoc Plato eoiinh hliCJngIOn lao oen v[ln hoa tay phliong VIcac triet gia, hQc gia
sau llllg dli hoc taP tli tliilng nily trang suot thoi Trung D,!i cung nhli thoi Ph\lc Hling vii
nhieu mllll phai triet hoc ehiu anh hli{jng sau xa tli tlilJng Plato.

2.4 Giao d~ICIsocrates - Giao dt.Jc 19 JUan thien v~ nhan van

Isocratcs (436-33X TTL) Iii nhil giao, nha van sinh t,!i Nhii Dii!n. Ong dilo t'!o dli,1C
nhifu Sll gia, viin gia, triet gia cha tieu quoc nily. Chliling trlnh giao d\lc cua Isacrates tht,tc
te hdn Plato VIdil of CaP den nhieu khia c,!/lh cua cu6e song, trang khi Plato M ciip nhieu
37

Gido dT,tccd dqi Hy Lqp

de'n tinh th~n, tri tu~. ChlfCJng trlnh giao dl}c cila Isocrates lit chlwng trlnh giao dl}c nhan
van, bao g6m vi~c hoc t~p cac th~n tho,!i c6 cila Homer; phan tich , nghien cUu sau rQng
cac lac pham c6 dii!n va tiep theo lit thlfc t~p. Them vito do lit thi!.dl}c, am nh,!c, toano
Hai chuang trlnh giao dl}ccila Plato va Isocrates khang mau thuan mit thlfc ra co anh huang
h5 tuOng. Ca hai ch6ng l,!i chuong trlnh giao dl}c thl/c hitnh nhttng chi gioi h,!n vito crunh tri
cila nhom Sophist. Isocrates khuye'n khich vi~c h<;Jct~p toan h<;Jccan ban nhu lit m(lt vi~c huiln
luy~n tinh th~n giup vi~c h<;Jct~p thi! dl}c thi! thao de ditng hon. H<;JCtoan h<;Jccling rna rQng
them t~m hii!u bie't v~ trie't h<;JCtrong vi~c thffm djnh gia trj cUQcs6ng. V~ ph~n Plato, ang
cling cang nh~n cang dl}ng cila ngh~ thu~t viet van vit tinh cach sang t'!o cila van hoc. Hai n~n
giao dl}c xuat hi~n d6ng thai, cung ap dl}ng phudng phap tranh lu~n, tiep di~n trang nhi~u
nam, litm phong phu hoa n~n giao dl}cc6 d,!i. Isocrates M I,!i nhi~u biti diGn van.
2.5 Ciao dl}c Aristotle (Aristote) - Ciao dl}c If lu~n thtfc tt va da d;.!ng
Aristotle (384-322 TTL) 1ftnhit giao dl}c, triet gia, khoa h<;Jcgia Hy L,!p co anh huang
Idn lao Mn van hoa tay phuong. Ong vit th~y d,!y Plato duqc coi lit hai tritt gia 16i I,!c
nhat cila nhan lo,!i. Ong sinh truang t,!i mQt thitnh ph6 phia bic Hy L,!p. Luc 18 tU6i, nMp
hoc Academy cila Plato va h<;Jct~p t,!i day trang 20 nam. Aristotle la man de xuat sifc
nhat, khi th~y d,!y mat vao nam 347 TTL, ang ttt biet Academy va tra thanh thiiy d,!y
trang sau nam (342-336 TTL) cho thai tit Alexander cila Macedon, mQt qu6c gia phia bifc
Hy L,!p. Alexander sau nity tra thitnh hoitng de' Alexander The Great sau khi chinh phl}c
Hy L,!p, M qu6c Ba Tu va Ai qp. Nam 334 TTL, Aristotle tra v~ Nhii Din rna 'Trung
Tam Giao Dl}c Lyceum", mQt thl1 d,!i h<;Jctuong tl/ nhu Academy. Sau khi Alexander mat
vao nam 323 TTL, gioi Ianh d,!o Nhii Din bat blnh v~ vi~c ang lam th~y d,!y cho ke xam
lang Alexander truoc kia, bUQc tQi ang lit thieu thai dQ kinh tr<;Jngthiin thanh. Voi cai
guclng tit hlnh cila Socrates, ang bnh n,!n sang thanh ph6 khac va mat nam 322 TTL.
Tac pham cila Aristotle g6m co ba lo,!i; cac tac phii'm d6i tho,!i tudng tl/ nhu d6i tho,!i
cila th~y day Plato, sang tac khi ang theo hoc t,!i Academy; cac nghien cUu, phe blnh v~
cac slf kien Iich SUoCa hai lo,!i tac phii'm nity d~u that I,!c. Tuy nhien, nhi~u ~hi tiet cila
cac tac pham tren dii duqc Aristotle d~ c~p Mn trang lo,!i tac pham thl1 ba van con t6n t,!i.
Do la cac biti giang, cac sach giao khoa do ang bien so,!n khi d,!y t,!i Lyceum. Ditc biet
nhat lit tac ph!lm "Chinh Trj Hoc" Politics,
Qua cac tac phii'm cling nhu qua sl/ nghieP giao dl},c,Aristotle d~ c~p den nhi~u khia
c,!nh cila triet hoc. Ong d~ xuong ra phudng phap Iy lu~n khdc triet, gay g<;JnTam DO{ln
Lu(in trang lUan Iy hoc. Tam do,!n lUan Iii mQt 16i iy IUan g6m co ba ph~n, hai menh d~ di
truoc va phiin thl1 ba Iii ke't lu~n. Thi dl}: " La nguoi ai cOng phai che't, Socrates Iii nguoi,
Socrates cOng phai chet ". Ngoiti ra, ang con d6 c~p de'n nhi~u van d~ nhu vO trl}, sieu
hlnh hoc, dao dl1c chinh tri, phe blnh van hoc, tam Iy, sinh h<;Jc,giao dl}c.
38

Giao

dl;lc

c6' d{li Hy Lr;lp

Voi triet Iy vl? vii tn!, di~u quan trqng nhilt, theo Aristotle la "sl)' bien d6i". D& co th&
hi&u dudc Y ni~m trlru tut;Jng nay, ong nh~n dinh rhng dn phai philn bi~t dut;Jcgiii'a "hlnh
thuc" form va "ban chat" matter clla sl)'v~t. Thi dl!: mQt tac phiim dieu kh5c co "hlnh thuc".
la mot ngu<'ji va chat d6ng cau t~o thanh tac ph5m la "ban chilt". 51)' bien d6i xuilt hi~n'
neu chat d6ng duc thanh mQt hlnh thuc khac ma khong phai la nguoi. D& co th& nh~n dinh
bien d6i mQt cach 1'0 rang h(jn, Aristotle nghien cUu nguyen nhan clia bien d6i. Dng phan
biet beln nguyen nhan: v~t li~u, hi~u qua, kien t~o va ket qua. Nguyen nMn clla v~t li~u
Ii! chat d6ng cau t~o thanh tac phiim. Nguyen nhiln clia hi~u qua la ho~t dQng clla nha
dieu khdc. Nguyen nhan clla kien t~o la hlnh thU'c chat d6ng t~o dl)'ng ra. Nguyen nhan
clla ket qua Ii! thict ke trong dilu oc nha dieu khdc.
Quan ni~m t6n giao vi! vii trl! clla Aristotle bao gbm tam linh hqc va sinh v~t hqc.
Trong tac ph5m "V~ Linh H6n" On the Soul, ong nghien cUu nhi~u phuong di~n clla linh
h6n ciing nhu su lien quan giii'a linh h6n va th& xac. Dng lien h~ tilm linh voi sinh v~t hqc
va ong ciing lil nhi! sinh v~t hqc dilu tien clla nhan lo~i. Dng su'u t~p dut;Jc rilt nhi~u tai
li~u v~ sl)'cau t')o, thay d6i, sinh ly clla dQng v~t va thl)'Cv~t. Dng cling philn tich dU<;Jccal'
thanh philn khac nhau clla cal' bQ ph~n than thl
Vl? sieu hlnh hqc, Aristotle dii cel g5ng tim hi&u cal' sl)' vi~c khong bao gio thay d6i;
nghien cUu cac nguyen tile can ban, t6ng quat clla thl)'c t~i va kie'n thuc. Theo ong, mQt sl)'
ki~n quan trqng khong thay d6i la thuQng ae, nghien cUu vl? thu<;Jngae Iii khoa thiln hqc.
Dng gqi nganh hqc niiy Ii! ngiinh "Triit H'lc KMi Thi1y" mii khong phai Iii "Sieu Hinh
Hoc". Tit ngii' sau niiy du(jc Cal' triet gia sau ong nhieu the ky sa dl!ng.
Ve d')o duc chinh tri, Aristotle cho do la nganh nghien cUu vl? kie'n thuc thl)'Cnghi~m,
giup con nguoi hiinh dong chfnh dang va selng trong h~nh phuc. Dng Iy lu~n rhng ml!c tieu
clla cUQc selng Iii mu'u ciiu h')nh phuc, mQi nguoi se tim dudc h~nh phUc khi hoiin thanh
nhi~m vu. Yay dieu quan trang la m6i nguoi phai tim hi&u nhi~m VI!rieng. Dng tuyen bel
rhng "con ngu<'jj la mot sinh v~t co Iy trf" rational animal nghia Iii phai biet suy tinh. Do
do, theo 6ng, cUoc selng clla con ngulji Ii! mQt cUQcselng biel Iy lu~n vi! phan doan.
Vl? phl((jng oi~n giao oUc, Aristotle Iii nhip ciiu neli giii'a n&n giao dl!C Cal' thiinh phel
lieu quoc vi! n&n giao duc Hy L~p thelng nhat ouoi quy~n cai tri clla mon d~ ong Iii hoang
de Alexanoer the Grcat. Dng chia se mot so quan diem giao dl!c clla thily d~y la Plato, tin
tuiing rhng giao ol!C phai do chinh quyl?n ki&m soat voi nwc dich chinh Ii! ren luy~n cong
dan. Tal' ph5m Chfnh Tri HQc clla ong dil ma dilu bhng Cal' dong chii' sau dily "Khong ai
c6 the nghi ngo dut;Jcrhng cal' nha lam lu~t phai chLitrQng d;jc bi~t vao viec giao dl!c tu6i
Ire hdn bilt cu van M niio khac. .. Cong dan phai dU<;Jcren luy~n thea duong loi t6 chuc
chinh quy&n dudng thOi" Dng ciing e ng')i nhu PlaIa vl? quan di&m dan chii vii tuyen bo
I

ung hil dan chll co gioi han.

39

Ciao

df:lc

ccJ d(li Hy L(lp

vf: tam Iy giao d\,lc, Aristotle philn bi~t b6n giai dOi,lnphu hQp voi tam Iy cua tung lUa
tu6i: giai do,!n 1 tu St1 sinh toi 7 tubi, giai doan giao d\,lc t,!i gia; giai do,!n 2 tu 7 Wi 13
tu6i, hqc taP dqc, taP viet, tinh toan, th d\,lc, am nh,!c; giai do,!n 3 tu 13 den 17 tubi, hqc
sinh dU0Chqc taP cac kien thuc thiet thlfc hdn nhu toan, khoa hqc, van hqc, ngu phap, dia
Iy, ilm nh,!c; giai do,!n cu6i cung tu 18 tu6i tr<Jlen, giai do,!n glao d\,lc cao d~ng voi m(lt so'
hqc sinh xuilt s~c, trau d6i silu r(lng cac kien thuc v6 toan, khoa hqc, sinh hqc, dqo duc,
triet hqc, van hqc. Nhu vaY, chudng trlnh giao d\,lc a Lyceum cua Aristotle
thlfC te va bao
,
quat hdn chudng trlnh giao d\,lc<JAcademy cUa Plato.
Sau khi Aristotle milt, chuting trlnh giao duc cua ong dUQccac mon d~ tiep t\,lc truy6n
d'!t trong nhif:u the ky. Nhung tu the ky tM 6 clen the ky thu II, triet hqc Aristotle bi quen
lang VI viln clf: ngon ngu, thieu cac ban dich sang tieng La Tinh la ngon ngu dUdng thai
cua Tiiy Au. Tuy nhien, triet h9C nay van du'r,JCbao tGn voi van hoa HGi Giao A RaP VI tilt
cii cac tac phii'm eua Arisrotle cla clueJcdich sang ngon ngii' A RaP tu truoc. Chinh van h6a
nay da gioi thi~u triet hge Aristotle voi cac ban dich tu tieng A RaP sang tieng La Tinh va
orr oudc dc triet gia, hqe gia Tily Au tran trqng don nhan. Thomas Aquinas (X em chu(Jng
10, m\,le I, 5), m(lt triet gia, hqe gia Ky To Giao oil khen ngeJi Aristotle "qua thlfe la m(lt
triet gia" voi quan dim vf: thuQng M rilt gfrn voi quan dim Ky To Giao. Nhif:u triet gia
khae ea t\,lng ong la "bae thfry cua eac nha tri thuc". Nhi6u truong o,!i h9C moi dUQcthanh
laP ,1 Au Chilu vao thoi (rung dai dff eo khoa triet hqc Aristotle. Toi thoi hi~n d,!i, eac
triet gia, hoe gia tIep t\,lc chiu anh hudng tu tudng cua ong va cac tu tuang nay dff thilm
nhuan vao ngon ngii', van hoa, khoa hqc, triet h9C tay phudng. Nhu vaY, slf nghi~p van
haa eua Aristotle thlfc la IOn lao.
IV. Giao dl)c cil d,!i Hy L~p - Giao dl)c cao d~ng hung thjnh cii v~ trie't hqc, nhlin
van liin khoa hqc
Sau thoi ky cae thanh ph6 tiu quoc, Hy L,!p off thong nhilt duoi quyf:n cai trj
Alexander the Great va bao g6m ca M quoc Ba Tu (Iran) va Ai Ciip (Egypt). Sau
Alexander the Great milt (323 TTL), de' quae Hy Li,lp bi philn hoa nhung giao dl)e, van
Hy L,!p van tGn ti,liva phb eaP tren toan de' quae mae dfru gaP ch6ng d6i cua cae n6n van
khac. Vao the'ky thu 12, Ba Tuph\le hung nhung van hoa Hy L'.lp van anh hudng t'.lidily.

cua
khi
h6a
h6a

1. Cd s6 giao dl)c

Cae ed siJ giao d\,le dia phudng dil eung cilp ndi hqe taP eho cac hqe sinh trung va tiu
hqe tu 7 Mn 17, 18 tubi. So hqc sinh nay van con rilt it va la eon em cae gia dlnh quy t(le,
thueJng ltfu, kinh doanh thanh thi. Cling nhu giai do,!n cae thanh ph6 tiu quae, cae cd sd
glaO due dude thie't laP lai de thanh pholon. Sau khi thong nhilt Hy L,!p, Alexander the
40

Giao df:lc ciJ dgi Hy Lgp

Great da phat trin dan dan mQt h~ thtlng giao d\le khong nhii'ng t,!i cac thanh pholan ma
con d cae cQng d6ng nho khac nii'a lren kh~p lanh lhG de' quoc M ph6 bien van hoa, giao
due Hy Lap. Vi~e tao dung de' 'quoe Hy L,!p mai khong hoan toan lo,!i bo vai tro quan
trong ella cac thanh pho tiu quoe. Cae thanh pho nay da khong con dQc I~p nhu xua
nhung van dUQc giao phD trach nhi~m hanh chinh va giao d\lC. Cong dan co kha nang tai
chinh ella cac thanh pho da dong gop mQt each dang k vao chucJng trlnh giao d\le dia
phuong. Do d6, m(\t s6 co Sd du(je tu nhan tai tr(j dil trd thanh co so giao d\lc hoan toan
dan lap. Vai tro ella ella ehinh quy~n thanh pho chi con la kim soat va 16 chl1c cac d,!i
hoi
.' the due, thE thao, 16 hoi.
. am nhae.
.
.

2. Giao dl)c th~ dl)c th~ thao

Chu(lng lrlnh giao duc th d\lc, lh thao clla Hy lap c6 d,!i da dUQcnGi lieng tit xua. Do
la dae di6m clla n~n van hoa Hy L,!p, khac han voi cac n~n van hoa khac ma hQ che la
I,!c hau. it nhat la t,!i cac thanh ph61On, Van dQng truong cho litng lo,!i tu6i khac nhau, doi
khi eho titng gidi tinh khac nhau dil dUQc thiet lap. Do la nhii'ng san th thao ngoai troi,
hlnh vu6ng, chung quanh la cac phong tlc danh cho ldp hqc, giii'a la phan tranh tai cac
m6n th6 thao. ChucJng trlnh giao due can ban bao g6m th d\le va di~n kinh. Mon car
ngl!'a danh eho con em gia dlnh quy tQc. Mon th thao voi cac lo,!i bong rat gioih~n.
ChucJng trlnh giao d\le the dlie, th thao nay tiep tlic nhltng gram dan vao dau tay lich va
de'n the ky thu 4 thl gan nhu bie'n mat va nhuong eh6 eho cac m6n giao dliC van h6a.

3. Giao d~ICti~u hQc

Tn! em tit 7 toi 14 tu6i du\Je hqe vie't, doc, tinh toan khdi sL!voi cae gia su t~i tugia, sau
tai cae truong tieu hoe. Lop hqc tu gia doi khi chi co m(\t, hai, co khi tren muoi hqc sinh.
Phucjng phap taP doc phan tich du\Je ap d\lng. Dau lien, hqe sinh taP dqc tit chii' alpha (chi!
dau ella van Hy Lap) den ehii' omega (chii' euoi clla van Hy L,!p). Tiep theo, dqc ngu<;fCl~i
[it dudi len [ren. Cutli ellng la doe tit dau va euoi vao giii'a. Sau d6, hqc sinh dU<;fC
hoc dqc
cae vfrn d(Jn gian, oen Yfrn phue [,!p, tUng ehii', titng eau, dqc lOn tieng cac tU kho va nhan
m~nh vao cach phat am. Voi 16i hoc t~p nay, phai trai qua nhieu nam hoc sinh moi co the
dQe du(Je cae bai van khcl va cae slfu taP nili tieng. Sau taP doc la taP viet, t~p lam van
cling theo mQt chieu huong tuong lL!.Chuang trlnh giao d\lc toan con rat gioi h,!n, don
I

I
,~

thuan eon s6: ten cae con s6, s61e, s6 chan, so nguyen, phan s6.

4. Giao dl)c trung hQc

Hoe sinh du(}e hoe toan va van hQe t~i mot s6 truong hqc t,!i mQt s6 thi tran va cac
[hilnh ph6. Chu(Jng trlnh toan dil kh6ng eo gl thay d6i tit thoi Pythagoras (Pythagore) (*)

I
4[

Ciao dl;lc co'dt;li By Lt;lp

(*J Pytha~oras (5liO TTL-?). Nhii loan h(JCvii Irill ~ia c,i' ,Iai Hy Lap. 6n~ dil chlin~ minh dlNc dinh Iy vi
tum giut.: vu{jn;.: g/){::"hinh phuanx cua ('(mh huytm hling t/inx s('/ hinh phu(mK cua hai c<;mhX{)c vu6n;.:". v;
phu(/nx di~n (rie't h{Jc, ting nh<jn dinh rling con s// lU di~u quan tr~mx. lien quan den m(Ji ,H! v(,2l, y !udng nhu
due h(,Jnh. muu sde ... Onx cang nhl]n dinh dinK linh h(Jn con n;.:u/fi hat lit \'U ,mu khi ('het, nhgp vuo thi xde
khat', eil khi LU con v(1l, sinh s/}ng tn! ll,li. Day Iii (juan ,tilm eua A~ D(i Gicio va Phi)t Gido. Cd thi
Pythaxoras ,lii chiu dnh hudn;.: quan diim nuy khl (inK du himh vJ phuang lliinK. V~ va trl;4. Pythagoras tin
ludn;.: LiJqua d(it hlnh ('du. chuyin d()ng theo VlJ; .HI chuyin ,1(jng cua miff tnfi, miJt trung wi cal.' Ihien thi
khdc. NlI,U(litu hie', nit it vi thun the' cua Pythagoras. Ont: .;nh VelOkhount: num 5XO TTL ti duo Samoa thuQc
Hy UJp vel sinh s(;'ng ti Y. Tq.i day, 6nt: "u} m(Jt trung tam g;Jo J~e thu nhgn con em quy t(ie. Tinh hinh chinh
tri bilt 6n dinh va cac cUQc trunh Kiimh quyJn llfc dii tieu J;~t crl .'Ii, gido d~c nay, e6 thi Pythagoras etd chit
f

ti {tay.

va bao g6m s6hQc, hlnh hQc, thien van. Ve van hQc, giao vien giang giili can ke ve thfrn
thogi Homer va cae thiln thogi khac, tho va van xu6i ding ouc,ic hQc. Tiep theo loi giang la
bai t~p. 8itin hlnh nhat la tom tat bai van oil ouc,ic giang giai. Chuang trlnh giao dl)C van
hQc oa chua ouc,ic ciii thi~n va phai oc,ii dCn the ky tM 1 TTL, chuang trlnhnay mai ouc,ic
sOgn thao va ap dling. Tit oay, hQc sinh ouc,ic hQc ngu phap, giang van, t~p lam van cQng
vai chuang trlnh toan hQC.Ciing tit day, vi~c chuyen chl1 vao van hQc oil lilln quen lilng
toan hQc. Chi COmQt ngill1h cua loan hQc la thien van hQc con duc,icchl1 trQng VImon hQc
nay rat ph6 thong va co san sach giao khoa. Phai dc,iidCn the' ky thu 4, nganh tmin hQc
mai ouc,iC phliC h6i.
5. Gilio dJ.lc cao dilng hu'ng thjnh
Giao dl)c cao 05ng thai c6 d"i Hy L"p oa xuat hi~n duai nhieu hlnh thuc.
5.1 Cac trung tam hu:tn luy~n thanh nien
8ay la chuang trlnhhuan luy~n binh bi, van hoa cho cac thanh nien 17, 18 tU6i, keo dai
hai nam, slta SOgncho hQ buac vao cUQcs6ng thl/c teo Cae trung tam nay la di tich con sot
lai cua chullng trlnh giao dliC thanh ph6 titiu qu6c. Diln dfrn, vi~c huan luy~n binh bj oil
nhuong ch6 cho viec giang d"y thti dl)c, thti thao, giai tri.

5.2 nao tiwg vi~n, thli vi~n Alexandria

C6 thti coi bao tang vi~n vathu vi~n Alexandria (*) la bao tang vi~n va thu vi~n dfru
Thimh ph(/ quan tr{lng bgc nhilt ('uo elf IT<<;Hy Li,Jp, do hOlmg de' Alexander The Great xay
dllng I'un niil1l 332 TTL. Thanh ph/f nuy LU 1runx tum thwln;.: flU;;, l'un h6a, y h{)c. Nguy nay, Alexandria Iii
thunh ph/;' I//n lhu nhi eua Ai Ct]p sau thu ltd Caim.
"
(*) Alexandria.

tien cua nhan lo"i va Ion nhat Mang thai. 8ay ciing la mQt trung tam hQc hoi, nghien cUt!
cua cac hQc gia 16i I"c. M6i hQc gia co mQt so m6n d~ rieng M huang dlin, giang d"y,
thuc t~p. Chinh cac hoc gia ciing dil slt dl)ng cac tai li~u, sach bao cua thu vi~n M nghien
cUt!, sang tac, pMt minh. Nguoi ta cho rilng nha toan hQc Euclid (*) oil giang d"y t"i oay.
42

I
II

I
I

(330:-270: rfL). Nhu toan h~JeC(j'd<;i Hy,--p, tlU(fe coi itl onx t/f CUll nKunh hinh h(Jc.6nK bien

(*) Eudid
S(}{!lI

cUt)ll such xiuo khou "Eiements" (Toan Hue Cun Bl1n). Kh(fj sf!, ()nx conK nhi)n cac Sf! th4t

I1IU I) 11K K(); hi cuc chdn If' hu)' djnh is' vu ,ljl1lh de f()i ()nK tim
fI).:{)(ii m()t dLtllnK thdnX,

/(J

chi

C()

vJ

roan h(JC

eJch ('hunX minh. Djnh de:" tU m()t ,film ()

thi ke ,IU(le m()t (lu()nK thdnK vu chI nu)t thai, sonx song V(/i aU()nK thdnK

("ho sLin" do ()flK chung minh vu elm IU(ICg()i Lu ljnh lIe Euclid. Tu ,16, dng dua ru nhiJu nhi)n dinh vf hlnh
huc phung vd hinh h(JCkhrJflK Kian.

Tac phUm "TOlin H()c Gin

Bun"

,lii co ilnh hll(rng Mn Mj cac

nifm vf

!utln hee I'd khou hvc han h/'/t CU hie phUm nuo khdc. Onx crJn C() cue tac phUm khdc vf toan h~JCnhUnJ.:,Ia
thJr h.'c

Trang

hi~n tai, thli vi~n nily co mOt suu t~p lOn nhilt vii c6 kinh nhilt the gioi ve cac

sach c6.
t

5.3 Cac tru'ong y khoa

j.

Cac trliang

y khoa dIT phar tri~n dang k~ tu thai Hippocrates.

Hippocrates

TTL) dliac coi iii ang t6 cua nganh y khoa, n6i ti'::ng voi giln 80 bai nghien
thay lrong thli vi~n Alexandria
lien

quan

den

Hippocrates

Hippocrates.

vao khoang
Tuy

nhien,

ta dIT khang

th~ chung

cUu nay deu

minh

dliQc

hOiic ai do Iii tac gia. Sau nay, bac 51 n6i danh Galen ( Xem philn tiep thea)

vi'::t ve Hippocrates

dIT chung minh <lliac rhng ang t6 clla y hQc da co nhung kham pM ve

than the can ngliai va sl! tuan hoiln clla mau.

Y h(lc Hippocrates

tin phil thllY dliang thai. Gng tuyen bo rhng : b~nh t~t co nguyen
thl!c t~p. tlm ra nguyen

nhan

M chua

dao Cos (*) vii giang d~y d day nhieu

(*) C(lS

CUu y hQc tim

nam 200 TTL. Cac bili nghien

ngliai

(460-380

b~nh. Bac 51 Hippocrates

dIT Ihach thuc y hQc me

nhan nen phai h9C hoi,
da

010

trliang y khoa

nam. Trang

hi~n t~i, cac sinh vien

M/J( (700 nh(; rhU(Jc Hy U,lfJ nhung lui mlm suI/Hi hit"

phiu rii)' Tlu1 Nhi Kj' (Turkey)

t~i

tot nghi~p y

khoa phai tuyen th~ trliuc hlnh anh ang t6 Hippocrates.

Bac sl Galen da noi nghi~p Hippocrates.

Galen (129-210)

Iii hac 51 n6i danh trang lich

stJ y h9C. Gng kham pM ra cac vi m~ch (m~ch mau nho Iy ty), thl!c hi~n cac thi nghi~m
phfru thu~t tren than the dOng v~t. Sach giao khoa ve phau thu~1 cua ong dliQc coi Iii sach
giao khoa can ban clla tay phliang cho den hi~n t~i. Nh~n dinh ve sinh h9C clla ong co gia
tri den the ky thu 16. Y h9C b~nh ly cua ong co gia trj Mn the ky thu 19. Bac sl Galen
010

trlit'1ng y khoa t~i Pergamum

(*) Pagwllum

\'(II!
:::

cue

nt/III

(*). Gng

M l~i

de' I~i nhieu

lac philm

.. M()r them.h phfr cO ,7<;i Hy ~IP d \'uo phia tily Th(j' Nhi Kj' (Turkey),

dIT

y hQc.
phdt trii'n

rat mt}nh

Inf(fC 1'(/ ,7c1ulily lieh, lii thu hut t1u~/enhi2u IriJr. gia, \'i1n Kia, thi sf. Thimh phlf nay ngay nay

i'un Ion 1~1I.

Cac trliang y khoa tren khong the so sanh dliQc voi cac trliang y khoa hi~n d,!i. Day chi

.,!

la cac trung tam hoc hoi, thlic t~p voi sli hi~n di~n clla mOt so bac 51, cac man d~ vii b~nh
nhan. Cac sinh vi en y khoa hQc hoi, thl!C t~p, kham nghi~m cac b~nh nhan dlioi sl! hliong
dfrn va kiem

soat clla cac thay.

MOt vai trung

Cnidus. (*)

I,

43

tam giang

d~y y khoa dIT xuilt hi~n

Ciao
(*)

Inin

Cnidus. Thunh ph/I c/;' J-Iy UJp. :cuy

ell/flM

Til/I' Nili K_,' I'U tnT lhimh 11/(;1hiii cdtlM quufI

hitn mUI I'UO khounx

f1Jm

\'(J()

kh()JfI~

d(IC

cd di Hy L(Jp

niIm YOU TTL, if phiu IU)' flam,

tr(JflX wh trung

JUr val bll

tum giiinK dC;lY )' klwu. Thunh phd' niJy dd

600 TTL

5.4 Cac phat minh khoa hqc ky thm)t

Day la cac phat minh v~ khoa hoc thlfC nghiem, toan hqc, Cl1khf, dia hlnh voi cac khoa
hoc gia, cac nha phat minh Archimedes, Ctesibius, Hero.
a. Archimedes (287-212 TTL).
Nha phat minh, khoa hoc gia, toan hqc gia c6 dai Hy L~p. Nhi~u st1 gia da ton ang la
Clllgt6 cib nganh khoa h\lC tlurc nghi~m. Archimedes kham pha ra nguyen lifc don bily va
nguyen lifc J'(lng rqc. Mi)t Ian, ong tuyen
"hily eho Wi mi)t diEm dung, toi e6 thE di
chuyfn qua dia cUu". Loi tuyen b6nay ding nhu nguyen life don bily eua <lng giup nguoi
sau di chuy6'n duoe, cae vat nilng. Dng kham pha ra phuejng phap do th6' tieh, nguyen tile
vc thuy tlnh hoc, tinh ra tri gia eua Pi, dat ra s6 dGm e6 gia tri hon so' dc'm duejng tMi.
Dng sang chG ra may bom tay voi 10 so to ban niim trang ml)t 6ng dai. Quay 10 so, nude
thco 10 so chay ra phfa d;}u 6ng va ehay vao ru(\ng. Dng cling sang chc' ra may biln da.
Nhi~u tac gia Cli d~i dil d~ c~p Mn vi~c i\ng thiGt kG mi)t h~ th6ng ang kinh ap d,Ing tia
phan chiGu anh sang milt troi lam ehay thuy~n dich quan. Archimedes sinh t~i Syracuse,
thanh pha quan trqng vao bilc nhilt thai c6 d~i Hy L<)p, hqc t<)i Alexandria, trd v~ sinh
sang, nghien cuu cac phat minh t~i que. Khi La Mil chinh ph\!c thanh pha Syracuse, i\ng
bi giGt Hlm khi dang nghien CUllv~ hlnh hoc voi cac hlnh ve tren biii cat d bll bii!n. Tuong
La Mil dil chi thi bao v~ i\ng nhung guan Sl khi\ng nh~n ra.

ba

b. Ctl'sibius (?-270 TTL)

Nha v~t Iy hqc, nha phat minh Hy Lap. Dng la nhiln vat tUling trung cho nganh cl1 khf
cua Alexandria. Dng phat minh ra sue ep cua khi\ng khf trong may bom. Phat minh nay
giup vi~c blll11nudc tiI s6ng h)ch vao rui)ng. Dng dU0Cnhi~u nguoi bict dcn vdi phat minh
d6ng h6 nUlk. Nhung giqt nudc nho deu lam n6i qua phao e6 mlii nhqn cho bict slf di
chuyEn cua thoi khilc. Dng cling co nhung kham pha v~ thuy lcli. Cae lac philm phat minh
cua Ctcsibius dil thilt l~c llhullg dut;Jenha phat minh Hero (Xem ph;}n kc' ticp) nhilc dGn.
Nhung phat minh nay dil dilt n~n mong cho cae phat minh kG ticp sau nay.
c. Hero (?-62)
Nha phat minh, nha toan hqc c6 d~i Hy Lap. Dng dUl.JCnhic Mn nhi~u qua "Cling Thuc
Hero". CClllg thuc nay giup 6ng phat minh ra may hoi nudc d;}u tien. Dng la tac gia
tac philm hlnh hoc Metrica g6m co 3 t~p, dil that lac va mili tdi nam 1896 mdi tim thay.
Tilp 1 noi v0 dien tich va can Stl, tilp 2 v~ the tieh, tilp 3 vc the tich va dien tieh. Dng viet

44

Ciao dl:lc ccJ a(,li Hy Lc}p

tac ph:lm Dioptra o~ c~p oen vi~c 00 O(lCoia hlnh va thien van h9C. Gng cling oa dlfa vaa
cac tac ph:lm cua Ctesibius o~ viet tac ph:lm Co Hl.'CMechanics g6m co 3 t~p, o~ c~p oen
cac 10(limay mac.
Cac nha toan h9C, cac nha khoa h9C, cac nha phat minh thoi c6 d(li Hy L,!p oil hO(lt
dong mQt dch am thUm va tuy kh6ng dong gop trlfc tiep vao c6ng cUoc giao dlJc cao ong
nhung dil O(lt n~n mong cho cac phat minh ke tiep va chuang trlnh giao dlJc cao dng sau
nay.

.,

~.

,
i

5.5 Cac mon phai trie't hQc

Nganh triet hQc phat trit!n oang kt!. Nganh nay OUlJCgiang d(lY voi mot thUy va mot vai
m6n 0e hO(ICmot trung tam v6i nhj~u thUy va s6 oong cac m6n 0e nhu Academy cua
Plato va Lyceum cua Aristotle. Ngoai viec giang d,!y cac nganh triet hQc c6 o,!i cua cae
triel gia Socrates, Plato, Aristotle ..., mQt vai nganh triet hQc moi co he th6ng oil xuat hi~n
va oUQCnghien cuu, hoc hoi. Do lil chu nghTa khfrc ky va chu nghTa huang thlJ.
a. Chu nghTa khdc ky Sl~icism
Tmng giai oo,!n nay, co mQt nholll h9c gia o~ xudng mot khuynh huang tu lLf<~ng
moi.
D(, la chu nghTa khifc kyo Chu nghla nay r:lt thinh hanh Itt the ky thu 4 TIL oen the ky tM
4 tai Hy Lap va La Mil. Khac voi cac nganh triet h9C ouang thoi thien v~ che oQ, v~ chinh
tri, v~ quy~n h(ln ella vua chua, c6ng dan va O~ caP rat it oen cac khia c,!nh xii hoi, oen
cuBc stlng con ngu{Ji. Tu tltilng cua hqc phji khfrc ky tht! hien ml)t cach r6 rang IllQt khia
canh, mot oilc diti'm khac cua van hoa cel o,!i Hy Lip. D6 la viec cac triet gia hQc phai
nay oil nghien cU'u hoc hili v~ SI! khan ngoan, v~ oao Iy, vt3 nhan ph:lm, vt3 long hy sinh,
v~ IllIJCtieu cao o<;p cua cUQc song at! mltu du hanh plllk, thlfC hien ly tuang cua can
nguai. Viec giang day triet Iy l~oay khang phai chi la SI! hqc hoi, truy~n o'!t; rna con la
viec trau di\j nhan dch, rut kinh nghiem tll mot cu(\c s6ng guang mfru, thanh thien. CUoc
song cao o<;p va ouang 16i suy tuilng thien v~ Iy tri nay oil thlfc hien ou<;Jcvoi mQt nhom
Iri lhllc dang Ju(Jc nguoi OUljngthUi va h~u the kinh phlJc. Dung JUu chu nghla nay la cae
triet gia Zeno, Chrysipp~s, Seneca, Epictetus va hoill1h de La Mil Marcus Aurelius.
Zeno (335-265 TTL).Hqc gia sang I~p h()c phai khfrc ky, lruoc la thuljng gia, sau tro
thanh trib't gia. Gng cho ring can ngltoi chi tlm JUl.ICh(lnh phuc khi ttt bo Ju(Jc nhung ham
lllu6n, 10 SlJ, tQi loi, feh ky va sinh song, hm,t dong thea lu(jng tam trang tlnh tuang than
tUllng tra phil hop vdi lr~t llf thien nhien. Gng d.:!l,!i nhi~u lac ph:lm.
Chrjsippus (280-206 TIL).Gng la triet gia dung hang JUu cua chu nghla khfrc ky sau
Zeno. Gng chuyen nghien cU'u v~ Iy IUan, he th6ng hoa hqc thuyet. Gng uti I,!i tren 700
bai nghien cuu.
45

Seneca (004 TTL-065). Chinh trj gia, triet gia hqc phai khdc kyo Ong chuyen nghien cUu
ve cac van de luan Iy, dao duc. Ong de l~i nhicu lac phii'm.
Epictetus (50-138). Nguyen la dan n6 I';, sau trii lhanh triet gia hqc phai khdc ky t~i La
MIT. Bi truc xuat, ilng sang sinh s6ng va giang d~y triet hqc t~i Hy Lap. Ong chuyen
nghien cuu ve cac van de luan Iy, dao duc.
Marcus Aurelius (121-IXO). Hoang uc La Ma (161-180) va cling la triet gia hQc phai
kh,ic kyo Ong thanh tam, nhi.;t thanh voi hoc thuyet nay. Ong du<}c bietde'n nhieu v~i
tac phii'm Suy Nghiem Meditations, m6t cu6n nh~t ky ve nhung cam nghT triet hQc khdc
kyo NQi dung Meditations chua dl!ng nhung huong diln clb Marcus ve cUQc s5ng t5t d(fp
cung nhung kh6 khan do cUQc s6ng dem l~i. Meditations la mQt tac phii'm xuat sik cua
hQc pMi.
b. Chi) nghTa htidng th\l Hedollism
MQt hoc thuyet moi khac nua cling da xuat hien trong giai do~n nay. D6 la chu nghTa
hUlJng thu. Chu nghTa nay tin tUlJng r5ng con ngulli c6 nhieu n6i 10 lilng, kh6 cuc; mu6n
quen nhung n6i kh6 nay, mqi nguoi nen co cu(\c s6ng thanh than, vui cheJi chung ml!c, hOa
mlnh voi thien nhien. Quan diem cua hoc phai nay tUlJng tl! nhuquan diem cua hQc phai
Lao Tli' cua Trung Hua cung xuat hien m(it thoi gian. Chu nghTa nay do triet gia Epicurus
cilm ddu.
Epicurus (342-270 TTL). Triet gia c6 dai Hy L~p, sang lap ra hqc phai hudng thl,!. Quan
diem cua ClI1gve vui thu, tl! do, tlnh b~n co anh huang IOn tai the gioi Hy L~p, La Mil c6
d~i. Epicurus cho rhng con nguoi bi hai yeu t6 am anh. Do la lUling tam va tQi 16i. De
quen di nl)i am anh nay, chung ta nen co ml)t cUQc song chang mlfc, thanh than, cong
bhng, phu heJPvoi thien nhicn, t~o tlnh h~n va tranh dau kh6. Epicurus md truong d~y hqc
tai NhITDien ta nam 306 TTL cho den ngay ilng mat. Truong hQc cua ong rilt d\ic biet
g6m c6 cac lOp hqc va vuon cay, phu heJp voi t6n chi va ml,!c dich cua chu nghTa. Dac biet
nua la truong nay co thu nhiin nu sinh. Chu nghTa huiing thl,!dITth!nh hanh ta the ky thu4
TTL toi the ky thu4.
5.6 Cac trtiong hung bi~n
Nganh hung bi.;n elll1 phat trien m~nh me hlJn ca nganh triet hQc. Nghe thuiit hung bien
bao trum tat ca dc sinh hoat xIThoi cho den vi.;c dieu hanh cClI1gquyen, duai su huang
dEm, giang d~y cua dc nhom hoc gia tai cac trung tam giao dl,!c hung bien. Nghe thu~t
nay dudc the hien qua dc bai di~n van truoc khan gia, cac bai dien thuyet truoc cong
chung, cac bai giang trong lOp hQc ve tilt cii cac de tai du la chinh tri, triet hQc, thd van
hay slt kyo Ngay d cac nha thien van, cae y sTcling co the trd thanh cac nha hung bien
qua ngh.; thuat dien giang. Ngh.; thuat hung bien dITtrai qua nhieu the ky kinh nghieffi
46

Ciao

df..lc

cd dc,li Hy U,ip

voi ky thu~t [rlnh biiy, tinh cach chu5n xac, tinh thiln hI;)thong hoa vii moi ngiiy mi,)ttie'n bi,).
Tie'n trlnh hQc hoi ngh~ thu~t hung bil;)n g6m co bon philn: kham pha Iii tlm ra cac y
afong, cau truc Iii sap xe'p dIU vii tu, luyl;)n t~p li!uyl;)n tri nho vii thlfc hil;)nla nghl;) thu~t
trlnh di~n lnfoe khan giii. Vil;)cthlfc hil;)n Iii mi,)t nghl;) thu~t di~n tii tinh vi, thay d6i giQng
noi cho phu h(.1pvoi ni,)idung. Quan trQng hdn Iii cli' chi, net m;it, thai di,)khi tdnh bay sao
eho xung hdp. Till cii cac philn tren dn phai du'lJCchuffn bi voi tung chi tie't nho nh;it,
nghl;)thu~t dung tu, nghl;)thu~t tdnh biiy sang to vii phai du'lJe giang d~y mi,)tcach r6 rang,
tl m!. Chu'dng trlnh giao dl)c nay voi Iy thuye't CIcac sach giao khoa, CIcac bai nghien cUu
eua cae hoe giii, voi viee hQc hoi qua nghe thu~t ldnh biiy cua cac nha hung bien, ci,)ng
them voi viee lhlfc t~p kh6 cong cua cac sinh vien du'oi slf hu'ong dan t~n tlnh cua cac
giiing vien eGng chinh Iii cac nha hung bien n6i tie'ng du'dng thai. Nghl;) thu~t nay doi hoi
ngu'oi sinh vien nhit\u nam hQc hoi. Trang thlfc te, ngu'oi sinh vien sau khi t5t nghil;)p, diln
(HIntru'Clngthanh trang nght\ nghieP, van tie'p tl)e hoc hoi them qua kinh nghil;)m ban than
Cii hai ngiinh trie't hQe vii hung bil;)nda ho~t di)ng tich clfe dE gay thanh the' va thu hut sinh
vien. Su' e~nh lranh niiy con m~nh hdn slf qll1h tranh gitia Plato va Isocrates tntdc kia. Tuy
nhien, cGng nhu' thoi trltoe, slf c~nh tranh dem l~i IlJi ich phal trien t5t dtfp cho cii hai nganh
h,!e VI triet gia eGng Iii nhii hung bien vii nha hung bil;)ncGng la trie't gia. Slf pMt trien tot dtfp
niiy dien ra lfOng nhit\u the' ky cua thai c6 d~i Hy L~p, keo diii Mn ca thai La Mii chinh phl)c
viio nhting the ky dilu cua lay Ijch. Thu do Nhil EliEn dUng hiing dilu trang ca nganh hung bil;)n
vii triel hoe. Cae triet gia, cac nhii hung bil;)nCIday han hoan don tie'p cac hQc gia La Mil de'n
hoe hoi, ngllicn eUu van hoa Hy L~p. Tiii hung bien eua cae h,!e gia, trie't gia Hy L~p van tie'p
tl)e n6i tie'ng miie dilu COslf hien dil;)n eua cac nhii hung bil;)nmoi CItrung tam Rhodes (*) viio

.'

the' ky thu I TrL vii i'J Smyrna (*) viio the ky

(*) Rhodes.

M(it hdi lTdo ph(1n thjnh vao thdi cd dl)i Hy

u.1[1

vdi .H! hi~n

diin eua

nhifu

trie't gia, hpc Kid, Ihi sT.

N,l!,tlY lillY. (1Lio Rhodes \'t1n thu{ic Hy WfJ \'1nam \' phla fiiy mun Jat hi, hien Th(1 Nh; K)'.
Smyrna. TI/(l!1h ph(j' ('(j' kinh ('(J [jeh ,,"Ii' 5.000 num. DU/li thi,i (A' t1~li Hy Li.}p. Smyrna rut thjnh VU(lng wJi

(;t.)

cunh (l~p Ihien /Ihlen, VIii thu Vi(fl, tnt/IIlX )' kho(J, trU(lng hung hiin. Ngiry nay. thiinh phl;' nuy dl1i len til h.mit
I'd hl thdnh ph/'/ hJi cun}.: Ldll til 11hu cuu Thlj' Nhl' Kj'.

lhu 2.
Dlrdi th(jj La Mil chinh phl)c, Alexandria dil n6i danh voi cac nganh y hQc, thu'vit$n,
bao tang vien; nay qnh tranh voi Nhil EliEn v(; trie't hQc va hung bil;)n. Nhit\u trung tam
giao dl)c eao dang moi dil du'<;lCthiet I~p 0 Beirut (*), Antioch (*) vii kinh do moi cUa dC
4u6e La Ma Iii Constantinople
(*) Beirut.

(*).

Thunh ph/'l CrJ Ljch sa 5.000 niim. DLlili tfuii La Mil, Beirut

nJt thjnh

VU{lng

wJi truang hung hifn,

'rUring JUt)t. Ngily nuy, Beirut Lil thimh phri'Mn nhil! va cun}.: Lil tflu etri cuu wbunon.
(*) Antioch. Thimh ph,)' dll,lC xiiy d!fng w,o the' ky thU4 TTL dll,ii tMi cd uqi Hy 4tP. DII,ii thili La Mil chinh
phl:lC Antioch

Lil ,wit trung tum hanh chinh,

quan

.'iii,

c6 trui,ng

ph,)' n;u Th,)' Nhi Kj' (Turkey).

47

hunK hifn.

Ngay nay. Antioch

La mQt thanh

Giao dlfC
(*) C{)nsfUntinopie.

thimh

c6 d{li Hy

Lt;lp

ph// ('() lieh ,.,,15.000 1ll]m, thu(Jc Hy Li,lp cr1 d(ji [(Ji cu/;i' the' kj" [hli X 7TL. lhu(k Bu

Tu (/run) [(Ii mini 512 7TL. rhu(k 12' qu/fc Hy J--I.JP etta Alexander The Grt:at tiep theo lM. Nam 324,
C()t1sruntit/()p!t! (rtf th,illh kinh ,1/; CUll de' '1u/;~' La Mli. Tluii k5' nu)', thilnh ph/'/ phJr Iriin tJu}nh wli cuc tru/fnx
nlo (1Jng, uic ('(I sri hJnh chfnh. Thullng /I1(,1i. NgJy flU)'. {himh phl;' nuy elf1i len Iii Is{ul/hul \!J iii thimh ph/I/(tn
nhJr nia Th(j' Nhi Kj'.

V6i 51!XUal hi~n Clla cac trung tam giao dl,lc cao dang v~ khoa hQc, y khoa, triet hQc,
hung bi~n va v6i sl! d6ng g6p clla cac hQc gia, triet gia hang dilu clla nhan lo(li, cung v6i
sl! hi~n di~n clla mot so dong sinh vicn, dil chung to thai ky c6 d(li Hy L(lp dil c6 mot Cd
sa giao dl,lc cao dilng rat pMt tri~n v6i tilm muc d(li hQc. Rieng v6i nganh toan, ky lhu~l,
tuy chua c6 cac cd sa giao dl,lc chuycn bi~t; nhung nhung phat minh, nhung nghien CUu
sang tac v~ toan, khoa hoc, ky thu~l; dil dong gop mot cach sau ri)ng cho cac phat trii!n va
chudng trlnh giao dl,lc khoa hqc, ky lhu~t tuong lai.
Tili Ii('u tham khao:
- Alexllfldria. Tit Jie'll hach khou The World Book Encyc/opediu, Multimediu Edition, 200/.
- Archimedes. TiJi lifu c1ii dr1n nhu [reno
- ArislOphunes. Tu (Tiin huch khou The New Encyclopaedia Britunnicu, Multimedia Edition, 199X.
- ArislOtle. Til diin huch khoa The World Book Encyclopedia, Multimedia Edition, 2001.
- Beck. Frederick. Greek Educurioll 450-350 BC, JY64.
- Beck, Frederick Alhum (~lGrt:!ekEducation: The Greek at School wul ut Play, 1975.
- Chrysippus. Til etdn hlich khoa nle New Encyclopaedia Britunnicu, Multimedia Edition, 199X.
- Ctesihius. Tili li~u tlii dan I1hLltrt?n.
- Epictt:!tus. TiJi li~u (til (1t1"nhLl tren
- Euclid. Tu(tifn huch khoa The World Book E"c)'clopec!iu Britannica, Multimedia Edition, 2001.
- Galen. Tili li~u dii (iJn nhll tren.
~Greek thouKht, a Guide to Clu.'isicul Kf/(tledge. Lmuloll, Harl'ard u.P., 2000.
- Hero. Tit Jie'n hach khou The Ne"' Enc)'clopaediu Britatlnica, Multimedia Edition, 199X.
- Hippocrates, Tu (liin hJch khou The World Book Encyclopedia, Multimedia Edition, 2001.
- Homer. Tid li~u dii dan "hll tren.
- IsoCfwes. Tili lifu (til (It1nIlhLltren.
- Lynch, John. Ari.'itotle's School: A Study (~lGreek Edu('utinul Institutions, 1972.
- Murcus Aurelius. TUlliin hJch khoa The World Book Ellcyclopedia, Multimedia Editioll, 2001.
- Plato. TiJi liru dil dJn nhlltren.
- Pytha!-:oTUs.TiJi li~u (1iidJn nhLl tren.
- Senecu. Tu aiin huch khoa The New Encyc/opaedia Britunnica, Multimedia Editioll, /99X.
- Socrtites. Tit elii'n huch khoa The World Book Encyclopedia, Multimedia Edition, 2001.
-The EduClJtiofl (~l Aneiem
Edition, 19y9

Greece. Tit l1iin hJeh khou The New Enlyc/opaedia

Britullnica,

- The Ox..f()rdHistory (~(the Clussicul World o.~rord, o.~rord u.P., /9H6.

- Xenophon. Tu lIii" huch khoa The New Encyclopuedia BritunnlL'u, Multimedia Edition, /99X..
~uno. Tili li~u dJ dan nhu tren.

Multimedia

ChUdng6

Giao duc
. cd dai. La Mii
Anh hullng giao dljc cd d{li Hy Lq,p
?

I. Giao d\lC cii truy~n La Mii

II. Anh hu'dng giao d\lc cii dl;li Hy Ll;lP
I. Giao d\lc tiiu hQc
2. Giao d\lc trung hQc - Sach giao khoa va nha giao d\lc
Quintilian
2.1 Cac sach giao khoa
2.2 Nha Him Iy giao d\lc Quintilian
3. Giao d\lc cao d~ng - Tru'<tng hung bi~n
III. Giao d\lc La Mii - Tru'<tng lu~t, tru'<tng tllc ky va
vi~c slYd\lng ngon ngil' La Tinh
I. Tru'<tng cao d~ng lu~t ph3p dfiu tien
2. Tru'<tng tllc ky
3. Vi~c slYd\lng ngon ngil' La Tinh

Thai ky c6 d~i La Mil keo dai ttt nam 753 TIL tai nam 476 va c6 th~ chia lam ba giai
do~n. Giai do~n xily dlfng ttt nam 753 TIL tai nam 509 TIL. Giai do~n c(lng hoa ttt nam
509 TIL tai nam 31 TTL. Giai do~n cu5i la giai do~n de' qu6c ttt nam 31 TIL tai nam
476. De qu6c La Mil ki~m sont m(lt vung dilt r(lng Ian rna ngay nay la cac qu6c gia phia
nam Au Chilu, keo dai Wi A Chilu va cii mi~n dilt phia b~c Phi Chau. Sau nllm 476, de
qUGCLa Mil philn chia 'thanh hai: de' qu5c phia tay vai nhi~u vuong qu6c, phia dong trd
thanh de' qu6c Byzantine (Xem chuang 8) va de' qu6c nay t6n t~i cho tai nam 1453 khi de'
qu6c Th6 NhT Ky (Turkey hay Ottoman Empire) chinh phl)c kinh do Constantinople. Cac
vuong qu5c phia tily d<1nd<1ntrd thanh cac qu6c gia d(lc l~p nhu ngay nay d Tily Au.
I. Giao d\lC cii truy~n La Mii
Gino dl)c c6 d,!i La Mil truac the ky tM 6 TIL chi c6 th~ ghi nh~n qua uac doan. Xii
h(li La Mil d giai do~n nay bi giai cilp quy t(lc va di~n chu hoan toan chi ph5i. Giao dl)c d

49

Ciao d(Jc

cd d(li La Mii

day iii mQt nen giao dl)c nang nghi~p thl!'Chilnh, chi dan ve vi~c quan trj ruong dilt, kii!m
soat cong vi~c hilllg ngay cua dan no I~. Khac vui lu~t I~ theo t~p tl)Ccua Hy L')p, La Ma
ap dl)ng lu~t phap thanh van, thl!'c te' hdn, doi h<')icong dan phai bie't vii tri~t di! tuan theo.
Giao duc nay ciing bao hilm tlnh cach luan Iy, ton trqng vi~c bao tbn di san tien nhan mQt
cach ti mi va khe khilt. GQi la giao dl)c nang nghi~p nhung chi phoi d sinh ho')t thanh thi
VI thudng m')i, kinh doanh van giai do')n nily van khong dang ki!. VI dl!'a vao lu~t phap
thilnh van, nen nen giao dl)C c6 truyen La Ma dii dU<jcph6 bie'n nhu mot lu~t l~ t6i h~u,
khong ai thac milc. Vi~c nily cho thily thanh thie'u nien La Ma Xu'adii thl!'c sl!' tham dl!' mQt
each trl!'Ctie'p van doi s6ng hang ngay; khac vai dac tlnh Iy Wong, anh hung ma thu<jng
cua Hy L')p. La Mii ia mot xii hQi nang nghi~p nhung cling la mot xii hoi binh bi nua. VI
v~y, ngoili vi~c hoc tap van h6a, h<;Jcsinh can dul.Jcgiao dl)c thi! chat huung de'n vi~c huan
luy~n quan sl!' vai cac mon h<;Jcnhu sU'dung vli khl, t~p luy~n than tht:, cui ngl!'a, bdi loi,
nhilo lOll.
Nguoi La Mii, khac vui nguoi Hy L')p, tl!' nh~n gia dlnh la trung tam dit:m, ndi con tre
IOn len vii dul.JCgiao dl)C. Nhu v~y, vai tra d')y dil con cai luc tulli thtl cua nguoi m~ dii rat
quan trong. D6i voi con gai, vai tra nay can tiep dien vao tulli trutJng thilnh nua. Khac voi
con gai, con trai tu 7 tuGi tra len thuoc quyen giao dl)c cua nguoi chao Nguoi cha huang
dan can trai thl!'c t~p nghe nghi~p trang nhieu nam, du Iii nang nghi~p hay bat cu nghe
nghi~p nao khac. Nhieu can trai nho cua cac nhil quy tQc theo cha khiip ndi di! h<;Jchoi, ki!
d khi hQi hQp trang qu6c hi)i. Giao dl)c gia dlnh cham dUt vao luc 16 tulli khi nguoi con
trai khoi sl!'maC y phl)c triing cua nguoi IOn. HQ dul.JCgU'idi thl!'Ct~p nghe nghi~p voi mQt
ngu0i b')n cua gia dlnh c6 kha nang giao dl)c ngh6 nghi~p chuycn man hOac chlnh trj.
Tie'p thea la nghia vl) quan sl!'. Khai d5u vdi tu cach quan nhan, d5n d5n vdi h<;Jchoi va
kinh nghi~m, tra thilnh cilp chi huy. Nhu v~y, ngu0i thanh nien La Mii da du'<jcdao t')o
thea truyen th6ng gia dlnh va xii hQi. Voi Hy L')p c6, giao dl)c dU<jcdinh nghia nhu mQt sl!'
noi guong cac anh hung trang th5n tho')i cua Homer; voi La Mii cll, giao dl)c du<jc coi nhu
la mot sl!' noi guong cac b~c huynh truong. La Mii dii thlrC te han, trong khi d6 Hy L')p Iy
tutJng va cao quy hdn.
II. Anh hlfting giao dvc c6 ol.li Hy Ll.lp
Giao dl)c c6 d')i Hy L~p dii co anh huilng ItJn tai giao dl)c c6 d~i La Mii va anh huang
nily cop m~nh me han sau khi La Ma chinh phl)c Hy L~p van nam 146 TTL. Nguoi La Mii
dii nh~n thuc dUtlc nhling dac dii!m cua van h6a Hy L')p: truang thilnh hdn, phong phu hdn
vii nilm lay co hoi nay M hqc hoi ve ngon ngu, ngh~ thu~t hung bi~n, sinh ho~t chlnh tri
cua Hy L~p. Nha Dii!n tra thanh mQt trung tam van h6a va cac nhil quy tQc La Ma nMn
. ra ding tai hung bien la mot vli khl quan tr<;Jngcua mot chlnh khach. Nguoi La Mii ch5p
nh~n giao dl)c Hy L~p qua hai hlnh thuc: mQt Iii chap nh~n toan bo ChUting trlnh giao dl)c
50

,-

Giao

dl;lc

dJ' dt;li La Mii

nhu Ia mot nguai Hy Lap; hai Iii phat trin mQt n~n giao dl!c chuyn tie'p song ngu (dung
cii tieng Hy Lap va La Tinh) vilo chuang trlnh giao dl!c La Mil nhung chuong trInh,
phu(1ng phap giao dl!C cua Hy Liolp.m nhien, giao dl!c song ngu chi c6 th~ ap dl!ng cho
con em cac nha quy t(>c,cac nha lilnh OioloVIhQ c6 san kie'n thtl'c can ban ciing nhu kien
thtl'c ngon ngu La Tinh. Nhung con em khac chi c6 th hQc ngon ngi1 Hy LioIPtrudc khi hQc
ng0n ngi1 La Tinh. Nhu v~y, chuong trlnh giao dl!c toan bo, hQc tieng Hy LioIPtrudc khi
hQc tieng La Tinh, oil khong phat trin kha quan nhu chuong trlnh song ngi1. Tie'p theo 06,
cac thanh nien La Mil oUQc theo hQc cac truang cao ong, oac bii;t Iii cac truang hung
bii;n. Nhi~u thanh nien khong thoa man vdi vii;c hQc t~p tioliLa Mil rna liolimu6n oUQchQc
t~p tioliNhil Bii!n nhu mQt tri thtl'c Hy Liolp.Tit nam 118 TTL, truang cao ong Ephebic (*)
(*)

Ephehic.

M(J( In/(J''M cuu (tang lll/{fC thie't l(1p !41i Nhc"i Dietl du(N {hili La Mil, ritl ndi tie'ng

vi

ma,; hung

hi?n. Tn-f{lng nay lW sun xuJi dU(fC nhieu nhiJ hung hi~n . TronJ.: sfJ'dd cd nhil hung hi(n {rjj L~c Cicero.

(I Nha Bii!n la 11l1ihqc t~p cila nhi~u thanh nien tit chinh quOc sang. Cicera(*), sau nay tra
1*) Cicero, Murcus Til/ius 1106.43 TTL). Chlnh khJch va nha hunK hi?n liii Ic La Ma, NhllnK /lie phJm hunK

\'e chinh trio trielly, [fin gido c/l iinh hlidng !tin t(Ji nen van h(K W Tinh. Ong dem vao n2n van
h(Jc nu)' nhunK IU tWIn/; vu tit nKu chuyen nUJn Hy u.~p.NhiJ ()ng. lien/-: La Tinh dil In) thimh ng6n ngl1 dia
J.:itJi fri thue (rong nhieu the' k)'. Ong sinh trudng trong m(i! Ria (llnh truflR luu, h{J(, triel h{Jc, hung birn. ngfJn
ngil Hy !...fJ t~Ji UJ ANi, Epltehic va Rhodes. OnR dU{/C m1i tiing vao nam 70 ITL klti bUQc [oi va kef un lOan
4uy~n La Mil v~ t(ji tham nhiing. 51! thimh c(jng /lay duu an;: vao hanK n;:ii cuc nltil quy t{}c. Ndm 637TL, ong
'[WI"huu fum fmin 4uy~n La Mil, m(jt chue v~ cao ciip nhr1't tl;li kinh d6 Nilm 43 ITL, fJng hi cuc tht lflc drjr
hi?n cuu /}n;:

l(ip sui hi ..

thanh nha hunh bii;n va chinh kh,ich 10i [ioicLa Mil oil theo hQc cac triet gia, cac nM hung

bii;n n6i tieng t~i Ephebic va Rhodes,

Vii;c chap nh~n van h6a Hy LioIPvao chul1ng trlnh giao dl!c La Ma khong phai holl11
loan m0 phung rna cang cu nhi1ng di tien, Nguoi La Ma khong ap dl!ng toiln dii;n n~n
giao dl!c thi! dl!c th thao Hy LioIP,d La Mil, vii;c giao dl!c nay co nghia la giao dl!c th~
chat. Theo kien tnk La Mil, cac trung tam th~ dl!c thi! thao chi Iii nhung h6 hoi cong cQng.
La Ma cang c6 nhung trung tam trlnh dien am nhac, va, kjch nghi; nhung oay chi la noi
. trlnh dien chuyen mon hon Iii noi hQc t~p cua gidi tre vii c6 rilt it thanh nien quy toc tham
d\!" VI v~y, o~ tai nay ~hong n~m trang chul1ng trlnh giao dl!c oiolichung, Ta cling nen nhd
r5ng am mhiolc,thi! dl!c, thi! thao a Hy LioIPvao thai oii!m nay cling oang oi vao t1nh triolng
suy thoai,
La Mil chap nh~n giao dl!C ng0iolingi1 Hy LioIPsong song vdi chuong trlnh giao dl!c cac
mon hQc OU~1C
chuyn sang ngon ngi1 La Tinh. Tlt o5.u, cac nha guy toc duy trl vii;c giao
dl!c cac em nho tioligia, Nhu'ng khi nhij,n ojnh oUQc t1nh triolngpilat tri~n xa hQi Hy LioIP,
h9 chap nh~n n~n giao dl!c mdi. N~n giao dl!c nay c6 ba giai oOioln.

51

Ciao dlfc co'dt;li La Mii

1. Giao dl.lc ti~u hqc
Rat kho xac djnh th(ji gian xuat hil;\n cac tnt(jng tiu hqc t,!i La Mil. Tuy nhien, voi sl!
xuat hil;\n cua chii' vie't VilOthe' ky thu 7 TTL dil cho ta phung doan co mOt hlnh !huc giao
d~c vao giai do,!n nay. Sau khi chinh phl)c Hy L,!p, La Mil ap dl)ng chuang trlnh giao dl)c
Hy L,!p, hoim toan kh6ng quan Him de'n van d~ tam ly, ky lu~t nghiem khac, phuong phap
giang day phan tich, dqc xu6i, dqc nguC1c,dqc tit dfru va cuoi vao giii'a, vfrn don, vfrn phuc
t'!P, tit, du, bai van ...nen tie'n hO rat cMm. Cung mOt hlnlr thuc tu(jng tI! ap dl)ng cho vil;\c
t~p vie't, lam van, tinh toan can ban.
~. Giao dl.lc trung hqc - Sach giao khoa va nM giao dl.lc Quintilian
2.1 Cac sach giao khoa
Tit the' ky thu 3 Wi cuoi the' ky tM I TTL, cae tru(jng trung hqc La Mil phat trin thea
dU(jng loi tuong tl! nhtt cac tru(jng Hy L,!p. Chuong trlng giang d,!y thien v~ tho van va
tien trifn ch~m cung nhu stf tien trin cua van hqc La Tinh. Vao th(ji ky nay, voi stf xuat
hien cua Livius Andronicus (*), mOt tac giabi hai kich va anh hung ca oil dich thien anh
(*) Liviu.'i Andronicu,'i,

LuciuJ

Mil. Ong fl;;uyen LJ dun nd

it

(2/'14-204 1TL). NhiJ ;:iJo, luc girl anh himK cu va hi hui kich ,tJu lien eua La
Hy Li}p, sau fref thanh nha Xiuo d<,y liin;: Hy ~/P va La Tinh ll;li La Md. Tae

elUlI: tin diu Homer IronK than Ihol}i Hy ~p.

/;n/o: dii d;ch nhdu hi hili kich khJc naa ciinx cuu Hy UJp. Kjch cua /jnl-: dii dU{/C trinh dien dau lien
D/h khi. chinh /;n;: l1ii Iham dt! wlo vitc 11nhdfen. Di t{eh cuc hun d;ch Iren c()n [f riit it.

{'hdm chinh nitl dnX

iii Odyssey,

dich Iff tdc phdm

Tiep

theo,

'; La

Md.

hung ca Odyssey cua Homer W tie'ng Hy L,!p sang tieng La Tinh. Ong cung djch nhi~u bi
kjch khac nITa cua Hy L,!p. Tac phii'm Odyssey trd thanh sach giao khoa cho cac trtt(jng
trung hoc La Ma va cung Ia t~p tho dfru tien b~ng tieng La Tinh gioi thieu van hoa Hy
L,!p vao d(ji song tinh th~n thanh thieu nien La Mil. Tiep thea 00, Ennius (*) voi thien
(*) Enniu.'l. Quintus (239-169 7TL). NIUJ Ih(/, tac Xiii hi hili kjch u) iinh huling /{tn nhul t(li win h(J(, fA Tinh
t10(1n dJu va an,; ciin/; lTU(1cco; ia h(Jc xiii dii sun;: l(ip r(1 viIn h(J(, flU)'. Thien unh hunX ell Annales ntJi

gjuj

fitflg k/uip mli ('/10 fdi khi Iue phdm Aeneid euu Vir;:il fa ddi (Xem cht1 thfch ke'tiel}).
600 cuu tha CLla Annale.f. Ennius ciin;.:
nuy n}n

'i 420

!i()(jtl

dim;;. Qua nhun,; d()ng chil

19 WI kich khuc

Cl)n S()[

[i

nu)',

phdll;':

fheo hi IUJi kich

IlgUrff sau thi;')' dU(fC liii kheo teo sit

Hy 1.P nhlin;.: dil lien tii dU(lc diim d<Jcsde cua La Md. Ngoai ru, (Jng CLing
hift /..l1 Mil. tronK (td ('() 1'r1Saturue
khuch Cicero

nt5i

ten

!II! kh/m

ngoan

NXuy nay a)n IlJ.i khoang

Hy U;ip. rate thay, flXiJy

fht!c

It cuo

u)

df:lnx

n(Ji dung

sung Ide kich ~'di d2 tai rleng

ngu(li La Mil. NhJ hung hi~n. chinh

\'U cue nhu phe hlnh khuc dii nhi~t li~t khen nl;~/i anI;.

anh hung ca nili tieng Annales, trlnh bay lich sU'La Mil ttt kh(Ji thuy den ouong th(ji. Tac
philm nay cung trClthanh sach giao khoa va co thf so sanh ngang hang voi Odyssey v~
phuong di~n giao d~c.
Gfrn Wi th(ji tay lich, chuong trlnh giao d~c d cac tru(1ng trung hqc van chua co gl thay
d6i m~c dfru co sl.fxullt hil;\n cua lac gialoi I,!c Virgil (*) voi thien anh hung ca n6i tie'ng
(*) VirKil (70-119 7TL).
I;iu 1lnh 1i~1Iehu

\'J

NhiJ Iha hJn nhal eua La Mil v<li thien anh hunK

eli

()nl-:. Tuy nhien Ih(1 ()nK cunK phon unh srJnf.:Kit) cua heh sa La Mii v/li cuc

52

Aeneid.

Onl; sinh ra lrong m(JI

1u(!c Kiuo dl:lc chu ddo. Cu(jc s/tnl; (l(JC Ihdn ntt thanh Ihan ciin;.: nhu cuc Ide phdm cua
CU()C

fl()j

chien. Tue phdm ddu

Ciao

,~

d(IC

cd a(li

La Mil

lien hi/hi phii'm IV r{)p v~ th/Jn que nhan lM Elogues, nili len cunh thunh hinh th/nh vU{lng. Thi phdm lha nhi
liJ Georgie. !l6i len Cf.1nh\'ung son diu qu{/c giu .'ilJU khl n(ji chie'n {'hii'm dut. Quan tr{JnJ.: nha, Iii Ihien anh
hung cu Aellt!id g(1m J 2 (lp. cu (lfng s,! khai sinh La Mil. Ong viet tdc phdm nay (ron;.: J 1 nam. dt! dinh hOlm
Jut Irong hu mlm mia. OnK du himh .fUnK Hy UJp di cd them kinh llghifm sung tac nhtlng hj h~nh bdt thtnh
llnh vu mitt khi Ire' v~ Y.

Aeneid va hai thi phiim khac la Elogues va Georgie ding khong kem gia trj. Cac thi phii'm
nay dii dlMc ch<,mlam sach giao khoa va Virgil dii trl'1thanh thi sTIon nhilt OttcJngthaI. Thi
phap ciia ong gfrn nhu' trQn vt;n v~ cii nQi dung Ifrn hlnh thUc. Nha giaod\lc n6i tie'ng La
Mii Quintilian (Xem m\lc 2.2 ke' tie'pJ d~ nghi ding chu'cJng trlnh giao d\lc La Tinh nen
d\(a tren cac thi phiim cua Virgil. Thi phiim cua ong cling du'<,Iccac nha phe blnh nh~c
Mn qua nhi~u the' ky va c6 anh hul'1ngIOn toi van hQc Ky To Giao thai trung d(li.
Ngoai ra, khong th6 khong nh~c Mn sl! xuilt hien cua tac gia bi hai kjch Terence (*J.
(*) Terence

w Mili,
!

i
I

(J95-/591TL).

Tue gid hi hili kich noi tie'ng

w Mil

v(li sau

V(J

kjch dU(IC co; lit kdu mL2u thudn tuy

khi;nM hi unh hudng nU(Jc ngoui, rniJc dau (";n8nguyen La dan m";If Hy u;p. GI}c no If. ong dur;c m(Jt nghj

~Jquire h(";i(11; l1du khi nh4n ru khd nan;.: . Cuc lac phdm dJa /'mg van elm dU{IC in [(:iitron;: hi(n tl:li.

Cac tac phiim cua ong cling dU<,IC

chon lam saeh giao khoa: Anh hUl'1ngcua ong v~ chUcJng
trlnh giao d\lc OltcJngthai va san khilu Au Chau sau nay rilt IOn. Ngon ngu cua ong Olt<,lC
cong nh~n la thufrn tily La Ma. Hc phiim cua ong du'<,IChQc t~p, blnh lu~n qua nhi~u
thai dai.
Nhu' v~y, cho toi gfrn thai tay lich, voi cac tac phftm hung bien cua Cicero va cac tac
phiim anh hung ca cling nhu cac tac phii'm bi hai kjch cua cae tac gia khac, n~n giao d\lc
cel d~i La Mii dii c6 nhung bu'oe tie'n dang k6 v6 phu'(Jng dic;n ngon ngu, tU tul'1ng. Tuy
nhien, n~n giao due nay vfrn con chju anh hul'1ng ni)ng n~ n6n giao d\lc Hy L(lp. Phu'cJng
phap giang d~y cling giong nhu l'1Hy L(lp. D6 Ia viec giai nghTa ci)n ke nQi dung bai van
trong sach giao khoa va tie'p theo la bai t~p. Tren Iy thuye't, hQc sinh dU<,IehQc bii'y man
bao g6m toan, khoa hQc va van hQc la ngu phap, giang van, t~p lam van, Iy lu~n, so hQc,
hlnh hoc va thien van. Nhu'ng tren thl!c te', cling nhU (J Hy L~p, viec giao d\lc toan, khoa
hoc dii bi quen lang VI qua chu trQng vilO van hQc va hung bien.
2.2 Nhli tam Iy giao d\lc Quintilian
Vao the' ky tha nhilt cua tay Ijch, xuilt hien mQt nha giao d\lc Ion cua La Ma. D6 la nha
tam Iy giao d\lc Quintilian (*J. Ong dii c6 nhUng tU(Jngva sang kie'n moi ve giao d\lc. Ong
(*) Quintifiun

(35-IOO).Nhil

;.:iuo, hf!c gid, Iuc Kid tac phdm

M()Pm(J! cJell quun lr~mg vuo chuang

d~c IiJi
tum

Mil.

01/;':

lOim quyJn

d(l)' van h~)c

ltin lao Inslilutio

Oratorio

wJi i2 IQP, dli drJng

lrinh Kiuo d~c La Mil. Ong sinh [(,ii Tay Bun Nha (Spain)

w Tinh

va fa nha giuo dau lien 11tl(lChUl)ng lUling. Cui;llliii,

danh dt! La Mil vi crJ clinK Mn vlli st! n;:hifp

sU phl}fI1. Tuc phdm

(hl{l(' xuar hun IrUlJc khi an;.: nUlt. Tron;.: tgp 1 va 2, ()n;: dua ra nhQn djnh

I'~cal.'

va llu{lC giao

ong lIU(ICphong

12 tQ.p instilutio

nguyen

Oralorio

tde Kiao dl;lc. Til tQP

311en l~lp /0, an;.: nh(ln (ljnh vJ niim khia c(lnh cua thu4t hun;: hi~n: sun;.: kie'n, cau truc, ghi ehep, ghi nh(J va'
lrinh hr1y.

d 11)',

an;.: cun;.: nh4n d.inh vR han chal, ;.:id Irj, anh

53

hudng cua thwJ,t hung bi~n.

Ciao dt,lc co' dt;li La Md

tap J 2, (inK {lua rtJ nhr)n djnh vJ
d(jc linh, phonK d(J. Tae pham ldn luo nay n;:uy nay

Trot/X tp II. (ing Kid; thifu cuc nhiJ him!: hi(t1 ndi tien# dUdllX th(/i. Tronx
ck nhq him}{ hi~n If ludnU vJ cac phu(/ng difn: diw

It,W,

\,In dm llu~/c in h;.i.

nhan dinh r5ng giao vien phili ap dl,mg cac phuong phap giao dl)c khac bit;t tuy thui)c vao
ca tinh va khil nang tie'p nh~n kie'n thuc cua hqc sinh. Nhu v~y, hqc sinh moi du<1cgiao
dl)c ml)t cach thich dang va giao vien dUljC hqc sinh kinh trqng. Ke't qua la tu6i tre tie'p
nh~n giao dl)c mi)t cach hang hai, nhit;t thanh. Dng ch6ng l(li vit;c trung ph(lt th~ xae.
Day la nhung nMn djnh rat xac thlfc vf:-tam Iy giao dl)c rna ngay nay dang dUIJCap dl)ng.
Quintilian la nha tam ly giao dl)c dfru tien.
3. Ciao dl)c cao diing - Trllong hung bi~n
Tai La Ma cling nhu t(li Nhii Di~n, giao dl)c nght; thu~t hung bit;n dng ngay cang trd
nen quan trqng voi slf dong gop cua Cicero va Quintilian. VI nght; thuat hung bii;n trd
thanh quan trqng va ph6 bie'n nhat trong dai s6ng hang ngay cua dan La Mii nen hq thay
khong dn thie't phai phat tri~n m<)tnganh hoc nao moi khac; ne'u co, cling chI dem I(li l<Ji
ich cho m<)t thieu s6 rat nho, tru truang IUat va truang t6c ky. VI v~y, ta khong thay co
mi)t truang cao dang trie't hqc m~c dfru hq khong thie'u gl trie't gia. Sinh vien mu6n theo
hqc nganh nay phili Mn Nha Difn. vf:- sach giao khoa nganh hung bii;n, cac sach bhng
tie'ng Hy L(lp va.n du<1cap dl)ng VI ngon ngii' La Tinh chua du kha nang di&n ta. Cling
tuong tlf, vf:-y hqc va khoa hqc, ta khong tlm ra sach bhng tie'ng La Tinh tru nhung sach
don gian.
III. Ciao dl)c La Mil - Trllong IUl.lt,trllong toc kji va vi~c sU'dl)ng ngon ngil La Tinh
1. Trllong cao diing IUl.ltphap - Nganh giao dl)c IUl.ltphap d1lu tien cua nhan lo~i
La Mii co nganh cao dang lu~t phap rna Hy L(lp khong co. Day la di~1ll d~c bii;t. Dia vi
mon lu~t trong sinh hO(lt xii h9i La Mii rat dn thie't, co th~ con han cii hung bii;n VIcung
ung cho thanh nien mi)t nghf:-nghit;p tuong lai nhif:-u hua h~n vf:-cii phuong dit;n tai chinh
Jan dja vi xii hi)i. Do do, nganh hqc nay dU<Jcthiinh I~p M dao t(lO cac nha lu~t phap
tU(Jng fai. Khili dfru, day chiia mi)t nghf:- thlfc t~p giUa mi)t nguai dang hiinh nghf:- lu~t su
va Illi)t 56 mcln dt; tuong tlf nhu nghf:-y khoa cua Hy L(lp truoc day. Cac mon di; hqc t~p
qua vit;c nghe thfry giang giai, quan sat thay tie'p xuc voi than chu, chung kie'n thfry bil$n
hQ truoc toa. Vao thai ky nay, La Mii ap dl)ng che' d<)c<)ng hoa, lu~t phap va t6 chuc cong
quyf:-n moi ngay Illi)t phat tri~n. Do do, truang cao diing lu~t phap dii dU<1Cthanh I~p vao
the' ky thu 2. Song song voi vil$c thanh J~p truang luiit, nhif:-u tai lit;u giang d(lY duoc sO(ln
thao va truang IUat 0 La Mii vao the' ky thu 3 dii rat hoan bi. Cac tac pham IUat dU<Jcslfu
tam db cac hqc gia giai thich, phe blnh; tU(jng tlf nhu vit;c slfu dm va phe blnh van hqc
trudc kia i\ Nhii Dien. Kinh do La Mii la trung Him giang d;ty Juiit phap IOn nhat, tie'p theo
54

Gido dl:lcco'dgi La Mil

la Beirut a Trung Dong. Ngon ngu giang d~y lu~t phap la tieng La Tinh rna khong phai
la tieng Hy L~p. VIla m!)t tnJang dem I~i tLiong lai t6t dyp cho sinh vien trong t6 cht1c
c()!lg quyen cling nhLi t~i loa an nen nhieu thanh nien Hy L~p cling mu6n theo hqc mijc
diliJ ho gijp kho khan ve van de ngon ngu. Hq phai hqc ngon ngu La Tinh rna tu trLi0c hq
cho la m!)t ngi\n ngu ffiqi r<;l.
2. Truong tilc ky
Vao cu6i thai La Ma, voi sl! phat tri~n clla he th6ng cong quyen, mQt nganh hqc moi
dLi~jCthanh I~p. Dola trLiang t6c ky va day la trLiang cao dilng dilu tien thuQc lo<)inay. He
th6ng t6c ky dil dli<;lCMarcus Tillius Tiro, thLiky clla nha hung bien La Ma Cicero, phat
minh vao nilm 50 TTL va dLi<;lC
ap dqng toi the ky tht18. T(( day, nganh nay suy thoai va
giln nhli bien mat. Nganh nay dLi<;lcphqc h6i t<)iAnh qu6c van nam 1588. Toi nam 1837,
he th6ng 16c ky clla Pitman (1813-1897) dLi(jCrip dqng rQng rili va nam 1888, he th6ng t6c
ky Gregg (1867-1948) dLi<;lC
rip dqng vao nhieu ngi\n ngu.
Nganh giao dqc cao dilng 0 La Ma dLi<;lC
khuyen khich va phat tri~n tuy khong toan
dien nhling I<)ico mQt vai nganh rna Hy L<)pkh6ng co. Vao cu6i the ky tht1I, La Mil co
hai cht1c giao sli d<)ihqc, m!)t cho nganh hung bien Hy L~p, mQt cho nganh hung bien La
Tinh. Toi cu6i the ky tht12, t<)iNhil Di~n co mQt cht1c giao sli hung bien va b6n chU'cgiao
sLitriet h9C danh cho b6n nganh: hqc thuyet Plato, hqc thuyet Aristotle, hqc thuyet kh~c
ky va h9C thuyet hLiang thq.
3. Viec stl dqng ngon ngt1 La Tinh
Giao d\lc La Mil chiu anh hliang sau xa clla giao dqc Hy L<)pva t6n t<)itrong nhieu the
ky voi cung mOt chinh sach, mQt phLiong phap. Tuy nhien, mQt vai thay d6i dil dLi<;lcthl!c
hien. Chinh quyen trung liang dil nh~c nho, chi thi cac dia phLiong ve [dch nhiem giao
d\lc; quyet dinh ve Ilfong b6ng va quyet dinh ve viec tuy~n chqn giao vien. Voi nganh cao
dilng, nhieu trLiang dil dLi~jCthiet I~p t<)iLa Mil va Nhil Di~n. Toi nam 425, nhieu trLiang
cao dilng cae lo<)idii dINC thiet I~p t<)iConstantinople, kinh d6 moi clla de' qu6c va da co
31 chu-c giao sLidanh cho dc nganh van hqc, hung bien, triet hQc va lu~t hQc. NhLi v~y,
vao cuai th(li de quac La Mil, cac trung tam giao duc cao dilng thuQc ffiqi ngimh dii dLi<;lc
thiet l~p t<)inhieu thanh pho nhli 0 Hy L<)p va can han Hy L<)p0 cac trliang lu~t, trliang
t6c kyo
MQt sl! kien n6i b~t lien quan uen viec slt dung ng6n ngu Hy L~p va ng6n ngu La Tinh.
Luc dilu, co rill it thanh nien Hy L<)p hqc tieng La Tinh. MOt so' da co hqc chi voi muc
dich ghi ten theo hQc nganh lu~t t~i cac trliang cao dilng. Trong khi do, co nhieu thanh
nien La Mii lai hqc tieng Hy L<)pd co th~ theo hqc cac nganh hQc khric nhau. Theo voi

ss

Gido dl,le e6 dr;liLa Mii

thoi gian, s6 ngu'oi su d\mg tie'ng Hy L,!p m6i ngay mQt giam vi ng6n ngii' nay chi lil ng6n
ngii' ella giOi tr[ thuc. Trong khi 00, ng6n ngii' La Tinh m6i ngily mQt phong phu vilil ng6n
ngii' ella o,!i chung. Cilng tu'dng lIf, song ngii' Hy L,!p - La Tinh au'<;ICap d\mg t,!i cac
tru'ong, thi nay tie'ng La Tinh aa th~ng the' vi lil ng6n ngii' clla cac tae phffm van hqc, ella
cae saeh giao khoa v van hqc, lu~t hqc, hung bi~n, trie't hqc, khoa hqc. Ngu'oi ta aa aqc
cae tae phffm ella Cicero, Virgil, Quintilian ...thay the' cho cac tac phffm clla Homer. Vilo
the' ky thU 5, the' ky cu6i eung ella La Ma tru'Dc khi tan ra, cae sach giao khoa ngilnh y hqc
cilng oa ou'<;IC
bien so,!n bang tie'ng La Tinh, djch tit tie'ng Hy L,!p. Nhu' v~y, vilo cu6i thoi
La Ma, nn giao dl)c nily oa ou'<;IC
oja phu'dng hoa, it nhllt la v phu'dng di~n ngon ngii'.

Giao dl)c Hy L,!p chi ph6i n(ing n giao dl)e La Ma. Tuy nhien, vilo cu6i thoi a,!i nily,
ng6n ngii' La Tinh aa tra thilnh ng6n ngii' chinh thUe trong vi~c giang d,!y t,!i cac cllp lOp
kti ca cae tru'ong cao o~ng. Ngu'oi La Ma aa khai sl! mQt nn giao dl)e rieng bi~t sau khi bj
Hy L,!p ehi ph6i trong nhiu the' kyo La Ma co nhil tam ly giao dl)e o~u tien. V phu'dng
di~n giao dl)e cao o~ng, La Ma cilng co nhii'ng pMt tritin o~u tien trong vi~e thilnh I~p
tru'ong lu~t vil tru'ong t6e kYo(j oay, La Ma con lie'n bQ hdn ca Hy L,!p. Tie'c thay, oe' qu6c
La Ma oa phiin hoa sau 00 va nn giao dl)c nily eilng ehju anh huang khong it.

TiJ.i liru tham khiio:

- Ancient Rome. Tit (lien hach khou The World Book Encyclopedia, Multimedia Edition.
-Ancient Rome. Tit ilitn huch khou Lexicon Universal
. Bonner. Stanley.

Education

Encyclopedia,

2001.

cuii'n /6. New York, Lexicon,

1989 .

in Ancient Rome

Cicero, Marcus Til/ius. Ti:Idin Mch khoa The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, Multimedia Edition, 1998,
- Ennius, Quintus. Tid Li~u cUi dan nhlt tren.
Grant, Michael. The Climax (~t"Rome.London, Nicholson, 1996
. History (?fShorhanil. TCu1ien bach khou The World Book Encyclopedia.
Multimedia Edition, 2001.
o

- U\'iu,'I Antironicus.

. Quin/ilian.

Tit lliEn hdch khoa The New Encyclopaedia

Britannica,

Multimedia

Edition,

1998 .

Tili li~ulttl (Ian nhu tren.

Tili lifu dil dun nhu tren

. The education of Ancient Romans. Tili lifu dil dan nhll tren.. The Oxjiml Hi.tory (d'the Cla..ical World. Oxford, Oxjl"d u.P., 1986,
- Terence.

. VirJ.:il. Tili lifu (til dan nhu tren.

j
I

';

I
I

56

..,
,

Philn thz[ hai

Giao dlJ,c trung d{li
(Chztdllg 7 dtll chztdllg 9)

'c.

Chlldng 7

~
~

Giao

f,
;.:

dljc

trung d(J-iKy To Giao

Giao dljc ton giao

l
i

I. Tli the' ky thu 1 de'n the' ky thu 4 - Anh hlidng giao d\lc cli d~i Hy L~p
II. Tli the' ky thu 5 de'n the' ky thu 8 - Giao d\lc nha tho va chung vi~n
III. Thoi Charlemagne - Giao d\lc the't\lc khdi 51!
IV. Anh hlidng chlio'ng trlnh giao d\lc Charlemagne
V. Cae hQe gia Ky To Giao
Ky To Giao (*) chinh thU'c khai Slf ttt nam d<1u tay lich. Theo kinh thanh, Maria c6
(*) Ky Tri Giuo. S()(;ln Kia SU dz;nJ.: ti( !INa Ky Tl; Gido thay vI Cl)nK Ciuo ho(ic Thien Chua

Giao vi nguiyi thea

l/)n giuo flUY lhu()nK IE!xunJ.: lil tin ll(J Ky Ttl Ciuo va tron;.: kinh thdnh cunK nhu kinh cdu nKu)'~n Iii ngll nay

l1ii dU(IC nhdc den.

chilng la Giu Se, sinh ra Ky To (Christ) nhling viin con trinh tie'1. Nam 33 tu6i, Ky To bi
. ngliai Do Thni d6ng dinh che't tren cay thnnh gin; nhling song l~i, hien vinh tren trai. CUQc
song i'1tr5n the'voj nhij'ng lOi truy~n giang. cai che't, slf phl!C sinh eua Ky To da dli<;1C
cae
mon d~ va tin dil ton vinh. Ky To Gino khi'1i Slf phnt trien. Ton chi eua d~o Ia ton kinh
thli<;1ngde' Ky To, yeu ngliai nhli yeu ehinh ban than, eong b~ng va bac ai. KhOling 200
nam dau, ton gino nay bi cac hoang de'La Ma b~c dUi va dm doan. Toi nam 313, di,lo
nay moi dli<;1etlf do truy~n d~o va hanh d~o. Dliai thai trung d~i, ttt the' ky thti' 5 Mn the'
ky thti' 15, Ky To Gino banh trliang rQng IOn va gino hoang tra thanh nhan v~t quan trQng
nhilt eua Tiiy Au. Quy~n the' eua gino hoang chi phai eong quy~n cae vlidng quac. Thai
ky nay ding chung kie'n sl! phnt trien mau ch6ng cua cac trliang nha tho, cac trliang

57

Giao dl;lc trung d(li Ky T6 Giao

chung vi(,\n va vai tro quan tr9ng cua giao dl,!c ton giao trang chl1ang trlnh giao dl,!e cua
cae vl1ang quoc Tay Au.
Ky To Giao thoi trung dai cung c6 nhung kh6 khan nQi bQ. VilO the ky thl1 14, giao hQi
c6 tdi 2, 3 giao hoang;

tranh chilp quy~n lai, gay hoang mang

hanh chfnh giao hQi qua rQng lOn, dn

trang giao dan. Til chU'c

nhi~u tai chfnh dE cli~u hanh nen dil phai keu gqi

giao dan d6ng g6p va ban cac chuc tl1dc trong nha tho. Giao hoang,

h6ng y, giam ml,!c

song cUQc doi the tl,!C, xa Xl, vl1ang gia nhl1 cac vua chua, lang quen hoan toan ton chi
cong biing bac ai; nhi~u thanh dl1ong, dinh thl,f dil cll1Qcxay dt

qu'a ton kern trang khi dai

da so giao dan song ngheo tung cd cl,fc nhl1 dan no 1(,\. Qua chu tr9ng vao v~t chilt nen cac
nghi Ie ton giao rl10m ra dil tril thanh vo nghla. Day la nhung Iy do cua phong trao "Canh
Tan Ky To giao" Reformation
Ky To Giao.

ra doi vdi sl1 xuilt hi(,\n cua giao phai Tin Lanh, ly khai vdi

Dung trl1dc tinh trang nay, Ky To Giao t6 chuc phong

trao "Chong

Canh

Tan" Counter Reformation d6' doan ket giao hOi. Nhl1ng tren thl,fc te, anh hl1ilng ton giao,
tinh thfrn cua Ky To Giao dil suy giam nhi~u, giao hOi phan hoa. Tli the ky thu IS, sau
phong trao Canh Tan,
Chfnh Thong

Ky To Giao chi a lam ba nganh:

Ky To Giao Chfnh Thong

hay

Giao Eastern Orthodox, thjnh hanh <J Dong Au; Ky To Giao La Mil hay

Giao HQi La Mil, thinh hanh CJ Nam Au, Nam My Chau va giao phai Tin Lanh thjnh hilnh
il Bac Au, Bik My. Giao phai Tin Lanh lai chia thanh nhi~u nhom khac nua.
I. Tli the

ky

thu 1 Mn the

ky

thli' 4 - Anh hlidng

gino dl}C cll clai Hy Ll.Ip

Sau khi ra cloi, Ky To Giao phat triEn trang gidi ngheo tung. Nhling gidi nay hilu het la
dan no Ie, cung dinh khong c6 kha nang giao dl,!Ccon em. Tli the ky tha 2, giao hQi c6 anh
hl1ilng va phat triEn trung gidi trf thU'c, quy t(k va gidi co thffm quy~n. Cac gidi nay d~u
mong muon con em dl1Qc giao dl,!C chu dao. Nhl1ng cac trliang

trung giai doan nay d~u

giang daY ngon ngu, van h6a Hy LaP, khCmg c6 lien quan gl aen Ky To Giao. Hq mien
cl10ng glii con em theo hge cac trl1ang nay vi du sao chang nua, cae ki0n thuc trung giao
dl,!c c6 dai Hy LaP dil giup dao tao gidi trf thue. Han nua, quan diEm v~ vu trl,! va thl1Qng
ae cua Ky To Giao va c6 oai Hy LaP rilt tl1ang
hoang de' La Mil Constantine

(275-337),

tl1.

TInh trang nay keo dai tdi /lam 313, khi

m(lt Ky To Giao tan tong oil eho phep md cae

trl1ang d;to dilu tien.

II. Tu the

ky

thl? 5 Mn the

ky

thl? 8 - Giao dl}c chung

vi~n va gino dl}e nha tho

Giao hOi Ky To Giao vao giai doan nay ol1Qe t6 chae hoan bi. han, nhat la tai.. khu vl1e
Tay Au, khu vl,fc n6i tieng La Tinh. Cac tu vi(,\n ol1~jc thanh I~p va tril thanh cae trung tam
glao dl,!C quan trung cua giao hQi. MQt so trl1ang khae cll1c;iethiet I~p trang khu vl,fc nha
the). oiln dan, cac cej sil giao dl,!c nha tho phat triEn nhanh ch6ng vi thu hut ol1dc
. nhi~u hoc
.
58

'\

. I

Ciao d(/c trung dr;1iKy To Ciao

sinh, k cii cae tu SI tl10ng lai Hln con em cae quy tOe. Trang khi d6, cae trl10ng chung vii)n
chi dill) t~o tu SI. Thoi ky nay ciing e6 co sd giao due eho cae nO'tu. Tren ly thuye't, ehl10ng
trlnh giao due Ky To Giao bao g6m b6n di;ie dim: kien thue t6ng quat, due eong b~ng,
long can dam va long thanh. Nhu'ng tren thl!e te, kinh thanh la ehttOng trlnh giao due quan
trQng nhat eho d tu sllan giao dan. Nhl1 vaY, n~n giao due Ky To Giao d day la n~n giao
due ton giao; van hQe, khoa hoc hoan toan v~ng b6ng.
III. Giao d\lc thoi Charlemagne. Giao d\lc the't\lc khdi sl!
Hoang de' Charlemagne (*) da ehinh phue d Au Chau va t'!O dl!ng mOt de' qu6e
.j

(*) ChurLemuxne

(742-814).

Liinh

tl;l lUii

tie'n;: llz()i trung ll(}i

ting phl:ic h6i ch{nh trio viin h(JU khu v;/c nuy iJii

hi XI;lP dd

Au

Chiiu. Lil hoang de'm(it de' qulfc hung mt;nh,

sau khi de' qu/{c La Mil tan ril vao giila the' ky thu 5.

thf!c hi~n nhieu cdi each ve hiwh chfnh, xuy dl!IJK. thUlIng mt;i, n/;ng nghi?p, Luijt phap. tiEn tf
Ve pilL/an;: di~n Kiao dl:ic, /;,,;: lcii huifn luy?n cac tu sl, mil manX trui'lnK h(J(, tr~n khdp liinh Ih(r Sau khi
CharlemuMfitl
mat, de' qul'fc 1l:lYtan ril.
Churlemugne

"
.~.

-,~

:t

hung m,mh. Ong d6ng g6p mOt caeh rOng IOn van ehl10ng trlnh giao due. Khi len ngoi
nam 768, ong ra chi thi giao due than trQng hang ngli tu Sl. Theo ong, de' e6 th giiii thich
kinh thanh, cae tu SI phai hiu biet tl10ng tan y ngh1a kinh thanh va phiii thong th,!o ngon
ngO' La Tinh de' truy~n giao. Cae tu SI eli du'qe tai huan luyi)n d6ng thoi vdi vii)e dao t'!o
cae tu SI mdi. Ket qua la thanh ph5n tu SI e6 khii nang kicn thue sau rOng hon trl1de. Song
song vdi vi<;\edao tao tu sl, Charlemagne cling chi thi dao t~o gidi tri thue. Nhi~u trung
tam giao due eao d~ng dl1(je thiet I~p va thu hut nhi~u thanh nien tren toan lanh th6 de
quele. D eung ling eho nhu du giao vien, ong eho moi cae hQe giii tit nl1de ngoai, di;iebii)t
la Akuin tit Anh qu6e sang giang d~y t,!i kinh do Aehen (nay la mOt thanh ph6 eua Due).
Akuin (732-804) la nha giao due, hQe gia, tu sl Ky To Giao. Ong gidi thii)u phl10ng phap
giao due eua Anh vdi vii)e hi) th6ng h6a ehl10ng trlnh giiing d,!y, khuye'n khieh vii)e hQe
t~p nhan van o hitiu biet rOng rai vf cae hQe thuyet. Ong d6 I~i 300 la thl1 rat e6 gia tr!
v~ phl10ng di<;\nIjeh sU',giao due va mOt taP tho.
D6ng thai vdi Alcuin, mOt so' hQe giii khae tit Anh, Y, Ireland, Tiiy Ban Nha vdi kien
thlie rOng rai Mn hqp (ae va t~o thanh mOt ban giiing huan e6 thlfe life giiing d,!y t,!i cae
trl10ng eao d~ng d kinh do. Cling t,!i day, hoang de', cae hoang than, cae hQe giii ban luan
v~ cae d~ tai nhl1 trie't hQe, th5n hQe, sl! hii)n dii)n eua con ngl1oi. Nhan dinh du'Qe sl! quan
trong eua saeh vd, Charlemagne eho thie't Blipthl1 vii)n hoang gia 0& sl1Ut~p, ghi ehep, in
an cae tai !ii)u trq giup eho hO'!t dOng giao due. Ngoai kinh do, mOt so' trung tam giao due
eao ddng khae cling dl10e thie't laP t,!i cae thanh ph6ldn. Tie'e r~ng, sau khi Charlemagne
mat, de' qu6e nay tan ra va ehl1(jng trlnh giao due ella ang cling cham dlit.

59

Ciao d?tL' trung dc;i Ky To Ciao

IV. Anh hu'dng chu'dng trJnh giao d\lc cua Charlemagne

t~iAnh

T~i mt(Jc Anh, vua Alfred (849-899) dii de xLfong m(it chLfang trlnh giao d\lc ton giao
anh hLfi~ng Charlemagne.

Khi len liun vua nam 871, ong nh~n ra dLfqc nen van haa suy

d6i sau nhieu nam chien tranh. Do do, c6 rilt it ngLfoi hic3u dLfqc tieng La Tinh trang cac
bu6i

Ie 0 nhil

tho cling nhLf phi en d!ch dLfl.1Ctlt tieng La Tinh sang tieng Anh. Ong cho moi

cac hl)c gia toi c(ing tac voi trieu t.Ilnh trong dIng cu(ic giao duc. Chinh nM vua vii cac hQc
gia t.Iiiphien djch sang tieng Anh dc

tac phii'm t6n giao cua cac hl)c gia Ky To Giao.

Vi~c canh tan giao d\lc t6n giao nily t.ILfqctiep t\lC sau doi vua Alfred
canh tan giao duc tai cac chung vi~n, giup dc

va dLfa den vit;c

tu sl hoc tilp de dilng Iy thuyet

ton giao.

Trong so cac lU sl nay, n6i bilt nha't IiJ Aelfric (955-1010). Ong dLft.Jccoi la tac gia viet van
xuoi n6i tieng nhilt t.ILfang thili. Ong bien soan cu6n ngu phap tieng Anh, tit t.Iie3ntlt ngu
chuyen

mon, tlt ngu thong d\lng tieng La Tinh, t.I6i tho~i song ngu La Tinh

- Anh ngu va

cu6n "Thuyet Giang Ky To Giao" Catholic Homilies. Cac tac phii'm cua Aelfric dLfqc hQc
tilp sau r(\ng trong cae chung vi~n vao the ky thu II.
Tai Duc, cling co m(\t s6 hqc gia cung dc

m6n t.I~ t~i m(\t s6 chung vit;n hQc ti,lp ve

thien van, triet hQc va cac ue tai khac cua cac tac gia cll di6n VaG the ky tM 10 va afru the
ky thu II.

V. Cac hQc gia Ky To Giao

Vao thoi trung a~i,

c6 xuat hi~n ml)t so hl)c gia Ky To Giao. Cac hQc gd nay aa c6

nhung nghien cUu, sang tac ve t6n giao; trit 8oethius,

hqc Plato va Aristotle.

ngLfili c6 nhung nghien cUu ve triet

I. Augustine (350-430)
Hl)c gia, tu sl Ky 1'6 Giao. Tac ph5m cua 6ng co anh hLfang Ian tOi tLf tLfang ton giao
thai tlUng t.Iai. Ong sinh trLfang t~i Algeria, giang d~y thu~t hung bien t~i La Mii va Milan

(Y)

Ong theo Ky To Giao vao nam 386 rtii tn's thanh tu sl, giam m\lc t~i

cho toi ngay

milt. Trong tac phii'm tli truyt;n "Loi Thu Tl)i" Confessions, ong trlnh bay cu(\c song cua
chinh 6ng voi nhungtranh

uau, drin vat ban than. VOi tac phii'm "Thanh Ph6 Cua ThLft.Jng

De" City of God, 6ng trlnh bay l!ch su nhan lo~i la m(\t cu(\c aau tranh giua nhung ngLfoi
nLfang nhi1 vao thLft.Jngt.Ie va nhung ngltili nLfllng nhil vao chinh ban than. Cling trang tac
phii'm nay, ong trlnh bay ton chi, m\lc t.Iich cua t.I~o voi ba phfrn chinh: thl(~lng de' va Jinh
h6n, t(ii ac va an sung, thanh t.ILfongva nghi Ie. Ong tin tLfl'sng thLft.Jng de' hi~n hli'u trang
linh h6n moi ngLfili; con ngLfoi lien h~ thLfong xuyen, trlic triep vdi thLfqng de'; c6 nhLf vi,ly
moi kh6ng b! t(ii lili, d\lc vl)ng 16i cuon. Vdi t(ii ac va an sung, 6ng cho la con ngLfoi se
dLft)c chqn Ilia va ban an sung neu biet thltljng yeu, cfru ngUYen thLfqng ae. Voi thanh
dltong va nghi Ie, 6ng cho la con ngLfoi chi nhiln dLfljCtin tren cua thLfcJngt.Ie khi ho nhi,lp
60

111
.'-li

~~I

Ciao df:lc (rung dl,li Ky To Ciao

d~o va nh~n dUlJCcac Ie nghi ton giao. Tu tuang cua Augustine qua la nhung lai truy~n
giao va d1 nhien dil dUlJChqc t~p t~i cac chung vi~n thai trung d~i.
I. Boethius (470-524)
Chinh khach, hqc gia, trie't gia Ky To Giao, tac gia tac pha'm n6i tie'ng "Ni~m An Vi
Cua Trie't Hqc" The Consolation of Philosophy, chju anh huang trie't hqc Plato. Trang tac
phfrm nay, 6ng dE c~p Mn sif khon ngoan va tlnh yeu thu<.1ngde' nhu la ngu6n g6c h~nh
phuc can nguai. Boethius c(\ dif djnh phien djch sang tie'ng La Tinh tat cit tac pha'm cua
Aristotle va Plato kem thea la lai phe blnh. Nhung 6ng chi thifc hi~n du<.1cco mOt phfrn.
Do ia viec Jien djch cac tu luang lu~n Iy hqc logic cua Aristotle vai sau t~p nghien cUtI.
Nhan dip nay, ong cling sang tac hai t~p nghien cU'uv~ tarn do~nlu~n. Cac tac pha'm cua
Boethius dil tra thanh sach giao khoa cho cac truang cao d~ng sau nay. Ngoai viec sang
tac, Boethius con la mOt nhan vien cao cap trang chinh quy~n, bi nghi nga co lien h~ vai
ngoai bang va bi xu tu hlnh nam 524. Ng6i trong tu va trang khi dlJi cha hilnh quye't, ong
sang tac lac phfrm The Consolation offhilosophy tren d tif an ui.
3. Orosius (414- ?)
Nha thUn h9C, su gia Ky To Giao. Ong la tac gia bO Slr "BO Slr Bay Hp Ch6ng L~i Til
Giao" Seven Book of History Against the Pagans. Day la bO bien nien slr thea quan di~m
Ky To Giao tlt ngay nhan lo~i du<.1ct~o difng va ljch Slr La Mil tlr khai sif tai nam 417.
Orosius dil trlnh bay nhung tham hqa rna nhan lo~i phai ganh chiu trude tay Ijch. Ong
tranh lu~n ch6ng I~i Wi bu(Jc tOi rUng tham h9a cuoi thoi de' quoc La Mil do cac Ky To
Giao tan long gay ra. Sach nay rat ph6 c~p vao thai trung d~i Au Chau chiu anh huang
cua Ky To Giao. Sau nay, chi co phfrn sau nam 378 la co gia trj Ijch slr.
4. Bede (672-735)
Tu sT, slr gia Ky To Giao. Ong dUlJCbitt de'n qua tac pha'm "Ljch Slr Ton Giao Anh"
Ecclesiastrial History of English People. Hc ph5m nay co nam t~p ghi I~i nhung bie'n c6
Ion giao Anh tlt nam 55 TIL Wi nam 597. V~ tai lieU, ong difa vao nhung thu tlt va kinh
nghiem ban than. Sach co qua nhi~u phep l~ nhung dQc gia cling co th 11mthay day
mOl so chi titt lich suo Ngoai ra Bede con viet cac tac phffm giiii lhfch kinh thanh. Cae tac
ph5m nay dUlJCdung lam sach giao khoa cho cac chung vien thai trung d~i.

Ke llt nam 313; khi Ky To Giao du<.1ctif do lruy~n d~o; dfrn dfrn banh lruang the lifCrili
chi phoi d chinh 4uy~n thai trung d,!i; n~n giao dl,lc ton giao nay dil chi phat tri~n t~i cac
truang chung vien, cac lruang nha thO trang 7, 8 the' ky vai ml,lCdfch dao t~o tu s1 d phl,lc
vu trong cac thanh duang va thife hien cong viec truy~n giao; trlt may chl,lc nam duai thoi
61

Ciao dl:lc trung dgi Ky To Ciao

Charlemagne, dii c6 nhii'ng tie'n bi) dang kt Trang khi d6, d'.li da s6 dan chung va ciing la
. tin dil Ky To Giao viln mll chii' VI yang bong cac trliang ti~u hQC.Thai ky nay c6 xuilt hi~n
mi)t s6 hQc giii nhling h~u he't cac tac phii'm cua hQ chi co ml)c dich truy~n giao. D~c bi~t,
ta khong thffy mi)t tie'n bi) nao v~ khoa hQc, phat minh ky thu~t. Ne'u so sanh vdi n~n gi<io
dl)c Hili Giao dilng thai vdi 7 the' ky, tft the' ky thu 6 Mn the' ky thu 13, thl n~n giao dl)c
sau nay c6 nhii'ng tie'n bi) Vl1l1tb~c v~ d giao dl)c cao d5ng, phat Ininh khoa hQCva tie'n
bi) ky thu~t. Cac liinh tl) Hili Giao dii quan tam de'n d ton giao ,va dai s6ng con ngliai
(Xem chlidng 9). Trang khi d6; cac liinh tl) Ky To Giao chi quan tam Mn ton giao, keu
gQi, thuye't phl)c giao dan d6ng g6p xay dl)'ng thanh <lliang; thlidng yeu, du nguy~n
thlil1ng de', M hy vQng dlil1Cban an sung khi lam chung.
Tili li~utham khiio:
- Ae(ric. Ti:lltin bdch khoa The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, Maltimedia Edition, 1998.
~Alcuin. Teii li~ul1ii dan nhu tren.
.
. Au!:ustine. Tit (TiEnbach khou The World Book Encyclopedia, Multimedia' Edition, 2001.
- Bedt!. TUlUn huch khou The Ne'r1' Encyclopaedia Britannica~'Multimedia Edition, /998. BoelhiuJ. TiJj li(u ila ddn nhu Iren.
- Charlemaline, Ti:lllin hdch khoa The World Book Encyclopaedia. Multimedia Edition. 2001.
- Chrisliunil)'. Tid li~u.,1ii dlin nhu Iren.
OmJiuJ, Paulus. Ti:Idin bdch khoa The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, Maltimedia Edition, 1998,
- The Backliround o(Early Christian Education. Tili lifu dii dan nhil tren.

"

I
62

Chudng8
'
..'"
~~
,

Gino d(lc trung dQi Byzantine,

Anh hudng gino d(lc cd dtji HyI4P

I. Giao
II. Giao
III. Giao
IV. Giao

dl.lc ti@u hQc

dl.lc trung hQc
dl.lc cao d~ng
dl.lc ton giao

'j

I'

Ele' qu6c Byzantine n6i tie'p de' qu6c La Mii ttt the' ky thu nam ve phi a dong nhUng de'
qu6e nay da mat phgn dfrt phia tay ve tay vuong qu6e Elue. Sau nay, vao the' ky thu 7, hQ
I'li mfit phgn dfrt phi a dong ve tay nguai H6i Giao. De' qu6e Byzantine bi huy di~t khi de'
qu6e Th5 NhI Ky Ottoman Empire ehinh phl.le kinh do Constantinople VllO nam 1453.
Trong su6t 10 the' ky t6n tai. tit the' ky tM 5 de'n the' ky thu 15, Byzantine luon luon la mot
ehfnh th quan ehu ehuyen ehe', trung uong t~p quyen, voi mot nen hanh ehinh hiJ'u hic$u,
anh huang van hoa giao dl.le Hy LaP, voi tin nguong Ky To Giao.
I. Giao dl.le Hiu hQc
Tn~ em ttt 6 de'n 10 tu5i du<;lehQe dQe, vie't tai cac truang tiiu hQc. Cae em hQe chii',
vgn, ttt, cau eua cae thgn thoai va thanh ea b~ng tie'ng Hy Lap. Cae em ciing du<;lehQe tinh
toan ginn dj. Giao vien Gong mot vai tra rfit khiem nhuang va dai s6ng tily thuoe sl)'dong
gop eua phl,l huynh. Cae gia dlnh giau co thuang don giao vien ve giang daY can em tai
gia. Saeh giao khoa hfru nhu khong e6. Phuong phap giang dl).y la dQe, viet, hQe thuQe
long, bai t~p. Giao d~e tiu hQe dU<;lerna rQng t'li cae thanh ph6 Ion ciing nhl! tai cae thj
trfin. Nen giao dl.le nay da IOnhan nen giao dl.le Tiiy Au it nhilt toi the' ky tM 12.
II. Giao dl.lc trung hQc
Giao dl.le trung hQe chi du<;lethie't I~p tai cae thanh ph6 Ion danh
de'n 17 tu6i. HQe sinh dl!<;Iehge hoi ve ngon ngu, lieh si't, thanhea
voi cae thfrn thol).ieua Homer. Saeh giao khoa Hy LaP viln dl!<;Ieap
c6 such vl qua ddt nen dl!<;Iegiao vien dge eho ehep. Ttt the ky thu

63

eho cae hQc sinh ttt 10

va thfrn thoai khoi sl)'
dl,lng. HQe sinh khong
11, hQe sinh dl!<;Ie.
hQe

Giao df:lc trung dl;li Byzantine

t~p mQt IO'li sach giao khoa oeln gi:ln do cac giao vien bien s0'ln. Tit the

ky thu 14, mQt

10'li sach giao khoa moi baD g6m nhii'ng cau h6i kern theo cac diu tra Wi 06 hQc sinh hQc
thui)c 1(1l1g.Toan, khoa hoc chlla

nhii'ng mon hQc thu yeu. HQc sinh trung hQc ou~c nhi~u

giao vien giang d'lY. Moi giao vien d'lY mQt hOac hai mono MQt oi6m oac bii;t dang Il!u y
il day la cac hqc sinh kM illOp cao giup cac giao vien chi diln cho cac hqc sinh lOp duoi.
PhueJng phap giao dl,lC nay hi~n t')i viln ap dung. Chudng
thai Byzantine

khong

phat tri6n nhtt y muon.

trJnh giao dl,lC trung hoc dttoi

Cac truang

nha tl,Ja c6 t6 chuc hOlm bi

hon nen tien bi) khii (juan hdn. Ngon ngii' giang d'lY viln la tieng Hy Lap. Tuy nhien, ngon
ngii' nay dan dan bien chuyn

va dUn chung da su dl,lng mQt ngon ngii' gian di hdn trang

hoc ouang.

III. Giao dvc cao diing

Trie't hqc va thuat hung bi~n Ia

at: tai

chinh cua giao dl,lC can diing. Constantinople

trung tam giao duc cao diing duy nhilt sau khi Byzantine
tay nguai H6i Giao

VllO

la

milt nhung phan clilt phfa dong v

the ky thu 7. Mi)t so chung vi~n cung la nui giao dl,lC triet hqc va

ton giao cho cac tu Sl. V~ nganh hung bi~n, nhi~u sach giao khoa voi vi~c trJnh bay rilt ti
mi oa oudc giang d<:lYtit Jau nhung khong oU(,Jcciii tien. Sau khi hQc Iy thuye't, cac sinh
vien bien soan va trJnh bay cac bai hung bi~n voi cac

M tai

khac nhau duoi sl! httong diln

cua cac h9C gia. V~ nganh trie't hQc, cac triet gia da gioi thi~u voi sinh vien v~ cac hqc
thuye't triet hoc c5d')i

Hy Lap. Van the' ky thu 6, c6 mQt khuynh

huang thiet laP mQt IO<:li

hQc thuye't tudng tl! nhu h9c thuye't Plato nhung khong t6n t<:lidtt(,Jc WU. Sau 06, trang 5,6
the ky lien tiep, vi~c giiing d'lY trie't hqc hau nhtt t~p trung vao Aristotle

va c6 nhi~u giiii

thich, bJnh lu~n v~ hqc thuye't nay. Cac bai bJnh IUan cung dtt(,Jc dem vao chudng

trJnh

giiing d'lY. Tuy vaY, vi~c giang d<:lYtriet hqc t')i day chu trqng nhiu den vi~c giiii thich
nQi dung hdn la phan tich va phe bJnh.
Vao the ky thu 15, the ky cnoi cung cua thai Byzantine,

triet gia Gemitus

hi~n va lam song l')i phong trao hQC taP triet hQc. Gemitus

Plethon

nh~n oinh v~ sl! khac bi~t giii'a trie't hqc Plato va triet hQc Aristotle.

xuilt

(1355-1450) da otta ra
Ong mil trttong d<:lY

triet hoc. Ong quan tam Mn triet hqc nhi~u hdn la ton giao va t~p nghien
bi~t giii'a Plato va Aristotle"

Plethon

CUu "SI! khac

da gay iinh huilng Ion va dtt~c sl! chu y ciia giOi trie't gia vJ

Plato da bi quen lang vao cuoi thai trung d')i do qua chuyen

chu van Aristotle.

Vi~c nay

dem lai ket quii la mi)t "Hqc Vi~n Plato" Plato Academy oa Ou,1c thiet laP t<:lithilnh phO'
Florence

il

vao nam 1442. Ngoai triet hqc, ong cung

d6ng g6p van chuung

trJnh giao

dl,lCcao dang qua cac nghien cUn v~ IUat phap, thien van, hung bi~n, lich su, am nh<:lCva
ton giao. SI! nghiep sang tac cua ong oa cong hien cho van h6a Hy L')p rilt nhi~u voi uoc
vQng khoi phl)c lai thai ky vang son c6 oai.
64

Ciao dr,tc trung df,li Byzantine

Vi~e giiing d~y cae nght: ehuyen man nht! y khoa, lu~t khaa, lOet true ot!Qc coi nht!
vi~c hQc nght:. Tuy v~y, vilO mQt viii giai oo~n eua thai Byzantine, cac ngilnh hoc t~p nily
cling dt!ejc t6 chue thanh cac co si'1giao d\!c. Ph\! nu vfin eht!a dt!<;Jcdi hoc. <;ac nhll gillu
miJi thily v~ nha giang day. Dil c6 mot s6 ph\! nu c6 trlnh dQ hoc thuc cao, d(ie bietlil hoc
gia eong ehua Anna Comnena. Anna Comnena (1083-1148) Iii sit gia villil cong chua clla
hoilng de Alexius Connenus (1048-1118). Ba dt!<;Jcnhfte Mn nhieu vdi tac phffm Ijeh sit
"Alexiad", k6 l~i lai lich tri~u d~i vua eha. Hc ph5m nily Iii mQt sit lieu co gia trj. Anna
dt!cjc giao d\!c ve cac mon van hoc, triet hoc, Ijeh sit. Bil oil can thieP vilo viec truyt:n ngoi
tl'llng khi vua cha mang b~nh nilng va khong dt!cje ehilng ung hQ. Viec b~i IQ, bil mat het
ph5m chuc, quy~n 1,li va phiii s6ng 5n d~ttrong mQt tu vi~n. T~i day bil viettac phffm tren
bhng tieng Hy Lap. Alexiad c6ng hien cho dQc giii nhung chi tiet ve ton giao vii nhung
sinh ho~t chinh tri dt!ong thoi.
Giao duc cao dilng d Byzantine c6 nwc dich eung ung nhan vien eho t6 chuc cong
quy~n kha hoan bi nen do chinh quy~n vii giao hQi t6 chuc, ki6m soat .. Tuy nhien, cung
c6 nhung ce! sd giao d\lc dan l~p. Diln diln, vilo cu6i thai Byzantine, h5u het cac trt!ong
cao dilng do giao hOi tili tn} va ki6m soat.
IV. Giao d~lc ton giao
MQI dit:u dang chu y c) day Iii khong c6 mQI he th6ng giao d\lc th5n hoc t~i cac chung
vi~n ngoai viec giang d~y kinh thanh. Nht! v~y, viec oilo tao tu si d(it n(ing vila viec thlfc
t~p han la vi.;c hoc hClinghien cUu triet ly ton giao. Do d6, vi~c hoc t~p giao Iy Iii dit:u t6i
quan lrong cho d tu si lfin giao dan. Nht! v~y, ngt!oi Byzantine rat thlfC te vii ket qua Iii
duc tin ton giao ella ho oil doan ket de qu0c trai qua cii nghln nam, ch6ng l'.Ii nhieu cUQc
xam lang.
Cht!cjng trlnh giao duc Byzantine thOi trung dai chiu anh ht!i'1ngsau xa nen giao d\lc c6
dai Hy Lap. Nganh triel h()c, hung bi~n ot!cjc chu trong d(ic biet; cac ngilnh hoc khac cung
dt!dc giJng day. Giao duc tieu h()c khdi st!, giao duc trung hoc chi phat tri6n t'.li cac thilnh
ph0 lOn. ThiJi dai nay cung san xuat dt!<;JcmQt s0 hoc gia, o(ic bi~t Iii Gemitus Plethon,
ngc(oi d6ng g6p khong nhi\ trang vi~c giang d~y, h()c t~p triet h()c vii ph6 bien cac lOen
thac khac cua n~n van h6a c6 d~i Hy L~p. Nho v~y, giao d\lc Byzantine oil ehuy6n tiep
nhung kien thUc nily M thoi Ph\!c Httng ve sau xay dlfng mQt nen van h6a tien bQ dlfa VilO
van h6a Hy L~p.
Tili li!'u tham khoo:
Amw COr1lllt:l1U. Tu (ldn hdch khou The New Encyclopuediu
- By;.I.J111illt'

Britannica, Multimedia Edition,

Empire. Tu di;j'n hJch khou The World Book Encyclopedia.. Multimedia Edition, 2001.
65

/998.

Giao dt,lc trung d{li Byzantine

,
./

- Glemilus Plerhan. Tu{liln bach khou The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, Multimedia Edition, 1998 .

Ci~'ili:uti()n./975.
- The Educution of Byzuntine Empire. Til ditn b<ichkhoa The New Encyclopaedia BrilUnnicu, Multimedia
Edition, /991i.
. RUf/t'himtln,

Slt:\'t.'l1. By:ulIline

66

Chilling 9
'.
Giao dlJ,ctrung d{liH6i Giao
Giao dlJ,ccao dang, khoa h{Jc, kj thuqt titn bQ
I. H6i Giao va giao chi] Muhammed
II. Chi] dich giao dl}CH6i Giao - Giao dl}Ccao d~ng va khoa hQc
ky thu~t
III. Cac cd sd giao dl}C
1. Giao dl}c d~n tho
2. Giao dl}c tiiu hQc, trung hQC
3. Giao dl}c quy t(lc
4. Giao dl}c cao d~ng - Khoa hQc ky thu~t phat triin
4.1 Cac trLiong cao d~ng
4.2 Cac nha sach, cac thLi vi~n gia dlnh
4.3 Ke't qua giao dl}c - Khoa hQc ky thu~t phat triin
IV. Cac hQc gia liii I\lc H6i Giao
V. Anh hLidng giao dl}c H6i Giao - Ngu6n g6c n~n giao dl}c va
van minh tay phLidng
le qu5c H6i Giao khdi sl}'til d~u the ky tM 6 va thilng tri m(jt liinh th6 Ian lao keo dai
tu l~i Tay Dliling tai biengiai Trung Hoa, d6ng thai vai de' quilc Byzantine va cac vlidng
quile Tay Au. Viin hoa H6i Giao che ngl}' nhi~u n~n van hoa khac. NgLiai H6i Giao
ehuy~n tiep n~n viin hoa Hy L~p va dat n~n mong cho van hoa tay phlidng sau nay. le
guile H6i Giao co anh hudng IOn lao t"i mi~n Trung long rna ngay nay la the giai A R~p
vai ngon ngil' la Mng A R~p va ton giao la H6i Giao. le guilc H6i Giao suy yeu van the
ky thtl' 13 khi de' guilc Mong C6 chinh ph\lc kinh do Ba l~t (Baghdad), nay la thu do cua
Iraq, van nam 1258..
I. H6i Giao voi giao chi] Muhammed
Muhammed (579-632) la nguoi sang I~p va giao chu H6i Giao. Tin d6 H6i Giao tin
tliang ding Muhammed la nglioi dem tin lanh de'n cho giao dan va thl}'Chi~n nhil'ng !Oi
giang d~y cua thu<;lngde Allah. HQ yeu thlidng va kinh trQng giao chu nhung khong ton
tho ong~hu ong dii nhan m"nh ltic lam chung r~ng ong chi la nguoi rao giang nhil'ng tin
67

Giao dl,lc (rung di,li H6i Giao

lanh clla thueJng de, khong co quyi\n lifc thieng licng. Khi khcJi su truyi\n giao Arabia
thllQc mii\n Trung Dong thl mii\n dilt nay con mqi r,l, xa h(}i nay kh6ng co t6 chuc, khong
co lu~t I~, dan chung la nhung bQ l'ic du ml)c, tranh danh, ehem giet Ian nhau M sinh t6n,
ton tho nhii\u thfin thanh mQt cach me tin. Ong d'iY hQ rfrng chi co mQt thu,Jng de Allah.
Ong chong lai ciinh bilt cong do giau ngheo gily ra va giup do nhung ke khan cung. Ong
ciing d'iY rfrng cac bQ l'ie phai co sif lien h~ blnh d~ng trong nii\m tin va tlnh huynh d~ H6i
Giao. Ong dil doan ket dueJc the gioi A R~p dU(Jngthai voi cung mQt tin nguong H6i Giao.
Khoang 100 nam sau khi ong milt, cac mon di;ltruyi\n d'it nhung loi'rao giang clla nha tien
tri Muhammed VaG cae mii\n dilt khac clla Trung Dong va dfin dfin Hili Giao tuyi\n ba
sang Phi Chau, A Chilu, Au Chau. Tin d6 H6i Giao rilt nhi~t thanh. l!<~cilu nguyi;ln t'ii
ut'n tho, tai nha, tai mli lam vii;lcmoi ngay nam lfin. Hang nam c6 nhieu ngay
ton giao.
Dk biet la tuan ehay Ramadan keo dai mQt thang; tin d6 an ehay, c5u nguyi;n, sam hoi.
Thanh dia H6i Giao la Mecca, mQt thanh pho clla Saudi Arabia, mJi giao chll Muhammed
sinh ra va khi)i sif truyen giao. Hang nam, khoang tren ba tri~u tin u(1 H6i Giao tl) t~p vi\
day de?c5u nguyen trong mQt bu6i
keo dai cii tuan. Trong cii cUQcdoi, tin dil Hili Giao
ao ltoe it nhilt mQt Ian dU(Jehanh huang va cilu nguyi;n tai thanh dja.

Ie

Ie

II. Chu dich cua giao dl}c Hili Giao - Giao dl}c cao d~ng va khoa hQc ky thui)t
Van hoa, giao dl)e Hy L'iP da dUeJcphong phu them voi nhung tu tuang ella Ba Tu va
An D(l r6i truyen den thai H5i Giao. Chll dich ella giao due H6i Giao (J day la tiep nh~n
cac kien thue Hy L'ip. VI v~y, dltoi trieu d')i Umayyad (661-750), van h6a va khoa hQc
ella Hy L')p dUeJegiang d')y t')i cac truong clla de qu<'lcHili Giao; duoi trieu d')i Abbasid
(750-1100), van h6a, giao dl)C Hy L')p dttt;1cphat trin m')nh me voi vii;e khuyen khich
eong tac dich thu~t cac tac ph5m Hy L')p sang tieng A R~p. Cac tac ph5m ella Plato,
Aristotle, Socrates, Hippocrates, Galen la nhung tac phii'm djeh thu~t dau tien.
Chll drch khac clla giao dl)CH6i Giao la truyi\n d')t dUe tin, kien thuc ton giao uen n19i
tin d6, M thiet lap tlnh doan ket rQng rai trong mqi dng lOp xa hOi. Den giua the ky tht19;
kien thUe, van h6a M giao due giao dan chia lam ba lo')i: kien thue H6i Giao, triet hQc va
khoa hoc Hy Lap, euai cung la van hQc. Kien thuc H6i Giao nhiln m,!nh den vi~c hQc t~p
kinh thanh Quran hay Koran; vi~c hqc t~p nhung lOi giang d,!y clla nha tien tri
Muhammed eung nhu nhung lOigiai thich clla cue hoc gia, cac nha thfin hoc vi\ nha tien
tri.

Giao dl)c Hili Giao cung co chll dich hQc tiip thuc te, ap dl)ng khoa hQc ky thu~t vao doi
song hang ngay. VI vaY, da co nhung phat trien ve hi;l thong dan thllY nhiip dii\n, xily
dung, cong nghi;l d~t, eong ngh~ silt thep, nghe thuQc da, nghe hang hai, thuang m')i.

68

Gido d(lc trung dr}i H6i Gido

'.

r.
Van h9C Hy L,!p da cong hien ral nhi8u kien thuc cho van h6a H6i Giao. Nhltng vai tra
nla giau d~e van hqe nay djn djn suy giam VI giau d~c quoc giau H6i Giao khong chap
nhi!n kien thue the t~e. H~ thong giau dlle quae giao H6i Giau trai r(lng khiip de quoc vii
cd so giao due dUQclhiet Ii!p Il(ji.
.~,

sd giao dliC
Giao duc Hoi Giao phd ei!p va dong nha!. Vi~c giang d,!y dien ra t,!i nhi8u cd sa.

III. Cac cd

1. Giao dliC d~n tho

Cd sa giao d~c can ban dien ra t,!i cac d8n tho. T,!i day, kinh Quran dli<;lccac b~c lhily,
cac biie huynh truang ban b,!c va d,!y do con em. So Mn thO lang ral nhanh. T,!i kinh do
Ba Dal e6 Wi 3.000 vao dfru the ky thu 10. T,!i Alexandria c6 toi 12.000 vilo the ky tM
14. Hilu het cac d8n thO d8u c6 khu giao dliC. T,!i day, giao vien ng6i tren m(ll cai goi,
hQe sinh ngoi thanh m(lt vang tran trudc mijl lhily. HQc Ira gioi ng6i giln thfry M thily de
dang nho ciiY. Phu(ing phap giap dliC la lOi giang giai cua thily da dli<;lcghi chep Ii ml
trang bai so,!n. HQc sinh cham chu nghe va ghi chep. Vai tra nguoi thily d day rat quan
tn;mg. Doi voi nhung thfrYn6i tieng, hQc Ira tit xa den nghe giang va SI so lOp hQc rilt cao.
Trang trullng h~ip nay, sau moi cau thfry giang, mi,)t hQc Ira gioi Idn tieng nhiic I,!i M mQi
nguoi e6 thE nghe du(lc va ghi chep.
2. Giao d~lc til!u hQc, trung hQc
Tai cae trullng tiEu hqe, hqc sinh dueJc hoc dQC, viet; dU<;lC
nghe giang giai v8 cac giai
do,!n phat trien de quele Hoi Giao. Sau d6, dU<;lchqc liip t,!i cac trung lam giao dllc can
ban tUling t\l' nhu cae trullng trung h9C. T,!i day, hqc sinh phai hQCva nM nguyen ban kinh
Quran cang nhi8u cang tell. Hl.l ding du~jc hQc v8 thd, van, ngu phap, liip lam van, toan,
dall due Cae trung tam nay rat phd thong t,!i cae thanh pho d Trung Dong, Phi chau, Tiiy
Ban Nha.
3. Giao d\lc quy t(lc
Cac trung tam giao dliC quy ti,)c danh cho con em cac nM quy ti,)c. (j day, hQ khong
nhung dU<;lchoc tiip cac man h9C cua giao dliC can ban mil con dU<;lcd,!y them cac man
nhan van chuan bi cho ngilnh hQc cao dilng hoijc dilo t'!o nhan vien cho cac t6 chuc cong
quy8n. Giall vien a day Iii nhung biic thuc gia. Chudng tdnh giao dliC do chinh quy8n
quyet dinh va thullng bao g6m cac man hQc nhan van: thuiil hung bi~n, luan Iy, truy8n
thelng dan tCle,deli tho,!i; kinh Quran vii cae man hoc can ban nhu loan, khoa hQc, van hQc,
tiip liIm van. Thai gian hqc tiip lau dilL
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Giao d",c trung d(li H(Ji Giao

4. Giao dl}c cao dng - Khoa hQC va ky thUlJt pha t tril!n
Ke't qua hqc t~p tl).icac trung tarn giao dl}c can ban rat gioi hl).n vi chuang trinh giang
dl).y lhu ht;p, tii,ln nghi v~t cha't thie'u th6n nen khi\ng thu hut duqc cac giao vien gioi. Tl).i
cac tr!fong quy t(lc, tinh trl).ng kha quan han; nhung so' truong nay khong nhieu, l'.Iichi thu
nh~n con ern quy t(lc. Nhu v~y, cac truong tren du khong thoa man duqc cac nhu cilu giao
dl}c dn lhiet stra so,!n cho doi song truong lhanh clla thanh lhie'u nien. Do d6, cac truong
cao dang duqc thie't I~p M giai quyet cac van de tren.
4.1 Cac truong cao dhg
C6 ha ioai truong cao dang: truong Madasah, truong Masjid va truong Meshed. Truong
Madasah hay con gqi la cac truong cao dang den the!, duqc thie'l I~p ttt the ky IhilS. Gqi la
truong den tho nhung day la co so thuiln tuy giao dl}c. Cac truong cao dang lo,!i nay n6i
lieng tren loan thi! oe quac, nhat la l'.li Cairo (thll de) Ai C~p hii,ln t,!i). Thanh ph6 nily c6
toi 75 truong va Truong Cao dang Al Azha duuc thanh I~p .vila nam 970, con Ion t,!i toi
ngay nay, l1tfqc n6i tieng Iii m(lt truong d,!i hl)c Hbi Giao dilng hilng diiu trong the gioi A
R~p. Truong Nasjid cung Iii cac truong duqc lhiet I~p tl).icac den tho; nhung ngoai vii,lc
giao dl}C, co so nay con Iii nai hanh d,!o naa. Tru(Jng Meshed cung gi6ng nhu truong
Madasah nhtfng duqc xay dlfng ben c,!nh mOt trung tarn himh huang n6i tieng. Cac truong
cao dang duqc thiet l~p t,!i hilu het cac thanh ph610n clia oe qu6c. Ca ha 10l).itruong nay
deu khong co chuang trinh giao dl}c thong nhat. Co nghTa la moi truong co dUljc tinh deh
d(lc I~p trong vii,lc thiet l~p chuang trinh. Chuang trlnh nay thuong baa gbm cii ton giao,
toan, khoa hqc va nhan van. Cac truong eao dang nay du san xuat dUljCral nhieu hqe gia,
triet gia, khoa hqe gia, cac nha pMt minh eho the gi(~i Hoi Giao cung nhu cho slf pMt
trii!n ella nen giao dl}Cnhan van, khoa hqc va ky thu~t thai Phl}c Hung. (Xem them ml}c
5: cac hqc gia loi I,!c H6i Giao).
4.2 Cac nha sach, cac thu vi~n gia dinh
Chuung trlnh giao dl}e va hl)c t~p t,!i dc IrU(Jng cao dang du khuye'n khich vii,lc thiet
I~p va phal tri'n cae nhil sach t,!i nhieu thanh ph6 lOn, dije bii,lt tl).i Damascus, nay la
thanh phaldn nhat ella Syria va Cordoba, nay la m(ll thanh phalOn a Tay Ban Nha, nui co
nhieu nguoi Hbi giao sinh song. Nhieu hqe gia, nha sao Il}e, sinh vien oen cae nha saeh,
ll).inhieu gio, stfU l~p, chl)n mua saeh M hqe t~p hoije bd sung cho cac thu vi~n tu. Cae
nha buon bah saeh di khiip noi M mua ban saeh va cac ban thao quy gia chua duqe xuat
ban. Nhieu ban thao quy gia duqc cae hl)e gia co thu vi~n gia dinh mua va cae hl)c gi:i n6i
tie'ng nhu At Tabari (Xem mlfe 5.1 ke tiep), Avicenna (Xem philn 5.3 ke' lie'p) du
eho phep sinh vien va cae hqe gia khac oen thu vi.;:n gia dlnh clia cae 6ng M tham khao

70

,
I

II.
,

I
i
i

,,

Ciao d~c trung df,li Ht5i Ciao

va hQc t~p VI chi cac thu' vi~n nay mdi c6 du tai h~u dn thiel. Nhu' v~y, cac nM sach,
dc thu' vien tlf dii dong g6p mOt cach thiet thl1c van vi~c cung cilp tai li~u h9C t~p va
nghien cau cho sinh vien cac tru'ong cao dang ciing nhu' cho cac hQc gia.
4.3 Ke't qua cua giao dl;lCcao d~ng - Khoa hQc phat triin - AI Khwarizmi
SI1 d6ng gop cua cac tru'ong cao dilng vao vi~c trau d6i va phat tri~n kien tht1c qua la
Ion lao. Cac hQc gia xuat than tlr cac tru'ong nay dii tinh toan du'Qc mac dO cua nMt thl1c,
nguy~t thl1c; lfnh toan du'lic xuan phan, thu phan; do dUQc kich thu'dc qua dilt; thiet l~p
du'Qc dai thien van M nghien ct1u thien th~; dii c6 du'Qc nhitng kham pha v8 du'Qc li~u,
thl1c phii'm; dii thiet l~p du'oc b~nh vi~n vdi h~ thang nOi tru, ngo\li tru. H9 cling c6 nhitng
kham pha lrong vii;c chiin nuoi gia suc; tlm ra phu'ong phap mdi trong vi~c tr6ng tr9t,
phan b6n, ti~n nghi hang hai; cong ngh~ d~t; cong ngh~ gam va luy~n kim.V8 phu'dng
di~n h6a hoc. dc hQc gia H6i Giao c6 nhitng hu'dng dan tdi vi~c kham pha ra cac chat b6
t\lt, ru'<;Ju,axit nitric, axit sulphuric, thuy ngan.
Sl11ien bO cua xii hOi H6i Giao khong nhitng la ket qua cua chu'ong tdnh giao dl;lCrna
con ket qua cua vi~c dich thu~t, giai thich cac tu' tu'ang, kien thac ciS d\li Hy L\lp, Ba Tu',
An 80 v8 cac phu'ong di~n toan h9C, khoa h9C, thien van, y h9C. Cac kien thac nay du'Qc
tiep nh~n va d6ng hDa van triet Iy va thiin h9C H6i Giao. Thoi ky nay phat sinh nha toan
h9C, khoa hQc n6i tieng AI Khwarizmi (780-850). Gng sinh tru'ang va lam vi~c t\li kinh do
Sa 8\1t. Gng thietl~p du'l.1cbang thien van, gioi thi~u so' Mm A R~p tu 0 Mn 9 (*),
(*) S(/ l1tm

A Rr;ip. sa' ,1e'mnily har n;.:ur1n tilln D(; til (rUrlC fay lieh, Iru srI zero. St/ zero bat ngu6n til
f(;n;.:. Sou khi dU(/C Al Khwarizmi gi/Ji thi(u, cac /huanX gia H(1i Ciao vI nhu ctlu kinh

nl n;.:hiu fa Iding

(Til ph/i' hi8t7 sri' (T{/II niiy '~Ii khu 1'C Diu TrUll/; Hili, sau .HW;':

Tay

Ban Nha. VU() mIm 800, stJ

dem

R(ip

doanh

nay dU(lc

girli lhj~u d' Au ChJu. Khi llJ.:dnh in un phdt minh d Due vuo nUn! /460, sfI ,tern A Rl}p du(/c up d':4ng ltE ddnh
st; rfUnx such. Suu ll() t1U(fC up "~nx khdp Au chuu n1i elt1n dan rr<lrhimh !i(';lle'm qu(')c te' nhu n;:ay nay.

thiet I~p du',lC bang lu'1.1nggiac c6 nhat the gioi va dii cOng tac voi nhi8u h9C gia khUc M
so~n thao bt) Tlr 8i6n Bach Khoa 8ja Ly diiu tien. Ngu'oi sau cho day Iii thoi ky yang son
cua n8n khoa hQc A R~p va cling ia cua nhan IO\li
,
IV. Cae hQc giii 16i I~c H6i Giao
Cac hoc gia loi I~c H6i Giao dii xuat hi~n tlr the ky tha 10 dCn the ky tha 12.
1. At Tabari (839-923)
HQCgia, lac giii, nha giao sinh sang t\li kinh do Sa 8\11. Gng theo h9C tl!i nhi8u trung
tam giao due cao d&ng l1lraq, Syria va Ai C~p. Trong nhi8u nam, ong dii thu th~p du'<;Jc
ral nhi~u tai lieu ve du lo~i .18 tai cling nhu' nhitng kinh nghi~m sang trong khi tiep xuc
voi cac hoc gia. Sau do tlllg djnh cu' t~i Ba 8at .1'; d~y hQCva sang tac. Thoi ong c6 nhi8u
71

Gido

dl,lc trung

di;liHt5i Gido

bien co chinh tri,.' xa hoi thieu 6n dinh,

. co nhi~u cuoc
.. tranh luan soi n6i v~ than hQCva co
khuynh huang chong I~i quan dim chinh thong ciia gi<io pMi Sunnites do phe cap tien
chii trueing. Ong phan dOi quan dim qua khleh cua phe doi l~p, tranh lu~n, sang tac va
dong gop mi)t cach hihl hii;lu cho vii;lc cung c6 hQc thuyet Sunnites vao the ky thU 9.
Tabari M I~i hai tac phffm lOn: "Nh~n Djnh V~ Kinh Quran" Quran Commentary va
"Tiu Su Cac Nha Tien Tri Va Cac Vua Chua" History of Prophets and Kings". Voi tac
pham Quran Commentary, phuong phap phe blnh cua Tabari la giai thleh, nh~n xet kinh
tMnh voi tung chi tiet r6i so sanh voi cac nh~n djnh cua nha tien tfi giao chii Muhammed,
mon d~ ciia giao chii va h~u the. Voi tac phffm History of Praphets and Kings, Tabari
trlnh bay thoi t~o dvng H6i Giao, tiep theo la cac chi tiet v~ cac giao trudng, cac fiha tien
tri va cac vua chua. Tac pham Ijch su nay ghi I~i cac sV kii;ln, khai sV tU nam 622 va cham
dUt vao nam 915. V~ tai lii;lu tham khao, Tabari dl!a vao nghien cU'uciia cac hQc gia vao
the ky thu 8, cac gia pha, thei van va Ijch sii' cac bi) I~c.
2. AI Biruni (973.1048)
HQc gia, khoa hQc gia Ba Tu. Nhan v~t tri thuc b~c nhfrt duong thai voi kien thUc bach
khoa, thong th~o nhi~u ngo~i ngu, sang tac bhng tieng A R~p. Kien thuc ciia ong bao trU~
cac IInh vVc toan, thien van, nien d~i hQc, v~t Iy, y h\lc, lich sii'. Ong co du hanh sang An
Di) M tim hieu v~ van bOa va khoa hQc nuoc nay. Ong dinh cu
A Phu Han
(Afghanistan). Tac pham ciia ong g6m co: "Nien D~i HQc Cac Nuoc C6 D~i" Chronology
of Ancient Nations, "Cac Yeu T6 Ciia Chiem Tinh HQc" Elements of Astrology, The
Masudi Canon, mi)t tac pham v~ thien van hQc, "Ljch Sii' An Di)" History of India. Trang
tac pham Masudi Canon, ong ban lu~n v~ ly thuyet qua dilt xoay quanh tr\lc va tinh ra di)
chinh xac cua cac kinh tuyen, VI tuyen. Ong cung co sang tac mi)t tac phffm v~ vii;lc sii'
d\lng thuoc trang y hQc.

3. Avicenna (980-1037)
Avicenna la y Sl va triet gia Ba Tu, thong minh xuat chung, kien thU'c bach khoa, n6i
tienK nhfft va co anh huang Ion nhfft v~ y hQCva triet hQc trang the gioi H6i Giao trung
d~i. Luc nho, ong theo hQc than ph\l, mi)t nha than h\lc chju anh hUdng triet hQc Plato.
Ong chung kien va hQc hoi du<,:lcnhi~u qua nhung cui)c ban lu~n giua than phI! va cac hqc
gia than hihl. Luc 10 tu6i, ong thui)c lau kinh Quran va rfft nhi~u tho A R~p. Sau d6 ong
hqc y khoa, lu~n ly, sieu hlnh hQc va kien thuc cua ong vU<Jtcii cac thay d~y. Ong tl! hqc
toi nam 18 tu6i va thong su6t y hqc, lu~t H6i Giao, sieu hlnh hqc, lu~n Iy hqc. Ong d11<Jc
phep vao thVc t~p trang thu vii;ln hoang gia va chua khoi bi;lnh cho mi)t hoang tii'. Vao
nail) 21 tu6i, ong thong suot cac nganh kien thuc va tra thanh mi)t bac Sl n6i tieng. Ngoai
72

~;

:j

Ciao dl:lc trung dt;li H6i Ciao

cac nganh chuyen mon, ong con cong tac trang nganh hanh chinh.
TInh hlnh bilt 6n dinh d Ba TI! bu6c 6ng IlflJ I"c nhi~u ndi va c6 liln bi b~t giam cho
Mn khi trd thanh y SI cua hoang gia.. Thai ky nay ong bien so"n hai tac ph5m n6i tie'ng
"Sach Ht'la Giiii" Book of Healing va "Cii'm Nang Y HQc" Canon of Medecine. Book of
Healing la mQt bQ tll di~n bach khoa t6ng quat !dn lao duy nhilt trang lich su chi do mQt
tac giii hoan thanh. d day, ong M CaP Mn du lo"i d~ tai: lUan Iy hQc, khoa hQc ,hlnh hQc;
so hQc, thien van hQc, am nh"c va sieu hlnh hQc. Dng chiu anh hl!dng sau dam tl! tl!ong
Aristotle va mQt philn Plato. Canon of Medecine la mQt tac phii'm quan trQng bac nhilt va
n6i tie'ng nhat trang lich su y hQc dong tay. d day, ong tdnh bay kie'n thuc bach khoa v~ y
hQc; mQt philn dl!a VilOnhi1ng thanh cong clla gioi y hQc c6 d"i Hy L"p, La Mil; mQt philn
dl!a vao nganh y hoc H6i Giao va mot philn do chinh kinh nghi~m ban than. Ban ron voi
cong tac cong quy~n, Avicenna dil cung voi cac mon d~ bim thao hang dem d~ thl!c hi~n
tac phfrm nay.
Dai ong lai IlflJ lac mot liln ni1a cho toi 14 nam cuoi doi, ong tim dl!<jccUQcsong thanh
than. Thai ky nay, ong bien so"n cac tac phim cuoi cung va g6m c6: 200 bili nghien cUu;
mQt tac phfrm phc blnh triet hQc Aristotle; t6m tilt tac phfrm Book of Healing thllnh sach
"Sach Cuu DO" Book of Salvation; sang tac tac phfrm quan trQng voi quan di6m, tl! tl!dng
ban than "Sach Hl!ong Dlin Va B1nh LUan" Book of Directives and Remarks, cuoi cung la
tac phfrm "Ngon Ngi1 A RaP" Arabic Langaage". Dng con c6 mot thl! vi~n gia dlnh IOri
lao, nhifu sinh vicn va hqc gia dil xin VilOhqc taP, nghien CUu.
TI! tl!llng cua Avicenna c6 anh hl!dng sau rQng i1 tay phl!dng. Cac tac ph5m clla ong dil
dl!<;jcdich sang tieng La Tinh va dl!(Jc cac hqc gia Tily Au nhi~t li~t d6n nhan, dac bi~t la
hai tac phii'm Book of Healing va Canon of Medecine. Tac gia Augustine (X em chl!dng 7,
muc V,l), cac hqc gia ticp theo cua Ky To Giao dil vay ml!<jn tl! tl!dng Avicenna. V~ y
hQc, Canon of Medecine trClthanh sach giao khoa qua nhi~u the' ky va Avicenna dl!<jcso
sanh ngang hang vdi cac bac SI tien khdi Hippocrates va Galen. Voi the gioi H6i Giao, tl!
tlf(Jng cua Avicenna v~ thiln hqc, trict hQc, y hQc c6 anh hl!dng qua nhi~u the'M cho toi
hi~n t"i.
4. Omar Khayyam (1048-1131)
Nha thO, nha toan hoc, nha thien van hoc Ba TI!. Khayyam dl!<jc n6i tie'ng trong the'
gidi H6i Giao vf nhi1ng kham pha khoa hQc. Nhlfng voi the' gioi n6i Mng Anh, Dng dl!<jc
n6i ticng vf taP thd "Rubaiyat" g6m nhi1ng do"n thd bon cau dl!<jc xuat ban vao nam
1859. Dng hoc khoa hoc, triet hoc, dil viet mOt bai nghien CUuv~ d"i so va dl!<jcnha vua
chu y Dng (1lfLjcmoi cOng lac vdi dai thien van M ciii ticn nien lich. Dng cung thie't laP
mOt dai thicn van khac. Ngoai vi<;\ccOng lac voi dai thien van, Dng con d"y hQc voi du
73

Gicio dl:lc trung dt;li H6i Gicio

10<jide tai: trie't hQC,lu~t phap, Ijch str, toan, thien van. Tie'c thay, h~u he't cac biii nghien.
cthJ M giang day va mOt bai nghien cthJ ve nha toan hQc Euclid deu thilt I<jC.Voi t~p tho
Rubaiyat con l;,Ii, ta thily duqc tu tuong sau xa cua ong ve ban chilt cua th,!,Ct,!i va vinh
cUu, lien he gii1a con nguoi va thuqng de', mOt de tai sieu hlnh.
5. Fakhr ad-Din ar-Razi (1149-1209)
Nha th~n h9C, h9C gia Hoi Giao. Ong la mOt nhan vat co thifm quyen nhilt trang viec
giiii thich, phe blnh kinh Quran. Lil con cua mOt nha truyen giao; 6ng chuyen nghien cthJ
v0 trict hQC va thiln hQC. Ong viet khoiing 100 tac phifm du 10;,livii tro thanh n6i tieng,
giau co. Ong chu du nhieu nuoc trang de' qu6c va duqc cac vua chua kinh nE, don tie'p.
Moi khi 6ng di, co toi mily tram de ttr theo h~u, co d nghln con lita cho hilnh 19, thl!c
phifm. Duoi thOi 6ng, the' gioi Hoi Giao Mp nhieu kho khan va phan Ma. Hoi Giao chia
lam hai giao phai: Sunnites va Shiites (*) voi nhieu nhom nho khac ni1a. Ar-Razi duqc
(*)

Hui giuo pluJi chinh nuy nguy nay wln u1n

t(,Ji

vu win OJ quan (liim khdc hi~t ~,t1friel/)' H(1;giuo.

cui la su giii trung gian co g~ng hoa giai cac phe phai voi quan diEm dung hoa gii1a th~n
hoc Hoi Giao va triet hQc Aristotle. Ong la nha truyen giao co tai thuye't phl)c va cUng la
nha hung bien nua. Khi tranh IUan, ong to ra danh thep, khuc trie't nen thuang ap dao doi
phUlJng va th~ng the. Quan diEm thiln hQc cua 6ng cilp tie'n nen d6i khi bj chi trich iii ta
giao. Ong la nhan vat tai ba da dien nen nguoi sau xem 6ng nhu la dii kh6i phl)c duqc
niem tin tin nguong khi H6i Giao phan hoa. Nhieu the ky sau khi 6ng milt, cac triet gia,
cac hQc gia, cac nha th~n hQc dii tn) I,!i voi cac tac phifm cua 6ng M hQc hoi. Nhung tac
phalll giiii thich va phe blnh kinh Quran cua 6ng co gia trj IOn lao dOc nhat trang the' giOi
Hoi Giao. Nhung tac philm khac de caP de'n du loai de tai nhu y hQc, chiem tinh hQc, hlnh
h9C, khoangchat hQc, ngu phap. Ong cUng la tac gia mot bO tU diEn bach khoa.
6. Avempace (1095-1139)
Triet gia Hoi Giao, d<ji dien hQc phai Aristotle va Plato t,!i Tiiy Ban Nha. Ong duqc
hQc hoi ve cac nganh y hQc, thien van, trie't hQC va toan hQC. Quan diEm triet h9C chinh
yeu cua 6ng la sau khi chet, linh hon co th lien he voi thuqng M. Tac philm trie't hQc
quan trQng cua ong la "Doi S6ng An Oat" The Regime of Solitary duqc hoan tilt truoc khi
lmg mat. Ong con la tac gia cua mot so' ca khuc, lIlot taP tho va mOt taP nghien cthJ ve
thuc vat hQc. Ong lIlat som khi moi co 44 tu6i.
7. Averroes (1126-1198)
Trie't gia Hoi Giao. Ong dii hoa nhilp duqc vao tu tuong truyen th6ng Hoi Giao nhung
tu tuong trie't hQc c6 d,!i Hy L,!p. Ong sinh truong t<jiTiiy Ban Nha, hQc y hQCva th6ng
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Ciao dl:lc trung d(li H6i Ciao

'.'

SUelltrie't hqc, th5.n hqc. Gng tra thanh y si cua hoang gia va can dam nh~ncac ehue v\l
eao cilp trung eDng quy~n nua. Giua cae nam 1169 va 1195, Dng sang tae mQt lo~t cae tae
ph5m phe blnh trie't hqe Aristotle "Phe Blnh V~ Aristotle" Commentaries on Aristotle. Voi
moi tac ph5m cua Aristotle, Averroes tam ILft;lC
va phe blnh. Cae t~p phe blnh nay ea anh
hLfang IOn toi van hqe Ky To Giao trung cae the' ky ke' tie'p. Nh~n dinh ella ong sang to,
sau sftc, cho phep ong trlnh bay mQt caeh d5.y du tLftLfang ella Aristotle, rilt de dang eho
ngLfoi dqc tie'p nh~n. Tile phffm "Chinh Trj Hge" Politics eua Aristotle ehLfa ca san nen
Dng phe blnh tac ph5m "CQng Haa" Republic eua Plato: Commentary on Plato's Republic.
Gng IUDnluan e6 di)ng vii;e t6ng h<;lpgiua truy~n th6ng H6i Giao va trie't Iy e6 d~i Hy
L~p. 6 day, ang can di xa han nua bhng each dat trie't ly ehinh tri ella Plato, dLf<;le
cai tie'n
voi Arislotle vao vii;c canh tan eDng quycn H6i Giao. Gng ap dl,mg sang kie'n nay VaG
vii;c diEu himh cong quyEn t~i mQI vai ti~u quile va tin tLfang rhng ne'u cae trie't gia khang
th~ Ianh d~o; hq cung co th~ thuyel phl!C, gay anh hLfang, M thay the' dLfong leli Ianh d~o,
hl(Ong toi mOt xa hi)i telt deep Iy tLfang. Mi)t diEu ong rilt lily lam tie'e la vftng b6ng vai tra
pl'l! nu trung xa hQi H6i Giao va d trang Republic ella Plato. Trang xii hi)i H6i Giao, phl!
m( chi e6 vai tra sinh de va nuai dLfiJngcon cai. Vii;e nay, theo ang, dii lam gi:im gia tIi
kinh te' ella xa hi)i, la nguyen nhan cua canh ngheo tung. Day la mi)t quan di~m c1lp tie'n
duy nhat trung xa hi)i xLfa. Ne'u Averrues selng trang xii hQi hii;n t~i, chung ta eung phai
cDng nh~n ClI1gla m(it nha xii h(ii, m(it nha bao ve nhan quyi:n. Ave~rues can sang tae cae
lac phfrm khac vi: trie't hqc va th5.n hqc.
V. Anh hu'dng giao dl,le Hili Giao - Ngu6n glle nl!n giao dl,lc va van minh tay phu'dng
Vaa the' ky thu 8, 9; ta thay dLf<;lc
viec gioi thii;u van h6a e6 d~i Hy L~p VaG van haa
Hili Giao; cac tac phfrm du lo~i da dLf<;le
dich tll tie'ng Hy L~p sang tie'ng A R~p. Vao the
ky thu 10, II la giai do~n giai thleh, phe blnh va tie'p nh~n sau rQng. Toi the'ky thu 12,13;
thl tat d cae tac ph5m e6 d~i Hy L~p da dLf<;le
dich sang tie'ng La Tinh tll tie'ng A R~p.
Dilng thoi, cac tac ph5m du lo~i eua cac hl!e gia lui I~c Hili Giao cung dLf<;ledjeh sang
tie'ng La Tinh tll tieng'A R~p, Ba TLf.NhLf v~y, cho Mn giai do')n nay, cae vLfong qUele
Tfry Au da n5m lrung tay kho lang van hoa da dang eua e6 d~i Hy L')p, H6i Giao vi: du
moi phLfong dien: trie't h9C, thu~t hung bien, toan, khoa hge, y hge, thien van, van h9C,
lich sU'... Van h6a Hili Giao suy thoai sau khi kinh do Ba D,!t bi de' qUele Mang C6 chinh
phuc va day la eo hOi tell eho cae vLfongqUelCTfry Au. Hq n5m lay co hi)i nay va sau khi
dii tie'p nh~n hang nghln lac ph5m dieh thuat; gioi tri thue thU'c tinh, vLfonlen, khai sl! r6i
pMt tri~n milt ni:n van h6a moi baa quat hon, tie'n bQ han, dLfa Tay Au vao thoi Phl)e
HLfngvoi viec thanh I~p cae trLfong d~i h9c dung nghia d5.u tien.

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Gido
Tiii li?u tham khilo:

dl:lc trung

dt;liHOi Gido

. Arahic numhers. Til <litn Mch khoa The World Book Enc)'clopedia, Multimediu Edition, 2001.
- AI'umpuce. TUc1in hach kho(J The New Encydopw:dia Britannica, Multimedia Edition, 1998.
- AI'erroes. TiJi iiru iJii dan nhli Iren. '
. A~lic:emia.Till lifu etadan nhll tren .
. Biruni. AI. TiLi lieu ,lii chin nhu tren .
. Fakhr au. Din ar Razi. Trii lifu <Iiiddn nhlf tren.
. Kha)'yam, Dmar. Tai lifu <Iiiddn nhu Iren .
. Khwarizmi. At. Till lifu tid dc1n nh1i tren.
- Makdisi. George. The Rise (~f'the Coilexes: Institutions (~f' Learning in Islam and the West, /981 .
. Muhammed. Til <litn Mch khoa The World Book Encyclopedia, Mullimedia Edilion, 2001 .
. Nakosleen, Mehdi. History '!f"lslamic Dri~ins of"Western Education, AD 1100.1350, 1964 .
. Tahari,At. Til,litn Mch khoa The New Encyclopaediu Brilannica, Mullimedia Edition, 1998.
- The Education (~"ls/al11icEra. TitJlifU dii dan nhu tren.
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Phiin thu ba
Gitio dljc thoi Phljc Hung
The" ky thu 13 den the" ky thu 16
(C/uldllg 10 de'll chlldllg 13)

Chlidng 10
Giao d,!-cAu Chau thili Ph,!-c Hling
Giao d,!-cnhan van, khoa h(Jc khlfi sl!
VifC thanh lijp cac d{li h(Jc dDu tien
A

I. Bie'n chuy~n giao dl)C culli thOi trung d\li - Giao dl)c nMn van
khoa hQc khii'i s1/
1. Giao dl)c chiing vi~n suy ye'u
2. Giao dl)c th3nh thj ph3t triin
3. Chu'dng trlnh va trie't Iy ghio dl)c rnai Giao dl)c
the'tl)c, nMn van, khoa hQc
4. Cac nha giao dl)c nlii tie'ng
5.
phat triin nganh khoa hQc t\li tru'ong Chartres
II. Vi~c th3nh Il.ip cac d\li hQc dllu tien
1. Ngu6n gllc
2. Cac d\li hQc ii' y
3. Cac d\li hQc ii' Ph3p
4. Cac d\li hQc ii' Anh
5. Cac d\li hQc ii'Duc
6. Cac d\li hQc ii' Tay Ban Nha
7. Cac d\li hQc khac ii' Au Chau

sJ

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III. Dljc di~m cua cac d~i hQc dllu tien

IV. Giao dt.Jc trung, ti~u hQc
Phung trao Phl)e Hung Renaissance () Au Chau vao euai toi trung dai phat xuat il Y ttt
the ky thl1 13, Ian tran sang cae nuoe Phap, Dl1e, Ha Lan, Tiiy Ban Nha va nhi~u quae gia
khae. Phong trao nay keo dai toi nam 1600. Cae hQe gia eua phol1g trao nay lo~i bi) quan
diem triet hge thoi trung d~i eho ding bfln philn ehlnh cua can nguoi la cfru nguyi;n thu'<;Jng
oe va tilp trung vao vii;e eUu r6i khi lam chung voi an sung thienglieng. Bay gio, hQ nhan
m,mh oen traeh nhii;m eua can nguoi doi voi ban than va xa hQi ma khong phai thu<jng
oe. Phl)e Hung il day ding con e6 nghla lam song I~i tinh thfrn 'nhan ban eua e6 d~i Hy
L'IP qua cae tae phii'm e6 dien da bi lang quen vao theli trung d~i Au Chau VIqua quan
tam <.lenIon giau va thu<jng de.

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Giao d~ICAu

eMu

thai Phl;lc Hung

3. Chtfdng trinh va trie't 19 giao dl,lCmdi - Giao dl.ICthe' tl,lc, nhan van va khoa hQc
Hqc sinh theo hQc cac trliang thanh thi M tra thanh nhan vien cong quy~n dli<;iCgiao
dliC cac mon ngon ngii' La Tinh va kinh thaqh trlick; sau dli9C hQc cap cao han vdi ba mon
trivium nhan van la van hQc, hung bi~n, triet hQc; bon mon qua trivium khoa hQc Iii hinh
hoc, so hqc, thien van, am nh~c; cuoi cung Iii triet hQc g6m co bon philn: Iy thuyet, th\!'c
hilnh, lu~n 19 hQc vii ky thu~t. Ly thuyet bao g6m thiln hQc, v~t 19, toan; lu~n Iy bao g6m
ngii' phap, thu~t hung bi~n, lu~n ly; ky thu~t bao g6m cong ngh~ to S9i, hang h,l.i nong
nghiep, y hoc. Day Iii mQt chliong trinh giao dliC nhan van vii khoa hQc riCtbao quat. Tren
thl1c te, sinh vien theo hQc mQt viii ngtmh chuyen man tuy theo
thich vii kha nang. Thai
ky nay co xuilt hien mQt so hQc gia giang vien nOi tieng vii chuyen bi~t nhl1 Guillaume de
Champeaux giiing d(lY thdn hQc va thu~t hung bi~n, Guillaume de Conches giang d(lY
trier hqc va <.lao<.Iuc,Pierre Abelard giang d(lY phliong phap bi~n chUng vii thiln hQc,
Bernard de Chartres giiing d(lY ngon ngii' vii triet hqc, Thierry de Chartres giang d(lY d~o
<.Iucva Y hqc. Trong s6 cac mon hQc tren, cac man lu~n Iy, van hQc, hung bi~n Iii thilnh
cang nhilt. Cac trung tam giao dliC cao dilng n6i tieng vilo giai <.Io(lnnily t~p trung nudc

so

Phap va Ie di nhien, cac hQc gia n6i tieng cling la mguai Phap.
4. Cac nha giao niii tie'ng
4.1 Guillaume de Champeaux (1070-1121)
Giam muc, nha thiln hqc, triet gia Phap. Ong nili tieng vdi cac cUQc tranh lu~n v~ vli
trll, thiln hoc va thu~t hung bi~n. Ong d(lY hqc t(li tru(jng cao dilng Notre Dame de Paris.
Hoc giu nili tieng Abelard la hqc tro {mg. Ong triJ thanh gium <.I6ccac truang nha tho iJ
vung Paris nhl1ng sau <.10v~ huu som vi bilt <.I6ng9 kien voi man d~ Abelard v~ triet hQc.
Cac tac pham clla ang con t6n t(li toi ngay nay Mu viet v~ thiln hqc.
4.2 Guillaume de Conches (1100-1154)
Trier gia Phap, hqc giii dung ddu tru(jng cao dilng Chartres (Chartres Iii ten mQt thilnh
ph6 clla Phap) va Iii thay d(lYclla vua Henry II (\ 133-1189) Anh. Ong Iii nhan v~t co oc
thlic te, c6 khuynh huang phiem thiln, dil giai thich thien nhien vai bon yC'u to': khong khi,
nuoc, Ilra va dilt; tat cii b6n yeu t6 co mOt sli ket h<;ipd6ng nhat. Ong giang d~y cac mon
triet hoc va <.1(10
duc hQc. Hc pham clla ong g6m co: Phe Blnh Triet HQc Plato, Phe Blnh
Tac Pham "Ni~m An Vi Clla Triet Hqc" The Consolation of Philosophy clla Boethius,
bien soan "Triet Hqc The Gidi" Philosophy of The World" va "Y Nghia Clla Triet HQc"
Business of Philosophy. Nhi~u hQc gia cho riing ong la tac gia tac pham "Ban ChiCtClla
D(lo Duc Triet HQc" The Substance of Ethical Philosophy, mOt tac pham nili tieng v~ triet

hoc. Ngoai ra, Cmgcling viet nhi~u bai nghien cuu v~ d(lo duc khac.
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Ciao dt,tc Au eMu thiJi Pht,tc Hung

4.3 Pierre Abelard (1079-1142)
Trie't gia, nha thftn hQCPhap. Gng duqc n6i tie'ng v~ bi~n phap giai quye't cac va'nd~
vai phuong pMp bi~n chung. Gng ciing duqc bie't d6n nhi~u vai nhii'ng bai tho tlnh giUa
ong va nguoi yeu Heloise. Gng hQc thftn hQc, trie't hQc, lu~n ly hQCva trarih lu~n gay gih
vai thfty dlj.y la Guillaume de Champeaux (Xem them phftn 4.1 CJ tren). Champeaux chiu
anh huCJng hQc thuye't Iy tudng Plato, trong khi d6 Abelard theo quan dim thifC te' cua
Aristotle. Gng dlj.y lu~n Iy, thftn hQc tlj.iTruong Cao D~ng Paris. Heloise la cMu mQttu si
c6 the'lifC va la hQc tro ong kern them. Hai nguoi yeu nhau, c6 con, bi m~t ke't hon. Lo sq
bi 10, Heloise trd thanh nii' tu, Abelard phai tr5n tranh vi tu Sl chu nguoi yeu ra I~nh Mt,
ong trCJthanh thfty tu. Gng tie'p tlJCgiang d<)y, cung sItU tftm cac dan chung lich sii'mau
thuan vdi giao di~u cua giao hQi rili xua't ban tac phffm "Thftn HQC" Theologia theo quan
dim'dp tie'n, bi giao hQi buoc toi la ta d<)ova ra I~nh d5l. Gng ap dlJng bi~n chUng phap
M phan tich sif bi m~t cua thuqng d6, bi giao hQi bUQc toi va quan thuc t<)igia. Gng tie'p
tlJCch5ng d5i, gay kh6 khan cho giao hQi. D tranh vi~c ra tra loi truac toa, ong s5ng ffn
d~t tlj.i mQt dia phuong. Mon d~ tie'p tlJc tim d6n thlJ giao va c6 nhi~u nguoi n6i tie'ng v~
sau. Heloise trCJthanh ba ml<dong nii' tu, Abelard trCJthanh tu vi~n trudng. Hai nguoi trao
d6i nhii'ng bU'cthu tinh cua chinh hQ va ciing trao d6i cac thu ttt v~ ton giao. Gng sang tac
tac phffm "TI! Giac" Know Thyself dS kim dim nhii'ng hanh dQng trong qua khti'. Gng
ciing vie't tac phffm "CuoC D5i Tho<)i Giii'a Mot Trie't Gia vai MQt Nguoi Do TMi Giao
Va Mot Nguoi Ky To Giao" Dilogue Between a Philosopher, a Jew and a Christian, mot
tac phffm trie't Iy thftn hQC.Khi c6 tU6i, ong s5ng ffn d~t t<)imottu vi~n. Sau khi che't, ong
duqc chon song song vai ngoi mo nguoi yeu Heloise. Gng duqc nguoi sau ca tlJng la mot
nha tu tuCJngva mot nha giao Iili llj.c.Nho anh huCJngcua ong, lu~n Iy hQc trCJthanh mon
hQc n6i b~l. Nguoi ta tranh lu~n du mQi d~ taL Ngay ca kinh thanh ciing duqc Iy lu~n ban
dii va dua ra nhii'ng dim hoai nghi. Day la mQt tie'n bo, buac dftu cua mot hlnh thUc giao
dlJc d<)ihQc sau rQng.

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4.4 Bernard de Chartres (?-1130)

Trie't gia, nha giao, nha nhan van hQc nguoi Phap dung dftu Truong Cao d~ng Chartres.
Gng c6 y dinh dung hoa hai hQc thuye't Plato va Aristotle. Nguoi sau xem ong I}hu la dlj.i
di~n cho hQc thuye't Plato d Tay Au. Gng giiing dlj.y lu~n Iy va van hQc tlj.itruong Chartres
rili trd thanh giam d5c. Gng duqc moi v~ giiing dlj.y t<)iParis va c6 nhi~u hQc tro n6i tie'ng.
Gng bien so<)o t~p nghien CUllv~ phuong phap Iy lu~n cua hQc thuye't Plato, mot t~p tho
cling v~ d~ tai nay va mot t~p flghien CUllso sanh hai hQc thuye't Plato va Aristotle. V~
phuong philp giang d<)yvan hQc, Bernard dii t6 chUc mot l5i hQc t~p dac bi~t, giang giai
v~ bai van, tim hiu tac gia va m6i bu6i sang ong sii'a bai lam cho ngay hom truac.
80

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Ghio dl,tc Au eMu thifi Phl,tc Hling

4.5 Thierry de Chartres (1100-1150)
Nhii thtln hQc, nhii giao, triet gia nguoi Phap. Gng dii phan d6i Abelard v~ nhung tu
tuang qua cap tien. Gng d~y d~o dO'c, Y hQc t~i truong Chartres trang khi anh ong Iii
Bernard liim giam d6c. Gng du<;1cmoi ve Paris giang day, tnl ve Chartres liim giam d6c
thay anh. Gng ve hu'Ut~i mQt chung vi~n vii mat som. He phfrm cua ong g6m bdy cu6n
nghien cU'u ve ngh~ thu~t hung bi~n cua Cicero vii lu~n Iy hQc cua Aristotle. Quan ni~m
ve vii tr\) cua ong c6 khuynh hudng hoa h<;1pgiUa kinh thanh voi hQc thuyet Plato vii cac
hQc thuyet sieu hlnh kMc. Gng Iii hQc gill dtlu tien dii c6 cong IOn trang vi~c ph6 bien
nhung kien thO'ckhoa hQc H6i Giao rat ph6 c~p cua Trung D6ng viio van h6a Tiiy Au.
5. SI/ pha t triin nglwh khoa hQc t<li Truong Cao dAng Chartres
Trang khi lu~n Iy hQc thjnh hiinh a Paris thl <'IChartres dii phat trin m~nh ve khoa hQc
voi sl! tiep nh~n cac tac phii'm vi: nganh hQc nay bIing tieng A R~p, Hy L~p du'<;1cdjch
sang tieng La Tinh. Ban dich cac tac phii'm ella Euclid, Hippocrates, Galen, Pythagoras vii
cac tac gia khae khai sl! t~i Y, Ian truyi:n sang Phap, Tay Ban Nha vii cac nuoc khac. 51!
xuat hi~n cae kien thO'ckhoa hQc moi qua cae dlCh ban eho phep dc hQc giii, sinh vien a
Chartres Hy L~p Ma vii tr\), giai thich sl)' hlnh thiinh vu tr\) theo cae nguyen tac khoa hQc
r6i tu d6 kham pha ra v~n v~t. Day la mQt nh~n dinh cap tien du'(jng thai phu h<;1pvoi khoa
hQc vii chan ly trai ngu<;1evdi quan dim thtln hqe eho rhng thu<;1ngde t'!O dl)'ng ra muon
v~t. CUQcxung dQt tu tuang varv cu6i the ky thO' 12 va dtlu the ky thO' 13 giUa giao hQi vii
cae hQe giii dii khuyen khich cii hai ben ho~t d(\ng tich cuc de' bao vi; quan dim rieng. vi:
phia cac hqe gia, quan diffi cua hQ th~t la sang to va h(lP Iy; quan dim niiy du'<;1cmQi
gioi, nhat Iii sinh vien tich cl)'c ung hO.
phia giao hOi, sl)' xuat hi~n cua tu sT, nha thtln
hQc Thomas Aquinas dii kh6ng th phu nh~n quan ditim sang to vii chan" Iy cua khoa hQc;
nen 6ng dua ra mQt quan dim dung hoa giua hai tu tuang mau thuan tren. Aquinas
(1225-1274) sinh t~i Y, giiing d~y t~i Phap. Tu tUllng eua 6ng c6 anh huang IOn toi thiin
hoc Ky T6 Giao. Gng du<;1ebiet Mn nhieu vdi y nii;m lien h<;1pgiua triet hQc vii ton giao.
Gng viet nhung biii pM blnh ve Aristotle. Hai tac phii'm IOn nhat cua 6ng Iii Summa
Contra Gentiles vii Summa Theologica. Qua hai tae phii'm thtln hqc niiy vii qua nhUng lOi
giiing d~y, Aquinas co' gang dung hoa giua triet hoc va tan giao vii dua ra quan dim t6ng
h<;1p:ly lu~n vii dO'ctin, triet hQc vii thtln hQc, d~i hQc va chung vi~n, ho~t dQng vii suy tu.
Theo ang, dO'ctin vii thtln hQc cu6i cung dii chien u'Uthe tren triet hQc vii Iy lu~n VIdan tai
vi~e tim hiu sl)' th~t. Tu d6, 6ng dua ra nh~n djnh dl)'a tren s\)' soi sang thieng lieng cua
thu<;1ngM eli! giai thich con nguoi vii vii tr\). Nhu v~y, day Iii quan di8m hoan toiin thtln
hoc d\)'a vao thUt.lngM eli! giiii thich v~n v~t, dii khang hoa giai du'<;icgL

Ve

81

Ciao d(lc

Au eMu

thlJi Ph(lc Hung

II. Vi~c thanh I~p cac d<.JihQc dilu tien

1. Ngulln g6c
ThiJi trung dai da chung kien sl! phat tnt'n kien thuc bat ngu6n tCtvan h6a c6 d~i Hy L~p,
tdi van hClaHoi Giaa. tCttieng Hy Lap sang tieng A RUp r6i Wi tieng La Tinh. SI! phat trit:n
nay khCmgnhung dien ra t~i dc thanh thi neng biet ma con la sl! giao hJu van h6a giua cac
thanh thi, giua cac qUelcgia. T~i dc thanh thi. ell dc hac gia va cac mon de theo h9C, cling c6
cac nh6m hqc gill chong deli Ian nhau VI quan dit'm khac biet. D~c bi~t t~i Tay Au c6 sl! chong
d6i giua nh6m lri thuc mdi va giao h(li vf: viec giai thich sl! hien hii'll clla vli lr\l. Tat ell cac
yeu t6 lren da dua Mn su thanh IUpcac trung lam giao d\lc mCiidE cac hoc giii cling cac mon
de giang giai, ban luUn , h9C tUp nhung y kien tUllng d6ng va di biel. Til chuc giao d\lc mui
nay la co s0 can biin cha t6 chuc giao d\lc d~i hqc dl1\lc thanh lUp vao the ky thu 12 t<.JiTay
Au, kh0i sl! l1 Y, tui Phap r6i tui cac mtdc khac.
D~ c6 th~ hi~u biet r(mg hL1nvf: cac t6 chuc giao duc dua den viec thanh IUpcac tntong d~i
h9C, ta nen theo doi mOt s6 bien chuycn vf: sIf hlip tac giua cac hqc gia va mon de. Giai do~n
thU nhat la khi giao hi)i, cac nha giao d\lc va chinh quyf:n dja phltlJng cho phep cac hl,)Cgiii
thiet lUp cac truong dan IUp. Giai do~n thu hai la giay phCp hanh nghf: du\lc cap phat, cho
phcp hqc giii dLt\lchanh ngh~ t~i mOt khu vl!c. Giao hi)i e6 quyf:n cap giay phep, hQCgiii dung
dilu cac truong c6 quyf:n cap giay phep. Cae telchuc giao d\lc dll la cua chinh quy~n, cua giao
hOi hay cua tu nhan df:u du\lc hui'lng nhieu d~c quyen va so sinh vien m0i ngay mi)t dong g6m
cii sinh vien nuuc ngoai. VI s6 sinh vien d6ng dao gay nen mi)t phong trao hqc tUp s6i n6i nen
cac ljUOCvuong l~i cho dc sinh vien dULlChui'ing thcm nhif:u d~c quyen khac nua nhu kh6ng
bi theo doi, bat bo; neu ph~m phap dU\jc Xlt kin; co quyf:n mnh c6ng chelng I~i sl! can thieP
cua chinh quyen dia phullng ho~c ch6ng l~i nhung bat c[mg. DUn dUn, dc trung tam giao d\lc
nfli tieng va cae hL)cgia dUl.lcphep giang d~y ngoai dia phuL1ngva nhi~u h9C gia OULIC
phong
chuc giao su. Nhu vUy, mOt giao su ('I Phap co quyf:n gillng day t~i Y, t~i Duc. Nhii'ug trLtong
c6 dc giao su neli tieng tn) thanh co si'1giao d\l\' oai chung thu hut sinh vien toan coi Au Chau
va cap phat du lo~i van bhng d~i hqc. Cu6i cling, d6 ki~m soat viec cap phat van bhng, cac
tr~ng tam giao d\lc phiii dU\Jcphep clla hoang dC, ljuelc vLtL1nghoi;icgiao hoang. Tdi day, t6
chuc d~i hqc oa thanh hlnh. T6m I~i, t6 chUc d~i hL)ckh0i su tCtmOt c(mg d6ng nha be g6m
cac hqc gia cling cac mon de; tui mi)t co S0 giao d\lc co telchuc, OULIC
phep thanh IUp;voi cac
hl,)Cgiii giao su giang dUy; voi sinh vicn khap nL1it\l l~i theo hqc; dULJecap phat du lo~i van
bhng; dLt\Jchu0ng nhieu d~c ljuyf:n. Do la t6 chuc oai hqc. "
2. Cac d<.JihQc d Y
1.1 D<li hQc Salerno
Trung tam giao d\lc cao diing dau tien () Y va cling la nen m6ng t6 chuc d~i hoc dau
82

Ciao d~lc Au eMu thiJi Phlfc Hung

tien cua the gioi la Salerno. Day la m(\t truang y khoa du(1Cthiet l~p vao the' ky thu 9
phia nam nuoc Y. Truong nay dii san xuilt du(1c nhieu bac si va thu hUt nhieu sinh vien
tren khap Au Chiiu cung nhu A Chau va Phi Chiiu. Nam 1221, hoang de La Ma (phan
biet La Mii thai ky nay va La La thai c6 d~i i'Jchuang 6) bat bll(\C cac bac si mu6n hanh
nghe ho(ic t6t nghieP bilt cu m(\t truang y khoa nao khac phai du(1Cd~i hQc Salerno sat
h~ch va xac nh~n kha nang. Trong hien qi, dai hQc Salerno gbm co cac khoa: van hQc,
. triet hQe, su ph~m, toan, khoa hQc, lu~t va kinh te. Tiec thay nganh y khoa n6i tie'ng ngay
truac khClngcon nii'a.
1.2 Dl,li hQc Bologna
Sif phat trien eua nganh lu~t da di~n ra t~i trung tam giao d\lc Bologna vao dftu the' ky
thu 11 va toi nam 1076, trll'ong d~y them man lu~t La Ma, m(\t man dan lu~t mol. D~i
hQe Bologna du(je ehinh thuc thilnh I~p vao nam 1100. Cac sinh vien d~i hQc nily dU(1C
hoang de Fcoerick (1121-1190), nguyen Iii vua nuoc Duc, sau tra thilnh hoang de'La Ma
(tu 1155) b[lO ve voi nhieu d(ic quyen. Nhii'ng d(ic quyen nily Iii sinh vien dU<Jcphep t6
ehue thanh hii;p hlii u~ u'li hlli quyen l<Ji.M(\t d(ic quy6n quan trang khac Iii d~i dien sinh
vien co tieng noi trang viec tuyen chQn giao su va quyet djnh luang b6ng. Nhii'ng dac
quyen nay ve sau cung dUlJCoilnh cho sinh vien cac d~i hQc khac
Y. so' sinh vien gia
tang rilt nhanh vii co nhieu sinh vien nuoc ngoai. so' hQc gia giang vien cung tang va thfty
cung cae mCln de thanh I~p m(\t hieP h(\i rieng eho tung qu6c gia. Dung dftu hieP h(\i ta
giao sll' khoa trui'Jng. Dung dftu cac hieP h(\i Iii vien truang d~i hQc. Lu~t phap la nganh
,
hQc quan trQng nen thu hut du<Jcnhieu sinh vien cung nhu cac cung chuc, nhan vien giao
hoi va d m(lt so' Ill~t su mu6n trau dbi them kien thuc chllyen man. Vaa khoang n3m
1200, hai khoa mai du(je thanh l~p. Do Iii y khoa vii triet hQc. Khaa nhiin van du'<Jcthilnh
l~p vilo the ky thu 14, khoa khoa hQc dl!(je thanh I~p vao the ky thu 17, ph~ nii' du<Jcghi
oanh theo hqc khoa 51!ph~m vao dftu the' ky thu 18. Sau mot thai gian suy thoai, d~i hQc
Bologna UU\lctai t6 chU'c vilo nam 1860 vii tn"l thilnh mot trang nhii'ng d~i hQCn6i tieng
Y. f)~i hoc Bologna dii co noi cho sinh vien ngay tu nhii'ng ngily moi thilnh l~p. Nhltng
phiii ulli den the ky thu 14 ky tuc xa moi dUlJCehinh thuc thilnh I~p dilnh cho sinh vien i'J
xa toi khClng tIm du(je eho an d. M(\t khu vifc khae dilnh cho giang vien. Trang hien t~i
( 19'i'i), uai hoc Bologna co khoang 100.000 sinh vien, 2.685 giang vien va gam co cac
khoa: lu~t, chinh trj, kinh te, nhan van, triet hQc, giao d~c, y khoa, toan va khoa hQc, dll'<Jc

hoc, ky sll', nang nghieP, thu y, th6ng ke, van hoa, ngo~i ngii', tam Iy.
2.3 Dlli hQc Padua
f)~i hoc tll'tri UI1<Jc
thilnh 10p nam 1222 voi khoang 1.000 sinh vien ly khai tu d~i hQc
83

Ciao d{tc Au

eMu

(hili Ph{tc Hl1ng

Bologna. Nam 1228, mQt so sinh vien Iy khai khoi tnrang nay nhl1ng truang van t6n ~i.
v iltl the ky tM 16, truang tri) thanh ffiQt trong mQt so it truang d,!i hqc nili titng nhilt Au
Ch5u. Truung co nhi~u giao su nili titng. Trang so nay co Galileo (*). Khi mdi thilnh l~p,
(*) Gulile(} ( J 562- /6./2). Nhii 1'41,t.v,nhii Ihien viin h{)(' n;,:u(li Y. Onx dU{IC co; nhu iii flXU/1i dau lien lip dnl(
cuc {hi n;.:hifm k.hu(J h(J(,hifn ,lui. Ong din;.: til nxu(Ji ,tJu lien lip dnx lia khue..' x~ tronK kinh hien vi di khdm
phd rl1 cac hirfl lU(Jn;: Ihien wln. On;.: cun;.: khdm phd ra lw;it rtf; eua cac w)t \fa Luc)t con Ide. Galileo sinh t{li
Pisu. ('(in nh() h(J(, tru(lng chun;.: w'rn, .<;uu h()c )' khO(J va trill
h(J(, t(.li d{Ji h(Jc Pisa. T(Ji day, fing khong cam
'hi')' hun;.: rhll wii y khou rna It;lisay me Wan h(J{', Nc1m J 5X9, ong dU(IC bd nhi(m lam Xido!ill loan h(>c va
Thien viin tlj.i ll(,Ji h(Jc Pisu. Num J 592, ling dU(Jc hi1 nhi(m lilln gido .'iU loan h()c'va thien win tt;li TrUllng Dgi
11I/c Puduu \'U giunK dy u}i ,1<1)' Iron;.: 1X niim. Tron;: th/li gian nily, onx nghien euu va dua ru nh(in dinh rdng
It/I ('(1 cue hUllh linh. kf' ell qua due .way quanh nuN In)i. d(1n;: queln dif'm wti mot vai nha Ihien wIn dU(fng thai
khcJc. N'/III

1610,

(jn;.:

I'e s/;"n;:

Ii Florence.

lief' Ic n;:lllbl

{'UU khou

hQe va Ihien \'an.

Th/Ji gian nay, 6ng

khum phu ru Sl! rai diu cae W)I va IW}1 chu)'t1n d(Jn;.: niu con lite. Tiii Ihong minh 16i [{Ie dia an;: dd che'dieu
nhilng ki! hif?'UhiRe n/;ng ('(:w nhun;.: l{,Ji hay klwe kho(JtlJ,:, khocie ldc nen ong cd nhieu n/{u/li ganh ti, ghen
ghit. Cicio h(ji K)' T(j Ghio La Mil kh(jngl'ua I(}n;: vi nht1n;: khcim pM khoa h(J{' {'ua on;: di ngU(IC 1ft; quan
(hilll thiing lien;:. Ihdn h(){' nw ;;iuo h(h. Niim 1632. ()n;; xual ban tdc ph.Om khoa h()c nSi lien;: "D(), Thofti
Lien Quan Den Hal H~ Th(j'nK Ttl TudnJ.: Chinh Clla Nhun uJ(Ji"Dialogue Concerning Ihe Two Chief World
Sy.\.le11ls. Qua tuc phJrn nuy. (jng chung minh reIn/.:h~ th{)ng If lu(in khou hpc del thitng hf Ih()ng If lu(in Ihan
hoc. Cit/o h(ji hu(k t(h /ing 1r1dil ('() hiJnh d(mg .wi ldm di ngU(lc l(Ji quan d;m ella J,:ido h(h. ch(rng Ihu{lng dt.
Naill 1633. \"(ii chi Ihi cua giuo h(Ji. 6ng hi IrJa an luyen xu Iii chung than. Vi turii gia. ()nl< hi quan Ihue t{Ji gia
(i F/orenCt!.
Ol/g S/jllg hi~1 It}.p cho 1(li ('hRe. Mr;Ic ddu hi IU ddy va miL lOa, ong van sdnl< lac va xuat ban tde
/)!Ja'/l "Lu(m Thuyee Ve Hui KhJm Phd Khou H(JC M(li" Discourse On Two New Science ).'uo nam 1638. Qua
rde p/uiil1 nelY, (jn/.: ehl1n~ minh elU(JcI)' thuyet lie .'II! chuye'" (l()n~ \'a SUe co dan diu .'II! v41. Ong mdt trang khi
hi 4Utin lilue mJm /6.J2.

I)'!i Hqc Padua chi d,!y man lu~t dan su va lu~t giao hQi. Cac khoa tritt hQc, thi1n hQc,
thien van hqc, y hQc uUQcthanh l~p di1n di1n v~ sau. Cling nhu I)'!i hQc Bologna, Padua la
m(jt d~i hqc tl! trj, sinh vien dUQcchia lam bon nhom tily thuQc khu vl!c que guano Nam
1399, dai hqc nay chia lam hai truung rieng bi~t la truang lu~t chung vl~i truang y khoa va
trutJng nh5n van. Mai tdi di1u tht ky thlt 19, hai truang tren mdi tai sat nh~p. I)'!i hQc
Padua Cll vLlun bach thilo rieng nili tieng va ky cifU nhilt Au Chau, uUQCthanh I~p vao
n5m 1545; co dai thien van vao nam 1761; co bao tang vi~n dia chilt. Trang hi~n t,!i
(1999) trul~ng co 65.579 sinh vien, 1.382 giang vien va bao g6m cac khoa: lu~t, chinh tri,
thong ke, van chuang va tritt hqc, giao dl}c, y khoa, t5m 19, thu y, toan va khoa hQc, dUQc,
ky su, n{mg nghi~p, kinh tt.
2.4 Dl)i hQc Rome
Dai hoc Rome dUQcthanh I~p vao nam 1303 do sAc lu~t cua giao hoang va do giao hQi
kil'm ,()at. Trul~ng dUQcxem la trung tam hQc hoi cua thanh phD va dUQc ciii titn nhi~u
I"" Vow the' ky thlt 16, trLlungULlQcnili titng v~ nganh y khoa va khoa hQc. Nam 1870,
chilli. ljllv0n Y thl!c 'I! ki6'm soat trLlangthay VIgiao h(ii. Nam 1935, truung uuac hi~n d,!i
84

.'l

Ciao d{ic Au eMu thOi Ph{ic Hung

hoa. Trong hi~n t~i, f)~i hQc Rome la d~i hQc Ion nhilt nuoc Y voi 189.000 sinh vien,
4.312 giang vien va g6m cae khoa: lu~t, chinh trio kinh tt thuong m~i, th6ng ke, van h9C
va tritt hQC,y hoc, tmin va khoa hQc, dUQc, ky ~u, kh6ng gian, kitn truc, xii hQi hQc, tam
Jy, thu vi~n hqc. Truong co thu vi~n n5i titng voi I tri~u sach bao, tai li~u. Trong sO'nay
co rilt nhi~u sach cil va quy hie'm.
2.5 D~i hQc Florence
f)~i hQc Florence dUQcthanh l~p nam 1321. Tritt hQc, van hQc c5 d~i Hy L~pla nhUng
man dUQcchu y d1ic bi~t. Nam 1396, hQc gia Hy L~p Manual Chryroloras dUQcbil nhi~m
lam giao su van hQc Hy L~p t~i day. Chryroloras (1353-1415), thong su6t tie'ng La Tinh,
co cong lOn trong vi~c phil biC'n van hoa c5 d~i Hy L~p sang tay phuong. Dng dii phien
djch cac tac ph5m cua Homer va Plato sang titng La Tinh. Dng sang tac t~p "Cau Hoi"
Questions, mQt cu6n ngi1 hQc dUQcso~n thao duoi hlnh thuc cac cau hoi va cau tra !Oi, mQt
so' thu ttt so sanh La Mii cO va mdi. Nam 1473, Truong D~i hQc Florence suy thoai va phai
sat nhiip vdi D~i hQc Pisa. Nam 1859, truang du'Qc tai thie't I~p. Trong hi~n t~i (1999),
truong co 60.931 sinh vien , 1.467 giang vien voi cac khoa: luiit, chinh tri, kinh te'thuong
m~i, van hQCva trie't hqc, giao dl)c, y khoa, khoa hoc, dUQc,kitn truc, nong nghi~p, ky SU.
2.6 D~i hQc Perugia
Truong dUQckhai sl! giang d~y ttt nam 1200 do sl! ly khai cua mQt so' sinh vien cua f)~i
hQc Bologna. Truong dU(Jc giao hoang chinh thuc cong nhil,n vao nam 1308 va don nMn
sinh vien khap noi tren liinh th5 Au Chau. Nam 1860, truong tra thanh d~i hQc tl! trj.
Trong hi~n t~i (1999), truong co 31.171 sinh vien, 319 giang vien va giang d~y cac man:
luiit, chfnh tr!. van hqc va triC't hqc, giao dl)c, y khoa, toan va khoa hQc, dUQc, nang
nghieP, thu y, ky SU.
2.7 D~i hQc Siena
f)'!i hQc Siena dUQ,cthanh liip nam 1240 voi mQt so' sinh vien tMng du qua f)~i hQc
Bologna. Truong duc;Jcgiao hoang cong nh~n vao nam 1248. Truong tra thallh d~i hQc
cong liip nam 1869. Khac vdi nhi~u d')i hQc khac, D~i hQc Siena do cac hQc gia giang
vien quan trio Trong hi~n t~i (1999) truong co 19.093 sinh vien, 514 giang vien va giang
d,!y cac khoa: luiit, y khoa, toan va khoa hqc, duc;Jc,kinh tt, giao dl)c, van hQCva tritt hQC,
nhan viin, ky sU.
2.8 D~i hQc Turin
D~i hoc Turin dUQc thanh liip nam 1404. HQc gia nili tie'ng Ha Lan Erasmus (*) t6t
(0)

Erusmus (/469-/536). H(JC Rid. fu sl, nha nMn win hoc Ha Lan. OnR h(Jc" dui h(JCPuris, Turin va chu
85

Ciao dl:lc

Au eMu

thr'Ji Phl:lC Hung

du nhieu nude. On;: giang dq.y ti (lq.i h()(' Oxfi)rd \'U Camhridf.:e (} Anh (Xem t1lf:lc 4: cae uqi h{Jc rJ Anh). Tae
phdm ('uu ()n;.: gr1m cd: "Adugiu" xuul han niim /50X rJ Y hU(J gr1m 3000 ('au each nJ.:on
{Oc,Ji lIe tiii. sLlU tam
trollg CUClde ph(i'm mj'i tie'I1K eua ('(j'di Hy UJp. DiRu nay cho thr)')' ling quan tam nhiRu den cuckhia clilnh
ciia ('Wk slInK con nf.:u(li \'(/ (hl{IC mil titng. Hai tde phdm khdc cua linK Lii "D(Jo Due Kinh Te'" Economium
Moriue I'll "Tun Duang Dlen R(1" The Praise (~r Folly. him
van i1e t1f.;lO due luan If. On;.: ding Litchii nhirm

au

re

nhd :turt, han kinh thdnh tan U/le.

nghi~p t,!i day nam 1506. Truong dUQccai t6 vilO cac nam
kinh te', kinh d()anh. Nam 1934, laP them khoa thu y. Nam
nghi~p, dut;jc, thuong m,!i. Trang hi~n t,!i, truong c6 65.000
giang di)Y cac khoa: nang nghi~p, kinh te', dUQc, IUat, nhan
y, toan va khoa h9C, chinh trj.

1713, 1906, rna them cac khoa

J 935, laP them cac khoa nang
sinh vlen, 2.050 giang vien va
van va trie't h9C, giao d>Ic, thu

Il

2.9 Dl,Ii hQc Pisa

Di)i h9c Pisa duQc thanh laP nam 1343. Trang hien t,!i, truong c6 47.000 sinh Vlen,
1000 giang vien va giiing d,!Ycac man: IUat, kinh te', chinh trj, van h9C va trie't h9C, ng0'li
ngi1, y khoa, toan va khoa h9C, du<,lc,ky su, nang nghieP, thu y.
3. Cac dl,li hQc d Phap
3.1 Dl,Ii hQc Paris
EJi)ih9C Paris du<,1Cthanh laP VilOnam 1170 t'li thu do Paris cua Phap. Thifc Sif, truong
nily da giang di)Y ttt trudc. EJ'Ii h9C nay Iii Mu than cua Truong Cao d5ng Notre Dame de
Paris. CGng nhu phftn dong cac truong d'li h9C khac, EJi)ih9C Paris Iii d'li h9C tif trj do cac
giang vien va sinh vien t6 chuc, dieu hilnh. Vdi sif ung hQ cua giao hoang, truong nay tra
thanh mQt trung tam giao d>Icquan tr9ng giang d,!Y than h9c Ky To Giao. Truong c6 cac
giao su n6i tie'ng cQng tac nhu Albertus Magnus. (*)
(*) Alhertus Muxous (J200-12IiO).

Trilt xia. ta si Ky Tii Ciuo oxu,)i Due. thdy "y eua triei Xia Thomas
On;: La nxui,i aJ XU(lng vi(c h(Jc tt}p h(J(, thuyet Aristotle va thief lr)p vi(c
Klun!: dy khou h(JC lJ! nhien 1(ji Di h(JC Paris. Gng ,win;: tac nhi~u lac phd,n va lrd thanh nhiin vt,1t nlii tieng
dU(ft1K thefi. AlhertuJ
h(J{, nhun wln ti D(Ji h(J(, Padua. dy than h(JC l{Ji nhiJu chung virn. Niim 1240, (Jnl{
P'IrI'S \'a KlunK dg)' t{}i da)'. On;: nh(1n djnh du(/(' SI! khdc hi(t Xiau thdn h(J(, va triet h()c, lien
dU(Jc .'it! thtJt
va khou 11('<"lh(iC nf.:hirm. Ong cunK lin tUrlnK rJn;: mu/;'n tim hifu va frau ,Mf kien thue. can phdi up dl;4ng
nhiJu phurI/lX plujp h()(' hrJi khac hi(t. Albertu!i dil crJ nhilng kien lhue tie;? h() va .wlu rQng v~ kho(J h()c so wi;
dWfflK Ih(/i vu del sunK lue v nhiu trnh vc khue nhuu nhu Irie't h()c, Ihien van, h()u h()(", diu If, sinh v<lt. On;.:
ClinK eljn;.: hien nhieu Ih('ti gian d~' I1h(1nxet, phe hinh va ph(j' hien cac lac philm cuaAris(otle.
Cae lac philm
phe hinh nuy cd unh hudng l/m {(Ii cuc h()c ;.:iJ suu on;.:.
Aquinas

(Xem ('huon;:

10, n1I;4C1,5).

hr

,ten

Khai dfru, EJi)i h9C Paris giang day bon mon: thfrn h9C, IUat, y khoa, nhan van. Khoa

. nhan van bao g6m: trie't h9C, van h9C, hung bien, so h9C, hlnh h9c, thien van va am nhi)c.
TriEt h9C Aristotle la nganh h9C quan tr9ng nhat trong khoa nhan van. EJi)ihQc Paris tra
thanh ki0u mau cho cac d,!i hQC Au Chau ve phuong di~n t6 chuc cGng nhu cac nganh

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hQc va phudng phap giang d<;lY.De::c6 the::thoa mun nhu cfru hQc t~p mai ngay mQt dong
sinh vien, nhi~u truang rieng bi~t dU~1C
thanh l~p. N6i tie'ng nh1lt la Truong Sorbone thanh
'.I~p nam 1257 d<;lYmon thfin hQc, sau d<;lYthem nhan van va khoa hQc til nhien. Ten
Sorbone du trd thanh qua quen thuQc va mai khi n6i Mn Sorbone, nguai ta nghT ngay Mn
D<;IihQc Paris; cung nhu mai khi n6i Mn D<;IihQc Paris, nguai ta khong the::khong nghT
den Truong Sorbone. Mon thfin hQc 05 khong con ou<.Jcgiang d':lY tu nam 1886. Nam
1970, D<;IihQc Paris du<.Jcdi t6, md r(Jng, bao g5m 13 trung tam hQc t~p gQi la D':Ii hQc
Paris I-Xlii (I Mn 13). Truong Sorbone la D<,tihQc Paris I voi tren 60.000 sinh vien, 1.500
giang vien, voi thu vi~n n6i tieng c6 ba tri~u sach bao tai li~u. Trang hi~n t':li, D<;IihQc
Paris la d<,tihQc Ion nh1lt the gioi, giang d<;lYhfiu he't cac nganh kie'n thuc, voi 320.000 sinh
vien trang d6 c6 khoang 50.000 sinh vien nuoc ngoai va 15.289 giang vien. D<;IihQc Paris
d5 cang hien cho nhan 10':lir1lt nhi~u triet gia, van gia, thi sT, hQc gi3, chinh tIi gia, khoa
hQc gia, ky thu~t gia tu giai oO<;lnmoi thanh l~p cho toi hi~n t':li.
3.2 D"i hQc Montpellier
D<;IihQc Montpellier du<.Jcthilnh l~p vao nam 1220. Trang hai the ky 13 va 14, truang la
m(J1d<,tihQc nili tieng. Khdi dfiu truang la ndi hQc t~p thfin hQc Ky To Giao. Sau chiu anh
hudng cua van h6a H5i Giao, truang chuye::n sang d<;lynganh y khoa va lu~t khoa. Nganh
y khoa d day n6i tieng vao cuai thai trung O<;liv~ phau thu~t voi bac sT Guy de Chauliac
(*). Duoi thai cach m':lng Phap1789, truang suy thoai va dl!<.Jctai t6 chuc vao
(*) Guy de Chau/iu(' ( /300-136X). Rde sf phau thujt m1i tieng ng"(); Phap. V(li uk phdm "Chirurxia Magna"
xuJt hdn mlm 1363, /}ng {Tilgitli ihi~unhilng phLl(/nx philp phau thu(l1 ciin hun. Nhiln;: phll(/nx phdp nay cd
ghi Iri I,i; 1M kS' Ih" J 7. Ong ,Ii,ng hch phiel! lam Ihu,1c me I'a khdm phd ru phllilng phdp phdu Ihuql hfnh
cui/III lIui,.

6"g

"(JC I(li

nhi~u lli h(J(, \'l gianK d(lY

[{if

Df!i h(J(, MonlpeLlier.

nam 1896. Nam 1970, truang du<.Jcdi tien va chia lam ba trung tam hQc t~p gQi la D':Ii
hQc Montpellier I-Ill (1 den 3). Hi~n nay, trudng d<,tynhi~u mon thuQc cac nganh toan,
khoa hQc, ky thu~t va ngon ngITTrung Dong. Trudng c6 47.100 sinh vien va 2.199 giang
vien.
3.3 D"i hQc Toulouse
D':Ii hQc Toulouse dl!<.Jcthanh I~p vao nam 1229 va du<.Jcn6i tieng voi nganh lu~t. Nam
1808, trudng gi3ng d<;lycac khoa: lu~t, thfin hQc, khoa hQc, van hQc va y. Nam 1970,
truang dlt~1cdi t6 thanh truang D':Ii hQc Toulouse I-III voi ba co sd hQc t~p va co cac
khoa: khoa hQc xa hQi, lu~t, kinh te, nhan van, khoa hQc, y, du<.Jc,nha, ky su. Hi~n t<;li
trudng c6 76.587 sinh vien va 2.760 giang vien.

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3.4 D\li hQc Grenoble
E>:;tih9C Grenoble au<;1cthanh I~p VaGnam 1339 va giang d:;ty cac khoa: y, lu~t va th~n
h9C. Vao cu6i thoi trung a:;ti, truong d:;tythem cac mon nhan van. Nam 1970, truong aUlJc
di t6 va au<;1cchi a lam ba: Grenoble I d:;ty khoa h9C, y h9C va ky thu~t; Grenoble II d:;ty
co cac nganh lu~t, kinh tt, khoa h9C xil hQi; Grenoble III co cac khoa van h9C va ngo:;ti
ngil Trang hi~n t:;ti,truang co 53.900 sinh vien va 1.530 giang vien.
4.Cac o\li hQc d Anh .
E>aihoc .Paris oil tra thanh ki8u mau cho cac truang a:;ti h9c
khac a Au Chau.

a Anh ciing nhu cac o:;tih9C

4.1 D\li hQc Oxford

E>:;tih9c Oxford OI1lJctMnh I~p sam nhat t:;ti Anh. Vao. cac nam 1167, 1168, nhi~u sinh
vien ngl)'oi Anh ail khong th8 ghi ten theo h9c t:;tiE>:;tih9C Paris, o6ng thai cling COmQt s5
sinh vien nguoi Phap sang Anh 11mcho h9C va Oxford aa tra thanh mQt trung tam giao dlJc
cao o~ng cho nguoi ban xu cling nhu nguoi ngo:;ti qu5c. D&n d&n, s5 sinh vien moi ngay mQt
tang va truang au<;1cchinh thUc tMnh I~p vao nam 1214 dt!a theo t6 chuc E>:;tih9C Paris va
giang d:;tycac mon: th~n h9C, hl~t, YhQc va nhan van. Cac truong phlJthuQc du<;1ctMnh I~p
tlt nam 1249 d8 giang d:;tycac khoa khac nhau. Truong danh cho nu sinh vien du<;1cthittl~p
vao cu6i tht ky thu 19. Hi~n t:;ti,E>:;tihQc Oxford chia ra lam nhi~u truong, 15.500 sinh vien,
1500 giang vien, trang s5 nay co 350 giao su. E>:;tihQc nay giang d:;tycac khoa sau oay: dia
Iy va nhan chung hQc, sinh v~t hQc, y hQc, ngon ngu va van hQc Anh, lu~t, toan, SU, nh:;tc,
khoa hQc, xa hQi hQc, th~n hQc, ngo:;tingu. MiSi truong cua Oxford tt! tuy8n chQn sinh vien,
ho:;tch dinh chuong tdnh giang d:;ty, di~u hanh ngan sach. Tuy nhien, E>:;tihQc Oxford cilp
phat van b~ng dt!a theo ktt qua cac truang gui len. E>:;tihQc nay ail san xuat nhi~u hQc gia
tam titng cling nhu cac chinh tri gia. Oxford co nha xuat ban tu nam 1847 va la mQt nha
xuilt ban n6i tieng nhat trang so' cac nM xuat ban d:;tihQc.
4.2 D\li hQc Cambridge
E><)ihQc Cambridge xuilt hi~n sau Oxford nhung nhung ho:;tt giao dlJCdfru tien ail xuilt
hi~n ngay tu nam 1112. Nam 1209, mQt so' sinh vien Oxford bat man voi dan chung dia
phuong, sang Cambridge ghi ten theo hQc. E>\lihQc Cambridge du<;1cchinh thUc tMnh I~p
VilOnam 1284 voi truang Porterhouse. Sau do nhi~u truong khac dil dUlJ~thanh I~p. Trang
hi~n t:;ti,Cambridge co nhi~u truong, co ba truong danh cho nu sinh vien. E>:;tihQc nay co
14.500 sinh vien, 1500 giang vien va giang d:;tynhi~u nganh kitn thuc. Cling nhuOxford,
Cambridge OI1<;1c
huang nhi~u quy~n tt! trioE>\lih9C Cambridge co thu vi(:n IOn voi ba tri(:u
sach bao tai li(:u.
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5. Cac d~i hQc d Ddc

5.1 D~i hQc Heidelberg
D~i hoc dfru tien a Duc, dU<;IC
thanh l~p vao nam 1386 va phat tri~n nhanh chong vai st!
tai tr<;lcua chinh quy~n. D~i hoc khai d~u vai cac khoa: th~n hoc, lu~t giao hQi, lu~t dan
st!, y hqc, nhan van va dU<;IC
giang d~y t~i nhi~u tn1C1ngkhac nhau. TruClng d~u tien dU<;IC
thanh I~p vao nam 1389. Cac truClng khac dU<;IC
thanh I~p tie'p theo. Trong the' ky thu 17,
18, D~i hqc Heidekberg suy thoai vi !lnh hlnh ton giao, chinh trj bilt 6n dinh. TruClng dU<;IC
tai t6 chuc vao the' ky thu 19 va tra thanh mQt trung tam giao d\lc n6i tie'ng v~ cac nganh
khoa hoc, lu~t, trie'1. Trong hi!)n t~i, truClng co 28.500 sinh vien, 1300 giang vien va giang
d~y cac nganh: th~n hqc, lu~t, y, trie't, SU, kinh te', moi truClng, toan, 1y, hoa, dU<;Ic,sinh v~t
hqc.
5.2 D~i hQc Cologne
D~i hoc Cologne du<;lCthanh l~p vao nam 1388 do giao hQi Tin Lanh chi ph6i nhUng
viin I~i la mQt trung tam giang d~y thfrn hoc Ky To Giao. Nam 1798, Phap chie'm dong
khu vlfc nay va D~i hoc Cologne bi dong cua. Nam 1919, truClng dU<;Ictai tMnh I~p va
ho~t dQng m~nh cho tai thCliDuc Qu6c xii. TruClng bi dong cua mQt Ifrn nITa.vao nam 1945
va du~jc ml'! cua I~i vao nam 1953. Trong hi!)n t~i, truClng co 54.000 sinh vien, 1981 giang
vien va gam co cac khoa: kinh te'va xii hQi, trie't hqc, toan va khoa hqc, giao d\lc, giao
d\lc dac bi!)t, lu~t, y.
5.3 Dl.Ii hQc Leipzig
D~i hQc nay dulJC thanh l~p vao nam 1409 khi mQ! so' giang vien va sinh vien nguCli
Duc rdi bi\ Dai hQc Prague (Xem phfrn 7.1 ke' tie'p). TruClng do chinh quy8n tai tr<;lva
ki~m soul. Vao the'ky 18,19, d~i hqc Leipzig Ira thanh n6i tie'ng vai cac nganh van hoc va
dITsan xuat nhi8u nha van, hoc gia, trie't gia n6i tie'ng. Nam 1953, chinh quy8n Dong Duc
deli ten truClng thanh D~i hqc Karl Marx. Nam 1990, sau khi Duc th6ng nhilt, truClngtrd l~i
vai ten cli Leipzig. Hil)n t~i, truClngco 21.137 sinh vien va giang d~y cac nganh: th~n hoc,
lu~t, su, trie't, giao duc, toan va di!)n toan, v~t Iy, hoa hoc va dia chat hoc, khoa hoc xii
hoi. thoi duc, thl1 y, kinh te', y hoc.
6.Cac dl.li hQc d Tay Ban Nha
6.1 D~i hQc Valladolid
Dai hoc nay khai st! tu nhUng niim cu6i the' ky thu 13 do vi!)c phat tri~n cua truClngnha
thd tai day. TruClng dulJC chinh thuc thanh liip vao nam 1346, du<;lchuang quy~n II! tri va

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cac d(ic quy~n khac nii'a cua nha vua. Thai gian d~u, trliang d~y cac man nhan van, th~n
h9C, lu~t giao hQi. Vao the' ky thtl' 16, trliang thu nh~n sinh vien tren toan lanh th6 Tiiy
Ban Nha va da san xuat nhi~u nhiin tai cho de' qu6c. Vao the' ky thtl' 19, trliang tra thanh
d~i h9C qu6c gia. Trang hit)n t~i, trliang co 47.000 sinh vien va giang d~y cac man: lu~t,
van h9C va trie't h9C, y h9C, kinh te'va thliong m~i, ky sli, vi(;n thong.
6.2 Dai hQc Salamanca
D~i h9~ nay dliQc thanh I~p nam 1218 va phat trien m~nh tlt'nam 1254 t,!i thanh phO'
cung ten phia nam Tiiy Ban Nha. Ngay tll' nhii'ng nam d5u,'bO'n chUc giao sir v~ lu~t giao
hQi, van hqc, nhan van, v~t Iy da dUQcbiSnhit)m. Tll' do de'n cuO'i the' ky thtl' 16, truang la
mQt trung tam h9C t~p dUng ha'ng d~u Au Chau, ngang hang voi f)~i h9C Paris va co nhi~u
giao sli niSitie'ng nhli h9C gia Francisco de Vitoria (*) da giang day t~i day trang 20 nam,
(*) Frullcisco de VilOria (14X6-1546). Tu .'IT Ky T/; Ciao, h{Jc gid, Ilgt/()i e(l ('(jng tron;.: vi~c d41 n2" m6ng cho
nUJn lui)/ qut/c Ie:

On;: dU(IC nit; tUrn;.: trong

ray Bun Nhu d My Chdu.

llnh vc huo V( nhiin quyJn, ,ella rh(j'diin da tid It.;i cac thu(JC diu

On}:

ch//ng 19i che'd(j thu(k diu va ch/{ng chien'trunh. Dill: h{H.: ({;ii Dl,li h(Jc Paris va
que nhJ va l:iiing dgy tc;i Salamanca tranK 20 nam (1526-/546) cho reii nguy
(jng mdt. Khoiing 5000 sinh vien eta dU{lc tinK 'hI:' hufin va 24 ngUlfi trd thimh Xido .'iL1 li Salamanca. Anh
hutfng ('uu Vitoria rill/lIn lao va lienx tam ()nK Lan truyJn khdp cal..'d(,ii h{JC iJ Au Chilu.
dt.;y d ddy /6 niIm.

On;:

tn!

v2

thi SI Luis de Leon (*) da d~y t~i day trang 30 nam. D~i h9C Salamanca qtc thinh vao
(OJ Luis de Leon (/527-/591).
Onx h{JC t(,ii Salamanca

Thi si. llillltinllillip m(;1each ltfn lao vao vifc phtillrin Vlin ht)a Tay Ban Nha.
va nam J 56/ trlt thimh Kitio .HI tgi (tily. Ong c({nK hien cd cu(ic stInK cho !it! nghi~p mt1

ph(,ifll \'U .'ianK taco Onx la tdc Kid nhiJu t()p thl1 ndi ti{nx.
Til/h,

R(lp. Do Thdi.

Y sanx

(til Xiup cho sinh Vietl. h{){' Xid

tien}{
('(1

ra)'

OnK phien djch nhiJu tal..'plu1m

elf

ili[n Hy!...l}p,

Ban Nha. Nxoi1i ra. ()nx clin viet wIn xuvi. NhtlnX tdc phdm

hl)i tim hfu. nxhien

cUu. h{JC hiJi viin hda

elf

La

cua (inX

dgi vJ m{Ji phUl1nx dirn n}{lJ

ht1u phoflx phu h6a wIn hl)a han xu. VlJi 30 niim gidnK dg)'. hanK nKhin sinh vien drJ qua hlp h{JC cua (Ing va '
nhi~u IlgUifi (la tnt thi1nh h{, Kid. Kiao .\"U.liinh ll(UJ chinh quyen.

OnK KiJnK dgy tgi Salamanca

cho tdi "Xay

/)nx null.

nam 15g4 voi khoang 7.000 sinh vien. Sau do trliang suy thoai va nam 1875 chi con co
1391 sinh vien vdi nguyen do la chie'n tranh giii'a Phap va Tiiy Ban Nha. Trliang do giao
hi)i kiem soat nhling da dliQCcong l~p hoa vao nam 1835. Hit)n t~i, trliang co 32.428 sinh
vien, 2.171 giang vien va giang d,!y cac khoa: trie't, su dja, sinh v~t, lu~t, y, dliQc, my
thu~t, khoa hqc, kinh te' va thuong m~i, khoa h9C xa hQi, giao dlJc.
6.3 Dl)i hQc Seville
Trliang nay klKii sl! giiing d~y vao nam 1254, co co so ho~t di)ng t~i cac thanh phO'Ian
c~n va dliQc chinh thtl'c thanh I~p vao nam 1302. Trang hit)n t~i, trliang co 74.642 sinh
vien, 3.310 giang vien va giiing d,!y cac nganh: trie't, SUdia, toan, v~t Iy, hoa, dliQc, kinh
te', my thu~t, tin h9C, xa hQi h9C, nhan van, thO'ng ke.

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7. Cac dl.li hQc khac d Au Chilu

7.1 Dl.li hQc Prague (Ti~p Kh~c)
Dai hoc Pmgue hay can gQi la D~i hqc Charles, hm.lt di)ng ttt t~e ky thu. 13 va dUl;lC
chinh thue thanh I~p vao nam 1348. D~i hqc do chinh quy~n kiEm smit va la d~i hQc dfru
tien eua mi~n Trung Au. Truong c6 nhi~u cd
n5m rai [<ic trang thanh ph6 Prague (thii
do Tii!p Khae). Trang so' nay, c6 toa nha Coralium la cd so d~i hqc lau dai nhilt can tdn
t~i. Truong e6 vii!n truang dau tien dU9C bau nam 1409. Vao the ky thu 17, truang d~t
duoi 4uy~n kiEm soat eiia giao hQi; nhung Mn the ky thu 18, truang dU9Cd~t duoi 4uy~n
kiEm soat eua chinh quy~n. Nam 1882, truang dUl;lechia lam hai: d~i hQc Til$p va d~i hqc
Due. Sau the chien thu 2, d~i hQc Duc bi huy biS. Hil$n t~i, D~i hQe Prague c6 29.520sinh
vien, 3.062 giilng vien va gdm c6 cac khoa: toan va ly, y, du<,1c, triet, fUat, khoa hqc xii
h(Ji. than hqe, thE thao, giao dl)c.

sa

7.2 Dl.li hQc Lisbon (BI\ Dao Nha)

D~i hl.'e nay dUge thanh I~p vao nam 1288 va tie'p nh~n sinh VI en khap Au Chau.
TrutJng di ehuyEn nhi~u Ian giua Lisbon va thanh phil ben c<!nh Coimba. Truong tBn t~i
Lisbon ttt nam 1377 dEn nam 1537, sau d6 ehuyEn sang Coimba. Toi nam 1911, D~i hQc
Lisbon du~1etai thiet laP hoan toan moi, trang khi Dai hQc Coimba viin ldn l~i. Hil$n l~i,
D~i hqe Lisbon co 19.495 sinh vien, 1.564 giang vicn va giang d~y cac man: nhan van,
lu~t, y. khoa hoc, dU<,1e,giao dl)c, my thu~t. D~i hoc Coimba co 20.000 sinh vien, 1.472
giang vien va e6 cae khoa: nhan van, lu~t, y. dUlk. khoa hoc, kinh te', lam Iy.

III. Dilc di~m cua cac dl.li hQc dliu lien

N6i chung, cac d~i hQc dau lien Au Chau rilt bao lhii, eh!u anh huang Ky To Giao, dil
Ia truang do giao hQi thanh laP hay chinh quy~n thanh lap. Nhi~u lruang c6 giang d~y
mon than hqe ho~e lu~t giao hili, c6 nhi~u giang vien la lu SI . Nhu v~y, cac hO~1dilng
tinh than, ton giao dlf9c ehtl y d~c bil$t. D6ng thai, cling e6 nhi~u giao su, hQc gia, sinh
vien e6 dau 6e cilp tien, mu6n thoat ra ngoai vong kiEm soal, anh huang cua gi<10hili;
muiln d6ng g6p van chltdng trlnh giao dl)c milt cach tlch el!c, thiet thl!C M rna r(lng t1lm
hiEu biet eho sinh vien. Hau qua la da dua dEn cac cuilc tranh lu~n, xich mlch giua hai

phe cilp tien va bao thu.

Tai cae d~i hqe d Y, de cu(Je tmnh IUan doi khi rilt soi n6i va keo dai, anh huang
khong t6t eho vii!c hqe t~p. Cae nha lanh d~o d~i hqc day dITrilt kheo leo, co' gang giai
4uyEt cae eu(Je xung dilt b5ng dch khuyEn khich sinh vien ehITmchtl vao vil$c hQCtaP va
bOa giai de xich mlch giua hai phe eh6ng d6i. Them vao d6, thanh phan giao su, giang
vien lJ Y co thl!e Il!e, rilt hiEu biet; khoa nao cling co hai, ba giao su, vtta la nguai Y, vtta
lit ngut'Jj 11l((Jengoai nen vicc thuyet phl)e, hIla giili khong de'n n6i kh6 khan. Cae truang

91

Ciao dlfc Au eMu thili Phlfc Hung

d:j.ihQc khac ben ngoili nuoc Y, thuong biu Iq tinh cach dia phuong, phe nh6m, thie'u tinh
thiin h<;1ptae qu6c te', nen cac cuqc xung dqt keo dili va phiii milt thai gian nhi~u nam moi
diin diin x6a tan du<;1ccac y kie'n khac bi~t. Cu6i cung, giao hqi to ra thU'c thai hon, til' bo
nhi1ng d~c quy~n ton giao trong t6 chuc d:j.i hQC va d:j.i hQc c6 du<;1ctfnh cach tl{ trj, dqc
l~p trong mQi Iinh vl{c. Vi~c nay phiii d<;1ide'n cac the' ky sau .
. V~ phuong phap giiing d:j.Y, D:j.i hQc Paris n6i b~t nhilt. Cac d:j.i hQc khac chi" iinh
huang D:j.i hQc Paris, diin diin cling c6 duong 16i tuong tl{. Phuong phap giiing d:j.Y day
bao g6m bai giiing ciia giiing vien, thong thuong la nhi1ng loi giiii thfch qua sach giao
khoa, tie'p theo d6 la phiin thiio lu~n, giiing vien giiii dap nh1mg tMc m~c clla sinh vien va
bili lam, bai thi. Ba IO:j.ivan bling du<;1ccilp phat: van bling d~i hQc cho phep sinh vien lam
vi~c t:j.i van phong co quan cong quy~n hay van phong giao hqi, ho~c di d:j.YhQC duoi
quy~n giam sat ciia cac giao vien chinh thUc; van bling thU hai cao hon, cho phep sinh
vien di d:j.Yrna khong dn sl{ giam sat clla giao vien khac; cu6i cung la van bling tie'n sT,
sinh xien tra thanh hQc giii. Voi van bling thu I va thu 2, sinh vien phiii du<;1cit nhilt 21
tu6i. Phiii c6 van bhg I ho~c 2, sinh vien moi c6 quy~n ghi ten theo hQc van bling 3 va
thai gian hQc keo dai nhi~u nam. Rieng van bling nganh thiin hQc, sinh vien phiii c6 it
nhilt 35 tu6i va thai gian hQc t~p la 8 nam. Cae nganh khac, thai gian hQc t~p ng~n hon
nhu'ng cling khong phiii d dang.
Doi s6ng sinh vien rilt kh6 khan, thie'u th6n, nhilt la sinh vien nuoc ngoai. Hiiu he't cac
d:j.i hQc da co' g~ng thie't I~p cac ky tuc xa ngay til' nhi1ng ngay diiu d giup da cae sinh
vien nay. Nhu'ng VI s5 sinh vien dn giup dB cang ngay cang tang nen nhi1ng co' g~ng clla
cae d:j.ihQc cling chi thoa man du<;1cmqt phiin.

,
,{

"

IV. Giao d\lc trung, tiiu hQc thOi Ph\lc Hling

Au

eMu

thanh I~p va phat trin cac d:j.i hQc di theo vol vl~c phat trin cac truong trung hQc.
T:j.1hiiu' he'l cac khu vl{c Au Chau, cac truong trung hQc da du<;1cthanh I~p d thoa man
nhu du hQc t~p clla thanh thie'u nien, d cung ung sinh vien cho cac truong d:j.i hQC.Bay
khongphiii' chi la cac truang nha tho clla giao hqi rna con la cac truong do cac t6 chuc
nghi~p doan, ngh<$sT,b~nh vi~n ...t6chuc va di~u hanh. Vao cu6i thai trung d:j.i, the' ky
thu 15, Anh va Wales (phia Mc Anh) voi hai trl~u ruOi dan, uoc lu<;1ngc6 khoiing 400
truong. Tuy rihien, so' hQc sinh m6i truong thuong khong nhl~u.
"B hoan thanh trach nhi~m glao dvc, ngay til' the' ky thu 11, giao hql Ky To Gia'l dii
phattrin va hi1u hl~ti h6a he th6ng giao dvc theo dung chi thi. chinh sach clla cac glao
hoang.Nam 1215, giao hqi chi thi cho phep cac hi~u truang cac truong nha tho du<;1crna
thilin cac truong khae ne'u c6 nhu duo 51{quan tam clla giao hql dua de'n t1nh tr:j.ng trung
uong' taP quy~n, kim soat chat eM chuong tr1nh giiing d:j.y, huang v~ duc tin, giaD di~u
SI{

92

Giao dt,tc Au eMu thi'Ji Pht,tc Hling

Ky To Giao. Rilt it tai li~u con I~i cho thay n<)i dung chuang trlnh giang dl).y trung hoc
w6i thOi trung d<)i. M<)tdi~u chilc chiln Iii ton giao phai Iii man hoc quan tr<;mg,tieng La
Tinh Iii ngon ngu chinh. Tuy nhien, ngon ngu dia phuong dil du<;lCgiang d<)y VI ngon ngu
nay Iii tieng n6i hang ngay cua hoc sinh. M<)t so' tai li~u cho thily, ngoai vi~c giang dl).y
ton giao, ngon ngu, hoc sinh con du<;lChoc hoi vf; viet, lam van, tinh toan thong thuC1ng
thich hop voi dCJis6ng hang ngiiy.
Ngoai cac truC1ngtrung hoc neu tren, cac truC1ngcilp thilp hon, c6 th coi Iii cac truC1ng
tiu hoc, day cho hoc sinh doc vii viet. Cac truC1ngnay du<;lct6 chuc t<)icac nhii thO mQt
so' dia phuong, hOac nhii cua cac tu si, do chinh cac tu si hOac cac tu si ti)p sl! dam tnich
vi~c giang d<)y. Ngoiii vi~c doc viet can ban, hoc sinh con du<;lChoc thu<)c long nhling Wi
giang d~y cua giao h<)ivf; duc tin ton giao vii nhi~m vI) cua giao dan d6i voi thu<;lngde'
qua cac cau kinh cilu nguy~n, kinh thanh. Chuang trlnh giao dl)c nay van con rilt gidi hl).n,
ket qua khong ma'y t6t d<;p VI thieu sach giao khoa vii cac tu si chi du<;lChuiln luy~n M
truyf;n giao chu khong phai M d<)yhoc. Phai d<;liMn the ky thu 15, khi ngh~ in i1nra dC1i,
sach giao khoa dW!c xuilt ban, vi~c doc vie't duqc giang d<)yd~ dang vii chuong trlnh giao

dl)c tieu hoc moi dU0Cphat trien.

Vi~c giao dl)c diinh cho phai nu cu6i tMi trung d<)ivan con rilt gioi hl).n. Cac gia d1nh
quy t<)c,giiiu sang moi th:1y vf; d<)ycan em tl).inM. Vi~c giao dl)C niiy nhiln ml).nh v~ duc
hl).nh, tie'p thea Iii cac sinh ho<)t gia dlnh, giup nguoi can gai sau niiy kha nang nuoi nilng
con cai, di~u hanh vi~c n<)i tr<;l.E>6i voi cac gia dlnh nang dan, th<;lthuyf;n, lao d<)ng thl
con em cua ho dil trai hay gai ciing da so thilt hoc, m<)t so' nho di hoc tl).icac truong nhii
tho. Phai d(Ji Mn the' ky thu 16, con trai gioi th<;lthuy~n thiinh thi, ne'u c6 kha nang doc
viet tie'ng ban xu, dUQcphep hoc ngh~ t,!i cac xuang thq duoi quy~n kim soat vii huong
dan cua cac thQ chuyen m6n. Cling vao tMi ky nay, m<)t vai tu vi~n nii' c6 giup cac thie'u
nu con em thQ thuyi\n hoc h(li v~ nii' c6ng, n<)itrq
Vao thOi ky nay, m<)t so thanh nien con nha quy~n quy, thay VI di hoc M Jen d,!i hoc,
ho oUQc cha m<; gui Mn lau dai cua cac quy t<)c M hoc ti)p tra thiinh bao v~. ThC1igian
hoc taP kinh nghi~m keo diii nhi~u nam va ho co hy vong tra thiinh hi~p si c6 kha nang
quan Iy m<)t liiu diii rOng Idn cilng nong trl).i menh mongo Chuang trlnh hoc ti)p day Iii
thl!c taP sinh hO'!t hiing ngay trang liiu diii nhu doc, viet, tiep khach, h:1u co, ca hat. Voi tu
dch mOt bao vi';, cac thanh nien hoc hoi cac nghi thuc quy t<)cv~ tiep khach, dlnh dam,
hOi he. Y(Ji tu cach mOt hi~p si taP st!, ho oUQChoc hoi v~ dilu kie'm, chie'n tranh, tie'p su,
kh<.inang Jiinh 0'10. Ltii giao dl!c niiy chi thich h<;!pvoi che'd<) phong kien thai trung d,!i vii
dii tra thiinh loi thai khi che dO niiy nhuong cho cho che' d<)quan chu sau thC1itrung dl).i.

Thtli ky Phuc Hung cuoi thtli trung o<)i dITchung kien sl! chuyn huang cua giao dl)c,
93

Gido dl;lc Au eMu thOi Phl;lc Hling

i
i

voi triet ly va ml)c dich moi dua den vi~e thanh I~p cae d<)i hge dung nghia va diiu tien
eua nhiin lu<)i, khai 51!'tll' Y den Phap, Anh, Tiiy Ban Nha, Due. C<ic d<)i hge nay dU<;Ie
I
thanh l~p voi giily phep eua hoang de, qu6e vUdng hay giao hoang d~u chiu anh huang
tinh thiin, tin di~u Ky To Giao. Giao dl)e trung tiu hQe ciing e6 ed hQi phat trin M eung
ung sinh vien eho cae d<)ihge. Tuy nhien, n~n giao dl)e nay rilt gioi h<)n,ehi eung cilp kien
thue ehu mQt thit:u 56 eun em cae nha quy tQe, thU<;InglliU va kinh ctoanh thilnh thj.

Tili li?u tham khao:

_Abelard. Pierre. Tit ,tiEn b,iL'h khou The New Encyclopuediu Britanllim; Multimedia Edition. 1998.
_ Aclul1I,wn, William .. The Illiterate AnK/o-Saxon (Jnd Other Es.'it1)'.'ion Education, Mediaval and Modern,
1Y77.
_ Alber/us MUKnus. Tu lliln hach khou The New Encyclopuedia Britunnica. Multimedia Edition, 1998.
_Aquina". Thoma". Tit ,tiEn bach khoa The World Book Encyclopedia. Multimedia Edition. 200/.
_ Bernard de Chartre". Tit ,liEn btich khoa The New Encyclopaedia Britannim, Multimedia Edition. /998 .
. Chuuliuc, Gu)' de. Tid lifu cTii dun nhu tren.
_ Chrymlof(Js, Manual. Tiii liru ,tii clan nhUtfen.
- Erasmus. Till li~u lUi dan nhl1 Iren .
. Guli/eo, TilcTien hach khou Thft WorLd Book Em:ydopediu. Multimedia Edition, 2001.
_ Guillaume de Chumpeuux. Til ,1iel1 hach khou The New Em:yc/opaedia Britannica,

Multimedia

Edition,

I WI>.
_ GuWuulIle de Com.:he.'i. Tili li~uttil dan nhu tren .
. Leon. Luis de. Tcli li~u(1ii dan nhu tren .
. The Education (~rMedit!\'al Renuis,mnc:e. TiJi li~u t1ii dan nhu tren.
- The World ,,(Learning /999. London, Europa Pul>lication. 2000 .
. Thierry de Churtres. Ti:t t1dn helch khou Tht! Nt!w Enc:ydopuediu BrillJnnicu, Multil1lt!diu Edition, 199X .
. VilOriu, FrancisqJ. TiJi li~u(1iithin nhu tren.

I '

, 'f

94

Chlldng 11
Giao dlJc

Chau

ulldcanhhlldngroyphllmzg
I. Giao dl)C An DQ - Giao dl)C ph:it trili'n
1. Giao dl)C H6i Giao tl.li An DQ - the' ky 12-15 - Giao dl)c cao diing
ph:it trien
2. Giao dl)C thai H6i Giao Mughal the' ky 16-18 - Giao dl)c t3ng quat
ph:it trien
..
3. Di;ic dili'm giao dl)c An DQ - Giao dl)C tie'n trien t6t d~p
II. Giao dl)c Trung Hoa - Giao dl)C Kh3ng Hqc, tit chu'dng va khoa ctl
1. Giao dl)c nha Du'ong 618-907 - Giao dl)c Kh3ng Hqc
2. Giao dl)c nM T6ng 960-1279 - Giao dl)c Khll'ng Hqc va
Khll'ng Hqc M8i - Vu'dng An Thl.lch va chu'dng trinh giao dl)c
3. Giao dl)c nha Nguyen 1279-1368 - Giao dl)c dan l{lp Khll'ng Hqc
4. Giao dl)c nM Minh 1368-1644 - Giao d\lc Kh3ng Hqc khOi phl)c
5. Giao dl)c nha Thanh 1644-1912 - Giao dl)c dan l{lp Kh3ng HQc
III. Giao dl)c Nh{ltBiin - Giao dl)c ph:it trien
1. Giao dl)c tit cll' dl.li dn the' ky thl112 - ..lnh hu'dng Trung Hoa
DQ
2. Ghio dl)C thai dl.li phong kie'n 1192-1867
2.1 Giao dl)C thai sl1 quan Kamakura 1192-1603 - Giao dl)c d~n chua
2.2 Giao dl)c thOi sl1 quan Tokugawa 1603-1867
a. A. fih hu'dng tu' tu'dng Khll' ng HQc
b. ..lnh hu'dng tu' tu'dng Kh3ng Hqc M6'i
2.3 ..lnh hu'dng tay phu'dng thOi sl1 quan - ..lnhhu'dng van bOa Ha

va An

Lan
I. Giao dl)C An DQ - Giao dl)c ph:it trili'n
Dtfoi thai trung o<)i,cae trieu o<)iH5i Giao th6ng tri An E>i.\.H5i Giao i'J Trung E>ongoa
xu5t hit)n t<)iAn E>i.\vao the' ky thu 8, nhttng vit)c thanh I~p cae co che' ~6ng trj mai toi
nam 1192 moi thlfc hit)n ,M;1c. Sau thoi H5i Giao th6ng trj, An E>i.\I<)irai vao aeh th6ng trj
95

Ciao dl;lc

A C/U1U

trUuc anh fu(tlng tay phu(Jng

cua ngl1ai Anh vao the ky thli 19 va brit dau chiu iinh hl1ilng van hoa tal' phl1ong.
I.Giao d\lC "<Ii Giao t:.ti An Dt} The' ky 12.15 - Giao d\lc cao d5ng ph3t trilfn
Gido U\lCHili Gido tai An D(\ vao thili ky nay g6m co hai Cll che': gido uuc tii!u, trung
hqc va gido U\lCcao dUng. N(\i dung chl1lJng trlnh gido uuc t~i cac trl1ang tieu hqc, trung
hqc khi'lng th6ng nhfrt. Tuy nhien, m\lc dich chinh cua nen gido U\lCnay la d<)oycha cac
hoc sinh nam dqc va hieu kinh Quran, can thiet cho vii;c cau nguyi;n hang ngay, cung voi
cac mi'ln hqc kie'n thuc t6ng quat a b~c trung hqc. Chl10ng trlnh gida u\lC t<)oi
cac truang caa
dUng chi tie't va ri'l rang hem gilm c6 vii;c hqc t~p cac truyen thong Hili Giaa, lu~t phap,
van hoc, lu~n Iy, trie't hqc va thi phap. Cuoi giai do~n, Chl1lJngtrlnh nay dl1<:Jcrna r(\ng
them voi cac mon lich sU',kinh te', toan, thien van, y hqc, n(lI1gnghii;p. M(\t so' cae truang
nay co thi! so sanh voi cae d<)oi
hqc moi mil lJ Tal' Au cung thili, voi so dong dolo sinh vien
va co dc b~c thay 121cac hqe giii n6i tieng. Cdc nha lanh d~o Hili Gido dia phl10ng vao
giai doan nay dil dau va dCmnh~n cac hqc gia Ba TI1 (Iran) tit dc IHJiden An D(l giang
d~y, nghicn cuu VIvl1lJngquoc nay bi de quoc Miing cC; xamlang. Delhi, kinh do eua An
D(\, triJ thanh m(\t trung tam van hoa H0i Giao co the so sanh voi Ba D~t (Baghdad), kinh
di'l cua de qu(}c Hili Giao va Coruoba, m(\t trung tam H0i Giao [1Tal' Ban Nha. Hili Giaa
cung cho phep uuy trl nhung trl1ang dia phl1lJng cu cua An D(\ nhl1ng khong rna r(lng
them. Ng(lI1 ngu giang uay tai cae trl1ilng bay gil! khi'lng phai 121tieng A R~p hay An D(\
ma 121tieng Ba TI1. Tuy Val', tieng An D(\ cung dl1\lc liJU y toi t~i cac trl1ang dja phl1cJng
cu. Vao giai doan dau, chi nhung hqc sinh H6i Giao moi dl1lJc thea hqc dc trl1ang tii!u
hqc moi. Ve sau, ngl1ai An eung da dl1\Jcthea hl.lCt~i dc trl1clngtieu hqc, trung hqc, eaa
dUng, hoc tieng Ba TI1va dl1lJclam vii;c trong nhung van ph<'lngcel quan ei'lng quyen.
2. Giao d\lC An Dt} thOi "<Ii Gilio Mughal (*) the' ky 16.18 - Giao d\lc tling quat
phat trilfn
De' 'Jut/c Muglwltu
A Phu Han (AIKhunistulf) (l~/l ('ui frj Jutu helliinh lh(/ A~l D(J lutht ky thtJ 16.
Chfnh 4UY~" (1~'
qw;(. niiy ru; (j'n tlil/h. dii tf(t thilllh khu(m IIlJu cho nk nl"i fcinh ,1lj() .w-u Hay eua An D(j. Xii
llt)i XII h/w nh(il' I't/i nin JUJU H(ji Ciuo, ti{Jlg Bu Tli ,luI/( .vii l!J:mg r(m;.:nii. Tri~u ,1(li ml)' xay dl.:f11K kj' quan
(*) Mughul.

Toj Muhal, Idllg

,Jill

niu houng //()u Mufwl,

20.000 th//. ho,/" (,1'(flJIII

/650.

Niilll

'/;'fI

kt'f/l

\'(J

c!tifl).: IIlll/).: lTdu fh~' ,t:i/ii, flll!e hirn fronK

1707, ele' qwji..- Mug/wI suy .r~'u lo'/iulIg

\-un cui tri

\-U(//Ig

20 num, \'(11

qu/fc n/uJ Ddhi

c/io leii klli ngu/ri AJlII (rti XII Dr).

Giau uuc dl1dc chtl lrong d~c bii;t vac'-'giai Juan nay. D,ing ke nhfrt la ul1di trieu dai
Akbar (1542-1605). Nha vua cho thie't l~p nhieu trl1dng hoc el10 d nguai H6i cung nhu'
ngl1i1iAn lren khfrp li1nh tho. Gng ra chithi di tie'n chl1,1ngtdnh gido U\lc can cli vaa nhu
cau cd nhan hqc sinh va nhu cau th\!'c te' xa h(\i. Tie'ng Ba 1\( van la ng(lIl ngu chinh thuc
cho d ngl1i1iAn lfin ngl1i1iHili. Chinh sdch gidu uuc nay Ul(c.lctiep luc t(ji uili chdu nOi

Gido dl;lc

A eMu

tn((Jc dll/z /zU(JIIX tay phuong

~kbar la vua Alll:'lngz<:b (1618-1707). Vi vua sau nay lhay o(;i chinh sach, b,!<:oiii nglii1i
An, d6t trliC111gAn, cliung bach giao dl)c H0i Giao. Sau khi Aurangzcb mal (1707), de'
quclc Mughal suy ye'u. oC,lJI1di quy~n thong tri va tranh chap cua de su quan.
Dlidi thai Mughal. phu ncr viln chi oli(iC giao due l,!i gia hO;lCnhi, iai nha cua cac giao
vien ('JIan e~n. Giao dl!C phI) nu quy t(lC oliyc chu trong h(111vi, m(lt vai cong <:hua oil In'J
lhanh hqc giii. Chli(jng trlnh huan nght; otr(.!ethtrc hit;n qua vit;c thl.!,' t~p l,!i nha cua eac
th<;Jchuyen mllll va t,." dc xtrUng. Nhi6u vua chua H0i Giao oil yl5m l,\! tich C\(Cchliang
trlnh phat trin giao dl)c. Akbar chi thi dich nhi~u ta<:ph:im c6 oin An D(i sang tieng Ba
Tli. Them vao do, nhieu tac ph:im c6 oien Hy LaP, A R~p cling oliyc dich sang ngon ngu
nay. Cac tac ph:im dich thu~t nay giup cho h()c sinh, hC.lCgiii & dang h()c t~p, nghien cuu
dc kien thuc xlia va m(j oliling cho vi~c hqc t~p rQng rai khong nhung U trliong h<;>cma
con d dan chung nua.
3. Di,ic diim ghio dvc An D(i thoi H6i Ghio - Giao dvc tien triin tot di;P
Giao dl)C H0i Giao t,!i An DQ co nhieu oiem tliang o0ng vdi giao dl)c c0 o,!i An DQ nhli
hoan toan mien phi, h<;>ctro kinh tr<;>ngthUy, thfrY than m~t vdi h<.Jctro, h~ tho'ng trlidng
!dp, hi~u doan oli<;Jcgidi thi~u. Nha v~y, m()i nglioi hUu nhli oeu quan tam oen Iy tlidng
ton giao va ooi so'ng cao dt;p. Nen giao dl!c nay co nhieu oac oiem. Thu nhill la tinh each
dan chu, cac trliang tiep nh~n mqi tilng !dp hqc sinh, khong phan bi~t giai cilp, giau
ngheo; kh6ng <:0tinh each ap dat ma la phat trien mQt each tl! nhien; kh6ng phan bi~t dja
phliong, trung Iiong tai tr<;J,oia phtrong oong gop kh6ng oang ke. Thu hai la sit dl)ng sach
giao khoa bang tieng Ba Tuliii OIi(JCciii lien <:hophu h(jp \(~i dc trlii'Jng An DQ thay VI sit
dl!ng tieng A R~p hay tieng An DQ co th gay ra hieu HIm va ehia re giua dan tQccai trj
va dan tQc bi trio Thu ba la nhieu nen van hoa ntrdc ngoai co tinh cach nhan ban dil dli<;Jc
h()c hoi. Cuo'i cling la sl! hoa nh~p van hoa trong vit;c phat tri6n chliang trlnh giao dl!c
kh6ng phan bit;t H0i hay An, hqc t~p bang lieng Ba TLr, oliQC ho trQ bang tieng Phan
Sanskrit hay tieng An DQ. Nhli v~y, n6n giao dl!C H0i Giao t,!i An DQ thai trung dai la
.
m6t nen giao dl!C oac,thu oii hoa hQp OIiQChai van hoa, hai dan tQc An-Hoi va oii phat
lrin t6t ocp do sang kien cua dc vua chua. Tiec lhay, lilnh th6 An oii gap nan tranh
chap giua dc su quan, oa c6 I~p philn oat nay, dt oUt lien h~ vdi the gidi ben ngoai.
Trong suclt sau the ky (the ky 12-18), An D(i chi tiep nh~n van hoa c6 d'.ti Hy LaP va tiep
theo la van hoa H6i Giao trung oai. Ngoai fa, hq khong h<;>choi OIi<;JC
gl d phong trao nhan
van va van hoa tay phli(jng oang phat trin van thi'JiPh!!c Hling. H~u qua la oe quo'c Anh
oii lhay the oe quoc Mughal, th6ng tri An D(l ti( the' ky thu 19 oen nam 1948.

.-

Gido dl:leA Clulu trude anh hudng tay phuong

II. Giao d\lc Trung Hoa - Giao d\lc Kh6ng HQc, tii chuang va khoa cli'
Trung Hoa sau aoi Han aa hIm vao tlnh tnlng chie'n tranh, nhiu triu a~i n6i tic'p khi\ng
t<'int~i auoc lau nen khi\ng co aU<Jc nhung chuang trlnh ciii tic'n giao Ul!Ctheo aui1ng 16i
cae nuoc tay phuong. Vao the' ky thu 7, nha Eluong th6ng nhtlt ailt nuoe, uanh quyn tll
chu aU<Jcgiln 300 nam (618-907). Tic'p theo nha Eluong la nha T6ng lam vua aU<Jctren
300 nam (960-1279). Hai nha Eluting T6ng au co nhung chuang trlnh phat tri6n ri)ng IOn
nganh giao dl!e, nhung eGng chI la niim trong khui\n kh6 giao dl!c Kh6ng H<.Jcco san Ill'
aoi Han. Toi ailu the ky thu 13, Trung Hoa bj de' qu6c Mi\ng C6 cai tri gan 100 nam
(1279-1368). Vao giua the ky thu 14, nha Minh khi\i phl!c au,}c n~n ai)c laP va lam vua
auclc gUn 300 niim (1368-1644). Sau nha Minh, Trung Hoa khi\ng bj ngoai bang all hClrna
UOuan ti)e thiEu s6 Man Thanh eai tri eho tdi eaeh ll1~ng Tan H'ji 1911. Vao eu6i a,'ji nha
Thanh, Trung Hoa moi co nhung tiep xde ln/e tiep voi lay phU(lng.
1. Giao d\lc nhil Duung (618-907) - Giao d\lc Kh6ng Hl,lc
Nha DuiJng la mi)t tri~u aai n6i tieng ii Trung Hoa, aucle aanh utlu bhng the lue quan su
hung manh, ehinh tri 6n djnh, kinh te phi\n thjnh, giao ul!e phat tri6n. Elily eGng la thili a~i
tu luiing Phat Giao dU<Jeehtlp nhan va rna ri)ng; hqc gia Phal Giao Ut!oc kinh n6 v~ kic'n
thuc va Trung Hoa du thay the An Di) trong vii;e truyn ba d~o Philt vao cac nude DClng
Nam A. Eloi Eluong eGng dU<Jen6i tieng v~ van h9C nghi; thuat va aucle xcm Iii thili ky
vang son cua thi phd Trung Hoa. Hang nghln thi Sl, van SI xutlt hii;n, M lai ll1i)tui san van
h6a phong phd ma cae the hi; sau khClng thE so sanh Ut!'jc. Elang k6 nhtlt la Ly B~eh (*) ,
Bach CuDj (*), Thoi Hi) (*), Hun DG (*), Lieu Ton Nguyen (*), El,'\Phu(*). Van xuClivao
thai k~ nay cGng b:lt dau phat Iri6n. Ngunh hqa eGng aU(jc gidi thii;u vo; cae bue tranh
(*) L)', B~/('h (701-762)

Ong

dIU

huy L:I' Theii 8('h, nxui,i [Inll Ttf Xuyen. ('(' lui tho

klu)nx h~/p l'lli chi luMng. 6nl-: chun cunh quan tnllfng. "'Ill h(;ln i'lli tho \'U
('(in,!; hay. Ollg

nui',

nJm 762. Thl!()

h(m he, LS'

rU~/u f!lWfllg frJng. Khi qud eh~n, 611g nhurli

,1U(II. 011,1: [u nhu tlU! hdng ddu Trullg

B~/ch che' vi

ng/./(Ii .\"U(i'l/-:

Hoa l'(~i .'ilt [U(lng

("') B~iCh eu Dj. Ong ngwli r/llh 5dn Tuy, ,/(j rie" ,\"/, [dm

lri~u

.'IllY rl/{Iu.

nl/rlc,

n/(lli.

On~ cung

(Jng tum

CUI/X

.w)'

n/(fU

h(,in

hilu

ng(ii fhuy~n

tlUl

ul;',,;.:

l1illh 6m hi)' vdn;.: friinK tI ddy ,WIII,J.: l'U chef

he .Hm {(Jr.

20.00U hili do h(Ul

\'/;

fri Sl [Jill

IJi}n

wh

fhl!

qUlin

JJ ft.;i

de" Hinh B(I

rU(lu I'U h(m hilu. Cling nhu Lf Bt.;ch, B(/Ch

CJ Iwi rhi sl ,1~u lu hc)c rui hou nr1i rit?"g. Btjch Cu Dj ,IU(/("
Ca';

luc 12 turj'j nhuIIJ.: khrJl1g {li [hi,

Vi!.\'

do /m,Jn 'e ,"hit"

ngu)' lIUY c{}n hli khodng I.XOO hui. SIr IU(lng nu)' clinK hi quti hIll.

Imnh.

(illg

Iii

du cue II(/i, <-:unXcdc fhi si dUrIng Ilu!" ngul1l \'{lIh. Ong dl1~/c l1!!,u(fi rie'n ("I.t ru. h'lll tjuan "hung /1ot;ln I(j

xU li('h DU(lI1g Quf Phi

,1U{IC DIIlIIlK

17illh hu(;c [(.ii.Bili Ilul dili khdc niu

hier

Di

,1e11nhh~u "'uff w/i hdi tho dui "Tru/ln;.: Hf)n

/jng cUl/g &; ,IU(IC ,hfi .\"UU nhdc den IIhi~u

On;.: (llt(fc hi~; ,1;'1 nhiPu

98

niim h()(m [(I,

cd cU(JC .HI"g pluJng kh()tinK.

Minh Hourlg yeu quf nJnfllg cung kh{;n;.: trr1"h

lieli 1I,l!,L(t"li k.y nu hjc phf)n d s6ng Houi wli ,1i,UlgS' k)" IluJc ttim st! hdn tlu1n
h,i 12 cluillthdllh ('(1m{l/'mg.
(*) TllIii H(i. Tili Sl !U1iriellg ,1{li DU(lnf.:.

1'hU{/IIK 1'hl1. Sou 30

CII

,1/,/(/("

cdi chet do

lu "1'j'Sa Himh"

ke lji .'It!

k.hi hi triJu t1inh hie,,, ('hue hunK

wli hdi ,h(ltl1 tuyfl (lull/ ("liu), hoi {'iiu ('U(},'liJ:

Ciao dlfc

A eMu

(n(UC anh hL(Ung fay phuClng

Nhan difn hiil tr; hd xu khti,

Duo hou y cu fie'u (MfiM phOflX.

(M(it ngUiti chang hitt ttl (Tau van;.:.

'.

ChllhJ'y hoa lliw cuil; ;:i6 lMnJ.:.)

l1e' fudllg nh(! ngwli thie'u nil rinK cum men, g(1p nUll! flf.:oui, niim nu)' lrd

Kidu, Nxuyen Du cunN (til

nu./(1n

1' khrilll{

thet)' nila. Trong Truy?n

f nay (Ii viet:

Tru(h' :wu nlJ.()lhii)' hiinK nXl.l(Ji,
Hoa ltao mim n;.:odi c()n c/.lui gil) ,1lJnX.

khl Kim TrunK Ird It,Jilim Th';)' Kieu va t.lil khtinx lha}' (tau.
(*) Him Dii (76X-X23). V(ltl gia mil tien;: dr}i DI-flng. On;.: ,1(iu tifn.'il VlI ('() ldm quan. Onx La m/)nc1r hoc
thuyet Khr1ng Tunhunx lr(JnJ.: [('Ii van Klan dj, tii thl/c, eh/ing li WI; U;'i van h{)ng btly, cilu ky, U)' mi, co viln,
OJ ttl)l', ll()c tell nght: nhip nhimg, am c1i?u nhung /T(J'nx nJng rut th;nh him"h thiii hi)'y f.:ii'1.6ng bai hdc III IUcJng
Phi}' Cilio \'a wo Til. Khi \'uu Duling sui su t1i t1tJnxuang Ph(it, {jng dang hai hiu bai xich ton giao nay va
xin tId, XtMng Ph(Jt chu kh6nK Ihl} va hi giting chue. 6ng t1U(f(.'ndi lietJg '012 hili van nay.
(*i LiJu Ti'm Nguyen. Vun gia, thi sf nrj'i tie'ng lWi DUrIng. Tuang truyen ong lam tha, vie' van nhanh khting ai
.Hinh kip.
(*) Dr; Phi1. Thi nhiin nlii titng lIrl; DurJng. Ong crJ ra lam quan. Khi v huu. ong vui thli dln vien vai tha
rU(fu. Cling nhu L)' B<Jch,cang uirnX say. elmg IP.m Ih(/ hay. Ong mat khi say rU(lu.

chiu anh hLtting PMt Giao va Lao Til'. .

MOt tai san quy bau nhilt ma Trung Hoa oa M I<)iIa vii,\c pMt minh nganh in. In khuon
c6 oinh xuilt hii,\n VaG the' ky thu 8 va cu6n kinh PMt ofru tien dLt<Jcin khuon V110nam
X6X. In di oOng xuilt hii,\n VaG the' ky thu II. Ngh~ in oa tho a man nhu du van hoc, in
nhi~u sach truyi,\n; thlla man nhu du giao dl}c, dn nhi~u sach giao khoa cho cac tntCJng
tren toan qu6c; thoa man nhp du ton giao, dn nhi~u kinh sach oti du nguyi,\n. Theo mQt
s6 sil' gia, cho tdi the' ky thu 18, Trung Hoa c6 nhi~u sach in han tilt ca sach in cila the' gidi
cQng I<)i.
Giao dl}c oCJi)LtCJngchiu anh hLtCJngsau xa hoc thuye't Kh6ng Til', m~c dfru Ph~t Giao
oa oLtcJctri~u mnh chll y Mn. Tuy nhien, Kh6ng Hoc oa khong lam suy giam sl! phat tritin
cila dc hqc thuye't khac. MQt so hoc gia n6i tie'ng tu choi tham dl! thi cil' M trCJthanh quan
Ii)i VIho khong h~i long vdi trie'tly ht;p hoi cila Kh6ng hoc. Trie'tly nay chi chll trong vao
luan Iy, Oi)O ouc, trung'quan, ai qu6c, tam tong, tu OUCma khong quan tam oe'n cam xllc,
dlJi s6ng cila con ngLtCJi.Do 06, thoi ky nay oa chilp nh~n sl! xuilt hii,\n cila PMt Giao, hoc
thuye't Lao Til' cung rilt ph6 bie'n, cac thi sl oa c6 nhCingcam xllc rieng tLtvangay ca nhCing
o~ tai v~ huy~n bi hoc cung oLt<Jcban lu~n Mn.
Cac trLtong hoc ooi )LtCJngoLt<Jct6 chUc c6 hi,\ th6ng. C6 nhCing trLtCJngthuQc chinh
quy~n trungLtcJng, nhCing trLtong thuQc chinh quy~n oia phLtdng va nhCing trLtCJngdan l~p
do cac hoc gia thanh I~p tren toan lanh thG kti ca ti)i cac lang mi)c. Ti)i cac phil huyi,\n, cac
trLtong oLt<Jcchinh quy~n thanh liip va giang di)Y tu lOp va long cho tdi titiu hoc riii trung
huc. NhLt v~y, kh6ng c6 phan chia nganh tiEu hoc' hay trung hoc nhLtcac n~n giao
duc kh:k. Ti)i cac thi tdn, giao dl}c cllng OLt(.Jc
t6 chl1c tLtcJngtl! nhung trLtong sCJldn lao
99

Giao due

C/ulu tn((Jc iinh huang fay phuang

h,jn, s6 hoc sinh dong hdn. VOi trlnh dQ cao d5ng, hQc sinh phai len kinh do. T'li cae
truang cao d5ng nay, ngoai chu,jng trlnh giiing d,!y hQc thuyet Kh6ng Ti't, hQe sinh con
Ol!'Je hqc v~ toan, lu~t, y hQc c6 truyen, ngh(; thu~t viet chO'dyp. Co nhi~u hQe sinh khong
du di~u kien len kinh do thea hqe hoi)e so hqc sinh mu6n thea hqe qua dong nhl!ng s6 eh6
I,!i qua gioi h'.ln, hQ Ol!t;1cthea hqc voi cac hqc giii n6i tie'ng trcn k,hap lanh th6, kii' cii t'li
cac lang m,!c. Cae hQc giii nay c6 th~ la cac nho sTn6i tie'ng nhung khong ung thi VI khong
ua thich che d0 thi ci't, c6 thE la nhO'ng nho sTde) d'!t cao nhung.khong mang cong danh
phu quy, Cll thE la cae b~c hl!U qUClll,Qua "oi thiji gian, c~c nho sT hQc giii da san xuat
hang nghln, hang v,!n cu nhiin, lien Sl. khni nguycn, co nhi~u nguai tri) thanh tE tuong (thu
tl!ong), thut;1ng thu (b0 tru,1ng). Mac 05u v,'li quycn cao, chuc trqng, cae mon de n~u co
dip trd v~ lang cO tham th5y, van dung khoanh tay h5u chuYen, th5y cho phep ng6i moi
dut;1cng6i xe me vao mQt g6c s~p. van xung la de IUva xung thily la ton su. Co nhO'ng diu
truyen kii' l:;ti,quan l:;titham [) Ira v6 Iham th5y, da bi tnich mang VI da khong thve hien
dung di~u Ih5y d,!Y. D6 la ket quii cao dt;p cua n~n giao d~c trQng Iuan Iy, d:;to dl1c eua
Kh6ng Hoc. Cac mlll1 de thea hqc cac nho sT hqc giii tuy khii nang bi~u th5y g,!o, qua
banh. Nhi6u nguai ngheo con tll!t;1cth5y giup dil C6 hqc tra trq ngay t,!i nha th5y, c6
nguoi trQ hQc trang lang. Co nguai hqc gioi, h,!nh kiEm t6t da tra tMnh eon rii' th5y. Nhieu
nho sThQc gia n6i tieng, hQc tro 'khap noi trang nuoe uen xin thea hQe. Trang truang ht;1p
nay thuang phiii e6 nguai tien ci't, neu khong, th5y khong Ihii' nh~n he'l. T,!i cae truang
nay, thily chi d,!y trlnh dO d,!i hqc nghTa la hQe tro se di thi ci't nhan tra len. Voi cae trlnh
dO thap, rat nhi~u nho sTtren toan lilnh th6 rna truang thu nh~n hQe tro voi nhieu tdnh dO
khac nhau, tu va long den trung hqc. dai hQc, hQc tra lop eao giup th5y d'lY cae lOp thip

sau khi da xong bai .vi). Thai gian hQC t~p khong e6 giOi h'ln. Co nhO'ng hQe tro thong
minh, 14 tu6i, 15 tu6i da d~u tie'n sT; c6 nhO'ng hQe tra khae, sau khi thea hQe ca muai
nam. tren 30 tuGi, [hi may 15n van hi\ng. T,!i cae truang eua cac nho sT, chi c6 mOt thily
duy nhat la ehinh nho sT mi) truong. C6 Ih5y nh~n nam muai hQc tra, co thily chi nh~n
vai ba hQc tro. Cac truang cap lOp thap co nhieu hQe tro hdn, co thii' uen 30,40 hay nhieu
hdn nO'a.
Chltdng trlnh giao dl)C van Ia 111 tutJng hQe thuye't Kh6ng HQe, khong co gl moi me.
Thcm van do, che d0 thi ei't khat khe, nguoi thi thl nhieu, nguai d~u qua it; nen nguai di
thi phai vie't chO' eho dt;p, nOi OU\lgphong phu, lai van phai gQt deo eho b6ng bii'y, trau
chu6t, moi hy vQng Iqt vao mat xanh cac quan giam khao. L6i giao dl)e ehuOng hlnh thue
nay eang ngay ciing ph6 bien, t<:toly 00 eho cae hQe gia thue thai chi trich va tii'y ehay
viec thi cu. Voi cae [rUang cua cae hqc giii, cae mon toan, lu~t hilu nhu bi lang quen. Voi
cae truang chinh quy~n, cac m<1.nhqe ngoai tu tuang Kh6ng HQe dut;1eehu y hdn.
He th5ng Ihi eu d Trung Hoa kh,1i s1/ tu nha Han, dU<Jenha Duong cai tien va dil khong
100
I

Ciao

Ii eMu

d~IC

tnliJc

anh I{l1ang fay phUl.tng

thay deli nhieu eho toi the ky thu 20. Cae ky thi dl10e t6 ehue dinh ky rna khong phlli hang
nam, Ihl1Cingthl ba b6n nam mai co mQt khoa va ehia lam hai trlnh dQ khae nhau. Trinh
dQ thC(nhilt la thi lily van bhng elr nhan. so' ngl1tJi dau co giai h(ln. TrInh di) lhu hai la thi
lily van bhng tie'n sl. Phlli dau elr nhan moi dl(,Je hqe va thi lien 51. so' 51llr thi dau lien 51
eClI1giCJih,.ln htJn nila. Dau dau ky thi nay gqi la kh6i nguyen, ngl10i dau lhU nhl g<,>ila a
nguyen. Day lil hai van bhng eao quy nhilt. Ngl10i dau khoi nguyen, a nguyen Ihl1(Jng
dl1,Je phung chuc quan cao trong trieu. Cae nho sl co bhng ei't nhiin, tien 51 dl10e luyen
uling lam vii;e t~i trieu <.Ilnhho;ie t~i cae <.Iiaphl1tJng tuy theo nhu du, 5J!tien elr eua cae
quan ho(ie sJ! qUl'n biet. Nhl1 vaY, <.Il1onglili uuy nhilt giup cae nho 51co mi)l 5J!nghic$p
tl1(jng lai la phai thi <.Iaura lam quan. Rill nhieu nho 51 thi hong b6n nam Hin trang ml10i
mily hai ml1l1inam, cam chiu canh nghi'o tung, 5ilng nho v0 5u6t doi VI h<,>
khong the lam
,:ghe khac va cung theo Khelng Hqe thl sl Ii! giai cilp eao quy nhilt trang xa hi)i: 51nong
e6ng thl1ong. Thi hong, an bam vao vlj nhl1ng van la s1. MQt 56 it nho 51 nay rna Irl10ng
u~y nam bay dua tre nho. Ngoai ra, nha Dl10ng e6n tel ehue ky thi vo, thi y h<,>e.Thi vo M
tuyen ch(lI1 nhan tai trung nganh binh bi. Thi Y hqe M tuyt:n eh<,>nthily thu6e vai cae de
lai cham cuu, nin b,',p va bi;nh thClI1gthl1ong.
Quill' Tlr Giam da co Itt (Wi Han, van tiep tlie phat trien. H<,>etra xuilt 5fte l(li cae dia
phl111ng<.I11,je
tie'n clr theo hqe t~i day, con cal' hoang than qu6e lhleh, con quan dl10e I1U
tien theo hqc. Dl10i doi Dl1ong, lanh lhi) nl() rt:'lng,de' qu6e Trung Hoa do hi) nhicu nl1ae
chung quanh. Hl,lc tra xuilt sic clla dc nl1,lc nay eung dl1l.lethea hQe t~i Qu6e Ti't Giam.
Viet Nam Ia mOt trong nhilng nl1ac bi Trung Hoa d6 h(\ trong giai dO(ln nay.
M()t Clj quan moi da du\Jc thanh lap. Do la Han Lam Vien. Thanh vien ella vic$nla cae
hqc giii loi l~c, cal' quan tmng trieu co khii nang chuyen mon, de nho 51co bhng tien sl
h~ng cao. Nhiem Vli ella vien Ia tel ehue va dieu hanh de ky thi; nghien eUu, bien 50(ln,
giiii thich dc tal' philm cel dien clla dc hoc lhuyet. Nguili ra, de hQe gia nay can dl10e
hoang de moi hili y kien ve dc viln de lien quan <.Ie'nchinh sJ!.
2. Giao dl;le nha Tpng (9611.1279) Ciao d~le Khling

,,
\

HQe va Khling HQC Mai -

Vuo'ng An Th:)ch va chuting trlnh cai tie'n giao dl;le

Tclng cung nhl1 DI1CJngIi! hai trieu dai ma van h6a Trung Hoa phat huy den eJ!e diem.
Phat Hoc thinh d dtJi Dl1ong, triet h,)e thinh ii ddi TClng. Dl1dng la huang kim thoi d(li eua
Ihl1. T"lng la huang kim thoi <.Iaiella van. Slr, triet. N6i t1anh nhilt lmng hai doi Dl1ong,
Tilng Ia tam nha van ma van hqc slr goi la"f)l1im}; TiJt'}; Bilt f)<;ti Gia". Hai nM van dilu la
Dl1dng, sau nha van sau la Tclng. DC)Iii: Han Du, Lieu T6n Nguyen (Xem philn lren), Au
Dlfdng Tu (*), Vl(ljng An Thach (*), TC) Tuan (*), T6 Thuc (*), To Triel (*), Tang Cung
(*). Cung nhl( Han Du nha ElLttjng,nhom de nha van cilp lien doi Dl10ng vai Au Dl10ng
(*)

Au

DUling

Tu (/OU7-1072).

6ng ngu/li

rfJlIi Giung

T(1y,
101

II/()

('(ii chao "hiJ nghet). \'tJch chi] xu/Ing ddt

mil

Ciao dl:leA eMu trude anh hWYng tay phuong

h{le, rlli thang minh. thi ,1i)u lien Sl, lam quan to nhUfll{ hO{ln I(Jnhi2u hulk than;.: trdm vi tinh tinh cllang trl/C.
Ong khiim ph{K va i1nh hurJnx Him Du. chuc)ng fijI van hinh di. thl/C Ie. dil phd ltil van deo g{J/. (rau churn,
qud chtl tr{JnK v2 hinh lhuc. Khi tung til! tgi him lilm vi{!n, {)171: nhiBu I6n dU(fChr1nhiiJm chtlnh chiJ khao kj' thi
ritn st. Au. DUOng I;u ,wing (de r{it nhiu. V.fit co hal h(i Duilng Thu va Ngu Dc;i Sit. VB tac phdm phe binh
I'un h{J(' cd Tt)p e/f Lfle. VB l'an xu(ji, ong ,winK tde eli Sf T(ip /53 quyln, Thi Ban Nghia- 16 quyn. L1;lc Nhdt
Tli 3 quyn wi L1;lcNhat Thi Th(}(~i.nay til m(jt cling trinh sang tdc l<tn tar hie'm (,(l.

1*) V/l(fnR An Thqch 11021-IOX6). OnR nRtf,}i tlnh GianR Triy, th,)nR minh, say me.d()c such, co nhiJa y ftfrfnR
ni(Ji 1. Chinh Au Duong Tu khi fUm chdnh c:hiJ. khi10 k}' thi tien sf, d{JCvan bili (jng, rilt thdn phl;lCvil chdm ljng
di)u. ;VuonM An Thf:LChlil nMulti chiln thimh, hinh ,'i, cUlInMnghi. Ii kh(ing hJ quan tam dtn vi~c an mr)c, nen
nhii~ quan Ii kh(jnM Ua ljng. Nilm 105X, (in;: diinM len vua hai diJu trdn ma (ing' ;:pi lti Tan Pht1p mot v{in lit
K(1mnhunl.: cai.each rOt cap tien vJ (lil m{)i phuang di~n: nring nghi~p. quan :q'. thue'ma, Kiao d{ic, thuy 1{/i.
Diiy iii l1I(jtchuang trinh cdi e,kh xil h(Ji r(jng ltin cd 1{li cho dun nl:heo nhUnl.:xam phm vao quyn 1{lieua
cae ,1in chu, CUillll.:hiw, ae ha. Nhdm hila thil rat mnh trong trieu dinh q(C life philn a()'; nhung sang kien
nuy. NJuJm eJp tien thilu .'itt ,Til kh(jng dil thi II/C unX h(j {'jng. Muili nz(jl nilm sau (1068), Vua T(tng dil h(1
nhiff11 ling. lam tl tuting (thu tu(Jng) va (ing {1i1ctJ dip thl/c hien Tiin PhJp. Phe hilo thu trong IriJu wIn rut
l1u:mh,'tiip fl;iCch(j'ng ell;';,\'ua T(1nXIi thieu cuonx quyh. nen ail nhu{tng h(i phe nay va thay tht ling sau bon
niim [{,Iichtk. Hai nilm .wu linK dU{ICh(1nhifm tt tUlJng Lc1nthzi hai nhUng win hi phe hilo thil eh(j'ng aOl.Nam
1076, nhil I'UU ,ft] h(1 nhiem ft tU(JnXm(Ji thay ting. T(1nXc(ing sau nam edn;' quyn, thitu Sif ung hl} cua vua va
frieu fhJn, chu(tng trinh cdi eaeh cua (ing dii khiJng th,!c hien ,1u(/C haa nhieu. Ng(;ai sif nghi~p chinh Iri,
Vuang A[I Th(lch o}n llf I(.iim(it .q( nghirp sung tac van h{)c hJn lao hao g(1m : lLim TuyJn T4p 100 quyn,
DUlIng Belch Gia Thi Tuyen 20 quyn va rat nhiu tde phJm khdc phe binh va Kidi thich vJ cdc n;:atih tritl
hoc clf clMn Trung Hoa. Viin (in;: Lilll;i viin tht!c ell;illK.giiln eli nhunx flll:mh me.
I~)T,) Turin 11009.1066).

TrJTurin ciinR hai con Iii TrJ Thuc hay T,) D,ing Pha vii Tri Trift Iii hu danh.<i tronR
DUtln;: 1'1;i1;:Bdt Di Gia. 6ng que ti tlnh Tzi Xuyen, c()n nhiJ rilt lui,i hieng, ;:an 30 tu(1i lntJi c(1gdnX chiim
elll nhu'J1;:thi ht)llg fien St. Bife minh ()ng \'8 nha lMt het I'iln hili cu, {Mng cua h{Jc ti)p Ironx mulli num, Ih()ng
fhu(Je kinh sach, w]n hai m1i lieng, Au Dutln;: Tu cung phili khen nX{li khi hai nhiln v4t nay gr)p nhau. M{Ji
ngt.ltfi khuyen dng l1i thi nhung ting tit chtfi. Tuy vi)y, ang lTu{ICtien cit ra lam quan. S,! nghi~p sting lac eua
{inKcung flit lIIn luo wi !Juo w1tti : Giu H{lu Ti)p J 5 quyn, Thl;iYPhap 3' quyn, a(inX tdc gid hQ Thai Thullng
Nhiin each U 100 ('Ul;" han vJ 12 nghia.
(*) TrJTMc huy T,) D,)n!: Pha (1037-1101). Conlr1n diu TrJTurin, rrit thrJng minh, 15 turii dii thrin!: Jurit kinh
tlif,;. Nilm 2 I iudi ,14u tien sf, ra lilm quan. 6ng la nhan w}t tr(il nhat trong Bdt Di Gia, vua la m(jl thi sf cOfili 1~/ic(}n lil 11I(jt\'un gia Illi l(lc. Ong cfing nlli tieng vJ chu ll~p. T(i Dring Pha ,tU(ICnhiJu ngui'1i nhdc den wJi
'lili phu '1f1itieng Tin Xfl'h Bich fl()j 12n cam xuc \'i hi each chuc khi di qua ,1Uy'va cung nhll dtn chitn tr(ln de
/iff Kiuu qu(}n Tiw T~do va qulin Luu Bi th()i Tam Qu(i{' ti dia dilm nay. Onx sung tal..'4000 hili tho. 300 t(lp
j'iin: D()IIJ.:Plw l',]n fihi 6U quyfn, D(inJ.:Pha Th.i T()p 25 quyn, Danl.: Pha Chi Lam 5 qu)'tn, D(jnX Pha Tit,
Cltu Tri BLif Kf 2 qUYJl. Ngoui ra ()l1gding viet Djch Truyrn, Lut)n Nga Thuyet, Thu Truy~n ttl truy~n bd
KJufllg h~)c.
(*) Ttj Tri~t (I039~/112). T(i Tri~t Iii con T(i Tuiin, em T/; Dting Pha, ll()u tien :rTlMng kh6u wJi anh. Cu(k a()i
lum quan cua (ing cung ('() nhiJu hu(Jc thiln;.: tram. Suu khi v~ huu, 6ng lMng ella n;.:hien cUu sang !de aU{/c
l1u((fin17m,hi mat. Ong kh61lJ.:IUfi fiing nhu cha I'U unh. On;.:sang u.k t1ii !mit nhu sit ky, tTia if, phe hinh lriei
h()c I'U g(jll1 cd: Thi Truy~n, Xucin Thu Truy(n. ell Sil, wo Til Ciai, Long Xuy2n Chi LU{/Cva Loan Thanh 3

qu,'Pn.

7('iflg Cling (IUIY-1UX3). On;.: ngUlli Kie'n Xuang, th(jng minh ttt nh/;, Au DUong Tu khen Iu h()c k5' Iili.
On;.:d(iu fiell st I'd c() tum quan nhullK kh(il1): tham Kia phe hiJo thu hay phe cap tien. Gng sang Ide h(J
Nguyen Phong u)(Ji Cdo \'Ub() clf Van 3 quyEn.
(*)

102

.:i

Gido dl,lc A eMu tnMc anh huang fay phl1(Jng

,,

Tu, Vuong An Th<)ch, T6 Thuc, Tang Cung ali c6 vii loi van gian di, th\fc t6, kh6ng dai
dong, chai chuot. Tuong truy~n hOi Au Duong Tu lam chanh chu khao eac ky thi ti6n sT,
gaP biii van niio chai chuot, aeo gQt qua, 6ng g<)tbo, kh6ng them chilm. '.
V 6 nghi; thu~t, ngiinh ve phong ciinh xuat hii;n vii rilt ph6 c~p. K6t qua sang tac van
hl)c dU~jc ngh~ in khu6n di dQng khuy6n khich, khu6n bUng dilt nung, sau bUng g6 rOi
bUng kim lo<)i. S\f thanh c6ng cua ngiinh in aa cho phep in mQt !tic nhi~u t~p. Nhu v~y,
toiin bQ cac tac ph5m c6 ain nhi~u t~p, ciing nhu cac tac ph5m c6 gia tr! auong thai du<)c
nhanh ch6ng th\fc hii;n, rilt ti~n I<)icho cac nho sTciing nhu hQc sinh nghien cUu hQc hoi.
Do d6, van h6a, giao d~c phat trin m<)nhme.
Cac vua nhii Tong ali ti6p nh~n cac tu tuang mai vii c6 chinh sach cai ti6n. Do 06, chinh
tri gia cilp ti6n Vuong An Th<)ch (Xem them chtl thich a tren) ali au<)c b6 nhi~m lam t
tuang (thu tudng). Ong thlJ'c hii;n cac cai each v~ giao d~c nhu khuy6n khich loi hQc thlJ'c
d~ng, chtl trQng han viio m6n hQc toan, khoa hl)c ngoiii van hQc vii cac ciii cach khac v~
au mQi phuong dii;n. Chuong trlnh canh tan nay mii Vuong An Th<)ch gQi Iii "Tiin Poop",
mai me qua, Mn bQ qua, xam ph<)m quy~n I<)igiai cilp thong tri, al).i ai~n chu, thuong gia
nen bi nh6m bao thu quy6t lit;t phan dOi. K6t qua Iii chinh sach ti6n bQ niiy kh6ng th\fc
hit;n aUQc bao nhieu. Tuy nhien, chuang trlnh canh tan va s\f chong dOi cua phe bao thu
ali aua Mn vit;c tranh lu~n giii'a eac hQc gia thuQc nhi~u khuynh hudng khac nhau. Vit;c
tranh lu~n niiy ciing c6 y nghTa nhu s\f xuat hi~n nhi~u hQc phai tu tuang vao aoi Chu, mQt
nghln nam v~ truac. HQc thuy6t Kh6ng Ti't, hQc thuy6t dli chi phoi aoi song va tu tuang
cua dan Trung Hoa dli gaP SlJ'thach thuc cua cac hQc thuye't Lao Ti't, Ph~t Giao. Ket qua
la mQt hqc phai "Kh6ng Hf?cM()i" ali ra aoi vdi quan aim mai v~ ki6n thuc, con nguoi va
vii trl). Cac hQc gia chu xuang mt;nh danh hQc thuy6t niiy Iii "Tritt Hf?c Ly Trl", c6 nghTa
Iii dung Iy tri M phan tich, Iy lu~n, phan aoan, ap d~ng phuong phap khoa hQc M tim ra
chan Iy. Dung ailu hQc thuyet niiy Iii Chu Hi (1130-1200). Ong nguoi tinh Phtlc Ki6n,
dong dBi quan I<)i,Iii hQc gia, trie't gia c6 anh huang rat IOn tai sinh ho<)ttinh thiln cua giOi
hQc giii Kh6ng Hqc sau ong.Ong nguyen Iii mon ai; Kh6ng HQc, I<)ithong suot Lao Hqc,
Ph~t H9C. Ong c6 kha nang dac bii;t, c6 tiii Iy lu~n, ht; thong h6a cac tu tuang vii dl1a ra
mOt quan diem rieng thlJ'c te, s6ng aOng. Chu Hi d~u tie'n sTnam 18 tu6i vii ra liim quan
t<)itinh nhii (I 151-1158). T<)iday, 6ng aua ra nhi~u ciii each v~ thue v~, an ninh, Ie nghi,
giao d~c. Ong ttt quan viio niim 1158 vi nh~n thay kh6 c6 th thi hanh du<)c nhii'ng chuong
trlnh an dan vii ciing VI gidi quan I<)ibe phai, thai nat va thieu khii nang. Thai gian diii
ttt quan Iii dip cho ong tie'p xtlc vdi cac h9C gia, triet gia cung hQc hoi, nghien cUu,
tranh lu~n v~ cac hl)c thuyet Kh6ng Ph~t Lao. Theo 6ng, muon hQc hoi c6 ket qua,
phai tim toi, suy lu~n, nghien cl1u, tim ra y nghTa cua s\f vi~c M ap dl)ng, mii khong

103

Ciao d(lc

Clulu trude anlz Izudng tay plzurJng

phiii chi m6 phtlng hoan toan theo sach vd. Tuy la trie't gia, 6ng cung c6 sd thich vt:, lich
sUo Nam 1172, 6ng hi.;:u dinh bi) Su Ky cua Tu' Mii Thien (Xem chu'<ing 3, ml,1CI, 2). Tal'
phffm nay dii du'<;fCxuat.ban

d Phap vao giai dO(ln 1777-1785. Nam 1177, 6ng hoan thiinh

tal' phffm phe blnh tu' tu'dng Kh6ng H<.Jcqua h(l Tu Thu' (Xem chu'ling 3, ml,1e 1,1). Tuy
kh6ng lam quan nhu'ng ong cung dong gop vao vit;c dit:,u hanh chinh slf voi cal' ban dit:,u
tdn gui len vua. Chu Hi du'<;fCvua va trit:,u dlnh bie't Mn kha nang, nhit:,u Ian tri.;:u ong vt:,
trit:,u, 6ng tie'p tl,1ckhco lco tli chi'li. Cucli cung tmg phai nh~n mi)t chuc quan {J Nam Kinh
nhu'ng chi du'lJC c6 hai nam (1179-1181). Tli quan Ian nay va mal' uau co tu6i, tmg tiep tl,1e
nghien

CUll, sang tal'. Nam

1188, 6ng hoan thanh tal' phffm "H<.Jc H<ii Sau Ri)ng" Great

Learning, du'a ra du'ang Ii'li, chinh sach di t6 va dit:,u hanh ehinh slf quae gia. Nam sau
(1189), bng hoan thanh tal' phffm triet hoc "Chu Thuyet Nhan Sinh" Doctrine of the Man,
dt:, cap de'n quan dii!m rieng vt:, con ngu'oi va vu trl,1. Hai tal' phffm nay cung voi tal' phii'm
phe blnh Tu Thu

da dU<,JCchap nhan r(lng rai trong gidi h()c giii nho Sl. Sau khi mat

(1200). bng du<;fc n6i danh va dU<;fCmoi ngu'Ui kinh trllng. Nam 1241, ten ong dU<.JCghi
trong dt:,n thO Khilng Tu.
Trie't hQc Chu Hi du'<;fcdilt tn~n can ban nghien

CUll tu'ang t~n, Iy lu~n n)ng riii, phan .

doan, phe blnh slf vi.;:c dlfa van Ie phai trai va Iu'ang tam. Ap dl,1ng cal' hlnh thuc hQc hoi
tren vao vi.;:c nghien cuu hQc hoi kinh sach hQe thuye't Kh6ng

H<.Jc. Dng kh6ng ch6i bo

Kh6ng H<.Jcnhu'ng hQc hoi nhii'ng gl c6 thi! chap nh~n dU<;fCva IO(li bo nhung gl khong thi!
chap nh~n. Vdi quan dii!m vt:, vu trl,1, tmg phan bi;;t huu hlnh va vo hl11h. Vt, hlnh la nhii'ng
nguyen

tik quy luilt, nh~n dinh chung, lu~t phap tlf nhien vt:, van v~t, vu tru. HUll hlnh la

con ngu'oi vdi nhung dam me, uoc muon, t(li loi, t1nh dm.
ly lu~n

M lo(li

Moi ca nhan phai biet h()c h<ii,

bo nhung ham mucin xau xa sao cho phil h<;fpvoi nhung nguyen

hlnh. Quan dii!m "Khii'ng H(ic Mai" cua Chu Hi c6 anh hl1dng!dn

dc l'ua vo

toi tl1 tu'lsng va hqc thu~t

eua xii h(li Trung Hoa cho Mn hi;;n tai. Cu6n phe blnh Tu Thl1 cua 6ng trls thanh dm
nang cua cal' 51 tu trl1de khi di thi. HQc thuyet cua 6ng cung du'<;fcphil bie'n ra nl1de ngoai.
Nh~t Ban duoi thoi cae su quan Tokugawa

(Xem them ml,1CIII, 2.2 ben duoi) dii ap dl,1ng

hoc thuyet nay trong nhit:,u lTnh vlfc.

Vao deli T6ng, cal' sang tae van h<.Jctiep tl,1c ra doi, tieu bieu la tal' phffm cua Cal' nha
van cua Bat D(li Gia. Ngoai cal' tal' phfrm van hoc, mi)t so sang tal'

VC cal' nganh khae

cung da xuat hi;;n. D6 la mi)t tac phfrm kie'n true ma ngay nay vftn con dUlJC tham khao,
mi)t ta,c phffm nghien cuu vt:, thlfc v~t hQc bao g6m cal' nh~n dinh e6 d(li vt:, cae IO(li ciiy an
qua, m(lt bi) tit dien bach khoa van hQc !dn lao 348 t~p xuat ban vao nam 1273.
Til ehue giao dl,1edUi Tong cung tUlJng tlf nhl1 dUi Dl1eJng, nhu'ng dl1<Jc m{j r(mg them
tren toan lanh th<'\. Viec giang day khoa h<.Jc,toan vftn con rat so d5ng. Chl1<Jng trlnh giao
dl,1cdan lap tiep lue phat trien. Nhit:,u trung tam r(lng !dn h<Jn trudc da xual hien voi m<!l
104

Ciao dw

eMu InIaC anh huang lay phuong

vai nho SI hoc gia chu xl10ng va giang d"y. Nhi~u trung tam giiing d"y cii ba hQe thuyet
Kh6ng, Ph~t, Lao. Mot s6 trung tam dl1<.Jcthiet l~p t"i cae ndi thanh vang do iinh hl1dng
Phal Hoc, Lao Hoc va cling thuan tien eho vi~e hQe tap. Cae cd sd giao d~e dan laP mai
nay e6 thE coi nhl1 m(\t thli' dai hqe thu ht;p, thu hut rilt nhieu hQc tra tu khap ndi. Vi~e thi
Clf van nlli tiep che d(\ thi cU'diJi Dl1ong, nhl1ng dil dl1<.Jct6 ehli'c hoan bi hdn vai vai tra
quan trong cua Han Lam Vi~n. D~e bi~t, Au Dl1ljng Tu, m(\t nhan vat cao dlp eua vi~n,
dil may Ian lam ehanh chu khao ky thi tien SI, dil ehu trQng nhieu den loi van giiin dj,
trong sang, c(\ noi dung phong phu, Mn la loi van deo g9t, uon n1\n, n(\i dung ngheo nan.
Cac giam khao khac lrong he,i di\ng thi ch1\c ch1\n cling cung quan difm vai 6ng. Vi~e nay
e6 ket qua tat den vi~c h9C taP eua cac SI tU',ehuyen ehu vao n(\i dung bai van, trlnh bay
gian di d ngl10i dqc c6 thi! nhan biel dl1\'c y cua ngl10i viet. D~e diem nay, doi Tong dil
tien b(\ hdn doi Dl1iJng. Dlli Dl10ng chI e6 Han DG c(\ dl1<.Je
khii nang trt~n.
3. Giao d~lc nhi! Nguyen (1279-13611)- Giao d\Jc dan laP Kh6ng HQC
Ngl10i Mung c6 nha Nguyen la cac chien binh gii\i chien dilu, da ehinh ph~e nhi~u
midc, ki! ca Trung Hoa; nhl1ng hq khung c(\ khii nang hanh ehinh. Kh6ng tin tl1dng vao
ngl10i Hoa, h9 tuyen d~ng ngl10i Mung ho~c nhung ngl10i khung phai goe Hoa trang e6ng
vi~c dieu hilllh chinh sl1. De de dang tuyi!n d~ng, cac ky thi dl1<.Jebai bo trang nhieu nam.
Sau nay, m0t chl1lJng trlnh thi eli mdi dl1dc ap d~lI1gcho ngl10i Mong M h9 c6 the do d"t
cao va dam nhiem cac ehli'c v~ quan trqng trong trieu dlnh
M~c dau nen van h6a Trung Hoa dl1di doi Nguyen bi kiem soat, kim kt;p, nhl1ng van
h6a nay van c(\ cd h0i phal trii!n. Bi ngl1iJiM6ng nghi ky va cam doan du di~u, ngl10i Hoa
da e6 nhung phan li'ng ngam ngam nhl1ng manh me va rat c(\ hi~u qua qua vi~e giiing d~y
va hge taP t"i cae cd sij giao d~c. dan laP do cac nho SI thanh laP tli trl1ae. Cae trl10ng
cong laP kh6ng dl(dc chinh quy~n cM y hullng chi la trl10ng dan lap. Do d6, cae trl10ng tl1
da pMt trien m"nh me tli doi Dl10ng Tllng, nay lai eang ph6 caP hdn VIcae nho SI kh6ng
c6 cd h(\i thi eU'de giup nl1(k, ho chi con m(\t cach md trl10ng M truyen ba til tl1dng va
cling di! chang deli ch\nh sach tieu diet van h(\a cua ke th6ng trio Nhl1 vaY, cae trl10ng tl1
VilOgiai do"n nay c(\ the n6i dil phat trii!n m"nh me kh1\p mJi tren toilll liinh th6. Kh6ng
phai ban tam voi viec thi clf va trieu chinh, cae nho Sl eelng hien toilll thoi gian eho c6ng
viee giao duc va sang tac van hqc. Ngoai theJ va van XUllida xuat hien tli trl1ae va dl1<.Je
tiep tuc sang tac, hai thi! loai mdi dil xuat hien Ii, kieh va tifu thuyet. Nhieu Hie phii'm c6
dien Trung Hoa dl1l}edieh sang tieng Mung CClva ngl1lli thong tri da it nhi~u ehju anh
hl1,'jngvan h6a Trung Hoa. Cac nha sang tac vao giai do"n nay kh6ng sU'd~ng ng6n ngu
c6 dit'n cua cae van gia xl1a ma ap dung m(\t thli' ngun ngu ph6 th6ng gian di eua dan gian
ya sau ni,y goi la "B(lch Tho(li". Viw dau the ky thli' 20, bach tho"i trij lhanh ng6n ngu d"i
chung cua ngu('si Trung

HOll.

105

Giao dl:lc A Cluiu fn(oc Qnh huang fay phuang

4. Giao dl)c nh3 Minh (1368-1644) - Giao dl)c Khii'ng HQc khOi phl)c
Nha Minh khoi phl)c aU<;lCntjn tl)'ChIl trang tay nguoi Mong C6. MQt so a~c aim van
hoa aIT du<;1cghi nh~n. Do la nght$ thu~t gom rilt n6i tieng; nganh kien truc au<;1cph6
thong; nganh hQa sa~ xuilt nhitju hQa 51 n6i tieng; nganh tiu thuyet khai 51)" tit aoi
Nguyen, nay rilt ph6 bien, so aQc gia tang, nhu du xuilt ban dch ci1ng tang, nhi~u tiu
thuyet aoiMinh du'<;1c
cong nh~n la tuyt$t tac CIla van hQCTrung Hoa, hai tiu thuyet lich
sU'n6i tieng vao b~c nhilt la Tam Quoc Chi cIla La Quan Trung ~a ThIlY HU'cIla Thi N~i
Am aa xuilt hit$n vao thOi ky nay; v~ nganh y, mQt bQ sach thuoc lOn, rilt c6 gi<i tri aa
du'<;1choan tilt sau hon hai muoi nam nghien cuu; mQt bQ W"ain bach khoa t6ng quat IOn
lao voi 51)' aong gop cIla mily tram hQCgia aa hoan thanh voi 11.000 t~p, VI qua ton kern
nen bQ tit ain nay chi in du<;1cmQt so ban.
Giao dl)c du<;1ctai thanh I~p, ht$ thong h6a cac lo~i truong. Tuy nhien, chuong trlnh
giao dl)c nay qua chu trQng vao loi thi cU' nghit$p, co nghla la hQc d thi d~u ra lam
quan, khong quan tam Mn nQi dung mon hQc, khong hQc hoi du<;1cgl a 16i hQC lu~n Iy
nghien cuu cIla triet gia hQc gia Chu Hi, ci1ng da quen milt 10i trlnh bay sang to, ml)ch
Il)c, chu trQng vao nQi dung CIla Au Duong Tu, Vuong An Thl)ch ngay truoc. Cac truong
cIla cac nho 51 hQc gia vfrn tiep tl)c phat trin nhung ci1ng khong tranh khoi anh huang
toi hQc tit chuong, 16i thi cU'nghit$p duong thoi.
5. Giao dl)c nha Thanh (1644-1912) - Giao dl)c dan I~p Khii'ng HQc
Man hay Man Thanh la nhom thiu so' sinh song phia dong bilc Trung Hoa. Olin tQc
thiu so nay dil th6ng trj nuoc Trung Hoa trang 268 nam va du<;1cgQi la nha Thanh. Cac
vua chua nha Thanh aa khong thl)'c hit$n au<;1cmQt vi~c gl dang k, trit hai vi vua Khang
Hi va Can Long,

Khang Hi (1655-1722) la vj vua thu nhl nha Thanh, Jen ngoi khi moi c6 6 tu6i (16611722), mQi vit$c trit:u chinh dtju do cac quan phI) chinh dam trach. Khi du<;1c15 tu6i, vua
moi tl)' n5m quy~n. Tuy con nho tu6i, nhung Khang Hi rilt hiu biel. eng rna rQng bo
coi, an dinh cac noi, rna mQt so hai cang cho nguoi ngol)i qu6c vao buon ban. eng rilt
1u'Utam -Mn chinh 51)', d~c bi~t la giao dl)c, tiep tl)C chinh sach pMt trin co sa giao dl)c
t~i kh5p nai. Chinh vua ciing la nguoi hQc rQng, nen thuong ban b<)cquoc 51)' voi cac hQc
gia, triet gia, nho 51. eng bp nhit$m 50 nho 51 16i l<)c vao Han Urn Vit$n. Duoi thoi
Khang Hy, nhi~u sach bao, tit din da du<;1cxua't ban nhu: Ljch SU'Nha Minh, Tit Din
Trung Hoa voi 42.000 tit, Tit Din Bach Khoa ChIl D~, Tit Din Bach Khoa T6ng Quat
c6 10.000 chudng, hai bQ Tit Din Dia Ly voi 51)' tr<;1giup cIla cac nha truyt:n giao. Vt: .
vi~c thi cU', ben c<)nh cac ky thi chinh thuc dinh ky, vua con cho tuyn them nhan tai

106

,:

Ciao dlfC A Chau tn(ac dnh hi((Jng fay phuang

co thl!e Il!e rna khong can qua cae ky thi. IX;i vOi ngutli tay phuong, 6ng kh6ng nghi ky',
mtli h\l e0ng tae trung mot sel linh vl!e.
Can Long (1711-1799) Ia vi vua thU' tu eila nha Thanh, ehau nQi Khang Hy, lam vua
dl1ve 61 nam (1735-1796). Can Long dU\le giao dl!e ehu dao va dl1ve 6ng nQi d(ie bi~t san
s6(. Vua len ng6i khi oa 24 tuili nen toan quyen quyet dinh chinh SI!. Vua la nguai cao
Wn, khile manh, ml1e thuoe, gian di, ua cu0e song ngoai trai va rUt quan tam de'n trieu
ehinh. Ong tuy ml1e [hUde, nguyen t:le nhung rUt than dan. VilO dip tet, cho rna clia cung
di~n ot? thUn dan vao xem va chinh 6ng cling haa mlnh vdi dan trang djp yui mitng nay.
Cae truling ht)e UI1\ietiep lUCphat trit?n, cae ky thi duoe duy trl M tuyt?n dl!ng nMn tai. Ve
van hoc, s~ich du lo~i ve triet ht)e, W dit'n, lich sli, oia ly, tho, van, tit?u thuye't du(,JcxuUt
ban, tri) thanh saeh gjjo khoa va phan ph6i oen cac thl1 vi~n. Tuy nhien, Can Long cling
eli thai 06 eU'ng d:ln oi;i vdi cae tae ph5m ch6ng nha Thanh va co oe'n 2600 tac phffm dil
lo~i da bi tieu huy. M(ie dUu vay, cae tae philm eh6ng Thanh nay vfrn du(,Jctruyen ba mQt
deh hi mat lmng dan gian, lot oU(Je ra ngoai va tim thUy du(,Jc cac thu vi~n ben Nhilt
Ban va Han Qu6e. Vao eu6i oai Can Long, vua gia yt:u, quan I<)igay be canh, chinh SI!
reli loan, nan tham quan 6 Iai Ian triln kh:lp ntJi. Nam 1796, Can Long nhuong ng6i cho
ngl1t1icon thU'nam va mUt nam 1799.
Ngoai Khang Hy va Can Long, cac vua khac chi cham chli vao nhG'ng gl co l(,Jicho
ngl1lii Man. Chinh saeh nay da lam suy yt:u cac chuang trlnh giao dl,!c da du(,Jcphat trin
tit trude. KhClI1gtin tuang vao ngutli Trung Hoa va c6 cam nghi thu nghich vIla thiu s6
thelng tri oa dl1a oen sl! caeh bi(:t, ky thi r<'iithu nghieh gilia hai dan t0c Hoa-Man. Chinh
saeh ky thi nay ouoe thG hi(:n qua 'ehl1csngtrlnh giao dl!c thi cli. Trutlng h9C rieng bi~t cho
ngl1(li Man, thi cit rieng bi(:t eho ngulii Man. VI vaY, voi dan s6 chi c6 3%, nguoi Miln dil
co mi)t sel quan I~i tl1dng OI1(ingvoi ngl1t1iHoa. Cae nho si Trung Hoa phai tranh gianh rao
rit:t trung de ky thi moi mong 00 o<)t; trung khi d6, ngu(li Man h9C Il!c kern coi, kh6ng
can eel g:lng cling dau eao. Nhl1 the', trong hang ngli quan I<)i,W kh&i dUu da c6 sl! nghi ky':
mQt ben xuUt sac bj nghi ngli theo d6i, m0t ben tUm thl1t1ngI<)idu(,Jctr9ng dl,!ng.
Trutlng hoc OI1Veph~t tri~n va giao dl!c oU(,Jckhuye'n khich dudi trieu d<)icac vua dilu
nha Thanh, d(ie bi(:t la Khang Hy, Can Long. Cae truling nay baa g6m: truang danh cho
con ehau hoill1g than quele thich, trutlng thanh thi, truang thi trUn. T<)i cac phil huy~n,
trl1llng ol1(je ehfnh quyen WI cfrp nhung dUn dUn oa bi l1ing quen va la Iy do M cac truang
tu eua cae nho Sl e6 e(i hQi phat triEn m~nh. Duoi th~ eht: nay, cac nho si chan nan. Ne'u
ho co e6 g:lng thi oau, cling chI ouve bil nhi~m nhling chU'e VI,!tUm thl1t1ng, kh6ng d6ng
gop gl eho xa de. VI vaY; m()t s6 iln; mOt sel mo tru(lng d~y h\le ot? truyen ba van h6a va
III tl1i'ingbai ngoai; mOt s6, tich el!e h(ln, tham gia cae phong trao, cac hOi kin co ml,!C

107

Ciao d(lc A eMu trudc anh huJng tay phuong

Jieh "Phun Thanh Ph",c Minh". Giao uue m(,i ngay mOl suy thoai, vdi Icli hqe tlt chuong,
vc'liIcii thi
nghi~p, nghi~n ngam kinh su, khCJnglicn h~ gi vdi thl!c lai, ma m!!c dieh lil
Jao tao quan l~i ph!!c V!!eho ke thong trj. Trong khi d(\, toan, khoa hqe, ky thu~t hoan
toan lang quen, mac dau Trung Hoa Ja e(\ nhung tie"p xue va tiep nh~n lien bO khoa hoc

eu

eua lay phuong.

Khi nguoi MCJngC6 thang tri, van hoa giao d!!e Trung Hoa dii bi quen liing. Thai gian
300 nam Jltdi thai nha Minh, cling chua ph!!e h0i Jlt~lc nhi~u. Tiep theo, dan tOe Trung
Hoa I~i bi nguai Man cai tri gan 300 nam. Nha Thanh, vdi chinh sach ky thi, c6 t1nh g~t
bi') van hoa giao d!!c Trung Hoa, dii Jua uan t(Jc nay den ch(, trtc nghen, mat di truyn
thCing dan t(Jc, oc sang t~o. Phai dC.liJen sau cach m~ng Tan HC.li(1911), Trung Hoa mdi
lhue linh, nen giao d!!c nudc nay mdi co dU~lcnhung tien b6 lhco chi~u hudng cua tfiy
phudng.
III. Gillo d!!c Nhi)t Ban - Cillo d!!c pMt tri~n
I. Giao d!!c tu c6 dlcliMn the ky thu 12 - Anh hu'O'ng Trung Boa va An DQ
Nhat Ban co lhi\' coi la mOt quac gia thang nhat tlt the ky thu 4. Xii h(,i Nh~l trang giai
doan nay g6m cac dong h9 ph!!c vu cho hoang gia. Dan chung sclng bJng nghe nong, san
brtn, danh ca. Giao d!!c trang giai do~n nay la lruyen ba nhung kien thuc ngh~ nghi~p di\'
uan chung co du<;!cmOt cu(Je sang 6n dinh.
Nh~t Ban chiu anh hudng van hoa Trung Hoa va An D0 rat sau d~m v~ d d(Ji sclng tinh
than va giao U!!c. Tdi the ky lhu 6, vi~c tiep thu van hoa Trung Hoa cang Iuc cang m~nh
,eli Sl(truy~n d~t hqc thuyet Kh(;ng Tu. Ph~t Giao cling'gay Juoc nhi~u anh hucJng ve tinh
than va van hoa. Ph~t Giao brtt ngu0n tlt An D0, truyen vao Trung Hoa, sang Nh~t Ban
vao giua the ky thu 6. Hoang ue Shotoku (574-622) da eho thiet I~p den chua lam cd s<1
giao duc. Hoang de' Shamu (701-756) xay dl!ng d~n chua t~i moi thi tran va cU'cae nha su
Jen giilng u~y. Yai tro cua cac tang ni cang ngay cang tra nen quan tr9ng, khong nhung la
thay day ma con la dc liinh d~o dia phl(dng, co nhi~m V!!m<1mang thcm cac truang hoc.
M(>lcu(,c ehinh bien da xay ra tui Nh~t Ban 'ao nam 545 va qucle gia nay tra lhanh mOt
nudc quan chu voi hoang de liinh d~o. M(\t cuc,c di cach gian duc du<,icthl!e hi~n van
nam 701 vdi chi thi cUa hoang de cho lhiet lap hai lo~i truClng eao dilng ehiu anh hucJng
gi,io uue nha Duong <1Trung Hoa. D(\ la truClng cao dilng f)aigakuryo t~i kinh do va
tn((Jng eao dilng Kokugaku t~i cae thi lrfin. Cae truong nay co ml!e dieh dan t~o nhan vicn
cho cac t(; chue ehinh quyen va hoc sinh Ia con em hoang t(" va ljuy t(Jc. Chuong trinh
giang day luc dau hoan toan giclng ehuong Irinh giUng U'!y nha Duling co nghia la hQc
t~p dc kinh such cua hqc thuyet Kh(;ng Tu. Ve sau, chuclng trinh duc}e sU'a dc1i eho .
hdp vdi hoan canh dia phuclng va nguyen vong eua hoang tC)c.Tlt the ky thu X den the ky
lOX

Ciao dl;lc

A eMu

tnllk' anh huang tay phu(1ng

lh 12, giai cap quy tOc tra thanh giai cap c6 anh huang Ion va m6i quan tam hang dftu
cua h9 la truyn ba van h6a cua giai cap. D6 la vii;c giao dl!c nh1ln m')nh vao cac d tai
thd, nh')c, h9i he, nghi; thu~t viet cha d~p phu h~jp voi 16i s6ng truang gia. Nhu v~y, giao
dl!c caD d5ng dil chuyn tit Khllng Hqc sang viln h9c. Ngoai ra, mOt 56 co sa giao dl!c
khac cung dUl;JCthiet I~p M con chau mqi dong h9 c6 th theo h9C M rna mang kien thuc.
2. Ciao d\lC thOi d~i phong kitn (1192-1867)
2.1 Ciao d\lC thoi cac st1 quan Kamakura (1192-1603) - Ciao d\lC d~n chua
Vao giaa the ky thu 12, quy~n hanh chinh trj chuy6n tit giai cap quy tOc va hoang de'
sang tay cac su quan shogun. Nam 1192, che dO phong kien Nh~t Ban dul;JCthanh l~p voi
cac su quan chiem cu cac khu vl!c khac nhau va cac cuOc tranh ch1lp, chern giet thuong
xily ra giUa cac the 11!Cnay. Doi s6ng cac su quan hoan toan khac v{li (Wi s6ng cac quy
tOc, nen ml!c dich va chuang trlnh giao dl!C cung khac. Cac su quan chu trqng vao nghi;
lhu~t binh bi, voi than th6 cuong trang, voi y chi kien cuong, voi ml!c dich daD t,lO cac tuy
lung va su quan tuang lai. Giao dl!C trang giai do')n nay dl!a tren can ban hu1ln luyi;n
quan sl!, van h6a vo bin va tra nen r1lt thjnh hanh. Tuy nhien, mOt vai su quan cung c6
chl1 tr9ng vao hu1ln luyi;n tri lUi;. Xil hOi su quan dl!a tren can ban "lanh d')o-chu hftu" va
dill tr~Jl1gtam vao truy~n th6ng gia d1nh dong hQ. Sau nay, khi nh~n ra nghi; thu~t binh bi
khong du cung c1lp kha nang lilnh d')o chinh trio nen chudng trinh giao dl!c dUl;JCsua dlli
voi ml)c dich dao t')o cac su quan v~ cii binh bi Ian tri tui;. Vi v~y, con em cac tuong quan.
dul;Jcgifi ucn cac truung o~n chua M du(}c giao dl)c. Truong d~n chua nguyen thuy la ndi
dao tao cac tang ni, nay c6 trach nhii;m moi la daD t')o cac nha lilnh d,lO tuang lai. Day
cung la nai cac hQc gia cung cac di; tu gaP go, Mn b;:tcv m9i v1ln o. Hai lo;:ti truong cao
d&ng truoc kia la Daigakuryo
kinh do dil suy yeu va Kokugaku
cac thi tr1ln dil bien
m1lt. Hi; th6ng trudng d~n chua nay tra thanh cd sa giao dl)Ccao d5ng can ban thOi cac su

quan Kamakura.
2.2 Ciao dl;lCthoi'cac

su quan Tokugawa

(1603-1867) - Ciao d\lC Khiing HQC va

Khiing HQC MUi

Viio nam 1603, su quan Tokugawa thiet l~p co s(i t')i Edo (nay Iii thu do Tokyo) vii anh
huang cua su quan nay keD dai toi nam IS67, khi che dO su quan cham dUt. Giai <1o~nnay
cung la thtli phong kien, nhung khac voi giai do~n trude Iii cac cUQcchern giet tranh gianh
oil cham dut V:l mil dau mOt thtli oai thanh binh. Thtli ky nay xuat hii)n mOt giai c1lp moi,
giai cap lhu(lng gia lhanh thi voi 16i s6ng moi rill o~i chung, r:it thinh hiinh, voi cac truung
mlli eludc Ih:lI1h laP chu cun em h9. Cac truling m(ji niiy elul;JcgQi laTrung Tam Giao Dl!c
Shijuku cung xu:it phat lit de trullng dGn chua giai doan truck. nhung do tu nhan quan tri
l09

Gido d1:lcA eMu fruO'c anh huung fay phuong

va giang d1,lY.Cac tru'ong nay tra thanh cac tru'ong dan l~p va phat tri~n nhanh chong vao
nth sau thOi Tokugawa t1,lihfru he't cac thanh thi. Vao cuoi thoi nay, cho th<fy vil$c thanh
I~p cac tru'ong co thi! coi la tru'ong ti~u hqc, giang d1,lydqc vie't tinh toan. Mi)t di~m d~c
bil$t clla giai d01,l11nay la slf xuat hil$n cac trung tam giao d\!c giang d1,lyhqc thuye't Kh<3ng
Tit danh cho cac hil$p si samurai, con em giai cap thu'~Jng1u'U.M\!c tieu giang d1,lya day la
dao 11,10
mi)t the' hl$ thanh nien co tinh thUn cao, co Iy tu'ang M bao vl$che'di) su quan. Cac
tru'ong nay du'~jcgqi la Hqc Vil$n Kh<3ngTit Hanko do cac su quan thilnh I~p va ki~m soat,
phon thinh IUnam 1750 va vao cuoi giai d01,lnsu quan, so tru'ong len toi tren 200. Chu'ong
trlnh giao d\!c baa gom vil$c hqc t~p ng6n ngu, van hqc Trung Hoa; giang giai phe blnh
cac tac pham c<3di~n hqc thuye't Kh<3ngTit ; hqc t~p cac tu' tu'ang truycn thong Nh~t Ban,
lich sit va y hqc. Vao nhung nam cuoi cung, tu' tu'ang va y hqc tay phu'ong cfing du'<;1C
giang d1,lY.Cac Hqc Vil$n Kh<3ngTit tra thilnh n<3itie'ng, la noi g~p go , doi tho1,liclla cac
hqc gia, dao t1,l0sinh vien cho giai cap lanh d1,l0tu'ong lai cho giai d01,lnMinh Trj ttt mim
]868. MOt I01,litruong nua xuat hil$n cung thoi d giang d1,lyng6n ngu Trung Hoa, Ha Lan,
cac m6n hqc my nghl$ thlfc d\!ng, khoa hqc, y hqc tay phu'ong voi sach giao khoa du'<;1c
dich sang tie'ng Nh~t. Sach giao khoa t,!i cac lo,!i tru'ong rat doi dao nho kinh Ie' Nh~t Ban
phat trin va u'oc lu'<;1ngco toi 40% dan so bie't dqc vie't, me)t dieu kil$n can ban cho vit;c
phal tri~n kinh te'o
a. Anh hLidng ht htO'ng Khllng hQc
Nen giao d\!c anh hu'ang Kh6ng Hqc vao thoi cac su quan Takugawa cang ngay cang
phat tri~n va Ira thilnh quan trqng, lam suy giam anh hu'ang PMt Giao. Nhieu hqc gia
ngay tru'oc la tin do PMt Giao, nay chuyen nghien cUu Kh<3ngHQc, du'<;1cmqi ngu'oi kinh
trqng, du'<;1cmoi lam tu' van cho chinh quyen. Tu cuoi the' ky thu 17, da co mi)t nh~n djnh
chung ve kha nang kie'n thuc sau ri)ng cfing nhu' duc di) clla cac hqc gia, xung dang du'<;1C
cac nha lanh d1,l0moi hoi y kie'n. Chinh cac hqc gia nay da dong gop mi)t cach ri)ng IOn
vao vit;\c giang d1,lyt1,licac trung tam giao d\!c cao d&ng Hqc Vil$n Kh<3ngTa. Nho v~y, so
Iru'ong nay da tang tru'ang nhanh chong, len de'n tren 200 vao nam 1865.
b. Anh hLidng tLi tLiO'ngKhllng HQc Moi
Vil$c nhan m,!nh vao khia c1,lnhluan Iy d,!o dU'cclla Kh6ng HQc cang ngay ding tra nen
quan trqng kh6ng co nghia la kh6ng co nhung quan dim khac trang giao d\!c..Hqc gia
chll tru'ong chong I,!i tu' tuang thuUn tlly d1,l0duc clla Kh<3ng Hqc Ia Ogyu Sor,!; (1666]728). Gng cfing chong I,!i tu' tu'ang hQc pMi "Khdng Hr;c Mui" do anh hu'ang Chu Hi
(Xem m\!c II, 2,2 a tren). Gng chap nh~n quan dim hqc phai phap Iri (X em them Han Phi
Tit, chu'ong 3, m\!c II), can ngu'oi s!lng trang vang lu~tphap, xa hi)i <3ndinh.
110

Giao d~tc A eMu tn{Uc anh hU<fng lay phuong

Trang hon nila the' ky, h9C phai Sorai va hQc pMi Kh6ng H9C Mai da cung sinh t6n.
Moi h9C phai co co sO giao d\lc rieng. De'n doi tu'ang quan Matsudaira Salanoba (1759Ig29), mOt d<)o lu~t cfrm,doan hQc thuye't di ngu'(jc I<)ihqc thuye't tu' tu'iing truy~n thclng.
D<)olu~t nay mii du'ang cho vi~c cang nh~n hqc thuye't Kh6ng Hqc Moi cua Chu Hy', m(lt
hqc gia n<~itieng Trung Hoa chu xu'ong da truy~n b:i sang Nh~t. Chu dich cua Matsudaira
la tai l<~ chuc cac cd sii giao d\lc da suy yeu VI t1nh tr<)ng tham nhling, suy di\i cua cac
tu'ang quan du'<Jngtht'Ji. Hqc phai phap tri clia Sorai ddn ddn tan ra va hqc thuyet Khcing
Hqc Moi khang nhling da duy trl du'~Jcluan Iy d<)o duc ma con dong gop vao cang CU(lC
phat triEn kinh te xa hOi,
1.3 Anh hu'dng tily phLtdng thOi su quan - Anh hu'dng van hoa Hfi Lan (Holland
hay Netherlands)
Ngu't'JiB6 Dao Nha de'n Nh~t Ban ddu tien vao nam 1543, Nam 1549, cac tu Sl Ky Ta
Giao toi Nh~t Ban va vi~c truy~n d<)okhlji ddu. Sau do nhi~u phai doan truy~n giao khUc
Mn Nh*t, tru't'Jng nha tho d~y kinh thanh du'(jc thiet l~p va van h6a tay phu'ong du'(jc gioi
thi~u vao NMt Ban, Nam 1633, cac su quan ngan chan vi~c xam nh~p cua ngu'ai tay
phu'<ing, ngan cfrm vi~c truy~n d<)o, Ngo~i thu'<Jngdanh dOc quy~n cho ngu'ai Trung Hoa
va ngut'Ji Ha Lan. Tieng Ha Lan la ngan ngli duy nhfrt trong vi~c truy~n ba van hoa tay
phu'ong.
Vao th<'jicac su quan Takugawa, tru't'Jnghqc dU~JCmii mang, anh hu'i\ng Kh6ng HQc sau
r9ng, c9ng them voi long tin tudng vao vi~c trau di\i kien thuc d6 tien bO da slta so<)ncho
vi~c ciii t6 toan b(l h~ thclng giao d\lc dl!a theo tay phu'ong du'ai thoi Minh Trj Meiji, du'a
nuoc Nh~t vao mOt ky nguyen moL Do la phdn se dU<,Jcban vao chu'dng sau.
Tiii li~u tham khau,'
_ Ch'ien Lung. TUl1ii" hdch khou The Ne' Encyclopaedia
. Chu HJi. TiJi li~u dil (!l1n nha
- DOfe, R,P. Education

Brilanl/ieu,

Multimedia

Editioll,

199X .

trefl.

in TokuKu"",a Jupan, 19X4.

_ DUlInp, Qui1nK Hum, Vi~t Nam Van H()(' Si1 Yeu. SiI; O()n. B(j Giuo Dc, lX6X .
. laffar, S,M. Education in Mu"lim India, 1973,
_ Japun, an Illustruted Ent'ydopt:!dia, trunK 323~325. Tokyo, Kodunsha. 1993
_ K'unK Hsi. Tu diin huch khou The New Encyclopaedia 8ritwmicI, Multimedia Edition, /99K .
. Krucke, Edward Civil Service in Early Sunx China, 960.1067, 196/i.
_ Law, Narendrunuth. Promotion of learn inX in India Durinx Muhu/lladan, 19X4.
. MuXhal Et"pire. TillUn bach khoa The World Book Encyclopedia, Multimedia Edition, 2001,
_RuhinKer, Richard. Private Acadamies (~lTokuxawu Japan, /C)X2 .
. NXuyen Hien U. clf Van TrunK Que)(.. Sili Gl)n, Van H()(', /972 .
. Taj Mahal. Tildin bach khoa The World Book Encyclopedia, Multimedia Edition, 2001,
_ The Education in Asian Civilizations, China. Tit (liin huch khoa The New Encyclopaedia Britwmicu,
III

Ciao dl,lc

A eMu

tntOc' anh hl1(Jng tay phl1<Jng

Multimediu Edition, 1998,

. The Education in Asian Cil'iliZlllions, India. Tilt li~ueta dan nhll Iren .
. The Educatil!n in Asian Civilizations, Japan. Tuj li(u ,1ii dan nhlJ Iren.
Trinh Vun Thunh, Thimh NMil Difn Tich T!t Dit'n, SJi Ctln, Khui Tri, 1971 .
. Wang An Shinh. Ti:tl1in hJch khou The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, Multimedia Edition, 1998.
o

"

j
.1
"

II
1 1,
"

:~

1
112

1.

Chuang 12
Ciao dl}c nhiin van Au Chiiu thm Phl}C Hztng

'.-i

,
I. Ngulln anh hUdng - Anh hudng Hili Giao va anh hudng ehii nghia nhan
van
1. Anh hudng Hili Giao
2. Anh hudng ehii nghia nhan van
II. Truy~n th6ng nhan van Y - Cae nha nhan van, cae trung tam giao dt.Je
va giao dt.Jengoai hqe duong
1. Cae nha nhan van hqe nguoi Y
2. Cae trung tam giao dt.Jcnhan van
3. Giao dt.Jengoai hqe duong
III. Giao dt.Jenhan van Bile va Tay Au: Ha Lan, Tay Ban Nha, Anh Qu6e
1. Gillo dt.Jenhan van Ha Lan
2. Giao dt.Jcnhan van Tay Ban Nha
3. Giao dt.Jenhan van Anh Qu6e
I. Ngulln anh hudng - Anh hUdng Hili Giao va anh hudng ehii nghia nhan van
1. Anh hudng Hili Giao
Van hoa tiiy phu'dng ehiu anh hu'ong sau xa van hoa Hi'>i Giao. The gioi Hoi Giao xuat
hi..;n va phat tritin l11~nh ttt the ky thl1 7 <.Ie'nthe ky thl1 15. Vao nam 732, 100 nam sau khi
nha tien tri Muhammed

t~ the, Hoi Giao banh tru'ong ttt Tiiy

sang Tiiy Ban Nha va xam nhaP vao oat Phap. Hi'>i Giao

a Tay

sang cae nu'oe Bue Phi,

Ban Nha co mQt tflnh dQ

van hoa kha eao VI cae n~n van hoa e5 d~i Hy L~p. La Mil du'<;feduy trl va phat tri~n t~i
day qua ngon ngu
~'

,.I

Rap. Bile bi..;t, kien thl1e Hy Lap, La Mil du'<;fesu'u l1im va lu'u tru t~i

thu' vi..;n cae thanh pho' phon thjnh du'dng thai nhu' Cordoba,

Seville,

Granada,

Toledo.

Cae thanh pho' nay da tra thanh cae trung tam nghien eU'u giao d\!e dile bi..;t v~ my ngh/;
thl!'e hanh, y hQe, kien true eua Tiiy Ban Nha. Nu'oe Phap, ke Can voi Tiiy Ban Nha, du'oi
thai Charlemagne
thuyet Aristotle

va <.Ie'quo'e Phap tiep theo eGng ehiu anh hu'ong van hoa Hoi Giao. HQe
du'<;fecae hQc gia Hoi Giao nghien eU'u tu'ong tan, nhan m~nh van phu'dng

phap suy luan va cac sinh ho~t thuQc v~ con ngu'oi, tl1e la cac van d~ nhan van. Trang khi
do, Tiiy Au vao giai do~n nay chi biet nghien

eU'u v~ Me tin, v~ !Oi du

nguy..;n, v~

thu'<;fng M. Nhu' vaY, kien tMe Hoi Giao da hu'ong dan Au Chau di vao mQt ky nguyen
giao d\!e moi, giao d\!c nhan van, khai sl!' ttt the ky thl1 12.
113

Giao dl:lc nhtin van Au Clulu thiJi Phw.: HUng

...~

2. Anh hudng chii nghia nhlin van humanism

Ttt ngu nhan van hay chu nghia nhan van hunanism phat sinh ttt tie'ng La Tinh "studia
humanitis", c6 nghia la nghien CUllvf: con nglioi. Vao cu6i thai trung d<)i, qi Au Chau c6
m9t khuynh hudng nghien CUllvf: con nglioi lhu9C cac nnh vlfc nhu tu tuong, dm xuc,
CU9Cs6ng va cung nghien CUllvf: I1uquyf:n cua lhiln h9C. Cac nha nghicn CUllda lo<)ibo
I1u quyf:n thiln h9C VI I1u quyf:n nay khong c6 lien quan gl voi doi s6ng thlfc te' cua con
nguoi va sl)' phat tricin cua xa h9i Au Chau thai d6, d~c bil$t la t<)iY. Xa h9i bie'n chuy6n,
thudng m<)iphat tricin, giao dl!c r9ng mo, CU9CsO'ng mdi 0 thanh thj da t<)ora hai giai cilp
mdi la gidi kinh doanh va gidi td thuc. Ngay trudc, quyf:n l<;Iikinh te' chinh tri nhm trang
tay cac diing cilp giao h9i va gidi quy t9c phong kie'n; nay dang dUn dUn chuy6n sang tay
cac nha kinh doanh va gidi tri thUc. Them vao d6, vil$c sa dl!ng ngon ngu dia phudng tro
thanh thong dl!ng, thay the' cho ngon ngu La Tinh, lam suy giam anh hu[~ng giao h9i lren
d<)ichung. Xa hqi Au Chau nay da thay d6i, dn m9t nf:n giao dl!C moi, phudng phap giao
dl!C mdi ma cac cd so giao dl!c trung d<)ida khong thoa man dtf<;lc.
Cac cd so giao dl!c nhan van khoi sl)' ttt the' ky thu 13. Cac truong nay dLf<;lc thanh I~p
M thoa man nhu c5u phat tri6n kinh te' thanh thj, nhu cilu giao dl!c cua con em cac nhi! tri
thue, de nM kinh doanh. Cac nha giao dl!c nhan van da nh~n dinh du<,Jccac bie'n chuyt!n
nay va dua ra nhung Iy thuye't giao dl!c mdi bhng cach di tro l<)ih9C hoi 0 cac h9C thuye't
c6 dicin Hy L<)p,La Ma, A R~p. Vil$c h9c hoi the' gioi c6 d<)iM xay dl)'ng phong trao giao
dl!c nhan van mdi da di~n ra t<)inhif:u khu vl)'c khac nhau cua Au Chau vao nhif:u thai
di6m khac nhau ttt the' ky lhu 13 Mn the' ky thu 17. Da c6 nhung lien quan cli moi nhung
cling co nhung dimdj bil$t. Nhung gl nguoi dan 0 thanh ph6 c(lng hoa Florence (m91
thanh ph6 cua Y) mu6n khac hiln nhu c5u cua cac quy t(lc va giai cilp thu<,JngII1udUdng
thai 0 Au Chau. Tuy nhien, co m9t dim tUdng di\ng la d hai bcn da khong th khong
dting y rhng cac truyen th6ng trung d<)ichju anh huong nang ne cua ton giao, khong con
thich h<,Jpvdi xa h9i moi nua. Vil$c di tIm m(lt phudng phap giao dl!c mdi va vil$c quay tra
I<)ihoc hoi van h9C the' gidi cd d<)ibj phe bao thu cl)'c Il)'cphan d6i VIho khong muon c6
nhung canh tan lam thay d6i nen tang xa hOi ma ho co nhif:u dac quyf:n, maC dtiu ho bie't
d6 la m9t xa h(li bilt cong do chinh h9 thie't I~p. Trcn thl)'c te', di tie'n khong c6 nghia la
hoan loan x6a bo truyf:n th6ng hil$n huu. Hlln nua, cac nha nhan van chua th quan tam
nhif:u de'n vil$c giao dl!c d,!i chung ma trang hil$n t,!i chi dat tr9ng tam vao chudng lrlnh
giaodl!c dan thanh thi c6 kha nang tai chinh, sau d6 moi truyen ba den d,!i chung.
Cac nha giao dl!c nhan van c6 m9t nhfin djnh quan lrong la giao dl!c khong c6 nghia chi
la nhung gl di~n ra l<)ih9C duong, ma con la m(lt qua trlnh hoc hoi lfiu dai trang sinh hO,!1
xa h(li. Ho co gang kham pha m(lt phu[jng phap giao dl!c moi qua vil$c nghicn CUllhoc hoi
dc tac ph5m cll dicin. D6i voi h9, kie'n thuc cll diGn co nghia la cac tu tu[~ng vf: van h9C,

114

'.of

Ciao d(lc nMn van Au eMu thili Ph(lC Hling

triet hoc, y hoc, thu~t hung bi~n, khoa hqc ... dl1oc chuyEn

thilnh nhil'ng chl10ng trlnh hqc

t~p sau khi da dl1llc h.; th()ng bOa, h,IP Iy hoa, khoa hqc hoa ng6 hilu co thE ap d\Ing vilo
CU{lCsong thl1c !ai. Ho (\n h.li yua khu dE xiiy dl!ng mQt the h~ tot dc;p hon d tl1ang lai.

II, Truyt'n thong nhiln van iJ

Y-

Cac nhil nhiln van, cac trung Ulm giao d\lc va giao

d\lc ngoili hQc du'ung

Cac nha nhiin van tai

Y ,Hi

md dl10ng cho phong trilo nhiin van d A.u Chiiu.

1. Cac nhil nhil n vii n ngu'Oi Y

L1 Dante Alighieri (1265 - 1321)
Dante la hoc gd, thi SI ngl1(li Y, n6i tieng hilng dilu
A.u Chilu thai trung d<:ti.Tac phffm
"Thiln Thanh KhC,i Hai" Divine Comedy cua 6ng Iii mQt trang nhil'ng t~p tho dC;p nhat

trong lich sl1 . Cac nha phe blnh

khen ng<)i ngh~ thu~t thi ca nay nhl1ng cung nhln nh~n tl1

tl1()ng nhiin van cCia Gng ni:la. Nhi.:u hqc gia, thi Sl sal! nay chiu anh hl1dng tl1 tl1ang 6ng.
Tac ph5m dilu tien cCia Clllg la t~p tha "Doi Song Moi" La Vita Nuova -The New Life dl1<)c
viet van nam 12,)3, ba nam sau khi ngl10i yeu Iy tl1dng Beatrice

Portinari

(1266-1290)

qua

,Wi. T~p thd nay g(~m c(l 31 bai vl)i loi blnh lu~n, chu thich di thea. Ngl10i dC;p ly tl1ang
Beatrice

mil Dante chi dl1dc gap co hai liln, mOt liln khi Gng moi co 9 tu6i vii lfin thu hai

khi Clllg I X tu6i. Cai chet cCia ngu'(li yeu

co anh hu'()ng Ion vii Iii ngu6n cam hung sang tac

eho 6ng. Vao thoi dai nay, the ky thu 13 th(Ji trung d<:ti, tl1 1l1dng t6n giao, thl1<Jng de' chi
ph()i CU{lCs()ng va (lLl(lng Icii suy ILlcCia con ngl1l'li. Nhl1ng ,) dily Dante da th6 IQ cam xuc
rieng tu' va chac cung la ciim xuc cCia nhi0u ngu'lJi, m6t dae di~m cua tl1 tl1ang nhiln van.
Tac ph5m Divine
(j

Commedy

dl1llc khl1i

Sl!

tu nam 1300 va hoiln thanh trl1ck khi 6ng mat

321). Day la m{lt (C.p thll anh hllt)ng tu' tu',lng tGn giao d0 c~p den doi s6ng va cai che't.

Nam 1304, Dante sang tac tac ph:lm nghien cuu v0 ngClll ngi:l "SI1 D\lng Ng6n Ngil'

VII!Rari E!o(/llentia - On Writing in the llalian Langllaxe,

Y" De

khuye'n khich vi.;c slt d\lng tie'ng

th'IY cho tieng La Tinh va Clllg hy vong rhng ngGn ngil' nay se tn) thanh ng6n ngil' quoc

gia. Nam

1307, Gng viet chlla tron ven tac ph:lm nghien

CUll

"Ti~c Lon"

II Convino -

/J(///(/lIct, trlnh bay nhi:lng tll tll()ng triet h(,>Cva khoa hoc. Ngoai ra, 6ng con c6 mQt so lac
phflm viet vf: tGn giao, thd va m(}t sci thl1 tu. Dante sinh tai Florence,
Bologna,

1.2 Petrareh
Pctrarch

hqe tai cae

d<:tihqc

Padua vii Paris.

(1304 -1374)

iii hoc giii, thi SI n6i tieng ngu'(li

Y.

Thd cua Gng co anh hl1dng IOn dn nhi~u

nen van hoc the gidi. Ong C(lll Iii me't hoc gia da du'dc cac vua chua, cac giao hoang kinh
trong va mdi hdp taco Ong d"n dilu trong cClllg viec tim kiem
115

cae tac ph:lm e6 diEn dil bi

Ciao df,tcnMn van Au eMu thai Phf,tcHung

that l~c cling nhl( d6ng g6p c6ng Iun trong phong trao nhan van. Nho 6ng, cac tac phffm
bhng tieng La Tinh cua nha hung bi~n La Mii Cicero dii dl(<JCtim thay trong cac thu vi~n
chung vi~n rna kh6ng ai biet den. Ho<)t dQng cung nhu tac phdm cua Petrarch lam s6ng
I~i van hQc Hy L<)p.La Mu c6 d<)i.Slf hi~u biet tuong t~n cua 6ng v~ van hQc c6 di~n dlfa
aen nh~n dinh ding kh6ng c6 mQt mau thuan nao giua van hQc c6 di8n va tu tuang Ky T6
Giao. Nh~n dinh nay cling d6ng g6p VilOvi~c xay dlfng tinh thiln Phl)c Hung cu6i thai
trung d<)i.
Petrarch sang tac nhi~u thd bhng tieng Y. ca tl)ng tlnh yeu giUa 6ng va Laura, mQt
nguoi u<;p Iy tudng nhung v6 hlnh. Sau nay, c6 mQt Laura that xuat hi~n nhlfng I<)ivu<;lt
qua tilm tay. 86i voi 6ng, Laura la mQt nguoi tlnh ly tU{jng dii giup 6ng s6ng, hy vQng,
huang dan 6ng hoan thanh nhi~m Vl).Cam xuc cua 6ng, tlnh yeu cua 6ng cung Iil tlnh yeu
va ciim xuc cua mQi nguoi. 86 la tu tuang yeu thudng cua nhan van. Tu tuang nay dn
dl(ljc giui bay VI n6 lien quan aen chfnh con nguoi. den ban than cua m6i ca nhan. Thd
cua Petrarch g6m tren 400 bai trong thi t~p "Cazoniere" va dU<;lC
chia lam hai philn: philn
thu nhal khi Laura con sinh thai, philn thu hai khi Laura du qua doi. V ~ phudng di~n ky
thu~t, thlj cua Petrarch dii d<)tdU<;lC
muc dQ giln nhu trQn v<;ncua lo<)ithd tru tlnh. Petrarch
sinh t~i Y nht1ng s6ng nhi~u nam t<)iPhap.
1.3 Giovanni Boccacio (1313 -1375)
Boccacio dU<;lcxem nhu la mQt nha viet van xu6i bhng ngon ngu moi Ia tieng Y n6i
tieng nhat, dU<Jc so sanh ngang hang voi Petrarch (Xem philn tren). Thd van cua Boccacio
c6 anh hl({5ng Ion toi van nghi~p nhi~u hQc gia sau ong. Boccacio dU<;lCbiet dGn nhi~u
nhat voi tuy~t tac phdm xu hQi "Decameron". Decameron, tieng Hy L<)p, c6 nghia la 10
ngay. Hc phfrm nay g6m c6 100 cfiu truyen ngan uU<;lcxGp dijt kheo leo, phan anh dlf<;lc
loan dien xa hQi dudng thai. Ba thanh nien va bffy thieu nu bo thanh thi ra s6ng a d6ng
que de tranh n~n dich h~ch khung khiep t~Florence (Y) vao nam 1348. T<)i day, hQ t6
chuc noi chuyen van 10 bu6i chi~u n6ng nlfc. Nhung cau chuyen nay noi len dU<;lCmQt
each s6ng dQng eUQcsOng kh6 khan, nhung cam xuc, nhung that vQng cua con nguoi truoc
nhung thG Ilfc lhien nhien. Nhi~u nguoi du phe blnh tac phfrm Decameron c6 mQt so' chi
tiet (jua I1ing m<)nva khieu dam. Slf thlfc. Boccacio n6i len nhung gl ong cam nh~n v~
doi s6ng con nguoi ma tlnh dl)c la mQt khia c~nh quan trQng va dTnhien trong mQt xii hQi
phong kiGn. u<)o duc gia, chiu anh huang Iy thuyGt ton giao du khong mu6n thffy.
Boecaeio con dU<Jcn6i tieng voi cac th~ lo'~i van hQc mui khac. Cac th~ lo<)inay tra thanh
rat phiS thong trong van hQc Y v~ sau. Ong viet "FUocolo" , tac phdm tlnh cam dilu tien
cua Y bhng van xu6i; "FUostrato", tac pham tlnh cam dilu tien cua Y bhng thd; !'lin/ale
Fiesolano, t~p thd uilu tien cua Y v~ thon que. Ngoai ra ong cung sang tac nhi~u tac
I t6

Ciao dw nMn van Au eMu thiJiPh~c Hling

phfrm khilc bang tie'ng La Tinh. Boccacio la con mOtthttlJng gia va s6ng gftn nhu ca doi il
Naples

.,~

ry) va Florence ch

1.4 Manuel Chrysoloras' (1353-1415)

Chrysoloras la mOt trang nhung nM nhiln van dftu tien c6 anh huang lOn toi phong trao
nhan van a Y. Gng giang d~y t~i Constantinople (Th6 NhT Ky) va de'n Florence vao nam
1396. Ti!-iday, 6ng gioi thi~u van h6a c6 di~n Hy Li!-pqua vi~c djch thu~t nhi~u tac phfrm
c6 di~n, trang d6 c6 tac phfrm "COng Haa" Republic cua Plato, tlt tie'ng A R~p sang tie'ng
La Tinh. Bay la buoc dftu tien cua sl! phattri~n nganh giao dl!c nhan van. Voi anh huang
cua cac tac phfrm dich thu~t nay, mOt "HQc Vi~n Plato" Platvnic Academy dUQc thie't I~p
t~i Florence vao nam 1442. H9C vi~n nay tro thanh trung tam truy~n ba hQc thuye't Plato,
ti!-0ca hQi cho sl! phat tri~n chuang tdnh giao dl!c va nganh hQc nhan van. Massilio (Xem
philn 1.6 ke' tie'p) va Pico della Mirandola (Xem philn 1.7 ke' tie'p) la hai hQc gia nhan van
aa giang d~y ti!-iday. Sau Florence, La Ma va Naples cling c6 nhung trung tam tuang tl!
r6i de'n Padua, Venice thanh I~p cac trung tam van h6a. Nhu v~y, nho cac tac phfim dich
thu~t cua Chrysoloras, phong trao giao dl!c nhan van qi Y (lii phat tri~n m~nh me va dan
dftu Au Chau.
1.5 Pietro Paolo Vergerio (1370-1445)
Nha nhan van n6i tie'ng, giao su d~i hQc Padua. Gng co mot quan ni~m moi v~ phuong
phap giao dl!c va giao dl!c nhan van, c6 anh huang IOn Wi n6n giao dl!c Phl!c Hung 0 Y.
Gng theo hQc cac d~i hqc Padua, Florence, Bologna va tot nghi~p nhan van, y hQc. Tlt
nam 1390 de'n nam 1406, 6ng la giao su lu~n ly h9C t~i Padua. Trang thai gian nay, 6ng
soan thao lac phdm "V6 Nhan Cach Cua Nguoi Quan TU' Va V6 Nhan Van" On the
Manners vf a Gentleman and the Liberal Studies. Tac phfrm nay dUQctai ban 40 Iftn truoc
nam 1600. Tlt nam 1406 de'n nam 1417 6ng la thu ky cua giao hoang. Sau d6 lam vi~c t~i
van phang de' qu6c La Ma. Trang thai gian nay, 6ng sang tac "Phl!c H6i SI! Boan Ke't
Trong Gitio Hoi" On, Restoring Unity in the Church va "Cuoc Boi Petrarch" Life of
Petrarch.
Voi tac phdm On the Manners of a Gentleman and the Liberal Studies, 6ng bi~n ho
cho vi~c sU'dl!ng tie'ng La Tinh M h9C hoi v~ nhan van, M phl!C hili van hoa c6 d~i Hy
L~p. Gng c6 vli cho vi~c giang d~y mOt cach sau rOng cac M tai nhan van, haa hQp giao
dl!c van h6a va giao dl!c th~ chilt, nh~n djnh giao dl!c th~ chat kh6ng kern giao dl!c tri tu~.
V6 nOi dung chuang trlnh giang d~y, Vergerio nh5n m~nh de'n thu~t hung bi~n, sU'hQc,
trie't hqc nhung cling kh6ng sao lang toan hQC, khoa hQc, thien van hQc, y hQc, lu~t hqc
va sieu hlnh hQc. Sinh vien nen tIm hi~u, nh~n dinh slf lien quan cua cac m6n hoc M
II?

Cicio d(IC nMn win Au eMu

yuyet dinh chon m6n hoc chuyen

thlli Ph(lC Hung

bi.;t. Ong d~ c~p den giao dl)c kh6ng phai chi dJ!a vaa

"iell v,l m~ Ct'lI1phai kcm theo phan thao luan de' tim hiu rQng rai. Ong cling nh~n djnh
rC,ng gijo duc khi"lI1gchi Ct')ml)c dich chon m(lt ngh~ c6 lui ich kinh te nhu lu~t, y rna con
phai I~ m(lt nghc nghiep ua lhich. Day I~ m(lt yuan dim moi me v~ giao dl)c.

1.6 Massilio Ficino (1433-1499)

Triet gia, tu sl ngu{ji

Y.

Ong I~ hqe gia da djch tat d cae tac phii'm cua Plato va mQt so

tac phiim khae eua cil dai Hy L~p sang tieng

La Tinh, phil bie~ sau rQng hqc thu~t U1

tll('jng c6 dai Hy Lap, gay anh hU(lng IOn ucn tu tU<lng h9C thll~t Au Chau trang hai the ky
cU<li th(ji trung dai. Ong hqc ng6n ngu La Tinh, triet h9C Hy L~p va y hqc. Ong cong hien
gan nhu d d{ji eho viee dich thu~t, ph': blnh hoc thuyet Plato va da co g5ng hoa nh~p hqc
thuyet n~y voi than hoc Ky Te, Giao. Nam 1462, i"lI1gtra thanh giam doc Hqc Vi~n Plato
Florencc.

iJ

Ngo~i dich thu~t, Fieino et1n I~ tal' gia m(H so tac phfrm dang 1u"Uy klJac nhu

"Than Hqe Plato" Platonic Theolog\', m(H tal' phiim nghien eU'u v~ linh h6n; "Ky T6 Giao"
Book on the Christiall

Religion

va "D(ji Song ", ba t~p Three Book of Life, m(\t lo~i saeh

nghi.:n cuu vc y hoc v~ thicn van. Fieino I~m s<lng I~i hqc thuyet Plato, dua ra nhung nh~n
dinh tudng d6ng vc thu(jng uc v~ tlnh ycu gili'a Plato va Ky T6 Giao. Ong

giai thich khi

dich tal' phiim "Dnh U.:u" S-"posium hay On Love eua Plato rang tlnh yeu va !lnh bi).n cao
yuy nha't clla 'con ngu{ji dlla den tlnh yeu thu(jng de. Nh~n dinh ly tU(lng va sieu hlnh nay
chi ph<li van thd Au ellau vi,,) the ky thu 16. Quan dim eua Ficino vc Plato c6 anh huang
Idn Wi dc hoc gd dlldng th(ji ella hqe thuyet
Anh, Phap.

n~y tai de

nuoe Au Chau,

nhat la t~i

Y,

1.7 Pi co della Mirandola (1463-1494)

Hoc gia, triet gia hoc thuyet Plato ngu{jj
ngi"lI1ngli' Do Thai.
Hung "Nhan

Y.

Pi co hqe nhan van, triet hqe Hy Li).p, lu~t,

Rap tai nhicu dai hl.lC. Ong la tac gia tac phfrm diie bi.;t thoi Phl)c

Dinh Vc Phiim Gia Con Ngu(ji"

Oration

on Ihp Dignily

of Man

VilO

nam

14X6, Trong tal' phfrm ni,y, i"1I1gSu"U ram tclng hdp tu tUllng ella cac triet gia tlt Hy L~p toi
La Ma, Do Thai,

RaP, La Tinh kcm thco Ia nhan dinh phe blnh. So tu tuang nay len

den 900. Ong dlf dinh tC;ehuc m(\t eu(k hi.,i lhao hin lao t~i La Ma d cac hqc gia thao
IUan, dlll1g g(lP Y kien. Giao h(\i La Ma bUl)C t(Ji 13 trong so 900 tu tuung nay la ta di).o va
ra I.:nh ngan cam h()i nghi. Duoi ap life ella giao h(,i, Pi co phai thu t(\i, dti rang 6ng ch~ng
cli ti.,i gi va I:1nh miil b.:n Phap, nhung cung bi bal va bi giam m(\t thoi gian.
cu tai Florence

Tra v~ dinh

vii tnJ th~nh giao su t~i Hoc Vicn Plato. Cae tac phfrm khac eua Pica g6m

Ctl "Hepto[Jlus" cli nghla I~ bfrY diic diem elb van hlia Hy Li).p va "Sinh Ton Va Hoa H<;1p"
O/lieing (/nd Vnitv. kha" luan vc triet h,)c Plato va Aristotle.
lt S

Ciao dl:lc nMn Wln Au eMu thai Phl:lC Hung

2. 51! xuftt hi~n cac trung Him giao dl)c nhan van moi
Ket qua cua vit;c phl)c hili van h6a c6 d~i Hy L<)p t<)i Y la sl! xufft hit;n mot s5 Cd so
giao dl)c moi voi phl10ng phap h9C t~p moi M chu5n bi vit;c h9C t~p cho cac sinh vien t<)i
cac trl1ang d~i h9C vLtamoi dl1!)cthiet I~p. Cac trung tam nay c6 thi! coi la cac trl1ang cao
dfrng vii dlt bi dai hqc. Dang ki! nhat Iii cac trung tam sau day:
2.1 Trung tam giao dl)c nhan van Casparino da Barzizza
Barzizza (1360-1431) Iii nhi! giao ngl1ai Y da c6 kha nang ph5i h<;Jpvan h6ac6 dii!n Hy
L<)pvoi giao duc dltong thai t~i Y. Gng hqc van h9C, thu~t hung bit;n t<)id<)ihqc Padua;
d~y hqc t~i cac d~i h9C Pavia, Venice vii Padua. T~i Padua, ong thanh I~p, di~u khii!n va
giang d~y trung tam giao dl)c nhan van Barzizza mot thai gian dai.
day, ong n6i tieng la
mot nhii giao nhan van. Ngoi!i vit;c d~y hqc, Barzizza con Ii! tac gia cua mot s5 tac ph5m
v~ thl1 tin, hung bit;n, van hqc, I!ch sU'vii mot tac phftm v~ phep viet chlnh ta ngon ngu La
Tinh. Tac ph5m thl1 tin cua ong Ii! tac ph5m dilu tien dl1<.lC
in Mng may t~i Phap vao nam
1470. Trung tam giao dl)c cua Barzizza dl1,jc coi Ii! mot trung tam kii!u milu cho cac trung

tam v~ sau.
2.2 Trung tam giao dl)c nhan van Guarino Veronese
Guarino Veronese (1370-1460) Ii! h9C gia, nhi! giao ngl1ai Y. Gng la mot trang nhung
hqc giii c6 CClllgdilu trong vit;c ph6 bien van h6a c6 dii!n Hy Ll!P thai Phl)c Hl1ng t<)iTily
Au. Guarinll hoc t~i Constantinople, Iii man dt; cua Chrysoloras (Xem philn 1.4 0 tren) va
dem v0 Y nhieu sl1u dm c6 dii!n Hy L~p. Gng xuat ban nh;~u sach cua mot s5 tac gia La
Tinh vii phicn dich nhi0u saeh e6 dien khac. Khii nang di~n d~t ngon ngu cua ong dl1<;Jc
nhieu hqc giii khen ng,.ji vii ap dl!ng. Guarina d~y tai cac d~i h9C Florece, Venice vi! thiet
I~p mOt trung tam giao duc nhan van Veronese tai Venice tLtnam 1415 den nam 1429.
Thiinh tich giiing d~y vi! phl1tJng phap t6 ehue cua ong OI1ac dl1ang thai vi! h~u the chl1 y
vi! ap dung. Guarinll t6 chue vit;c giang d~y thi!nh ba giai do~n: giai do<)n tii!u h9C, t~i day
hoc sinh hqc doc, viet,'cach phat am; tiep theo Ii! giai do~n trung h9C va cu5i cung la giai
dll~n cao dJng chl1 trqng viill thu~t hung bit;n. Chl1ang trlnh giao dl)c cua ong chl1 tr9ng
viio nhan van, nhan m~nh den vit;c ren Juyt;n tri tUt;, d6ng thai voi vit;c ren luyt;n
thE chat.
2.3 Trung tam giao dl)c La Giocosa cua Vittorino da Feltre
Vittorinll da Feltre (1378-1446) Ii! nhi! giao dl!c nhi! nhan van n6i tieng nhfft thai Phl)c
Hl1ng. Gng hoc t~i Dai hoc Padua vii Iii mon dt; cua Barzizza vi! Guarino. Gng d<)yt~i D~i
hqc Padua, Venice vii thiet l~p m(lt trung tam giao duc nOi irl1 dilu tien voi ten La Giocosa
II~

Ciao dt,tc nhQn Viln Au eMu thiJi Pht,tc Hung

t;ti Mantua tit nam 1423 den nam ong mat 1446. Day Iii mQttrung tiim giao dl,lc cao d~ng
rat diic bi~t, d;ty giln dily du cac mon hoc, cham slic den suc khoe cua hoc sinh va diic bi~t
nhat Iii khong co vi~c trUng ph;tt thi! xae. Truang nily dilo t;tO dUQc nhi~u hoc gia, mQt s6
nhil lanh d;to vii rat nhi~u nhan vien chuyen nghii;p khac.
T;ti lrung lam giao dl,lc La Giocosa, h9C sinh phai co ldnh dQ moi dUQctheo h9C. Giau
co khong phai la mQt di~u ki~n nhijp hoc. Villorino rna rQng chuang lrlnh giao dl,lc toi m9i
giai cilp dung theo tinh lhiln nhiin van. Chuang trlnh giang d;ty ,a day khong nhung bao
g6m ly lhuyel rna vi~c th\fc hanh ciing dUQc khuyen khich. Toan h9C dUQc giang ~;ty rat
song dQng qua cac tro chai. Sau khi hoan tat vii;c h9C tijp bily mon nhan van can ban: vAn
hoc, hung bi~n, luijn Iy, hlnh h9C, so h9c, am nh;tc va thien van; h9c sinh dUQc h9C mon
lriel h9C. Cuoi cung, neu co kha nang, h9C sinh dUQc giao dl,lc cac mon chuyen bi~t nhu y,
luijt, triel, lhiln h9C va tra thanh h9c gi,L Ngon ngu giang d;ty a day Ia tieng La Tinh va
tieng Hy L;tp. Villorino rat quan tam den vii;c tijp luy~n thi! xac, giai tri va suc khoe cua
hoc sinh. Vao mua he, thai liet oi a va khong khi 0 nhiem t'.li tMnh lhi, ong dua h9C sinh
di hoc tijp va giai tri lai cac mi~n d6i nui hay ba bii!n. Trietly giao dl,lc cua Villorino dUl;lc
kh0i ngu6n tit long lin luong, nhii;t thanh, cong minh, chinh tr\fc, Iy luijn, th\fc te; trai
ngu0c voi tinh tr;tng long leo, hai hl;lt, hinh thuc, vo triet Iy cua n~n giao dl,lc trung d;ti.
Vittorino rilt chitng muc, nguyen tile voi ban than nhttng l;ti rat cai rna, nhi~t tlnh va chju
dung voi cac mon d~. VI vijy Dng dUl;lCh9C tro ton kinh va d6ng nghi~p nguong mQ. Sau
khi Villorino mat, truang chi t6n t;ti dUQcmQI theJi gian ngiln vi La Giocosa la mQttrung
tam giao dl,lc diic bi~t, do nha giao diic bi~t Villorino thanh lijp va giang d;ty, dii khong ai
cli kha nang thay the.
.
3, Giao dl}c ngoai hQc dLiO'ng
MQI so nha giao dl,lc Y can chu Ir9ng vao van d~ giao dl,lc ngoili hoc duang khi d~ cijp
den vai Ira cua gia dlnh trong giao dl,lc. Ngoili ra, cli h9C gia can diit ra van M giao dl,lc
cho nguai IOn.
3.1 Giao dl}c gia dlnh voi Leon Battista Alberti
Alberli (1404-1472) Iii nha nhan van, kien truc su Y co cong IOn lrong cong cUQc pMt
lrien nhan van thai Phl,lC Hu'ng. Gng la tac gia cac tac philm: "V~ Gia mnh" On the
Family, "Kien Truc" 10 taP Ten Book on Architecture. Trong tac pha'm On the Family,
Alberti de CaP den van M giao dl,lcngoiii hqc duong. Dli Iii hlnh lhuc giao duc t;ti gia, mot
phu(Jng phap giao dl,lc l\f nhien do anh hu'ilng cua cha m~ den con cai. Giao duc nay rat
quan lrong mil h9C duang khong thi! th\fc hii;n dU~Jc.Gng ciing nhan m;tnh den vai tra
cua nguoi cha trong vii;c giao'dl,lc con cai. Ngoili ra, ong can d~ cap den vi~c sa dung
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ngan ngil Y trong giao due thay the eho ngon ngil La Tinh VI tieng Y Iii tieng noi ph5
thong ttt gia dlnh Mn xa hQi, eon tieng La Tinh Iii ngon ngil eoa hQe gia, eoa guy tQe, eoa
giao hQi.
3.2 Giao dt.Ic ngu'oi Ion voi Baldassare Castiglione
Castiglione (1478-1529) Iii vien ehue eao dp, la nha ngo<)i giao Y. Gng duara duong
16i truyen ba nhan van cho mQi gioi ngoai hQe Mong nhu gioi liinh d<)o, vien ehUe cae
nganh. Gng xufit ban tae ph5m "Phep Xii Giao" Courtier vila nam 1528 vii ehi viii nam
sau da dUlJc dich sang nhieu ngon ngil ehinh eoa Au Chau. Day la mQt tae ph5m giaa d,!e
t6ng quat ve "dde nhan tam", lam the nao dti lam vui long nguoi, mQt vfin de tam Iy xu
the. voi mt.Ie dieh hl(ong diln cae nha liinh dao, cae vien ehue eong guyen eaeh s6ng, caeh
giao tiep va eon de eij.p Mn vail de t1nh due nila. Them vaa do, thea ong, eae vien ehue
nay eon phai hQe hiii ve van hoa c5 ditin, thong th<)o ngon ngil, hi"gu biet van hoa, am
tuang t1nh hlnh ehinh tri, kinh te dia phlflJng va co kha nang hung bi~n.
III. Giao d\IC nhan van d Bdc va Tay Au: Ha Lan, Tay Ban Nha va Anti Qu6e
Tinh hlnh phat tri.gn kinh te, xa hQi ben e<)nh slf phat tritin giao d,!e nhan van d Y da
dua den slf phat tritin tuang til t<)icae khu vlfc Bde va Tay Au. Tai mQt s6 nuoe, d~e bi~t
la Phap, Tiiy Ban Nha, Anh, nganh giaD d,!c nhan van va cai tien giao d,!e dii phat tri"gn
nho sang kien coa chinh quyen trung ullng. T<)i mQt s6 nuoe khae nhu Ha Lan, slf phat
tri.gn da khdi s1f ttt ngu(li dan thanh thj, nhat la gioi kinh daanh VI hQ la nhilng nguoi eo
tham quyen vii: kinh te va co anh hUdng !dn toi chinh guyen. MQt di.gm khae bi~t nila la
t<)iY, slf phat trien ngtlllh giao d,!c nhan van thilllh eang lOn t<)icae khu vlfe eo mQt so' gia
dlnh CO.lnh huiing Jon tOi chinh trio elm ('I Bde va Tay Au, slf phat trien tuy eo ehij.m hdn
nhung bao quat hlJn va iinh hui'fng toi mqi tjng !dp dan ehung. Tuy vij.y, co mQt di"gm
tu(lng di\ng giila phong trao giao dt.Icnhan van ii Y va cac khu vlfe khae d Au Chau la eae
nha lanh d<)ophong trao nay cung eo m(lt guan diem, cung thong th<)a ngon ngil La Tinh
va ngon ngil dia phuong. Chinh ng6n ngil dia phu(lng da trd thanh mQt phudng ti~n ehinh
yeu de' dien tii van h6a nhan van.
1. Giao dt.Ie nhan van HiJ Lan
Tai Hi! Lan, phong trilO giao dt.Ienhan van khl)i SIfttt the ky thu 14 voi SIfdong gop eoa
dt'lng tu "D(li S6ng Chung" Common Life va cae nhi! giao dt.Ie n5i tieng: Gerhard Groote,
Alexander Hegius, Desiderius Erasmus.

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1.1 Nhil giao dvc nhan van Gerhard Groote

. Gerhard Groote (1340-1384) la tu Sl va nha giao dl)c nhan van Ha Lan. Khoi dfru, ong
thanh lilp mot co so xuilt ban va tU do thanh lilp dong tu Common Life. Day la mot tu vie;n
nhlfng ciing la mot trung tam giao dl)c, dil dong gop mot cach quan trQng vao ,vie;c canh
tan giao dl)c BAc Au vao cuo'i thai trung d<)iva thai Phl)c Hung. Ong Ia nha tu hanh kh6
h<)nh, hien ti,ing ca cUQcso'ng cho giao dl)c va cho nhCi'ngnguoi ngheo kho theo dung ton
chi va ml)c dich cila Ky To Giao. Ong chi trich hang tu SI lilnh d<)ovoi cUoc so'ng xa hoa
val<)m dl)ng quy~n hanh i'JkhAp noi. Ong co nhi~u mon de; n6i titng, tiep tl)C su m<)ngcao
d~p cila ong sau khi ong milt som VI be;nh dich h<)ch. Dong tu Common Life phat tri~n
nhanh chong t~i Ha Lan, Duc va co anh huiing Idn toi chuting tr1nh giao dl)c ti~u hQc,
trung hQCtoan eoi Au Chau. Chuang trlnh giao dl)c eila Groote nhan m<)nh vao nganh hQe
nhan van, sit dung ngiln ngCi'La Tinh, thanh lilp cae cap !dp, xuilt ban sach giao khoa moi
voi vi~~ phat minh nganh in ffn bang may. Dong tu Common Life can t6n t<)imai Wi nam
181!.
Dong tu Common Life quy tl) dUQe nhi~u hQe gia ca tu Sl Ian the tl)e. St! nghi~p giao
dl)C eila dong khi'Ji st! b5ng vi~c thanh lilp cae ky tue xa M giup do cae sinh vien ngheo.
Sau la vi~e thanh lilp eac trung tam giao dl)e. Trung tam giao dl)e dfru tien i'J Deventer
(mot thanh pho' eila Ha Lan),sau t<)inhi~u thanh pho'khae. Truong Deventerda tri'Jthiinh
n6i tieng duoi quy~n di~u khi~n cua nha giao Alexander Hegius.
1.2 Nhil giao dvc nhan van Alexander Hegius
Aiexanaer Hegius (1433-1498) Ia nha giao al)c nhan van, tac gia nhi~u tac phii'm v~
giao al)e, co nhi~u hQe tra n6i tieng. Trang d cUQedoi mo ph~m, ong giang a<)yt<)inhi~u
trullng va euo'ieung lam giam do'c truong Deventer tren 30 nam eho toi ngay ong mfft.
Hegius di tien ehlfl1ng trlnh giao al)e, giang d~y van hQC Hy'L<)p, La Ma, 10<)ibo cae
sach giao khoa loi tMi, so~n thao cae saeh giao khoa moi, gini thi~u phuong phap hQc tilp
nghien CU'u,hQe sinh phai tim hieu them vt: cac tac gia e6 dien, nhffn m<)nh vao vi~c giang
d~y nhii;l van va nghe; thuilt song. Cac tae phii'm n6i tieng cua Hegius bao g6m: "LQi feh
Cua Ngiln Ngu Hy Lap" On the Usefulness of Greek, "Kien Thue" On Knowledge, "Nhan
Cach" Oil Manners. Cae tae phii'm nay ut:u u~ caP den chuang trlnh va phu(lng phap giao
al)e. Ngoai nhung sang kien vt: phu(lng phap giao al)c, Hegius con co khii nang ui,ic bie;t
v~ t6 chue. Truilng Deventer tnJ thanh n6i tieng khAp Au Chau va ong dil dao t<)oduQe
nhit:u hQc tn) n6i tieng Trong so d6 e6 Desiaerius Erasmus'.
1.3 Nhil giao d~lc nhan van Desiderius Erasmus
Erasmus (1469-1536) Iii hQe gia 16i h,le vii nhil mo ph;1m n6i tieng, c6 anh huung ldn
loan eoi Au Chau. Ong Iii ngu(Ji hieu biet sau n)ng, chan thanh, cudng tn!c nen UU(.lehQC
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sinh, dclng nghi~p, hqc gia kinh trqng va tim duac

ong nhi~u gia tri va tu tuang moi.
Tiee lhay, nhilng tu !LIang moi cua ong v~ giao due dil chua dUQctoan the Au Chau ch1lp
nh~n van the ky thu 16. Erasmus viet n.hi~u va mOt s6 tac phifm cua ong d~ c~p uen giao
due. D6 la "Phu(jng Phap Hqe T~p Thich Dang" On the Right Method of Study. "Nhan
Caeh Tre Em" On the Politeness of Children's Manners. "Giao Duc Nhan Van Sa Khai
eho Hqe Sinh Nam" On the Liberal Edacation of Bovs from Beginning. Nhung d;:ic diem
giao due nhan van ciia Erasmus bao g6m: tIm hieu sau rOng v~ ngon ngil c6 dien. di ph<!
ehu ngh1a hlnh thue. loai b6 hlnh lhuc vo doan VI lam te li~t phong trilO phat trien nhan
van. eh6ng l~i chu truong giao due ap d(it khong Itfu 'I aen quy~n IQi va
thfch cua hqc
sinh. dllO I~Ogiao vien c6 kha nang rna ong cho hi vi~c rat quan trqng. hqc sinh phai dUQc
hoc cae mon nhan van truae khi vao truijng cao ding. Ong to ra la mQt nha giao rat I~c
quan v~ khii nang eua con nguoi. Theo 6ng. neu dUQc giao duc thkh dang. hQc sinh c6

sa

khii nang theo hqe bal eu nganh nao.

Nhi~u hqe giii (1 the ky sau. dung dau Ia John Amos Comenius (Xem chuang 14. muc
1lI. 2). nghien eUu sau rling tu tu<3nggiao due cua Erasmus va dil c6 the thiet l~p mQt n~n
glao due mai d(il lrang lam vilO vi~e tim hieu tam 1'1 hqe sinh va nhln nh~n giao duc la
mQt lien lrlnh lau dai.
2. Ciao dl;lCnhiln van Tily Ban Nha - Nhii giao dl;lCJuan Luis Vives
Vives (1492-1540) la giao su. hqc giii nhan van nguoi Tily Ban Nha. Ong la mon d~ va
eung la hqe gia ehiu anh huiing Erasmus nhi~u nhat. Ong dUQc n6i tieng voi quan diem
moi v~ nganh lam 1'1 giao duc. phuong phap su ph~m. Ong hQc t~i d~i hQc Paris. giao su
nhan van l~i d~i hqe Louvain (Bi). giao su triel hqc t~i d~i hQc Oxford .(Anh). Ong chong
dlii manh me ehu nghTa hQe giii kinh vi~n scholasticism.
hQe hanh nghien cUu t,!i van
ph6ng. thieu quan sat thl,fe Ie; ong nhan manh vao phuong phap t6ng hlJp de nghien CUu;
ehu truong sa dung ngon ngil dja phu(jng dd giang d~y thay cho ngon ngu La Tinh; chu
truong xay dung nhi~u hqe vien; ung hO viec giao due phu nil; giai thieu viee giang d~y
khoa hqe tl,fnhien.
V~ van d~ lam 1'1 giao duc. ong viel tac ph:1m "Tam H6n Va Doi Song". 3 quyen Three
Book on Soul and on Life. d day 6ng ban v~ tam 1'1.lrf tUe. 'I lu(1ng v~ doi song va d tam
1'1 dOng v~t. Tae phifm nay nh5e nha cac nha tu ltfl1ng sau ong v~ phuong phap t6ng h~jp
lrang viec tlm hieu lam 1'1 va lriet hoc. V~ van d~ giao due. Vives M Iai cac tole phifm:
"Giau Due Phu Nil Ky To Giao" On the Education of Christian Women. "Phuong Phap
Thich Danh De Giang D~y Tre Em" On the Riliht Method of Instruction for Children.
"D~ Tili Giiing D~y" On the Subjects of Studying. Qua cae lac phii'm nay; ong dil c6
cai nhln mlJi me 'If, phul1ng phap su pham; cae Jf, tai can ph,ii JUl.le giiing J~y; ehil
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tn.tl1ng giau dl)c d~i chUng kii' d giao dl)c phl) nii' va nguai ngheo; chu trliong giao dl)c
thlfc te voi vii)c tham quan hqc hoi t~i cal' khu thUong m,!i, hang quan, xUCJngthq, th6n
que, ch6ng l,!i l6i hqc t~p t,!i ch6; nhin nMn cal' tra choi giao dl)c co gia tr! tam ly va giao
dl)Ccao; nhan m~nh den vai tra ella mon dja Iy vi bien gioi cal' nUoc thay d6i va co nhii'ng
kham pha moi t,!i m6i dja phUong. Theo ong, trach nhii)m giao dl)c thu(>c v~ dc nha lanh
dao dja phUong. Tuy nhien, cac nha kinh doanh, cal' nghii)p doan thq thuy~n cOng co
trach nhii)m dong gop vao chUang trinh giao dl)c d,!i chUng nay.
Vives cilng v,!ch ra duang loi t6 chtic giao dl)C va huan luyi)n giao vien. Gng nhan
m,!nh vao tinh cach xa hi'ii cua td chtic giao dl)c, chong d6i vii)c giao dl)c du Iqi. V~ giao
vien, ong nhiin djnh rhng hq khong nhii'ng co kha nang chuyen mon Uci giang d,!y cac mon
hqc mil can phai duqc huan luyi)n M tim hiii'u tam Iy hqc sinh nii'a. Ong d~ nghi giao vien
phai dU\1chqc tiip, h(>ithao m(>~nilm b(}n Hin M tim hiii'u them v~ phUong phap sU ph,!m,
tam Iy hqc sinh vii trao d6i kinh nghii)m giang diiy.
V~ ngon ngii', Vives chap nhiin ngon ngii' <.IjaphUong cho giao dl)c can ban, Wc la nganh
ti.?u hoc. Tuy nhien, cilng nhlf nhi~u nM nhan van khac, ong nhin nhiin tieng La Tinh viin
cUn phai <.IuqcsU'dl)ng a cac cap lOp cao vi Iii ngon ngii' cua cal' tac philm cd diii'n. Hqc
smh, sinh vien se tim thay a nhii'ng tac phii'm nily nhi~u <.Iilc<.Ii.?mcua xa hQi cO nhu til'
tUang, hqc thuiit .... Tom l,!i, til' tUang giao dl)c cua Vives rat tien b(>,thlfC te v~ d t6 chuc
lfin phll'ong phap va tam Iy.
3. Giao dl)c nhan van d Anh
Do anh hUang phong trilo nhan van t,!i dc qU(}Cgia Au Chau, Anh Qu6c co dll'qc Slf
phat trien nhanh chong v~ ngilnh giao dl)c nily vao thai Phl)c Hll'ng. Cac nha giao dl)c
nguai Anh <.Iaso,!n thao nhii'ng sach giao khoa moi M hqc tiip dc tal' phii'm c6 <.Iiii'nvii
khiJi Slf thilnh liip m(>tlo,!i trlt<'jngtrung hqc moi gqi la truang Grammar (ngii' phap). Lo~i
truong nily tra thilnh n6i tieng vii Iii cac trll'ang dan liip kiii'u mau cho toi ngay nay CJAnh,
Uc, Tan Tiiy Lan (New Zealand).

3.1 Nhii giao dl)c nhlin van John Colet

Colet (1466-1519) Iii tu sT,nhil giao nhan van co cong IOn trong vii)c phat triii'n giao dl)c
nhan van thoi Phl)c HUng a Anh. Gng hQCtoan, triet hqc t,!i I)'!i hQe Oxford, ba nilm du hqc
t;li I) tic, Y va giang d,!y t,!i I)'!i hQc Oxford. Colet sang liip r5i lam hii)u trUCJngTruong
Gralnmar 5t Paul CJLuan I)on (London, thu do Anh), ph6 bien vii)c giang d,!y cac mon
nhan van. TrUong Grammar cua ong nam dau thu nhiin 150 hqc sinh dii hqc het chUang
trinh ti6u hqc. ChUong trinh giao dl)c cua Colet bien n~n giao dl)c cua Anh cd xUa nilng v~
ton giao sang 16i giao dl)c moi. Long nhi.;t thilnh cOng nhtt sang kitn moi v~ giao dl)c
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cua ong dil bie'n Trll'ong St Paul thanh mot trll'ong trung hQc ki~u milu va la mot trung tam
giao d\)c nhan van quan trQng cua Anh.
3.2 Nhil giao d\lC y hQc Thomas Linacre
Linacre la tu sT,hQc gia, y s1. Gng hQc van hQc Hy L'IP, La Ma t'li D'Ii hQc Oxford va y
khoa t':li D'Ii hQc Padua Y .Tra v~ Anh, ong tra thanh y 5Tcua hoang gia va n6i tie'ng v~
ngill1h nay. Gng bat man voi nganh y khoa <lll'ongthoi dang bj cac lang bam trang do co
cae tu sT, cac phu thuy thao tung. Gng v~n dong voi qu5c vll'ong Anh ban hanh 5~Cli;:nh
ki~m soat va dip giay hanh ngh~ cho cac y s1. Gng thanh I~p "D'Ii HQc Y Khoa Luan
Don" College of Physicians of London va dao t'lo <lll'<;Jc
rat nhi~u y sTcho nll'oc Anh. Dl/i'
hQc nay cung dll'<;Jcqu5c vll'ong uy quy~n ki~m tra kha nang chuyen mon va cap giay
phep hanh ngh~ cho cac y sTtren toan nll'oc Anh, trtt cac y 5Tt5t nghii;:p t'li chinh tru'ong

nay va t'li cac d'li hQc Oxford va Cambridge.

3.3 Nhil giao d\lC nhan van William Lily
Lily (1468-1522) la hQc gia, nha giao, ngll'oi co cong ph6 bie'n van hQc c6 d'li Hy Ll/p
t'li Anh va giang d'lY van hQc La Tinh. Gng hQc t'li Oxford, La Ma va Venice. Lily giang
dl/Y t':li Trll'ong Grammar St Paul cua Colet va sau tra thanh hii;:u trll'ong. Gng vie't tac
phffm "Ngi1 Phap" Grammar va tac phii'm nay da tra thanh sach giao khoa tren toan qu5c.

N~n giao d\)c nhan van thoi Ph\)c Hll'ng Au Chau b~t ngu6n ttt giao d\)c c6 di~n Hy
L'IP, La Ma, H6i Giao va dil pMt tri~n nhanh chong, khai sl! Y, sau ph6 bie'n toi cac
qu5c gia B~c va Tiiy Au. N~n giao d\)c nay thanh cong la nho 51!dong gop ldn lao cua
cac nha giao nhan van. Nho hQ, noi dung chll'ong trinh giiing d'lY dll'<;Jcthay d6i, nhan
m':lnh van cam nghT, suy tll', tinh yeu, dOi s5ng con ngll'oi. Phll'ong phap giang dl/Y cung
OlJ'<)ecai tie'n, chl1 trQng han vao thlfC te' voi vii;:e hQc hoi ben ngoai hQc dll'ong, voi cae
sach giao khoa moi. Nganh tam 19 giao d\)c cung dll'<;Jc
quan tam toi voi vii;:c tim hi~u kha
nang va hoan dnh cua, hQe sinh. V~ ngon ngi1, tie'ng dja phll'ong diln diln thay the' tie'ng
La Tinh. Viec dao t'lO giao vien cung dll'<;JcM c~p toi voi viec hOi thao hang nam M rut
kinh nghii;:m. SIf thanh cong nay dil dll'a Au Chau van mot ky nguyen moi, thoat Iy diln
diln anh hll'iing va kiem soat giao d\)c cua ton giao, rna <lll'ongcho chll'ong trinh phat trien

giao d\)c () cac the' ky sau.

Tiii li?u tham khao:
. Alherti, Leon Battista. Tit (liEn huch khou The New Encyclopaedia Britannica. Multimedia Edition, 199X.
_ Burzin.a. Cuspurinodu. Tai lieu (Ui dun nhu Iren.
- Boccw.:io, Giow.wn;. TiJi Ji~u (Iil dan nhlllren.
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Ciao df:lc nMn van Au eMu flu'!i Phf:lc HUng

- CutiJxiione. Buldus.wre. Ttil Li~uaii dJn nhu lren.
- Chrys%rus, Manual. TiJi liru dil dJn nhu tren.
- Colef, John. TiJj lifu (Til dan nhu (ren.
- Dante AliJ.:hieri. Tit (liEn hach khou The World Book Encyclopedia, Multimedia Edition, 200/.
- Dutch Humunisls. Til c1iin hdch khou The Ne v Encyclopaedia Britannica, Multimedia Edition, 1998.
- Erusmus, Desideriu:\", TiJi liru (Til chIn nhu tren.
.
. Fecino, MUJsilio. TiJi liru c1ii dun nhu lren.
- Guarino VeroneJe. TiJi lifu da ddn nhu lren.
- Lily, Willium. 1))j /j~u ,Iii ,/tin nhu (ren,
- Unuere. ThotnuJ. Tal li~u ,lii dan Ilhu (ren.

- Peirurch. Tuc1iin belch khou The World Book Encyclopedia, Multimedia Edition, 2001.
- Pico della Mirando/a. Til eliEn hdch khou The New Encyclopaedia Britunnicu. Mu/timl1dia Edition, /998.
- Thl1Education in Renaissunce Europl1. Tili lifu dtl dJn nhu tren .
. Vl1rMerio,Pietr()Pado. TiJi lifu ,Til dJn nhu tren.
- Vitforino du Fellrl1. TiJi lifu ,Til dJn cJ lren.
- Vil'e'S,Juan Luis. Tid lifu ,1{j dJn nhu tren.

126

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Chlldng 13
Giao d~c thili Canh Tan
Quan ni?m mai vi giao d~c tam ij,.
giao d{lCthljc d~ng
va giao d~c ngon ngil

j
l'i

~
J:
~'

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'~

'J

I. Ciao dl)c thoi Canh Tiln d Duc vdi Martin Luther,

Johannes Sturm

Philip Melanchton,

I. Martin Luther - Giao dl)c dl)i chUng

2. Philip Melanchton va chlidng trinh giao dl)C trung hQc
3. Johannes Sturm va Trliong Grammar d Duc

:J.

;~

"f
"

,.~
4

.f

'"~

~.

2. Roger Ascham - Giao dl)c truyn th6ng va ngon ngii' dia phlidng
3. Richard Mulcaster - Ngon ngii' dia phlidng va tam Iy sli phl)m
4. Francis Bacon ~'Ghio dl)c th\fc nghi~m
III. Ciao dl)C thoi Canh Tiln d Phap vdi Francois Rabelais, Pierre
Michel de Montaigne

14'

VI. Dj san clla phong trao Canh Tan - Giao dl)c tlim

-'!.(;

'f

,.

de la Ramee,

I. Francois Rabelais - Giao dl)c nhan van va khoa hl)c

2. Pierre de la Ramee - Ciao dl)C ch6ng nhili sl)
3. Michel de Montaigne - Giao dl)c th\fc te'
IV. Calvin va chLidng trinh Canh Tan - Giao dl)c dl)i chUng

'~

I. Thomas Elyot - Giao dl)c truy~n th6ng va ngon ngii' dia phlidng

1
~

II. Ciao dl)c thoi Canh Tiln d Anh vdi Thomas Elyot, Roger Ascham, Richard
MuJcaster, Francis Bacon

V. Ghio dl)c giao hqi Ky TO Giao thoi Canh Tiln - Ciao dl)c ton giao clf diin
Phong trao Philn Canh Tan
'

Iy,

th\fc dl)ng, ngon ngii'

TInh hinh chinh tr!, xii h(li va giao dl)c d nhieu nltDCAu Chau dii pMt tfiEn vao nhi~u
giai dO(ln khac nhau, dlta den S\f xa each giUa giao h(li Ky To Giao va kh6i d(li chUng vao
the ky thu 16. Day la m(lt trong nhiIng 19 do cua sif fa dui cua phong trao Canh Tan Ton
Giao (Reformation), do m(\t s6 liinh tl} ton giao cap tien thlfC hi~n va co anh hltdng nhi~u
127

Ciao

dl,lc

(hili Canh Tan

den ehlMng trlnh giao dl!c Duoi tMi P1We Hung (Renaissance), giao due nhan van xuat
hi~n va pMt trien nhung nen giao due nay chi tho a miin nhu cau elia con em quy toe, trf
thue va thuljng gia thanh thi. Duoi thtli Canh Tan, giao dl!e dii huang ve dai chung.
I. Giao dl)c thoi Canh Tan d Duc voi Martin Luther, Philip Melancton,

Johannes

Sturm
Giao dl!e thai Canh Tan d Due dii co su dong gop elia nhieu hOGgia tu sl, dae bi~t la s\f
hi~n di~n elia liinh tl! Canh Tan Marlin Luther.
1. Martin Luther va quan di~m "gi:io dl)c dl.lichung"
Martin Luther (1483-1546) la tu sl, giao su th<ln hQe, liinh tl! phong trao Canh Tan Ton
Giao. Phong trao nay khi)i s\f tai Due, dua oen vi~e thanh laP giao hi)i Tin Lanh, Iy khai
giao hoi Ky To Giao La Mii vao nam 1517. Luther rat n(ljng tr\fe, thang than, ehi trich
eui)e sclng xa hoa, vUl1nggia elia cae giao hoang, hOng y, giam mue eung rat nhieu lam
dung xau xa trang giao hoi. VI vaY, nghi thue ton giao dii mat het y nghla. Nhieu tae
phJm tem giao elia Luther dii giai thich eho due tin, hQe thuyet di tien tiin giao elia ong.
Tu tUdng, due tin moi nay dua oen vi(:e thanh laP mot h~ phai tem giao moi, thoat ra khoi
quyen kiem soat elia giao hoi Ky To Giao. Phong trao Canh Tan dutJe nhi~t li~t hudng
ung vii ket qua dii khien Luther phai ngae nhien. Luther tri) thanh mi)t nhan vat eo anh
hui)ng IOn lao duang thai. Tu tUljng va eU(le song elia ong gan lien voi giao hoi moi tai
Bae Au, Anh va My sau nay. Ngoai hoat dong ton giao, Luther elm '.: mot nhan vat rat
quan tam den giao dl!c
Luther mue)n thiet laP mot h(: thclng giao dl!e phue vI! mQi ca nhan khong phan bi~t giai
cap, nam, nil', gi<lU,ngheo, thtJ thuyen hay nong dan. D6i voi de trc "m phai giup dB gia
dlnh trang viee dOng ang hay nghe nghi~p, ling mong mu6n de em dutJe hQe taP du chi
mot vai gio m6i ngay oe co the dQe viet va thue dii'y tlnh thul1ng yeu. Nen giao dl!e do
6ng de ngh! phai ducle ehinh quyen t6 ehue va du~je ong de caP oen qua cae sang tae "Thu
Clia Cae Truong Ky To Giao GLtiDen Cae Th! Trudng Va Cae Bae Thue Gia Cae Thanh
Ph6" Lelte.r to the Mayors and Eldermen of the Cities on Behalf of Christian Schools va
.'Ban LUan Ve Vice Giao Dl!e Con Em" Discourse on Duty of S"nding Childtren to
School va nhieu thu ttt gLtiden cae tieu vUljng d Due,
Vila mot liinh tl! ton giao, nen mae dau bi~n hi" eho vi(:e hQe taP cae tae phii'm e6 dien,
nhung Luther van tin rJng ;nue dich can ban elia giao dl!e la thue dii'y tlnh thuclng yeu qua
vit;e hQe taP kinh thanh. Day la diem khae bi~t gilta Luther va de nha giao dl!e nhan van,
Cling Vila mot tu sl, Luther tin tUljng r5ng m(it giai cap tri thU'c tUling lai ttt cae trung tam
giiiu dye mo. se thay the ehu de tu SI I'li thtli. Da c() mot Se)cd sd giiiu dl!e moi loai nay
128

Ciao
dll(jC thanh I~p
lang mac.

M thay

dl:lc

thi'Ji Canh Tall

the' cho cae tu vi~n eli va mot s6 trllang da dll(jc thilnh I~p tiJi cae

2. Philip Melanchton va "chlldng trlnh giao dvc trung hQC"

Philip Melanchton (1497-1560) la hoc gia, giao sll, cong tac vien cua Martin Luther,
nhllng {lI1g nhan n~i han Luther nhi~u. Dng c6 gAng dlla ra mot giai phap cho vi~c
khung hoang giao hoi va vi~c chia re Ky To Giao - Tin Lilnh. Dng Ia giao sll D~i hoc
Wittenberg d Duc va dll(je eoi Ia nha giao qu6c gia VIanh hllang IOn lao cua ong d6i voi
chllang trlnh giang d~y t~i trung hoc va oiJi hoc. Kinh nghi~m giang d~y liiu nam tiJi
Wittenberg gilip 6ng tai t6 ehue va thanh I~p mot s6 o~i hoc. Melanchton olla ra sang
kien thanh lilp m(!t h~ th6ng giao dl!e moi nganh trung hoc. Sang kie'n nay 0lfge oem ra
ap dung t'.Ii trllang Eiskben a Duc do ong thanh I~p. T~i oay, ket qua ollge ehia lam ba
hang cao thtlp tuy thea slf tien bo hqe t~p eua hoc sinh. Day Ia mot quan oilm moi, rna
drtu eho chllong trlnh ki6m tra, aanh gia sau nay. V~ phllang phap giang diJy,
Melanehton cho ding kh6ng nen giang d~y qua nhi~u mon hoc, s9 ding hoc sinh m~t
moi, kh6ng thl tiep nh~n hel. v~phllong di~n ng6n ngu, ong nh~n djnh r~ng tieng La
Tinh quan trong nhtlt, sau d6 den Mng Due, Mng Hy LiJp, tieng A R~p. Nh~n djnh nay
gay ra tranh lu~n va eh6ng d6i cua cae nha eanh tiin giao dl!C khac, ehu trllang dung
ng.6n ngu dan toc thay the cho tieng La Tinh.
3. Johannes Sturm va tru'ung trung hQc grammar i'J Duc
Johannes Sturm (1507-1598) la hqe giil, nha giao dl!e Duc. Dng hoc tiJi D~i hoc
Louvain (BI), d~y t~i trllang nay va D~i hqc Paris trlloe khi tra v~ Due rna trllang trung
hoc Grammar tai Strassberg, nay thuoe Phap. Trllang nay sau tra thanh kilu mau eho cae
trllang a Due. v~phlldng phrip giao dl!c, 6ng tin tllang rhng dllang 16i giilng d~y t~i cae
trllang tilu hoc va mot so' dip lOp thtlp t~i cae trllang trung hoc phai khae voi cae truang
dai hqc, kh6ng nen M cae em qua nhi~u tt! do. v~viln d~ ngon ngu, ong C1~nghj hoc sinh
hQc tieng La Tinh vao llie 6 tu6i bhng caeh hqc thuoe long. Dng say me tieng La Tinh hon
bilt eu hoc gia nao khae va quen lang d tieng Due.
II. Ciao dvc thOi Canh Tan i'J Anh vdi Thomas
Mulcaster, Francis Bacon

Elyot, Roger

Ascham,

Richard

Slf Iy khai giua giao hQi Anh Giao, Tin Lilnh va giao hQi Ky To Giao La Ma a Anh da
khong c6 anh hllang nhi~u trang linh vt!e giao dl!c nhll dii x1ly ra t~i Il!e dja Au Chau. H~
th6ng giao dl!e nganh trung hoc t~i Anh dii ph:H tri6n vao thai Phl!e Hlfng va e6 khoang
300 trttong trung hoc hoiic trung tilu hqe Grammar xufrt hi~n. Tuy nhien, vi vfrn d~ ton
129

Ciao

d(IC

tMJi Canh Tan

giao moi d Anh thoat ra ngoai villlg ki<3msoat clla giao h(ii La Ma, nen cla co nhung h~u
ljua tam ly cap thai.
Cac ljUClCvudng Anh viw the ky thu 16 cia co chinh sach moi v0 giao d\lc, ljuclc hilu h6a
cac tai san clla giao hQi La Ma, clung tai san nay cl<3phat triEn r(lIlg J(jn chu(Jng trlnh giao
cI\lc. Tuy nhien, chinh sach nay khCmgclat clu(Jcket ljua my man vi thieu sl! quan tam cua
hang tu SI mdi cua Anh Giao. Giai cloan nay chung kien sl! xuUt hien va thinh vutJng mau
chong clla gioi kinh doanh thanh thi va su m(J r(ing giao h(ii Anh Giao khap nuoc Anh va
TClCach Lan (Scotlancl, phia bac clao Anh), cla lam bien cll\i chutJng trlnh giao duc t<lihai
ljUGCgia nay vilO the ky 16 va 17. Chudng trlnh giao duc mdi nay phan anh sl! pMt triEn
xa hoi. Tieng Anh trd thanh YUclcngu va clung hang cldu trong chudng trlnh giao d\lc; tiep
theo la khoa hQc; toan hQc; ng0<li ngu, clitc biet la tieng Phap, tieng Y va thE thao. Tieng
La Tinh lit tieng clla giao hl)i Ky 1'6 Giao La Ma, bj IO<libo hoan toan. Nhi0u nha giao
d\lC Anh cla clong gop van chu(Jng trlnh giao d\lC mdi nay.
I. Thomas Elyot voi "ghio dl)c truy~n th6ng va ngon ng" dan t(lc"
Thomas Elyot (1490-1546) Ia hoc gia, nha cai trf, clUliCbiet oen nhi0u trang viec chu
truang dung tieng Anh thay the elm tieng La Tinh. Ong la tac gia cac tac phii'm: "Cu5n
Stich Mang Ten Toan Quy0n" The Bok (hook) Named the Governor, "Sach V0 Suc Khoe"
Castel of Helth (health), "Tu Di<3nLa Tinh-Anh" Dictionary of Latin-Enxlish. Tac phii'm
The Bok Named the Governor la cucln sach ddu ticn bang tieng Anh ban Juiin v~ vUn cl~
giao d\lc. Ong rUt 1u'Utam den nhung hl!C sinh co kha nang va nhung licn he v0 tu'tJng lai
cua nhung hoc sinh nay voi triEn vong kinh te, chinh trio Chu(lng trlnh giao d\lc cua 6ng
la chutJng trlnh giao d\lc truy0n thclng bao gom cac tac phii'm cl\ cli<3n,nhan van, ve, am
nh:}c va thE d\lc. TUt cii giang d:}y bang tieng Anh. Vdi cuon tu cliEn La Tinh-Anh, 6ng cla
. (;6 c6ng !On trung viec phong phd h()a ngiln ngu dan tQc.
2. Roger Ascham voi "giao dl)c truy~n th6ng va ngon ng" dan t(le"
Roger Ascham (1515-1568) la hoc gia, nha giao d\lc, clu(ic nl\i tieng trung viec viet van
xuiii bang tieng Anh. Ong hQc tai dai hl)C Cambridge, trd thanh giao su d<lYtieng Hy Lap
t<li clay. Tac phii'm giao d\lc "Hicu Truilng" Schoemasler (Schoolmaster) clla 6ng rilt n6i
tieng. Trong tac phii'm nay, Ascham nhUn nwnh clen S\I' yuan trqng clla tieng Anh, m~c
ddu 6ng giang d:}y ng6n'nguHy Lap. Ng6n ngu dan tQc nay, theo (lng, dn phai cluQc sU','
d\lng elf giang day tUtcii cac tac phfim cfl cli<3n.Ong nhln nhiin viec luYcn tiip than th~ la
ljuan trQng, khilng phai chi danh cho gidi truilng gia giai tri, ma con dn thiet cho h(lc sinh
va cii giao vien nua. Ong nhiin thuc clUl.IC
sl! bic'n chuy~n clla xa he,i va IUy lam bu6n vi sl!
thjnh vudng mdi co nhi~u bUt cCmg.Ong cling ttl ra thilt v(mg vi c6 rilt nhi~u sinh vicn ghi
130

Giao

dl;lc

thili Canh Tan

danh theo h"c o(li h"c khang phai M trau di\i V[1O h6a, kien thuc ma la M mu'Ucilu danh
IlJi i'IcUc van phong cao cap trong chinh (juy~n sau khi telt nghi.;p. Chuvng trinh giao dl.!c
cua Ascham la chuong trinh giao dl.!ctrlly~n thelng.
3. Richard Mulcaster voi "giao dl.!c ngon nl(u diln ti)c va tilm Iy su ph~m"
Richard Mlilcaster (1530-1611) la hi.;u truilng, c6 nhi~u sang kien ve:, khoa su ph(lm
nhung oa khang ap dl.!ng OUlJCnhi~u cho den 250 nam sau khi 6ng mat. Gng h"c t(li,D(li
h9C Oxford, Cambridge va celng hien ca ooi cho s\1 nghi.;p giao dl.!Cvdi tren 30 nam kinh
nghi~m. Mulcaster la hi~u trudng Truong trung hl1c 5t Paul va Truong huan ngh~
Merchant Taylor, m(ll truong chuyen nghi~p dUu tien va nSi tieng nhat duong thtJi t(li thu
d6 London. Hai tac phfrm "Dja Vj" Position va "Giai DO~,lnDUu Cua B~c Ti6u H"c" The
First Pari of the Elementary noi len OUl.JC
(juan di6m giao dl.!c mOi cua 6ng. Qua hai tac
phfrm nay, Mulcaster dua VilO giao dl.!c nhCi'ng Iy thuyet mdi. Gng de: nghi phai co mi)t
truong o(li hqc rieng bi~t oe oao t(lo giao vien cung nh,1 truilng dai hqc oao t(lo bac sT, lu~t
su. Giao vien phai dUQcchqn It/a ky luiJng vdi, thu lao lLldng xung. Giao vien gioi va kinh
nghi.;m d(lYcac Wp thrip. Giao vien va phI.!huynh dn phai c6 sl! pheli hl.Jpch:;it che va tot
dyp. V~ tam ly su ph(lm. Mulcaster nhan m(lnh d.:n S\I khac bi~t cU tinh giO'a cUc h"c sinh
va chulJng trinh giao dl.!c dn phai duljc cai ti.:n cho pilu hl.Jp v(Ji sl! khac bi.;t nay. Gng
cung chu tnlong giao dl.!c o(li cluing d:;ic bi.;t la ph~ nCi'.Theo 6ng, ph~ nCi'dn phai dUQc
khuyen khich vi~c theo hqc cap o(li hl1c' Day (jua lil nhCi'ng(juan di6m tien bi), thl!C te ve
giao d~c ngay cho ca xa h0i hi.;n tai. Mulcastcr cung dlll.JCm9i nguoi nhac den vdi chu
chudng dung tieng Anh lam (juelc ngCi'.Gng n6i:'TC,i thich Romc, nhung tili yeu London
hOn; tai ua chui)ng Y, nhung tiii thfch nUlk Anh hlJn; ~6i biet ticng La Tinh, nhung tai tan
sung tieng Anh" I h",e Rome, bat London better; I jill'OW' Italv, I>utEnglund more; I know
Lotin, but I ,,'onitip English, Mulcaster khClIlgnhtlng la miit nha giao J~c 16i I(lc, 6ng con
lil m(ll ngulJi c6 linh th5.n (juelc gia cao o(l.
4. Francis Bacon v6'i "giao dvc thlfc nghi~m "
Francis Bacon (1561-1626) la hqc gia, triet gia, khoa hoc gia. Gng la hqc gia dUu tien i'I
Anh co anh hudng Ion trong vi.;c ap d~ng thi nghi.;m khoa hqc d6 tim ra ket (jua. Cac tac
phfrm "5l! Tien Bi) Cua H"c H6i" The Ad,'ancement of Leurnin!i va "D~ng CI.!Giao DI.!C
Mdi" New Instrument da o:;itn~n m6ng cho (juan di6m giao d\IC cai lien cua 6ng. Qua hai
lac pham nay, Bacon (juan tam oen giao dl.!c(jua vi~c ap J~ng phulJng phap khoa hl1c thl!c
nghi.;m, tSng h<;Jp,chclng I(li (juan ni~m nghien cU'u thuUn tliy; ClIlgchClng l(li hinh thUc
giao J~c qi gia vi ClIlgcho rUng h"c t~p chung t(li truiJng se giup h\lC sinh nh~n djnh du<;Jc
mqi hoan dnh xa hiii (jua vi~c tiep xuc h6 tuling va nh(in dinh nay s() giupcho vi~c hau
131

Gido dlfC thi'Ji Canh Tan

hi~u hoa sinh hO\lt tuang lai khi hq buoc vao dal. Cung theo ang, giao dlfC co mlfc dich
dao t,1Onhan vien cang quy6n, giao vien, hqc gia nghien cUu, chfnh khach lilnh d\lo. VI
v~Y, ngoai cac man hqc chuyen bi~t, hq dn phai dU<;lChqc hoi v6 Ijch sU', ngo\li ngu,
chinh trio
III. Giao dl,lc th<ti Canh Tan d Ph:'ip vOl Francois Rabelais, Pierre de la Ramee,
Michel de Montaigne
Khac voi nuoc Anh, cac truang hqc a Phap vao the' ky thu 16 'van do giao hoi Ky Ta
Giao La Mil kim soat chij.tche. N6n giao dl,lc truy6n th6ng tan giao nay gij.p ch6ng d6i ttt
giao hoi Tin Lanh va tii'cac nha giao dlfCnhan van.
1. Francois Rabelais voi "giao dl,lc nhan van va khoa hQc"
Francois Rabelais (l494?-1553?) la bac sT,giao su, tu sT,nhii nhan van. Ong hqc y khoa
t\li D\li hqc Montpellier, hanh ngh6 va giilng d\lY nganh nay trang nhi6u nam (14321446). Ong la tac gia cac tac ph5m cham biem n6i tie'ng "Pan/ague/", "Gargan/ua" va ba
tac ph5m ke' tiep. Cac tac ph5m nay dil bj gioi lanh d\lo th~n hqc t\li Truong Sorbone
thuoc D\li hqc Paris chi trich va buoc toi la phan d\lo. Voi ngan ngii' sang t\lO, Rabelais
kham pha ra nhi6u tii' moi van con dU<;lcsU'dlfng trang ngan ngii' Phap hi~n t\li. Tili k
chuy~n, OCl\lc quan, kha nang cham bie'm da dua Rabelais vao hang ngu cac nha van
dtf<;lcua chuong nhiit cua van hqc Phap.
Francois Rabelais la mot hqc gia dil giai thich dU<;lC
cac l<;liich cua nganh hqc nhan van
va quan dim v6 giao dlfCcua ang dil chung to di6u nay. Ban than ang, hqc nganh y khoa,
t~n tam voi ngh6, giang d\lY nganh nay nhung cung say me viet van. Quan dim ch6ng
d6i nganh thiln hqc Truong Sorbone cua Rabelais th hi~n qua hai tac ph5m Pantaguel
(1532) va Gargantua (1534) cung nhuba tac ph5m ke'tie'p. Cac tac ph5m nay noi len tinh
thiln ton trang nhan van cua ong. Quan dim trie't Iy giao dlfC cua Rabelais khac h~n voi
(juan diem giao hoi Ky To Giao va d~t tren can ban tl! do hQc t~p cua hQc sinh. Tinh thiln
tl! do nay dU<;lC
d6 cao trong tu vi~n Iy tuang Theleme cua tac ph5m Gargantua. T\li day,
moi ngu(Ji dt!,1Csinh s6ng theo so thfch ca nhan, tinh thiln hQc t~p phiin khai, ke't qua hQc
t~p t6t d~p han cac d\li hQc khac. Theo ang, chuang trlnh giao dlfC phili g6m d nhan van
Ian khoa hQc, cong them voi giao dlfCth chiit va giiii trf. Thiln hQc khang con la mot man
hqc nITa. Li\ mi)t tu sT lai co dU\Jc cac tu' tuang tren, qua th~t la ciip tie'n. Chu dich cua
Rabelais trong bi) tac ph5m cham hiem tren la hQc sinh phili dU<;lChQc tiip nhung gl thl!c
te, lien (juan voi xa hOi hq dang s6ng. D6i voi cac tac ph5m c6 din, ang chU truang
khong nhii'ng hqc Hy L\lp. La Tinh rna con hqc hoi a Do Thai, A R~p nua vI tiit cii cac n6n
van hqc nay d~u dong gop vao vi~c xay dl!ng van hqc c6 din.
132

Giao dW thili Canh Tan

2. Pierre de la Ramee (Petrus Ramus) voi quan dit!m "giao dvc chO'ng nh6i sQ"
. Ramee (1515-1572) la trict gia, giao su. Ong hoc t<)iTruong Cao dAng Navarre .vii tra
thanh giao su trict hoc va hung bi~n tai Truong Cao dAng Phap Qu6c College de France.
Ong eli 1110t(juan oi~m moi vf, trict hoc Aristotle vii quan di~m nily bi phe bao thll chi
trfeh VI ho khong muiln giai thlch triet hoc nay 1110teac khae bi~t di. Ong Iii tac gia clla
mol s6 tae phfrl11vf, giao dl!c vii triet hoc. Ong cai giao theo Tin Lilnh vii vi sat h<)itrang
cuoe tham sat giua Tin Lanh va Ky To Giao vao nam 1572 t<)iParis.
Chuang trlnh giao dl!c clia Ramee rat g~n voi eel di~n. Tuy nhien, ong nh~n dinh r~ng
giao vien khong nen nh6i So hqe sinh voi qua nhif,u bai
phiii dilnh cho hq mot ph~n
thanh thai til do va philn nay rilt quan trong. Ong eh6ng I<)ibilt cll nf,n giao dl!e nilo c6
tlnh eaeh eu'i"Jngehe elia nha dm quyf,n. Cling theo ong, giao dl!c phiii c6 tinh each thl!c

va,

te, dem I')i I~Jifeh cho ea nhan hoc sinh va xa hoi.

3. Michel de Montaigne vOi quan dit!m giao dvc "th\fc te" "
Montaigne (1533-1592) la tac gia, hoc gia Phap, ngu'oi dilu tien viet lu~n thuyct. Nhung
bai lu~n thuyet oa cho thily tinh thiln doc I~p, 6e phe phan xac thl!c va kinh nghi~m s6ng
clla ong. Ong viet ca thay 107 bai. Cilng viet, Montaigne cilng thu th~p du'Qc nhif,u kinh
nghi~111va nhung bai lu~n thuyet ella ong eang tra nen xac thl!C vii sau s~c.
Montaigne ehtlrfeh vi~c hac t~p thong thai ral11do sl! giai thleh sai Him Chll nghTa nhan
van. Ong ton trang eel dien nhu'ng cling ton trong tinh th~n khoa hoc ella Rabelais vii
Ramee. Montaigne df, e~p den giao dl!c qua hai bili lu~n thuyet ban lu~n vf, giao dl!c tn~
em va thClI1gthai rom. Qua hai bai nay, Montaigne nhln nh~n giao dl!c la mot sl! tiep
nh~n, hila nh~p (jua thai gian nhilt la dili voi tre em ma khong phai Iii mot sl! ep buoc,
eu'i"Jngchc. Ong ehilp nh~n giao dl!c t,li gia dem I')i I(ji fch san s6c tl ml nhu'ng gia su phai
eo kha nang thl!c sl!. Ong tin tu'ang vao giao dl!C the chat M e6 the o6i ph6 voi thien
nhien va kh6 khan ngoai xa h()i trang tu',Jng lai khi hoc sinh vilo doi. Vf, vi~c tham quan
hal' hoi thl!e te ngoai doi, Montaigne cho rhng viln df, nay rat quan trang, giup vi~c rna
mang ki.en thuc, hoe pt'Ji kinh nghi~111ngon ngu, phong tl!C, lo')i bt'Jdu'Qc thanh kicn, hieu
lilm. Ong va mot vai nha giao dl!e nhan van khac liln dilu tien daM c~p Mn viln df, tham
quan hoc hoi t')i eha.
IV. Calvin va chuang trinh "giao dvc dlJi chung" thoi Canh Tan
John Calvin (1509-1564) la 15nh tv Tin Umh, sinh truang va giao dvc t<)iPhap nhu'ng l<)i
ho')t dong lau nam Thuy SI. Ong thong minh va la nha truyf,n giao gioi, c6 anh hu'ong sau
rong trung cae giao phai Tin Lilnh Thvy ST, Anh, Seotland, eac thuoc dia elia Anh
B~e My Chiiu. Ong hoe van h9C Hy L')p, ngon ngu La Tinh t')i D')i hoe Paris va chju

133

P
i

Ciao

dl;lc

flu!i Canh Tan

iinh hll'(Jng ehll nghia nhan viln thai Ph~e Hll'ng. Lil tin d6 Ky TC, Giao, Cmg cai giao sang
Tin Lilnh vii tra thilnh m~c sll'. CGng nhll' mOt sel cae liinh t~ Tin Lilnh khae, Calvin

nhln

nhiin rhng dai chung chu khilng phiii vua chua, giao hoilng lIuyet dinh vc ehinh saeh ehinh
tri, tCmgiao vii tat cii giao dan deu e6 thf tri'j thilnh tu sT. Trong khi d6 giao htli La Mil chU
trll'(jng giao quy~n

chi phoi the lIuycn vii dilng cap tu si hi.;t

Ngoai li)n giao, Calvin eGng e6 nhung tll' tlf[Jng cai dch
Vdi Luther,

lap vdi giao dan.

vc giao duc.

giao d~c dll'~je vua chua va chinh lIuycn dia phll'(jl;g llng hi); chll'(jng trlnh

giao d~e ella Calvin Oll'<;jcsl! llng hO ella gidi kinh doanh thilnh thi VI gidi nay mong muon
bat ell' mQi thay 06i

M phat

trifn thll'ong m:)i. Calvin

mong nlUeln giao d~e phiii Oll'<;jcrna

rOng cho moi gidi. Nguy~n vQng nily dil khilng thl!c hi~n dll'(je nhll' y

VI chi e6 milt thifu so

rilt nhi\ hqc het bae trung hqc. Con em gi(~i lao dOng van mu chu. Tai Hil Lan, giao hOi
Tin Ulnh Calvin chilp thuiin vi.;e mil mang trll'dng hqc tai dc

thanh phel vao nam 1581, 17

nam sau khi Calvin qua ooi vii phili d(ji den nam 1618,54 nam sau Calvin,
de

trll'('jng d Iilng xii mdi oll'ae chap thuan. Tai Scotland,

vi.;c

ma mang

miln d.; ella Calvin e6 y ojnh ma

mang trll'ling hoc tai moi cOng dong, nhll'ng gap eh6ng d6i Clla gidi lIuy tC)Cnen dil khCmg
the thll'e hi.;n dll'oe.
Cilng euOe giao d~e ma giao hOi Tin Lilnh chiu iinh hll'(Jng Calvin
Iii vi.;c mil mang cac trll'ong oai hQc. Dai HQc Geneve

(Thuy

d(lng g6p nhicu nhat

Si) dll'(je thilnh Jap nam

1559. Tiep theo Iii cac Dai HQc Leiden (1575), Utrecht (1582), Amsterdam (1632) tai Ha
Lan; Dai Hoc Edinburgh (1582) tai Scotland va giao phai Puritan (Tin Lilnh Calvin
Anh) mil Trll'ljng Emmanuel College Emmanuel tai 0ai hQc Cambridge (1584).

Ciao d~ICKy To Ciao La Mii thOi Canh Tan - Ciao dvc ton giao cll diin va Phong
trao "Philn Canh Tiln"
v,

. Giao hOi Tin Lilnh, Iy khai tu giao hOi Ky Til Giao La Ma, oii phat trifn manh me tai
nll'de Bik Au tu the ky thu 16. St! ki.;n nily dien ra m(lt each chiim chap han tai eae
nll'(k Nam Au. Trll'oc tlnh the nily, giao hOi La Ma phiii e6 bi.;n phap de deli ph6 vdi thll'e
dc

trang ehinh trj, kinh tt, xii hOi, giao d~e , tCm giao mdi Clla Au Chau. Do 06, mOt phong
Iril" "TV Callh Teill" clla giao h(li dil dLidc khili Xll'(~ng, nha'n manh va" ehll'(jng trlnh giao
d~c ca gidi tu si Ian giao diln. Phong trao nily dll'(.ic l11.;nh danh Iii phong Ira" "Phan Canh
Tan" Counter Reformation, chong lai phong trao Canh Tan ella Tin Lilnh.
Giao hOi Ky Til Giao La Mil nhln nhiin cUn phai e6 1110ttdng ldp tu si I11di kh6 hanh va
thanh thi.;n,

M phl,le

tuc, xa deh

vdi 0ai chung. Nhicu trll'ljng hoc mdi dlf\je thilnh liip dE dilo tao gidi tu si tn~n.

VI,I

giao dan mOt deh

huu hi~u h(jn, thay the cho Idp cG, nilng vc the'

Tinh thdn, Iy tll'r"jng clla t6 ehue giao due tren Iy thuyet rilt eao dep nhll'ng kh6ng thl!c
hi.;n dLidc nhll' y mueln. Tren thl!e te, chLldng Irlnh giao duc nay chi crl 'Inh hLlilng oen giai
134

/-

c
II

Giao

dl:lc

thili Canh Tan

cilp Ih6ng tri, giai cilp quy toc, giai cap thlMng gia thanh thi d6 dao t<)o con em 11<;>
trd
thanh IU SI. Trung khi d6, d<)i da s6 giao dan van chua dUl.JCgiao d\lc, n6i chi den h<;>cd6
tra thanh tu sl, van song cuOc doi lam lG nhU dudi lhoi trung d<)i, chi biel du
phung IhU,lng de cao d

nguy~n, tho

va ph\lC V\l dac Il!c gidi tu sl, long d6 cua thUlJng de, vdi hy v,mg

dUlic hUilng nUdc lhien dang

sau khi lfim chung. E>6ng thai, nhung

ly tUIJng cao dt;p nhu

cong bang, bac ai, kh6 h<)nh, hy sinh rna giao hOi phat dQng dii khong dul,ic thE hi~~ qua
cac gidi liinh d<)o. Con ve thanh philn gidi tu 51 mdi, tuy gqi la mdi, nhUng thl!c sl! chi la
dao tao them nhan ll!c, c6 them kien thac ve ton giao, thieu tinh thiln nhan vand6thong
dm

vdi gi.i'o dan, khong c6 nhieu cai lien; hon nua, cac tu 51 nay deu la con chau giai cap

th6ng tr!, (juy tQc, hq c6 thE va c6 mu6n hoa mlnh vdi gidi cung dinh hay khong?
Vao giai do<)n nay, tu vi~n D6ng Ten Society of Jesus dU,lc thanh l~p van nam 1534 va
dii c6 cong
Sicily

ma mang

nhieu trUong h<;>c.Truong

hoc dilu tien dUlJc thanh l~p nam 1548ta.i

CYJ. Tdi nam 1615, tu vi~n thanh I~p dUI.lc 372 trUong va den nam 1755 dUlJc 728

lnfdng tren toan coi Au Chau. Nam 1599, gidi liinh d<)o tu vi~n dii ra chi thi rat ty mi ve
vi0c til chac, dieu hanh, chUllng trlnh giang d<)y rna cac tu Sl trang ban giam hi~u cGng
nhu cac tu sl trung ban giiing huan phai tri0t
Chuang

tuan thco, khong mOt

Y kien

thifc mac.

trlnh giiing d')y tai cac truong nay keo dai 13 nam chia lam ba giai do<)n: 6 nam

van hoc va hung bi0n, 3 niim triet hoc, 4 nam thiln hqc. Giao vien khong nhung la ngUoi
gliing day ma clm co nhi0m v\l giam thi lhco di'li ha.nh kiem, tu wang
dUllc khuyen

hqc sinh. Thi dua

khieh va ket (juii hqc t~p khii (juan hun cac trUllng chung vi~n cG. Cac trung

tam giao d\lc nay c6 m\lc dieh t6n giao nhi0u hlln la m\lc dieh giao d\lc t6ng quat cua mQt
trullng cao diing, dii dao t')o dUlJc kha nhieu tu SI va mQt so it hqc gia. Triet hqc thco (juan
diem cua giao h(li va thfrn hqc la mon hqc (juan trqng nhat. Ngoai ra, rat it truong co giang
day cac m6n toan, khoa hoc, thien van, am nh')c, cong ngh0, the duc la cac mon hoc nhiin
van dii du,lc giang d')y lau nam tai cac tntdng cao diing va d')i hqc kh:ic. Dieu nay chung
til chinh sach giao duc nang vO::I(m giao cua giao h(ii, dii kh6ng (juan tam nhieu den phong
Irao nhan van, den CU(K s6ng con nguiJi dii phat trien III thili Ph\lc Hung, the ky tM 13,
lrili (jua dii 300 nam.
GiaLl hl)i Ky Tli Giao La Mii de xudng phong trao "Phiin Canh Tan" hay tl! canh tan
nhung dii kh6ng canh tan du,lc nhieu. Giao h(li Tin Lanh tlii c6 cong thiet I~p nganh giao
duc tieu hoc, thanh I~p dUl.lCITIl)t56 dai hqc cho dai chung cGng nhu san xullt dulJc mQt s6
nhil giao d\lc co tu tuiing mdi. Trung khi til) Ky T6 Giao dii dao tao dulJc kha nhieu tu sl,
nhan vien cho van ph6ng cong quyen va van ph6ng giao hQi, nhttng thieu sl! dong g6p cho
phong trao giao d\lc dai chung.

t35

Ciao

dl:lc

thili Canh Tan

VI. OJ san cua phong trao Canh Tan - Giao d~c ng6n ngii'dan tQc va quan diim giao

d~c tam Jy, giao d~c thtfc d~ng

Phong trao Canh Tan t6n giao ou'a oe'n canh tan giao d\!c va co anh hu'ang rQng IOn tren
toan coi Au Chau. Di~u oang noi oay la vi~c phat triin nganh giao d\!c tiiu hQc du ding
van con rflt gidi h~n. Ke't qua Ia ng6n ngi1 dan tQc oil ou'<;1C
hlnh thanh thay the' cho tie'ng
La Tinh VItie'ng La Tinh qua kho I~i kh6ng phai la ng6n ngi1 hQc sinh sll' d\!ng hang ngay.
Sach giao khoa mdi oil xuat hi~n, minh b~ch han va co cac bai t~p, vi~c hQc t~p ou'<;1C
de
dang han. Phu'ong phap su' ph~m ou'<;1cdi tien vdi sang kien cihi cac nha giao'd\!c nhan
van. Cac r\ha giao d\!c nay oil o~ c~p aen vfln M tam Iy trang giao d\!c, giao d\!c thi chat,
giao d\!c tham quan thl!C hanh, giao d\!c kh6ng ap o~t, kh6ng nh5i sQ...Tuy v~y, Phong
Trao Canh Tan mdi chi la bu'dc ofru. Phai d<;1ithem vai the ky ni1a, cac tu' wang tien bQ v~
giao d\!c thai Canh Tan mdi du'<;1c
ap d\!ng mQt cach hiYuhi~u.

Tili li~u tham khdo:

."

. Ascham, ROMer. Tit,1itn hach khou The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, Multimedia Edition, 1998 .
. Bacon, Franc;s. Till lieu lta chin nhu tren.
- Calvin, john. TiJi lieu lUi dan nhu eren.
. tirol, Thoma,Ii. Til; lifu e1iidan nhu tren.
- Luther and the Re.f()rmation. Till lieu ad dJn nhu (ren.
MetanchtOlI. Philip. Tili li~a dri dan nh" tren.
-,Montai}llle, Michel de. Titdin hcich khoa The World Book Encyclopedia, Multimedia Edition, 2001.
_ Mulcaster; Richard. Tit din hcich khoa The New Encyclopaedia Britannicu, Multimedia Edition, 1998
- RlIhelai.l', Fr"nmis. Titdi~'n hcich khou The World Book Encyclopedia, Multimedia Edition, 2001.
, ',";
..'
"
. R,!',iu!e, Plt!rre. Til ,lien huch khou The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, Multimedia Edition, /998.
~'Re./iJrmutjon. Tilj li(u 1iIdan nhli tren
. Sturm. Johuhne.fi~Tilj Ii(u lii chIn nhu tren.
~ The ROlllun Catholic .Counter Re.t()rnlatjon. Tili li(u (1cl ddn nhu trell.

'.

"

136

.,...

Phan thuIV
Giao dlJ,c cijn d{li, the' ky thu 17 den the' ky
,

,,'

t.
,

thu 19
(Chltdllg

14 de'll chltdllg 20)

'

Chlldng 14
Giao dl;lCAu Chliu thtky thu 17
Quan diim, tritt ly giao dl;lCkhdi sf!

I. HOlm canh xii hQi va lich st1

II. Anh hu'O'ng chii nghia khoa hQc Vl.lnnang va chU nghia duy Iy voi Bacon,
Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz
1. Bacon voi chii nghia khoa hQc Vl.lnnang
2. Descartes voi chii nghia duy Iy
3. Spinoza va Leibniz voi chii nghia duy Iy
III. Quan diim giao dl.!c mOi 0' Trung Au voi Ratke, Comenius va Khu Giao
Dl.!c Gotha
1. Quan diim su' phl.lm Ratke - Quan diim giao dl.!c thtfc tt
'2. Quan diim su' phl.lm Comenius - Giao dl.!c thtfc dl.!ng voi phu'dngphap
'J

su'phl.lm mOi
3. Khu Giao Dl.!c Gotha - Giao dl.!c ciii titn va pMn chia dip lop
IV. Quan diim giao dl.!c mOi 0' Phap. Giao d\lc liinh dl.lo, giao dl.!c tu vi~n,
giao dl.!c phI.! nITva giao d\IC my thu~t
1. Giao dl.!c liinh dl.lo - Giao dl.!c thu'qng 100, quy t(lc
2. Giao dl.!c tu vi~n
2.1 Giao dl.!c tu vi~n Dong Ten - Giao dl.!c cii diin
2.2 Giao dl.!c tu vi~n Berullian - Giao dl.!c cii diin clIp titn
137

2.3 Giao dl)c Jansenist

- Giao dl)c cffp tie'n va thlfc dl)ng

3. Giao dl)c ph\) nIT- Giao dl)c nQi trQ

4. Giao dl)c My Thu~t
V. Quan di~m giao dl)c m6'i i'J Anh - Giao dl)c Tin Lanh Puritan

va giao dl)c

{Juy tQc, lanh d:,lo

I. Giao dl)c Tin Lanh Puritan
1.1 Nha giao dl)c Samuel Hartlib - Giao dt.Jc d:,li chung
1.2 Nha giao dt.Jc John Dury - Giao dt.Jc d:,li chung va uy ban giao dt.Jc
1.3 Nha giao dt.Jc John Milton - Giao dt.Jc truy~n thong
2. Giao dt.Jc quy t(lc, lanh d.)o
2.1 Nha giao dt.JcJames Cleland - Giao d~lc cil dit'n
2.2 Nha giao dt.Jc Henry Peacham - Giao dt.Jc quy tQc
2.3 Nha giao dl.ICJohn Gailhard - Giao d~lc qllY tQc
VI. Cac han lam vii,ln - Cac han lam vii,ln nili tie'ng: Han Lam Vii,ln Phap
Quoc, Han Lam Vii,ln Hoang Gia Anh, Han Lam Vii,ln Khoa HQc Phap ...
I. Hoan dnh

xa h(li va lich sit

T~i Au Chau vao theky

ehe. Ph:ip,

uc qu6e

thu 17, Ig, ta thfty xuat hi<;n nhi0u ehinh lhl' quan ehu chuyen

Habsburg

Idn. C:ie ehinh quy6n ehuyen

(lhay the

uc qu6e

La MJ), Anh, Nga tril thanh cac the ll!e

ehe nay mil r(lng quyen

kil'm so:it ra ngoai ITnh vl!c ehinh

tri, uen tClIlgi:io, uen mqi khia e~nh ui1i s6ng uan chung.
mol giai cap mdi, giai cap lrung Iuu lam vi<;e t'li de

Vao thili trung u~i, co XUal hi<;n

van phong hanh ehinh eong quyen.

Ngay nay, hq tiel' l\le nhi<;m V\l va trii Ihimh nhung vien ehue thua hanh eua giai dip quy
tCle. dai ui<;n eho ehinh thl' ehuyen ehe.
Du uudi ehinh Ihl' ehuyen

ehe, gi:io due khClIlg phai la doc quy0n eua giai c5p quy lQe,

giai cap IJnh uao hay thulJng lu'u VI ehinh lhl' nay cdn nhi0u nhan vicn thua hilllh co kha
nang. Do Ull, con em eua gidi trung hiu cdn phai uUlJe gi:io d\le ul' lieI' t\le nghe nghi<;p
eha anh. Gi:io due lit?u hqe nhi1 Vay uJ ph:il trien vao the ky thu 17, Ig va ehinh quyen
dng

ngay dng

cam thay co tdeh

nhi<;m khueeh

trul1ng, h<; lh6ng h()a nen giao d\le nay.

Khuynh hudng gi:io due u~i chung khClIlg phili chI ph:it sinh tu Iy UOehinh lri nhu vua neu
tren, ma eilll phat sinh tu y tuiing ph:it tril'n xii h(li, l~o uung ml)t tral tl! dudi quyen
u~o eua ml)t ehinh tht? quan ehu ehuyen

ehe nhung hlip I'MI'. Do oli, gi:io d\le

giai do')n

nay uii bil'u thi mQt khuynh hudng hoc taP ell t6 ehue va h\1p Iy. Vdi the ky lhul7,
c',

liinh
ngoai

vi<;e trau dlli kien thue, con co gi:i\, d\le ti)n gi:io. Sang tdi the ky thu 1g, giao d\le the't\le
dii thUng the va ba oae oit?m uUl.1eghi nh(ln: tieng m<;:oe, ngi\n ngu oia phuling hay ngan
ngu dan tik trii Ihanh qu6e ngu, thay the eho lieng La Tinh; vi<;e giang d~y de
hoc ou0e ghi ehep trang ehul1ng lrlnh de

mon khoa

cap Idp; phul1ng ph:ip su ph~m thieh dang hon

oUl1e u.:\ "')1' oen.

t3S

Ciuo d"lC Au eMu tM

?

'/

II. Anh htidng chu nghia khoa hQc vl)n nang scientism

ky tha 17

va duy ly rationalism

voi

Bacon, Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz

Xii h(ii bien ehuyen, dem Mn slf thay deli vf: (juan diem triet hqe va giao dl)e.
l.Francis Bacon voi chii nghia khoa hQc Vl)n nang scientism
Francis Bacon (Xem them chuong trudc) chi trich cac giao vien duong thoi la chi dl)Y'
hQc sinh duoe tung chu, tung cau vii ml)c dich cua giaa Ul)Cqua ht;p hoi. Ong tin tuang
rrlllg neu ap dl)ng phulJng phap t6ng hl.Jp hay (juy m!p vii thlfe nghiem se gil1p hQc sinh
nhung kien thue dn thiet khi vaa doi. VI v~y, ong mong mlleJn giao Ul)Cphai c6 tinh cach
khoa hqc, lien (juan den doi seJng va cae m6n khoa hqc dn phai dUQcgiang Ul)Y.trudc khi
hQc lu~n ly vii hung bien. Bacon dl)i uien cha chu nghia khoa h'.lc vl)n nang, d~t n~ng van

M giao uuc khoa hoc thue uung.

2. Rene Descartes voi chii nghia duy ly rationalism
Rene Descartes (1596-1650) Iii triet gia chu nghia uuy Iy, toan hqc gia, khaa h'.lCgia
nguoi Phap. Ong dU<;Jceai la cha de cua ngiinh triet hqe hien dl)i va chu truong ly lu~n M
tim hieu slf th~t khoa h'.le. Thea 6ng, khii nang Iy lu~n d~t mqi van df: trude slf nghi ngo.
Do 06, ciln phai tim hieu, danh gia dC kham pha ra slf tMt. Cung theo 6ng, khoa hQc chi
d~t tren kinh nghiem kh6ng dua ra dUl.Jenhung giai thich va ket lu~n (juan tr'.lng ma chi
dat dUl.Jenhung con so e6 th6 kh6ng xae thue khi ap ul)ng VilO thuc teo Do d6, 6ng cho
dng giao ul)e phai (juan tam den slf phat tri6n cua Iy lu~n phe phan dC tim fa chfin ly.
Descartes dil sang tae m(it so tae phii'm vf: Iy lu~n khoa hqc vii triet hQc nhu "Biin Lu~n v~
Phuong Phap Thich Dang 8e Huang Djn Ly Lu~n va 11m Hieu Sif Th~t Khoa H'.lc"
Discourse on the Method ,!f Rightly One's Reason and Seeking Truth in the Science, "Ban
Lu~n v PhulJng Phap Khoa Hoc" Discourse on Method, "Ban Lu~n vf: Triet HQc Can
Ban" Meditations on First Philosophy, "Nguyen Tdc Triet Hqc" Principle of Philosophy.
3. Benedict de Spinoza va Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz voi chii nghia duy Iy
Spinoza ( 1632-1677), triGt gia nguoi Hii Lan va Leibniz (1646-1716), triet gia, toan hQC
gla ngl10i 8l!c. cung ul1a ra m(n (juan diem triGt hqc uuy Iy trong giao ul)e chiu anh huang
eua Descartcs. Cae ong eho rhng Iy lu~n minh bl)eh la nhung chi uan huu hieu vf: duong
hudng tiep nh~n kien lhue. Ly lu~n, suy lutIng, phan doan, tim ra slf th~t phai la nhung
diem nong ellt eho ehullng trlnh giao ul)e hlln la chi ap ul)ng de slf kien.
III. Quan dil'm gilio dt.Jcm6'i d Trung Au voi Ratke, Comenius va Khu Giao Dt.JcGotha
Ratke vii Comenius la hai nhii giao uuc Trung Au c6 anh huang Wn den nf:n giao uue
Au Chau vao the ky thl! 17 va liGp thco u6.

T
Gido d{lc

Au

C/U1U the' ky thlt 17

1. Quan diim su' ph~m cua Ratke - Quan diim giao dvc thl,ic te'
Wolfgang Ratke (1571-1635) Iii nhii giao dl,lc nguai Dll'c, hqc t~i D<)i hQc Hamburg.
Ong du hiinh, tham quan, giang d~y t<)inhi~u nuoc nhu Thl,lY Din, Hii Lan, Anh vii h~u
nhu khdp Ill!i tren tanh th6 Dll'c M hQc hoi kinh nghi~m ciing nhu tim sl! ung hi) cho
chudng trlnh di tien giao dl,lc do ong d~ nghi. Ratke c6 muai nam kinh nghi~m d~y hQc
t~i Hii Lan. Quan di6m su ph~m cua ong gam c6 6 dim chfnh:
Thll' nhilt, ong tin tuang rhng phai nhijn biet v~ sl! vijt truoc khi, hqc hoi v~ sl! vi)t d6.
Vi~e cam nhijn thl!e te nay c6 nghia Iii kinh nghi~m ca nhan khi tiep xuc voi sl! vijt Iii
nguan goe eua hi6u biet, cua tiep nhijn kien tMe. Sau do cac nguyen tifc, cac kh<ii ni~m
se du'<,lCtiep nhijn di\n dfrn, hdn Ia hQc hoi Iy thuyet v~ cac sl! vijt.
Thll' hai, tilt d sl! vijt phai duqc hqc hoi theo di~n tien trijt tl! thien nhien. Hiu ri)ng
ra Iii tac gia c6 y muon d8 cijp den phudng phap su ph<)m, c6 nghia Iii chudng tdnh
giang d<)yphai duqc xay dl!ng cho phu hqp voi sl! hiu biet cua hqc sinh hay viln d~ tam
Iy su ph~m ciln phai dUlJCdiit ra.
"
Thll' ba, ong kh&ng dinh rhng tilt d cac man hQc phai duqc giang d<)y voi tieng mt<
de. Khi tieng mt< de da thong th~o, hQc sinh moi c6 th hqc tijp mi)t ngon ngi1 khac. Khi
hQc tijp ngon ngi1 thll' hai hay ngo<)i ngi1 niiy, vi~c quan trQng Iii phai chu trqng vao vi~c
ti)p noi chll' khong phai chi dQc va viet.
Thll' tu, Ratke nhiln m~nh Mn tien trlnh hQCtijp, phai hoan tilt 111i)1
chu dim truoc khi
buoc sang mi)t chu dim moi vii phai co mi)t trlnh tl! on tijp thuang xuyen. Phudng phap
giang d<)ycua giao vien vii sach giao khoa phai c6 sl! lien quan thfch ll'ng va hoa hqp.
Thll' nam, khong c6 viln d8 ap diit trang giao dl,lC.Giao vien khong phai Iii nguai dll'ng
fa chi huy cong tac, bdt hQc sinh phai thi hiinh l11~nh I~nh. Vi~c niiy khong giup cac em
hqc h6i. Nguqc I~i, hoc sinh phai duqc giang d~y kfnh trqng nhung khong khiep sq giao
vien, giup cac em d~ dang hQc ti)p. HQc sinh phai ng6i im liing, l<1ngnghe lhfry co giang
d<)y. Tilt d tre em, khong c6 ngo<)i I~, Mu phai di hqc, lOp hQc khong du'qc huy bo voi
bilt cll' Iy do nao. Giao vien phai chiu tdch nhi~m v~ tilt d cac sinh ho<)t trong lop hqc.
Thll' sau, Ratke d~ ngh! mQt chudng trlnh giao dl,lc bao gam dqc, viet, ca hat, loan hQC
can ban, ngi1 phap vii ngo~i ngi1 Hy L<)p',La Tinh cho cdc lop cao hdn. Ong ciing khong
quennhdc den chudng trlnh giao dl,lc ton giao ben c<)nh giao dl,lCkien tMc.
Trong chitlJng trlnh giao dl,lc cua Ratke co sl! thieu sot cdc mon khoa hl)C rna cdc nhii
giao dl,lc nhiln van khac dii c6 M cijp Mn. Mi)t dim mau thuan
day Iii Ratke M
xuong giung d~y khong ap d~t nhung ong I<)imuon hQc sinh phai ngai im lling, khong
cho phep cdc em hQc ti)p mQt cach tl! Iijp, rieng reo V~ chudng trlnh giao dl,lc ton giao
cua Ratke, ta cling khong lily liim 1<)VI anh huang thfrn quy~n van con kM m<)nh vao.giai
do~n nay.Nhung tu tuang di tien giao dl,lCkhac cua ong rilt xac thl!c.

140

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dl,lc

Au eMu tM key thU 17

2. Quan diim su phl)m cua Comenius - Giao d\Jc thl/c d\Jng voi phuong ph3p su
phl)m moi
John Amos Comenius (1592-1670) la nha canh tan giao dl)c, Ti~p Kh5c, liinh tl) ton
giao Tin Lanh. Ong hoc tl)i Dl)i hoc Heidelberg va chju anh hll'ang tll' tll'ang Erasmus
(Xem chll'ang 12, ml)C Ill, 1.3). Chll'ong trlnh canh tan giao dl)c cua Comenius g6m c6.
mily di~m chinh:
Thu nhilt la chll'ong trlnh nay dn phai dll'c;Jcthl!C hi~n m(lt cach sau r(lng, hba hc;Jpva
nhanh ch6ng.
Thu hai la v~ phll'ong phap sll'phl)m; giao vien phai quan tam Mn tam tinh va kha nang
tiep nhan kien thuc ciia hoc sinh v~ phll'dng dien nhan van cling nhll' khoa hoc; giao vien
phai ap d\lI1g loi giiing do,tytl! nhien, thl!c te, kh6ng ap dat, kh6ng cll'ung bach. Ong viet
dc tac ph5m "Nha Sll' Pho,tm Gioi" The Great Didectic", "Phan Tich Phll'dng Phap Sll'
Ph;tm" The Analytical Didectic, "R(lng Ma" Gate of Tongues Unlocked va "Trll'i'lng Mau
Giao" The School of Infancy M chung minh cho quan di~m nay. Trang tac phii'm The
Great Didectic, Comenius dll'a ra hai phll'ong phap giang do,ty,m(lt cho nhan van, m(lt cho
khoa hoc va (l11gdii c~p den nhi6u nguon tai li.;u giang d;ty nhll' hlnh anh, mo hlnh, thl!c
tap, am nho,tccling nhll' bilt cu tai lieu hihJ hi.;u khac. Trang tac ph5m Gate of Tongues
Unlocked, Comenius trlnh bay cac d6 tai khoa hqc xep theo cac chii M va tac ph5m nay
dii dll'ac djch sang 16 ng6n ngu.
Thu ba Ii, ml)c tieu giao duc do,tichung. Ong bien h(l cho quan di~m tilt ca nhiin IOl)i
phai dll'~jc giao dl)c, kh6ng phan biet tu5i tac, giau ngheo, gioi tinh, chung t(lc M moi
ngll'i'li co kien thuc, co do,toduc va c6 cu(lc s6ng hl)nh phuc. Tac ph5m "Giao Dl)c Dl)i
Chung" Paml'aedia hay Universal Education cua ong, moi tlm dll'c;Jcvao nam 1935 dii
chung minh cho quan di~m nay.
Thu tll' la van hoa Au Chau dn phai dll'c;Jcgioi thi.;u oen cac hoc sinh va viec hoc t~p
ngo;ti ngu la di~u dn thiel. Comenius dll'a ra m(lt phll'dng phap moi M hoc ngon ngu thay
cho phll'ong phap cli dii loi thoi. Do la phll'dng phap thl!c te, hoc sinh khong nhii'ng hoc ngii'
phap rna con hoc v~ 'cac sl! vat Cl) th~. D~ chung minh, ong viel tac phffm "Janua
Languarum Reserata", m(lt cu6n sach giao khoa ng6n ngu v6 cac sl! Val thong thll'i'lng va
huu dl)ng cua the gioi bhng song ngu La Tinh - Ti.;p. Hc ph5m nay tra thanh n5i lieng va
dii dll'c;Jcdich sang nhi~u ngon ngii' Au Chau. SI! thanh cong nay Vll'c;J1
ra ngoai sl! mong
mu6n cua lac gia. M(lt lac phfrm nua cua ong v~ ngon ngu cling ral thanh c6ng la "Phll'dng
Phap Giang D;ty Ng(l11Ngii' Moi Nhat" The Newest Method of Teaching Language.
Cu6i CLIng,Comenius dll'a ra m(lt quan di~m 16ng quat v~ giao dl)c. Theo ong, giao dl)c
phai la m(lt tien trlnh lau dai bao g6m thi'li gian giao dl)c t;ti gia luc ilu tha, thi'li gian theo
hoc tai trll'ong voi thily co va thoi gian vao di'li voi viec hoc hoi a ngh~ nghiep, a xii h(li.
141

..
I

Gicio

d(IC

Au eMu (he' ky (hll 17

DE e6 thE thtfe hii;n de quan di6m ciii tien giao dlle, Comenius uc nghi Im)l ehl!l1ng
trlnh ciii ti.?n t6 ehue giao due d6 e6 lh6 giang d~y m(ll deh e6 hi~u qua. Do la vi~e phan
ehia vi~e hqe tap ra 11un4 giai do~n, m()t giai uo~n l~i gia, ba giai uo~n tai hoc uuClng.
Giai do~n tu6i th(l III sd sinh den 6 tuoi, de em sC>ngvdi gia ulnh, giai uoan phat tri6n
the chat. Giai do~n ti6u hoc tll 7 tdi 12 tuCli,hqe sinh uude gi,io dlle u6 mi) mang kien lhue
t6ng qual, ehia lam 6 ldp vdi de cae mt))] hoc nhu vi.?t, uqe, toan hoc can ban, am nh~e,
eong dan, lieh sU',uia Iy, kinh te gia Ulnh, my ngh~, u~o uue, to~ giao. Trudng li6u hge
phai uU(je thiet laP l~i cae lhanh phC>,lhi tran Wn nh6. Giai uoan trung hoc hay lirammar
school tll 13 loi 1H tuCli.Tru(Jng lrung h(.le pha i uu(le thiel liip t~i de thanh phC>cling nhu
cae thi tran. Hqe sinh uU(je hoc tiep de mon hoc de Wp dudi vdi nhicu chi liet hdn eung
vdi de mon khoa hoc va ngo~i ngil Giai uoan d~i hoc III 19 u.?n 24 tu6i. Trudng uai h9C
phai uudc thiet laP tai cac thanh phcl Idn va uao t~o sinh vien c6 kha nang hieu biel sau
r(lng. Ngoai ra tll1gcon e6 y kien vc vi~e thilnh Hlp him lam vien.
N(ii chung, Comenius da c6 nhiJng quan diem ra't tien bi, vc chu(lng trlnh giiing d~y, t6
ehl1e giao duc, phullng phap su pham. Tuy nhien, ling ua chua UCcaP den van uc giao dllc
tuClithd vdi vai tn) rat quan trong clla truang mdm non; ling c6 tham vong giao duc t~i bac
tieu hoc v(li kha nhieu mlin hqc; ve ChU(lngtrlnh cap uai hoc, tlllg chua trlnh bilY ulfllc udy
Ullchi tiet.
3. Khu Ciao Dlle Cotha - Ciao dllc ciii tien voi dIp lOp khac bit!t
UlIlg nhi~t thanh clla cac nha giao due Ratke va Comcnius, cling nhu su quan lam clla
chinh quycn dia phudng, Hinddu tien lrong lieh sU',Khu Giao Duc Gotha ua uU(lc lhiet laP
t~i Duc vdi IUat I~ clla chfnh quyen vao nam .1642. Khu giao dllc nay uudc 10 chuc va
giang d~y theo quan ui6m clla Ratkc va hoan toan khling c6 anh hUl'1I1gton giao. Diem
quan trong nhal clla GOlha la Wong bach giao dllc III 5 lu6i. Truong uU(jc chia thanh ba
c::lp: c::lp Idp lh:lp, c::lp lOp trung blnh va c::lp 1l1peao. Chuling lrlnh giau uue call ban g0m
c6 U9C,vi.?l, tfnh toan, am nh~c, ton giao; voi cae 1l1pcao, hQc sinh dude hqc them Ijch sU',
lieh sit dia phu(Jng, cling dan. khoa hqc, kinh te gia dlnh. Sach giao khoa dU(je ap dllng.
Dk biet, sach giao khoa ve khoa hqe eho cae Wp ti6u hqe "Khoa Hoc Gian OJ'' Shorl
Course Oil Natural Thillgs dUdc ap dung. V phU(lng phap su pham, bai giang uU(jc gian
di hlJa va co cae sinh ho~t ella hQc sinh.

IV. Quan di6m giao dllc moi (j Phap - Ciao dlJc lanh d:}o, giao dlJc tu vit!n, giao dlJc
phlJ m1, giao dlJc my thu~t
1. Ciao dlJC lanh d:}o - Ciao dlJCquy t(lc, thu'qng lu'u
Giao dllc lanh d~o bift ngu6n tll quan ui6m Iy tU(lng duy Iy qua de bai IUan thuyet giao
due ella MOlltaigne (Xem them ehul1ng 13, mue 111,3) vao nam 15XO. Theo quan diem
142

Ciao

dl;tc

Au eMu thi

ky

tha 17

nay; con nguai Iy tuang thai d,!i phai te nhj; khong chju anh huang ngo,!i canh; co thai d(l
thich dang vdi mQi nguai; chu(lng tinh th5n tl! do; nh~n xet, phan doan dung mtl'c va quan
trQng ,nhat la co kien thuc sau rOng. Montaigne

sinh truang trang m(lt gia dinh kinh doanh

,

thanh thi, rat g5n voi giai cap thu<;1ng Il!u, nen chju anh huang
cua giai cap lanh d,!o. Vi v~y, theo ong,

M trll

quan dii\'m va cu(lc s6ng

thanh m(lt nhan v~t lanh d,!o, giao dl)c gia

su rat thich h<)p. Ly tUllng giao dl)c nay co h(Ji khdc voi quan dii\'m giao dl)c nhan van thai
Phl)c Hung va tra thanh quan trQng vao the ky thtl' 17
Louis

XIV (*). Giao

dl)c con nguai

ly tuang da dl)ng,

Phap duoi tri8u

thong

minh, khon

d,!i cua vua

ngoan van tiep

(*)Louis XIV (/63X./7/5).

Un tum \'UU khi nuJi cd 4 lu(1'i vu 1r; 1't uTi 72 num .. Durn trieu etg; nay. nu(Jc Phdp
rh;nh vtl~lng. h(! ('(]i nul r(inK. l1unf.: ,16u Au Cht1u
,Til 'W'; phuflng di?n nhu nKh~ thu4t, viin h{JC, kinh Ie:
chfnh Ir/. Louis nit tI! hiw I'e khJ nung. thaI'" quyen ~'dluyen h/'/ "QurJ': Kiu LiJ 'a" L'elUl (:'est moj.

l'e

tl)C voi cac gia su, du<)c giang d,!y them t,!i cac trung tam giao dl)c moi danh cho cac hi~p
si va quy t(lc. T,!i day, cac nha lanh d,!o tuang lai du<)c hQc hoi cac mon hQc nhu phep xa
giao, ngo,!i ngi1, Mu kiem, cai ngl!a. Giao dl)c lanh d,!o la mOt chuang

trinh giao dl)c d(\c

bi~t danh cho can em quy t(lc, giai cap thu(jng ll!u, gioi binh bj.

2. Giao d .c tu vi~n
Trang khi t,!i cac nuoc Au Chau khac, co rat nhi8u tin do Ky To Giao cai giao sang Tin
Lanh, thi nude Phap vUn la mi)t qu6e gia Ky To Giao, giao dl)c vUn ehju anh hUllng va do
giao hi)i ki~m soal. Vao the ky thtl' 17, m(lt vai tu vi~n moi thanh I~p va cling la cac trung
tam giao due dil thu hut mOt so' rat Ion hQc sinh t,!i qu6e gia nay.

2.1 Gillo d .c tu vi~n Dong Ten Society of JeSlls - Giao d .c c6 diin

Tu vi~n Dong Ten phat tri~n m,!nh me vao d5u the" ky thu 17. Den gii1a the ky, thu do
Paris dil CO toi 14.000 hqc sinh va tren toan qu6c co Mn 612 truang.
qua, ky lu~t khong qua khe khilt dil thu hut so' dCmg hQc sinh. Chuang
hoan toan cC; di~n, thieu tinh e<tch nhan van, nhung cac truang
voi truang

Giang

d,!y co ket

trinh giang d,!y van

nay du<)c t6 ,chU'c hoan bj

Idp khang trang. Vao thai ky nay, tlnh hinh chfnh trj bat 6n, vi~c tranh chap

gii1a Ky To Giao va Ti'n Lanh dil lam giam gia trj giao dl)c t,!i cac trliang Dong Ten vi cac
phe ch6ng dOi l<;1idl)ng ten tu6i cac trliang nay
vao do, qua nhi8u nam thang, chliang

M tuyen

truy8n, da pha IUn nhau. Them

trlnh giao dl)c cung khong dli<;1cdi

tie"n. M(\c d5u

g(\p nhi6u kho khan, cac trliang Dong Ten van ton t,!i cho Mn gii1a the" ky thu 18 (1764)
va sau do, chinh quy8n dong cU-a holm toano

2.2 Giao d .c tu vi~n'Berullian

Tu vien Berullian
hQe va ehung vien

- Giao d.c c6 diln ca'p tien

hay Oratorians dli<;Jcthanh l~p van nam 1611, dil thie"t l~p cac trliang

M giao

dl)c con em cac nha quy t(lc. Mi)t so' hQc sinh cac trliang nay
t43

T
Ghio dlfc Au eMu the'

ky

thU 17

trd thiinh tu Sl va Iil tu Sl dlp tien. Do la nha ehlMng trlnh giao dl,le nhan van e(ing them
v(ji toan, khoa hqc Ngoai ra, cae tru'(Jng nay con giang d~y cae mon am nhae, khieu vii.
Tnt(Jng st1 dl,lng tieng La Tinh eho cae Idp eao, tieng Phap eho cae Idp thap. Cae nhi'! lanh
dao tu vii;n ehiu anh hl1ang tl1 tl1i'1ngduy Iy va oe Iy lu~n sang t~o ella tri.:t gia Descartes
(Xem m\le II, 2 il tren). Khi cae trl1lJng Dong Ten bi dong et1a vao nam 1764, cae trl1ang
eua tu vii;n Berullian viln t6n t~i.
2.2 Giao dl.le Jansenist - Giao dl.le effp tien va thl)'c dl.lng
Giao due Jansenist rat noi tieng, tuy t6n t~i khong dl1de baa lau. M(it so nhii giao dl,le
ehiu anh hl1i'lng tl1 tl1iing duy Iy va 6e Iy lu~n eua Descartes da kiEm soat tu vie';n PortRayal giln Paris v(ji sl1 ho tnJ eua m(it so nha giau e6 t~i thanh pho nay vao nam 1635 va
tit nam 1637, giao due Jansenist kh('ji su. Cae nha giao due Jansenist eh6ng doi duang loi
giao due eua cae truang Dlll1g Ten va d~ ra m(1t ehl1(jng trlnh giao due cap tien. Nam
1637, truung hoc du(je t6 ehue va nam 1646 bJt dilu philt lriEn. Chl10ng trlnh giang d~y
tudng tif nhl1 ehl10ng trinh eua tu vi.;n Berullian, tieng Phap la ngon ngil' giang d~y va eM
trang diie bi.;t d.:n luOn Iy hqe va ngo,li ngil'. VI ehiu anh hl1i'1ngehu nghla duy Iy eua
Descartes, nen ehUlJng trlnh giiing day (1day da di theo mi)t triit tif tlt nhien va khoi dilu
voi nhil'ng gl quen thu(ie voi tn:: em. Do do, tiip dqe eho dung da dl1(le ap dl.lng. V(ji cae
lOp eao hdn, cae bai lu~n van lien quan den kinh nghi.;m song hiing ngay hoiie nhil'ng gl
hoc sinh vita m(ji hoc qua ua dl1(ie ap d\lng. VI ehu tru(jng chong uoi cae trl1ung Dong
Ten, nen dti muon dti khong, cae nha giao d\le Jansenist da phai lier: '4uan u.:n ehinh trio
VilO giai do~n nay, cae trl1ung Dlll1g Ten van con co anh hl1i'1ngldn Wi tri~u dlnh. Do do,
vOn me';nh eua cae trl1ung Jansenist khiing dai lau. Nam 1660, cae trl1dng nay bi d6ng et1a
nhl1ng Iy thuy.:t va thife hanh eua ehl1(jng trlnh giao dl,le Jansenist van dl1lJe ap dl.lng r(ing
rai vii e6 anh hl1iing sau r(ing v~ sau.
3. Giao dl.lc phl.l nu-

Giao dl.le n()i tn!

Trang the ky thu 17, giao d\le phu nil' khong hoiin toan bi quen lang va Phap da d6ng
gop vao ehl1(Jngtrlnh giao d\le nay nhi~u nhat. Bii De Maintenon (1635-1719), nguyen la
de'; tl't nil' tu vie';n Ursuline d Paris, tnl thanh quan gia lrong tri':;u vua Louis XIV, sau tra
thanh hoang hOu (1684). Ba thanh liip m(it truung hqe danh eho cae em gai m0 eoi eua eac
gia ulnh quy t(Je t\li Saint-Cyr giln Paris vao nam 1686. Cae nil' sinh i'1 day dl1\1ehqe cae
Illlll1hoc can ban va cae mon hqe n(ii tn.J M ehuan bi eAo cae em eu(ie song tl1lJng lai, liim
VlJ va lam mt;. Nam 16n, trudng nay dl1lJe cae nil' tu dong Augustine dam trach. M(it
nhan vOt khae nil'a eung da dong gop vao ehl1ang trlnh giao dl,le phl.l nil' Iii bii De Chantal
(1572-1641). Ha thanh I~p t6 ehue tit thii;n va giao d\le tOn giao eho phl.l ncr.

144

Ciao dl:/c Au eMu tM ky tM 17

D~,bi~t hljn, tilng giam ml), De La Mothe-Fenelon

(1651-1715),

nhii giao dl)', nhii than

h(.l' dip tien ,6 quan di0m rat tien bO vi': ton giao, ,hinh tr!, giao dl)c. Ong Iii hOi vien Hiin
Lam Vi;n Phap til nam 1693. Mothe-Fenelon

dii trlnh biiy quan di0m vi': giao dl)c phl) nu

qua sang ta, "Biin Lu~n V6 Giao D\!, Phl) Nu" Traite de l'education des jilles. Trang tac
pham niiy, 6ng nhan nwnh den vai tro quan tr(.lng ,ua phl) nu trong vi~, Lluy trl luan ly
d,1O dC/( xii hl)i. Theo ong, phl) nu ,6 nhi~m Vl) hoiin thiinh b6n ph~n liim v~j, liim m~ nen
hQ dn

phai dUQ' hl.)( t~p d,

miln nhu tiln giao, d~o duc nhii':u han cac man kien thuc

sau rOng. HQ nen hQc d9C, viet, tinh toan can ban, Ijch su, am nh~c, nu cong, ngon ngu
La Tinh, nhung khong ,0 ngo,!i ngu VI theo ilng, ngo,!i ngu lang m,!n, tlfru dC,\ctam h6n
nu gioi.
4. Giao dl)c my thu:;it.
Truong

Cao D~ng My Thu:;it Ecole des Beaux Arts

Truong

Cao tl5ng My thu~t Phap tlu,!, thiinh l~p viio nam 1648 t,!i thu tlo Paris vii do

chinh quyi':n bao trQ. Truong niiy tra thiinh mii tieng khilp the giUi. Kien truc Iii ngiinh hQc
quan trl)ng nhfrt a day. Ngoiii ra con ,0 dc
,h,!m tr6, dt

khil, ngqc tla. Truong

ngiinh khac Iii hOi h9a, tlieu khilc, mo hlnh,

duy trlquan

ni~m bao thu. Tuy nhien,

sinh vien van

,0 co hOi phat huy sang kien, phat huy 6, sang t'!o. Til nam 1666 vii nhii':u nam ke tiep,
truong tlii nh~n tluQ' Giai Thuang La Mii Grand Prix de Rome. Truong Cao d5ng My thu~t
Phap Iii ((j siJ giao dl)' tlfru tien lo~i niiy ,ua the gioi.
V. Quan

diim

giao dl)c moi

iJ

Anh - Giao dl,lc Tin Lanh

Puritan

va giao dl,lc quy tQc,

lanh d~o

1. Giao dl,lc Tin Lanh Puritan

Giao hOi Tin Lilnh a Anh hay Anh Giao chiu anh huang Luther
1,1). Giao h(\i Tin Limh Scotland
dUQc gl)i Iii giao hOi Puritan.

chju anh huang Calvin (Xem chuang

13, m\!c

13, ml)c IV) vii con

Ly tuang cua giao h(\i Puritan rat cao d~p, thl!C te, kh5 h~nh

vii ch6ng I,!i canh xa hoa hu'ang thl). Cac nhil giao dl)c Puritan
nhan van cua Commenius

(Xem chuang

chju anh huang

tu tuang

(Xem ml)C III, 2 a tren) vii g6m c6:

1.1 Nh3 giao dl,lc Samuel Hartlib - Giao dl,lc d~i chUng
Samuel Hartlib Iii nhil kinh doanh Ba Lan, sinh s6ng t~i Anh. Ong con Iii mOt nhil xuat
ban, mOt nguoi bao trQ cho cac chuang trlnh cai tien giao d\!c cua Comenius

tl).i Anh.!,!am
' ... J

1650, ong viet bili lu~n thuyet

Enlarged

"Phal Tri6n Co sa Til Thi~n Luan Don" London's Chari(Y

trlnh biiy y kien vi': van tli': giao d\!c d,!i chung vii dii v~n dOng voi qu6c

Anh di dUl!' cilp phiit mOt ngiin khoan cho giao dl)' nhung tre em ngheo,

h9i

lrongkh~eln"kha

ciii tien xii hOi. Nam 1653. ong thiinh I~p "Uy Ban Cai Tien Giao Dl)c" TheC,o'!lmiite(d~;'

Advancemell/ of Learning. Uy ban nay hO'!t dC,\ng rat co hi~u qua vii Ira thilnh kl~u'mau
145

Ciao

dl:tc

Au eMu tM kj thtl17

cho cac uy ban, cac hoi ai hO'ulien quan <ten giao dl)c. Chuang trlnh giao dl)c cua Hartlib
bao g6m giao dl)c nong nghii;p, t6 chuc he; th6ng giao dl)c quoc gia cling nhu vic;\cthiet
I~p cac truong ti6u hoc tren toiin quoc'vl~i quan di6m su pham cua Comenius.
J.2 Nhit giao d\lc John Dury - Giao dl.lc dl,li chUng voi uy ban giao d\lc
John Dury ( 1596-1 6~W) Iii lU si Tin Liinh Scotland. Quan di6m giao dl)c cua ong.rilt gan
vdi Comcnius vii Hartlib. Nam 165 j, ong viet tac phfrm "Cai T6 G}ao Dl)c" The Reformed
Schuul, dua ra de nghj ra't tien bo Iii giao dl)c khong do nhii dm quycn kiem soat'mii d;it
dudi quycn dicu hiinh cua mot t6 chuc giao dl)c vdi nhi6u quycn h~n. Day Iii y kien so
khdi cua t6 chuc uy ban giao dl)c t~i moi truung trong hi.;n tai. Ong rat quan tam den viln
dc giao dl!c tu6i Ire. Theo lmg, tu6i tre phiii du\Jc giiing d~y cac mon khoa h9c, nghc;\thu~t
thl!C dl!ng <.Ii! ho Ce,th6 thuc hiinh nhung gl da hqc viio vic;\cxay dl!ng quoc gia. Ong cling
Iii nhii giao duc dau tien dua ra sang kien vc vii;c t6 chuc vii giiing d~y hi; thong truong
mam non t~i Anh vii cling la cua the gioi.
1.3 Nhit giao dl.lc John Milton - Giao d\lc truylln th6ng
Mi !ton ( 160S-1 (74) Iii nhii trf thuc n6i tieng nhilt cua giao hoi Tin Liinh Puritan vii cling
Iii thi si n6i tieng nhat nuoc Anh. Trong van hqc Anh, ong du<,Jcxem nhu ngang hang vai
nhii viet bi kjch tiii danh William Shakespeare (1564-1616). Tac phffm sil' thi vi d~i
"Thien Dang L~c L6i" Paradise Lost gom 12 t~p dl!a viio kinh thanh dii dlta ang len dja
vi tren. Nam IM4, lmg viet tac phiim "Vc Giao Dl)c" Of Education, tac phffm giao dl)C
cuoi cling mang tu tuiing nhan van thdi Phl.lCHung. Chu dkh giao dl)C cua Milton cling Iii
chu dich cua giao dl!c truyen thilng, dao tao thanh thieu nien thiinh nhung cong dan gltang
mau, co linh than trach nhii;m, nhung nhii lanh d~o tUlJng lai. Nen giao dl!C niiy Ie dT
nhien chi diinh cho con em quy toc, lanh d~o, tri thuc, mii khong phiii Iii chuang trlnh giao
dl)c d~i chung. Milton nhan m~nh den ChUlJngtrlnh giao dl!C phiii bao g6m cac mon khoa
hqc, khoa hqc thl!c nghii;m, huan luyi;n th6 chilt. Ong cling dc nghj thiet I~p hc;\thong hQc
vic;\nbao gom trung hqc vii cao dUng, giiing d~y cac tac phiim c6 dien vii kinh thanh.
Chuang trlnh giao dl)C cua Milton tuy co cling chicu huang voi Comenius va Hartlib
nhung I~i thien vc c6 di6n vii thieu tlnh chilt d~i chung .
.,2. Giao dl.lc quy t(lc, liinh dl,lo
Cac nhii giao dl)c quy tQc, liinh d~o chiu iinh hu0ng glao dl!c truyen thong cua Elyot
(Xem chudng 13; ml)c !I,I) vii Ascham (Xem chuang 13; ml)c II,2) cua the' ky thu 16.
Giao dl!c nay co ml)c dkh diio t~o giai cilp lilnh d~o, cac nhii quy tQc tudng lai, nen cac
m6n hqc nhu phep xii giao, ngo~i giao, Ijch sil', ngo~i ngu dii du<,Jcchu Y d;ic bic;\t.
146

Gido

.;-

d~IC Au

Chelu the' ky thu 17

2.1 Nha giao dl.lc James Cleland - Giao dl.lc c6 diin

Cleland la nguai Scotland, sinh s6ng d Anh vao diiu the' ky thu 17. Gng chi" anh hUdng
quan diem giao d\lc lanh d~o cua Montaigne d Phap (Xem m\lC IV, I chuong nay). Tac
phum "Co S,1 Giao D\lc Cho Cac Nha Quy Toc Tre" Institution for Young Noblemen cua
ong dUQc Nha xul1t ban f)~i hQc Oxford l1n hanh vao nam 1607 nhung ta khong biet ong
c6 hoc ho~c c6 lien he gl vdi d,!i hqc nay hay khong. Quan diem giao duc quy tOc, Ianh
d~o cua Cleland bao gam d. nhung mon hqc nhfin van, ngoai nhung mon hQc c5 dien va
nhl1n m,!nh den thai do, nhan cach con nguai. Theo ong, sinh vien phai thong su6t tieng
Anh trudc khi hqc tieng La Tinh va chuC1ngtrlnh giao d\lc gi\m c6 lich slt quan trqng nhl1t,
tiep theo la toan, kie'n truc, lu~t, dia Iy, triet hqc, ngo,!i ngu, d~c biet la tieng Phap, the
uue. Gng cung M c~p den viec du hanh tham quan hqc hoi d nudc ngoai va vai tra cua
ph\l huynh trong van ae giao d\lc.
2.2 Nhil giao dl.lc Henry Peacham - Giao dt.Jc quy tt)c
Peacham (1576-1643) hqc tlli f)'!i hQc Cambridge, hieu trudng, giiing u,!y nhieu nam d
nudc ngoai trudc khi trd v{; Anh hO'!t dOng giao d\lc. Hc phum "Nha Liinh D~o Hoan
Toan" The Compleat Gentlemen, du\1c xul1t ban vao nam 1622, cho thay ong la hoc gia
ung ho m~nh me chul1ng trlnh giao d\lc quy tOc de dao t'!o nhung nha lilnh d,!o tuong lai.
Gng chu trong dac biet de'n viec huan IUYen tr; oc va the chat hon cac chu dich khac cua
giao u\lc. ChutJng trlnh giao d\lc cua ong bao gam vu tr\l hqc, dia Iy, th(1, nh~c, dieu khik,
ve, huy hieu hqc.

2.3 Nha giao dt.Jc John Gailhard - Giao dt.Jc quy tt)c
Gailhard sting vao cutii the ky thu 17, la hqe gia chu tru(lng giao u\le giai cap quy tOc,
thulJng Ittu. Gng c6 nhieu nam kinh nghiem giang d~y con em cae nha quy tOc nude
ngoili. Gng vie't tac phum cling ten vdi Peacham "The Compleat Gentlemen" vao nam
16n. ChutJng trlnh giao U\lCcua ong bao g0m cac man nhan van. Dae biet, 6ng nhlln
nwnh vao chutJng trinh tham quan hqc hoi trong ba nam t~i cac truang n5i tie'ng nudc
ngoai de trau uai kie'n 'thuc v{; cae mon lu~t va y hqc .
VI. Cac han Him vi~n - Cac han Him vi~n n6i tieng: Han Lam Vi~n Ph3p Quo-e, Han
Lam Vi~n Hoang Gia Anh, Han Lam Vi~n Khoa HQe Phap ...
Han lam vien la til chue nghien cuu, quy tl.l nhi{;u hqc gia, khoa hqc gia, trie't gia tam
tie'ng, dil dong g6p mOt each gian tiep vao chU(1ng trlnh giao u\le cao dilng. Han lfim vien
diiu tien XlI"t hien vao thi1i Phl.lCHung, dac biet la tai Y va Phap. "Han Lam Vien Plato"
Platonic Academy la han lfim vien diill tien du\lc thanh I~p t~i Florence CY) vao nam
1442. Han lam vien khoa hoc aall tien "Han Lam Vien Khoa HliC Tu Nhien" Academia
147

Ciao

d(IC

kv tM/7

Au eMu tM

SecrelOrum Nuturae, dl1lJe thilOh I~p vim nam 1560 tai Naples CY). Nam 1575, vua Philip
II (1527-159X) eua Tfiy Ban Nha thanh I~p "Han Lam Vien Khoa Hqe Toan" Academy of
Mathematical Sciences t~i Ihu d6 Madrid. Nam 1617, han lam vi~n dnu tien eua Due ra
d(ji tai Weimar "Han Lam Vii;n Sang T~o" Prodaclil'e Society v(ji ml!e dich phong phd
h6a ng6n ngi1' va van hoc Due. Sau d6, mOt so han lam vi~n khae <iii dl1(1e thiet l~p tren
khiip Au Chau.
Vao the ky thu 17, ba han lam vi~n n61 danh

dI1<.Jethilnh l~p. Do la Han Lam Vi~n

Phap Quae, Han Lam Vien Hoang Gia Anh va Han Lam Vien Knoa Hoc Phap. Ca ba t6
ehue nay tIm hut nhieu nha Me hQe, hoc gia lui lac. Han Lam Vien Phap Quae Academie

Francaise dl1lle khlJi sl1 vOi vi~e h(li hqp eua cae triet gia, hqe gia va (M.le ehinh thue
thanh I~p vao nam 1635 t~i Paris. Han Lam Vien nay CO 40 h(\i vien

vTnh vien. Co chan

trung Han Lam Vi~n Phap Quae Ia m(\t han h~nh Wn lao hiem co. Vien luiin luiin ouy Ir!
quan di0m bao Ihu, ttt ehoi chap nh~n cae hqe gia e6 111tl1ang cap tien. Cae hqe gia triel
gia lam tieng nhl1 Denis Dioerot

(Xem phnn saul, Jean Jacques

saul. cae ti0u thuyel gia n6i tieng nhl1 Honore

de Balzac (*), Gustave

Zola (" ) ,1<1khClIlg e6 chan trong vi~n VI quan

hliiJng Idn
(*) Bul;u('

(/7YY-IH5U)

liJ. tdu thuyet x/a na'i litng

u}p (7{n S~{lien hf giua con ngu(fi wli xli

h(ji

difm

t:,1111tit'u

,iiu

tltuyt'r,
'fe/lIg

thuy{r tnl/fflg

x,i I/()i. kif/II

(1';

I X3U. /1(//';(1(" 1I()c /UI)t {(ji D~,i h()c Paris

tinll

ru

Iffl

Flaubert

Vi.;n

tu tJc xiJ

\'c10 the' k.'" thu /9 \'.1

ngdll,

IIL1lll1g

Trnllg

(lt~;/ ",ill

t1Jcinh 111/(1 I'lill.

J-iullwil1f!

- The HumaN

ICIe ,,1/(1'/1/ 1'1 {lui

clu//Ig

(11 CU(Je

c6 anh
l1Ju tien l1i

hie/ (fe'"

dU(/C

I'di 100 cu(in

C()llledy.

II([Y. Bo/~(/('

Cue/1

phnn

(*), Emile

\'(1 dull IlLiI!lIg nill 1/I/;i trU/lng fn?l1 con ngUlIi.Dng

thien, Iruyen

(;: chillil

(Xem

tien bO. Han Lam

nll/il cua Plulp

nhieu \'di Ide phdJII Ii!II luo "Hdi Kich Con NgU/fi" {,(/ COllln/ie
/Jar li/lh

Rousseau

flJ u;'gJng

l\f~lI1g Ph""

rri"h

17X9 del'

Trong 3U mlm , c)ng sung hie kllr)"g

mim

IlgUIl).:, m(~i

ng"." /mg \'il?r Ire" mUfti tiel';': (l(Jng IJ(). Ngoui "ie ph/j,/I In?n, /in.!: c(i" (li [(ii hdl1J.: trilm tit1u Ihuyei khJc (lit
10(1 i.
(*) Fluuhal
fillli

('lilit

(IX2 1./XXO) [iJ tiiu thuyei gia Pluip

Ti(~'11Illu,n?'r I/(j'i ti("g

.vorl/wlldy.
(*)

U)

111117l1gILl 1tlt1ng

r'we 1~/i, \'L(a ('() tillh chat lJn).: m~m. 6ng Cr! Ctii "hil/
(illg

nhJi "Madame 8ovary"(lJ ci)p ,lel1 chul'(11 ngo(Ji

lit1u rhuyer,
Iht'o clUlllghlli

','(If) 1/(;11/ IS 70. I.lIlu kl/iJi s~( sung IUC 1I1()I[()(JI (de "hd'1II
R(ll(~'I!I/"i\ldn/lltlrl.

/..0/11
,'1:/1

j'/(;[

luol 1(11'Idlltl/l

\'(fi 20 cwilil/ill

II.'!/('

\'(111 c/1Urtn;.:

II! nhien.

Sau khi Due ,!linh h~/i Phur

"Nht1ng Nlldn V~il Trong Gill. Dillh

Rougon-Pll.cquart"

gia tlil/iI, hit S()llg, nghJ-f1ghi({' cua cuc "lui"

111L~
Iwi "Bu TI/(il/h Pllrr" res Trois Villl's - Thl' Thref:' Cilie,'I, lrillh huy "Inrllg

gi,/{! \',i _\(/ Juii. /.o'.l1l(/c

pllli'll

rlllly(;flr/nil

/lei.\'

IllLi /Ja "Bri,l /VII(i Truy(~n Gi,io"

rJI khi (ing milf. NgoiJi ha

(1i('11{rid] IJiir hoc thuyeflt! nllien.

I/U((/II(I'I/I

hi(r trong

,Tt?' [(Ii "hiJu

ZU/ll (IX-IU-ICJ02) Iii Ijt1u Ihuyer gia mj'j liitng Phd"

I.es

"luJp. \'ua cd
(tiim OJ I'e l'i quan.
II"h cua m(;1phf:lllll Iii hii Bm'ary Il}i

{[(.lc

.wiu sifc \'~ .'Ilf \'i)I l'I:i quem

/o(J1/cic

,,11"'11

/1111 Ir~lI, ()lIg

Lt's
("(III

Quulrl'

\'iBr

Ewwgiles
/1u)I

_ The Four

WII_

vun t1J
Gospels

.'It/rue phii'm ngllien cuu \'(fi

de:" ""l h('", Phap. dl1a ra nhi1'ng tieu el1Uin vt' viec sLi ol!ng ngi\n ngO', xuat ban ttt ditin
"l'U chuiln I,e'ng Phap, xuat ban nhieu lap chi ,,-,n hll" n(S, lieng. Tai Anh, cae hqe gia hI,i

""I'

or

t"i Tnfiing C"o l1i\ng London (Co/lege

London)
va tai Dai hoc Oxford ttt nam
I(;~'i S"u nhi0ul;1n ge,p go va tdi nJm I()()2, "11:111 Lim Vien Hoang Gia" Roml Society
14X

c
[
I
k

r
h

Ciao

dl:lc

Au eMu tM kj thU 17

cll1(.Jcchinh thlic thanh l(lp. T')i thu cia Phap, mQt Scl hqc gia, trang cl6 c6
Descartes

va Pascal (*) cia hQi hqp nhi~u

lfin va nam 1666, cll1c:JCchlnh

cac

trie't

gia

qu>,~n mqi Mn

Puscul 1623-16(2) hilri;'" ~i(/, 101111h(Jc ;:iu. khou h(J(" ;:iu ngu(Ji Phap. ltU(Jc mil lient.: w/i cac phd! minh
khou h(Jc I'a (min. 61lM'kJulm phd m lip life nlu cht1t idnl: nul IlUuy nu)' }Wi !iJ "LUq.f Pascal v~ chJ't Mnx", ,tim
ru If' thuye't \'p .tac xwl', I'Ll \'irc up dl}tlg I'UO each tinh theing hay thua trong hili IJ, phJl minh ru may tlnh
hirn CtJfl tntnJ.: hay tronK I'irfl hdo tim;.: PhJp. Luc n)n nh(). rJnX ii/Ale thun phl:4 Kiuo dl}c cuc m/)n ngon ngil c(1
,11}n I'd kh/'mg l11u/;'n /;n,.; h(J(, loJn va khou h(J{', NhunJ.: chinh (hun ph khdm phd ru {'jnl: ,tii [if h()("m6n hinh
h~JC. T/fi /6 !u/'/i, /;ng \'ittt cudn "Hinh H()(' Hinh Ndn". dii tht1'tll)c, liun ng(,l(' nhien nhJ ,nun h(JC, trie'[ giu tui
dunh luang th(Ti Rn/(! Descurtd.
NgoiJi nhunx phdt minh t'e kho(J h(JC viJ toun. Puscal c(Jn d, ll;li nhieu tac
phul1I I'e trie'/ h()c t/)n gilio, hun \'~ qUlJn diEm tan giuo Tin wnh Jansenist, cht/ng 19i quan ,tilm Ky Tfi Gido
(*)

cuu /u I'ifn D('mg Ten.

thl1 vi~n Hoang

Gia cIE ban v~ vi~c thanh l(lp him lilm vi~n. Nam

1669, vi~n cll1c:Jcthanh

l(lp voi ten gqi "Han Lam Vi~n Khoa Hqc" Academie des Sciences.
Trong the ky thli 18, tieng tam va thanh qua cua dc

him Him vi~n qUclC gia Anh, Phap

cll1dc quilc te c()ng nh(ln. Cac qUclC gia khac c'i Au Chau cling khcJi stf thanh I~p cac han
lam vi~n quilc gia. Han Lam Vi~n Hoang Gia Tay Ban Nha cll1<jcthanh l(lp vilO nam 1713
voi myc cJfch bao t6n va phong phu h6a ngc)n ngu, van hqc va xuat ban tu clien tieu chuan
ngan ngu. Nam 1724, Han Lam Vi~n Khoa Hqc Nga cll1~jcthie't l(lp t')i 5t Petersberg.
lam vi~n nay tril thanh mOt trung tam nghien
lam vi~n cJilu tien

cUu !dn lao duoi thai Lien X(). T')i My, han

cll1~jc thanh I~p vilO nam 1748 t')i Philadelphia

Lam Vi~n Triet Hqc

Han

va cll1~iC gqi la "Han

MY" American Philosophical Society; "Han Lam Vi~n Ngh~ Thu~t

va Khoa Hqc MY" American Academy of Arts and Sciences cll1c:Jcthanh l(lp vao nam 1780
vai myc cJfch nghien

cUu va ph6 bie'n cac van cI~ khoa hqc ngh~ thu(lt c6 tinh cach quclC

te, hi~n c6 2100 hOi vien la cac hqc giii, khoa hqc gia, ngh~ si; "Han Lam Vi~n QUclCGia
My" American National Academy cll1c:Jcthanh l(lp van nam 1863 t')i thu cia Washington.
Nhieu

han lilm vi~n v~ am nh,!c, khoa hqc xa hi)i, y hqc, nong nghi~p ... cll1c:Jctie'p tyc

thanh l(lp vao the ky thli 18 t,!i dc

quilc gia Tay All. Vao the ky thli 19, ho')t clOng cua cac

han lilm vi~n C() ve yeu kern VI quan cliem truy~n thclng bao thu, khClIlg thfch nghi cll1c:Jc
voi nhung tl1 tl1iing cap tie'n do viec phat trien cua khoa hoc, van h6a, xa hOi clem Mn.
Trong the ky tM 17, cta C() nhung tl1 tl1ling mai me v~ giao dyc do cac nha giao dyc cilp
tie'n cI~ xl1ong. Tuy nhien, mQt Sclcac nha
c6 clien, truy~n

giao dyc khac van con chiu iinh hl1cJng tl1 tl1cJng

thclng. Phai clC!iMn the' ky thli 18, n~n giao dyc tie'n bQ mai cll1C!cthtfc

hien.

t49

Giao dt,lc Au eMu tM ky tM 17

Tili li?u tham khao:
- Academie". Til ,Iin hcich khoa The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, Multimedia Edition, 19911.
- Bacon, Frand". Til ,Iin hcich khoa The World Book Encyclopedia, Multimedia Edition, 2001.
- Bulzac. Honore de. Tili lifu ,td dt1n nhu tren.
- Descartes, Renee. Tiit lifu eta dan nhu tren.
- Ecole des Beaux ArlJ. TiJi lifu dil dan nhu (ren.
- Educulion oj'Nohles. Tudien helch khou The New Encyclopaedia Britannica. Multimedia Ed/ion, /99X.
- Female Education in France. Tiil li~udii ddn nhu (ren.
- Flauhert. Gu"tav~. Tildin hach khoa The World Book Encyclopedia, Multimedia Editioo, 2001.
-Jansenist. Tiii lifu till dOn nhu tren.
-Pa"ca/, Blai"e. Til din hach khoa The World Book Encyclopedia, Multimedia Edition, 2001.
-The Pedu;.:oxy
Comenius. Tit {Uen bach khou The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, Multimedia Edi/ion,
19911.
-The Pedagogy
Rutke. riJi li(u (Til dan nhu tren.
-The Schoo/ (~rG()lha. Tiii li~ut1ii dan nhu tren.
- The Teuchin;.:
Congrexu(jon.'l. TiJi lifu dil diJn nhu trhl.
- Zulu, Emile. Tiii li~uill1 dan nhu tren.

(~r

(~r
(~r

"

150

Chlidng 15
Giao dl:lCAu Chliu thtky thu 18
Giao dl:lc quffc gia kh1Ji sZ!
I. Giao d\lC thOi Hu'ng Thjnh Elllightellmellt

voi Locke, Vico va sl/ titn bi)

cua n~n dl.lihqc d Duc

1. Nha giao d\lc John Locke - Giao d\lc thl/c d\lng
2. Nh3 gilio d\lc Giambattista Vico - Giao d\lc sang tl)O
3. St! titn bi} cua n~n dl)i hqc d Duc
II. Giao d\lc chiu anh hlfdng chu nghia nhi~t tinh Pietism voi Francke,
Hecker va cac trifling slf phl.lm ditu tien
1. Nha giao d\lc August Francke - Giao d\lc thl/c d\lng
2. Nha giao d\lc Johann Hecker - Giao d\lc ky thu~t va thl/c d\lng
3. Cac trifling slf phl)m moi
III. Giao d\lc chiu ~nh hlfdng chu nghia tl/ nhien Ilaturalism va chu nghia .
duy cam SeIlsiollalism voi Rousseau,Condillac, Helvetius, Basedow, Kant
1. Nha giao d\lc Jean Jacques Rousseau - Giao d\lc lily hqc sinh lam
trung Him
2. Nha giao d\lc Etienne Bonnet de Condillac - Giao d\lc ap d\lng
phlfo'ng pha p phil n tich
3. Nhil giao d\lc Claude Adrien Helvetius - Giao d\lc mili trifling
4. Cac nha giao dl}c chiu anh hlfdng Rousseau
4.1 Nha giao dl}c Johann Bernhard Basedow - Giao d\lc thl/c
dl}ng va tich ct!c
4.2 Nha giao d\lc Immanuel Kant - Giao dl}c luan

Iy,

tht!c dl}ng

IV. Giao d\lc chiu anh hlfdng chu nghia qUllc gia Ilatiollalism voi Diderot,
Condorcet d Phap; voi Frederick the Great d Duc; voi Peter the Great,
Catherine the Great, Alexander 1 d Nga; voi Bell, Lancaster d Anh
1. Chlfo'ng trinh giao dl}c qUllc gia tl.li Phap - Giao d\lc tht!c dl}ng voi
Diderot, Codorcet
1.1 Diderot voi chlfo'ng trinh giao dl}c tht!c dl}ng va t~t nguy~n
1.2 Condorcet va chlfo'ng trinh giao d\lc tht!c dl}ng va xii hi}i
151

2. Chl/dng trlnh giao dt.Jc qUIlC gia tl)i Duc vUi Frederick
Giao dt.Jc thlfc dt.Jng

the Great _

3. Chl/dng trlnh giao dt.Jc qUIlC gia tl)i Nga - Giao dt.Jc thlfc dt.Jng
3.1 Peter the Great voi chl/dng trlnh giao dt.Jc quoc gia thlfc dt.Jng
3.2 Catherine the Great vui chu'dng trlnh giao dt.Jc qUllc gia thlfc dt.Jng
3.3 Alexander I vui chu'dng trlnh giao dt.Jc quoc gia thlfc dt.Jng
4. Chu'dng trlnh giao dt.Jc qUllc gia tl)i Anh
4.1 Andrew Bell va chu'dng trlnh giao dt.Jc pht.J giao
4.2 Joseph Lancaster va chu'dng trlnh giao dt.Jc ph~ giao
Giao dye Au Chiiu vilo the ky thu III ehiu anh hU(Jng m(}t so quan dim v~ triet hQc va
bien ehuyEn ella xii h(\i. Do Iii quan di6m hi~n thue realism b5t ngu6n til Ratke va
Comenius; quan diEm thue nghi~l;l empiricism vdi Locke; quan diEm nhi~t tlnh, ngoan
dao pietism voi Francke vii Hecker; quan <.Ii6mtu nhien naturalism voi Rousseau; cuoi
eung Iii quan diEm qU(lCgia nationalism. Cae quan diEm tien bQ nily <.Iiidu'a Au Chilu
thoat Iy hoiln toan anh huang t6n giao, it nhat vl' ly thuyct. Thai ky nily, Diderot xuat ban
b(\ til din bach khoa t6ng quat Ion lao hi~n dai <.Ifiutien voi 28 cuon.
I. Giao d\lc thoi Hu'ng Thjnh Enlightenment (*) voi Locke, Vico va slf titn bQ cila nl!n
dl)i hQc i'J Duc
(*) Enlighle'mllt.'nt.C(}n

g()i

Iii Agt'(~r Reason, phong

trl() trief /:1' til/a "i/o thuyft

du)' Iy. (lc If' lu(in. khd mln#

I'hlin llmll1 dl tim ra.'ill rht)r. Phong trim ndy xuti, hifll \'()() the' k)~ thti /7 l'U IX, do cuc (ritt Kia,
Phup

Rell(

Descartes

(Xem chu(/ng trU(IL), Dt'lli,\" Diclero[ (Xem pluJn ke'tiel}), Jean Jaques

h{)(' ~id nxul1i

Rousst:!uu (Xern

,,.it, gia ngu/fi Anh john Locke (Xt'11l pluln /...{ tiel') kJlIh xU(ing. Cue rri~t Kiu cua phonK rrtJO
up dl;lllgphuang phup khou hee. diJe hifr ld rhi( n;.:hifm ~'Jquan sur rj~mj~ (Ie tim ra .'it! thq.t. Nhi, quan
diilll rri~" IS' IItlY, nhIeu khum phu ~,t1gidi ph,1u h~)c. Ihien \'in h~)(', tmill h~)c, \'4( If, h()u hue dtl dU(/e thc
hi~l/. Cue trier ;.:ia (:unK lin tudng phuong /)/1(11' khoa hue ('(J thi up df:illg eli lim hifu \,t1hun chdt cun nKu(Ji.
f-{~) nKhien l'uu cue. ,1'U'llte giuo dl;4(', IwJt I'hup. Iri~" h()c, chinh Ir;, xii h(jj \'U C()ng Heh me tin, chuyen ehe. hUt
uing. Nhieu ILl rud!lK '-'U(/ phung truu Iriit
h()(' nuy (Ta elf}ng ,I;()P IrI!l' (iei] l'UO .'It! phdt sinh CU(Jc edch M(1nJ.:
jJluln k{ tiel}) HI
nay

Philp

Ham 17X'J.

1. Nha giao dt.Jc John Locke - Giao d\lc thVc d~Jng

Locke (1632-'1704) Iii nhil giao dye, hoc gia nguai Anh. Gng hqe t~i Oxford vii giang
day il <.lilyb<"lnnam. Sau <.166ng Iilm vi~e trong ngilnh ngo~i giao, sllng nhi~u nam nudc
ngoilivil VI bat d6ng ehinh kien, 6ng dii phiii ty n~n t~i Hil Lan mQt thoi gian. Nhung sang
tae ella' Locke vilo eulli the ~y tM 17 vl' triet hoc, chinh tri, giao dyc e6 anh hu<!ng JOntdi
thai HLtngThinh. vt; giao dye, 6ng quan tilm nhil'u tdi Iy thuyet t6ng quat v&kien thuc va
giao duc eho tu6i tn::. Gng theo chll nghTa kinh nghi~m empiricism nen co quan diEm cho
rang tat d moi tu tuang dl'u bit ngu<1ntil th\l'e hilnh qua thili gian <.Ifhqe hl)i. Gng c6ng
kfch hoc thuyet tri th6ng minh bim sinh. Trong tae phim "Luan Thuyct
Kien Thuc

ve

152

Ciao

df:lc

Au eMu the' ky thU 18

Can Ngll'oi" Essay Concerning Human Understanding viet nam 1699, Locke nhln nh~n
tll' tll'ilng Mn tu hai ngu6n kinh nghi~m: thCrnhat la nh~n djnh do cac giac quan tiep nh~n,
chuyi!n tiep den ky uc va thu hai la suy tll'ilng; tu do, trl tu~ lam vi~c voi eac nh~n djnh va
xay dll'ng thanh tll' tll'ilng. Theo ang, trll'oc cac hQc hoi kinh nghi~m, tri 6c tr6ng r6ng: Tuy
nhien, ang kh[mg phu nh~n la tat cii mQi ngll'oi Mu co kien thuc ngang nhau. Trai I~i,
trang "Mot Vai Cam Nghi vt: Giao D\lc" Some Thoughts Concerning Education, 6ng cang
nMn co ngll'lli c6 sl! hii!u biet bUm sinh han ngll'oi khac.
Voi quan diem kinh nghi~m, Locke nhln nh~n kien thuc chi du'e,JchQc hoi qua kinh
nghiem va VI quan diem kinh nghi~m, ang cho ding giao d\lc phai dt: c~p aen hai phll'ong
di~n la nhan each va kien thuc. Do d6, M d(lt dll'llCket qua t6t dyp nhat, giao d\lc phai
cung cap cho hqc sinh nhung tll' tll'ang va nhan each thich dang, huan luy~n dua tre bang
each quan sat va chi a xe thai quen t6t, hanh dong cao dyp M trau d6i kien thuc; chinh
nhung th6i quen, hanh dOng nay la nhung khuan mau cua mot con ngll'oi hieu biet, ca Iy
trL Trau d6i kien thuc, thl!c hi.;n thai quen tot, hanh dOng cao dyp qua vi~c nu6i dll'ong,
hll'dng dan, hoc t~p vdi mOt chll'ong trlnh giao d\lc sang to, thiet thl!e. Dua tre khili sl! hQc
t~p qua nhung hanh dOng, tiep thea tlm hieu dil hanh dOng nhung gL 51! lien h~ mij.t thiet
gIl:ta hanh dOng va lll' tll'iJng (!lm hii!u) nay dil dll'llc Locke trlnh bay xac thl!c trang "Hanh
I)(lng I)e Nh~n Biet" Of the Conduct of the Understanding, ph:in ph\l I\lc ctla Essay
Concerning Human Understanding. d day, ang chung to rang tiep nhij.n kien thuc chi ca
the thl!c hi.;n dlJ'tJcvdi vi.;c nh~n biet (Ilm hiGu) va hanh dong. N6i rang ra, tiCp nh~n kien
thuc khang nhung chi lien quan Mn hanh d(lng, rna chinh vi~c tiep nh~n kien thuc nay
ding la m(lt hanh dOng. Neu dU'a tre va th:iy co cung chia xc m(lt hanh d(lng thl dua tre se
phai hoc h6i nhung theli quen t6t vt: nhan each va kien thuc dn thiet cua hanh dong nay

M ca thi! tiep t\lc cang vi.;c giao d\lc t6t dl;'p.

Tarn l(1i, Locke dil dll'a ra melt quan dii!m kha rndi me dl!a vaG hQc thuyet kinh nghi~m
trong c[mg cu(lc giao d\lc. Giao vien hll'dng dan hQc sinh qua vi~c hqc hoi kinh nghi~rn M
thl!C hic;n vi.;c tiep nh~n kien thuc ve mqi phll'tlng dien.
2. Nha giao d\lc Giambattista Vico - Giao d\lc sang t~o
Vico (l6SS- 1744) Iii triet gia ngll'lli Y, giao sll' van hQc va thuij.t hung bi~n I)(li hQc
Naples tu 16Y9 den 1741. Cung nhll' Locke, VieD tin lll'iJng rang con ngll'oi bUm sinh chll'a
e(l kien lhue. Tuy nhien, ang cho rang hqc hiii kh6ng nhung tiep nMn qua eac giae quan
rna con qua ac tll'(lng tll'(lng. Quan diGm giao d\lc eua Vico khang dll'llc chap nh~n rOng rili
,J the k) lhu IS, nhll'ng dll'dc d:in dan tiep nhan lU nhung nam cuoi cua thij.p nien 1960. Tae
pham n6i tieng Clh Vico "Khoa Hqc Mdi" Nell' Science, xuat ban vao nam 1725 cho
thay quan diGm ve kicn thuc con ngll'iJi. Thea [mg, con ngll'oi dau tien chll'a c6 6c Iy Ill~n
153

Ciao

dlJc

Au eMu the' ky tM J 8

nhu mi)t trie't gia nhung c6 6c tuang tU<;lngnhu mi)t thi Sl. SI! lien quan giua 6c tuang tuqng
va 6c Iy lu~n trang New Science dua ra mi)t quan di~m mdi vi: trie't Iy giao d~c: con nguoi
van minh c6 (lc Iy lu~n, con nguoi dfiu tien khi tie'p nh~n kien tMc chua bie't Iy lu~n ciing
nhu mi)t thi Sl dii sang tac qua 6c tuang tU<;lngrna khong qua 6c Iy lu~n. Sau nay, khi biet
Iy iu~n, con nguai c6 th~ hi~u dU<;lC
hq dit hoc hoi va thuc hi~n du<;lcnhung gl.
Trang lac phUm "Phuong Phap Giao D~c Hi~n TZli" On the Study Methods of Our Time
xuilt ban nam 1709, Vico bao v~ I~p truang giao d~c nhan van ch6ng IZliquan di~m giao
d~c duy Iy clla Descartes (Xem chuong 14, m~c II, 2) ciing nhu'quan di~m clla cac nha
giao d~c Jansenist (Xem chuong 14, m~c IV,2.3) vltheo ong, cac nM giao d~c duy Iy da
dao ngu<;lCchuong tdnh giang dZlYtl! nhien, bat hoc sinh hoc t~p khai sl! vdi Iy lu~n. Vico
dua ra quan di~m giang dZlYvi: sl! phat tri~n kie'n thlic con nguai vdi vi~c hoc t~p ngon
ngu trudc tien, sau d6 hudng vao vi~c phat tri~n 6c tuang tu<Jng qua vi~c doc cae tac
phii'm clla cac nha van, nha tho, su gia. Nha d6, tn 6c tn~ trung se tie'p nMn nhung ly lu~n
do nMn djnh thong thuang dem IZli.NMn dinh thong thuang tiep nh~n qua kinh nghi~m
clla cac nha van, nha tho, su gia se dZlYcho tubi tre dit:u quan trong clla kie'n thuc tbng
quat trude khi di vao giao d~c Iy lu~n. Giang dZlYtubi tre khai sl! vdi Iy lu~n trudc khi cac
em c6 kie'n thuc tbng quat t6i thi~u khong khac nao b~t cac em phan ooan mi)t vi~c rna
cac em khong c6 kha nang M phan doan. Chll dich clla Vico la nhiln mZlnh vao sl! quan
trqng ella 6c tuang tu<;lng,6c sang tZlo trong giao d~c, cung mi)t quan oit!m vdi Locke,
Rousseau va nha ciii tie'n giao d~c Pestaiozzi the' ky thu 19 (Xem Chuting sau).
Quan di~m giao d~c ella trie't gia Vico qua tac phUm New Science c6 anh huang Idn tdi
cac hqc gia ben ngoai nudc Y vao cu6i the' ky thu 18 nhu Joseph de Maistre (1753-1821)
va vao the' ky thu 19 voi Victor Cousin (*), Jules Michelet (*).
Vic/or Cousin (J 792-IXX6). NhiJ cui c.:uch ~id() d~c, (riel uia. tU lU<lng Mill nSi tie'flg aUang th('1i wii quan
,fiim (IC tUclng fU{tng. sanK If;lo eh;u anh hL/tfn;: triel Mia, "hit gido til:tC Y Giamhattistu Vj(.'(). On;.: ull nghirp
trll(Ing .HI phtprl .. dl(,Ji ,tay dl;lY h(Jc m(}( th(); giun /lgdn; tn! 19i LtJn lhr1 hui d())' triel h(Jc, tn! thimh m(j( nhiln
\'(1i ndi tie'ng \'uche' nKI! ngiinh h(Je nay '(ii Philp lrong nhMu num .. 6ng du himh qUlJn sat tlximh ;.:it1o dl;iL'tffi
Due tronK m(Jt th(~iKian. Khi trd vf, de trinh len chfnh phd m(;t sdc lu(lt ciii III nfn Kiuo tll;ic liiu h{JCPhap va
I((! Ihanh h(J Iru/JnK B(i Ciao D{lC (1X40). Cousin (1U(ICtlanh til! l(Jn ('() chan IronK ha h()i {[(1nl-:van h(JU Mn
Ilhal t~i Phlip va" eUIlXmf)t th'fi xiull. D" la H(ii D,jllx Cilio Due Phlip (11140), Hall Uim Vifll Phlip (/1141)
l'a Him Will Vien Khou H()c Phup (lX4/). Sau l1l(it Ih(ii Kian liinh d(}o nKimh giuo tll;lc Phup, Cousin trt!lffi
nghf d~IY(ri(1 h()c l'U c(ing tue wJi cuc Iri({ Kia khuc, Nil)' unh hutlng, phI;' hien quun t1iim Iri(t h(JC If luting
(idea/ism) fI Phlip. OnN cung chinh fa h()(' gid dua ra quun (li~in philn IOl;JiIrie't h()c Ihunh han ngimh:L'hu
n,~hiaIf tUfln;.: (idealism), chiJ nghla tlu)' cam (sensualism), chiJ nghta IhJn hi (m)'stid,'1m) vJ chiJ nJ:hlu hoili
tighi (skeptici.'iIll). Quan {1i#m nay (1il gt1)' tranh fu(1n s/h mil J.:ii1acuc triet gia. Cousin sung luc nhi2u Ide
phu'f1j (rie't h()(', phe hlnh Irie't h(J(, Plato wi ('uc h(Je thuyet triet h()(' cif {1C1ikhuc Dr;ic hi(t, cd Ie (jn;.: Iii. h(J(,
giii (1du tien viet tuc phJm nghien L'liu vf cdc nht1n 1'(11 ph{l ni1WJO the' ky thli /7.
(*) .Iulex Michelet ( J 79X.1 X74). Sa gia, nhd giuo d{lc Phup. Li1 L'on m()t Ih(1 in, nhung (lu(/C ;.:iuo dl;lc ('hu duo.
(*)

154

Ciao dl:lc
Michelftf
phum
sung

gidng dl;J)' (ich .HI \'U triet h(Jc

Ne' Science
((10,

tri tu(Jng

'C:li trUl/nt:

{'uu Vic() sung lien/-: PhJp.

tLl(lng

ciiu

h(JC

J.:id

sLl ph(}fll.
Vico.

Chilu the' ky tMi8

hien s(}~n nhiJu stkh ;.:lJ() khou va bien djch uic

Cun;.: nhll ViC/Of Cousin,

Giamhatti.tlu

Au

On;.: lrd

(;nx

chiu

iinh hucJng quan

thdnh glt.inl ,1()e: nf:unh

Vi~n Philp. Tl;Ii l1Jy, (jnl-: {'(.I dip 1}ghien ('UU sau r(jnK v~ .'iU \'U del h(; SU NUrlc PhJp (His/oire

sit

Iffi

ddm

ric

Buo Tung

de La France), 6

('ufin, hoim ((it \'U() nilm lX43; nam lX67. h(i sit n,uy dU(IC holm thimh lTd)' til han wJi J J ("ulin.

3. 51! tie' n b(l ciia n~n d"i hQc d Duc

Vito the ky thu 18, chinh quy6n quan tam nhi~u Mn giao dl!c han trudc kia. Chinh
4uy~n d day du la che dQ quan chu chuyen che hay cac d~i bi~u quoc hQi d~u cung co
mClt4uan di~m v~ s\fIQi ich cua giao dl!c. Van d~ wang bach giao dl!c tren [oim quoc
dUlic dill ra. Nhung tren thuc te, h5u nhu khong co nai nao dii th\fc hi~n dUQc. Cac nha
liinh dao gi:1o duc cling nh~n djnh rang gia tr! giao dl!c tuy lhuQc vao khii nang cua giao
vien. Do do, dc lruong SUph~m dUQclhanh laP t~i nhi~u nai. Tuy vaY, tren th\fC te, trlnh
d" hleu blel cua gl:1o vlen van con nghco nan va nghe daY h((c khong du nuoi song nha
gi:1o, khong thu hut dUQcc:1c sinh vien co kha nang th\fc s\f.
Tit the ky thu 16, tlnh trang giao dl!c l~i cac lrU(lng d~i hQc co chi~u hudng suy thoai
V(jl Iy do chinh la chien lranh giua dc lCm gi:1o lien liep xfry ra. Dii co nhung tien bQ v~
khoa hoc nhung nhung lien bQ nay thuang dUllc lh\fc hi~n t~i cac han lam vii)n do chinh
4uy~n lai tn! ma khCmg phai 0 dc d~i hQc. C:1c truong d.,li hQc vao giai do~n nay chi dong
vai trll dao l~o nhan vien cho cac van phong cong 4uy~n. Tuy v~y, d~i hQc cling co pMI

:.

lri6n '.dac biet. la tai

. Duc.
Truong D~i h((c Halle dUQc thanh laP vao giai do~n nay va dUQc xem nhu la mQt d~i
hoc hii)n d~i dung nghia d5u tien. Truong bal ngui\n lit trung tam huan luy~n cac hi~p si
du'ljC chinh lhuc thanh laP vao nam 1694 do sac I~nh cua hoang de nudc Duc. Khoi s\f,
Dai hoc Halle co muc dich chinh la truy~n ba tu tU(lng Tin Lilnh Luther. Sau, nho co s\f
hii)n dii)n clla mQt so gi:1o SUnlli tieng, dac bii)t lit August Francke (Xem ph5n ke tiep),
lruIing dii mil rQng chu'tJng trlnh giang daY vu,11ra ngoai ton giao. Mot di~m quan trQng 0
day la Dai h\Jc Halle khdi s\f giiing d~y tat cii de mClIlhqc bang tieng Duc, thay VItieng
La Tinh. Vii)c nay dUlic dc dui hQc kh:1c 0 Duc va toan th~ Au Chau theo got. Chuang
trlnh giang d~y ng6n ngu dan tQc t~i dc d~i hQc gay chong doi giiJa cac nha liinh d~o d~i
h"c va gi"li bao lhu, h'iC ph:1i lriel h\Jc kinh vien scholasticism. Francke, nha giao dl!c neli
tieng dii nhic t(ji l1tren, co anh hU(1ngWn tui D~i hqc Halle va n~n gi:1o dl!c Duc trang cii
the ky thu 1g, dan ddu v~ dc Ill' tU(lng nghien cUu s:1ng l~o. D~i h((c Halle la d'.li hQc d5u
lien Cll chuc gi:1o su nganh Sl(ph~m. Vito cuoi the ky nay, s\f Xliat hien cua Truong D~i h((c
Gottingen, dii ClIng voi dai h((c Halle, liinh d~o Au Chau trong chuang trlnh giang d~y
d~i hoc. D~i hqc Gottingen dUQcthanh laP vao nam 1737, neli lieng vdi vi~c phl,lc hc5igiang
d~y dc hqc lhuyet ciS di6n va thiel laP khoa triet hqc rieng re, l:1ch ra kh6i th5n hQc, dii
ISS

Giuo

dl:lc

Au eMu the' ky tlul 18

dao tao dlll1c nhi~u hoc gia. Khoa su ph~m cua d~i hQc nay ding dao t~o du<Jc nhi0u giao

n'

vien ~l) kha nang.

tr

II. Giao d\lc chiu anh huang "chii nghia nhi~t t1nh" pietism voi Francke, Hecker va
cac tru'ong su' ph~m diiu tien
V5n d0 tin di~u ton giao da trd thanh de tai tranh lu4n giua Ky To Giao va cac giao h(\i
Tin Lanh trang d 200 nam. Khong th~ giai 4uyet du<Jcnhung b5t dc\ng m(lt each on hoa,
mot cUoc chien tranh dii bung n6 giua nhung giao dan co cung m0t nguGn goc tin nguong
do cac nha liinh d~o chu xudng. D6 la CU(lC"Chien Tranh 30 Nam" Thirty Years' War
(1618-1648) gilla Ky To Giao va Tin Lanh tai nhieu nudc Au Chau vdi h4u 4ua la hang
trieu sinh hnh dii hy sinh Im)t each vtl nghla, bie't bao nha cua, lang m~c bi tieu huy va
anh hui'ing kh6ng it Mn v5n d0 giao d~c vao the' ky thu 17 va 18.
D~ han g~n ve't thu(lng chien tranh, cOng nhu M doan ket cac giao ht)i, mot s6 cac nha
giao d~c cOng Ii\ tu sl Tin Lanh dii dua ra mot 4uan di~m ton giao m(jj vdi tin dieu khac
voi Ky Til Giao cOng nhu Tin Lanh chinh thclng. Do la 4uan di<:m thco "chu nghla nhiet
tlnh" pietism r5t thinh hanh vao khoang tll nam 1675 den nam 1740 i'J Au Chau. Hai nha
giao d~c tieu bi<:u cua 4uan di~m nay la Francke va Hecker.
I. Nha ghio d~le August Hermann Francke - Gino d\lC thJ!c d~mg
Francke ("-1727) la nha giao, tu sl Tin Lanh nguoi Duc, giang day tai nhi0u trulJng
trung hQc grammar school, trd thanh giao su Dai hQc Halle, dong thoi cung la tu 51 cua
nha tho ke c4n. Ong r5t dau long khi chung kien dnh xa xac cua hQ d~o va danh nhieu
thai gian M thu'C hi(ln cong tac xa hQi cho giao dan. Nam 1695, 6ng thit 14p mot truong
ti~u hQc danh cho con em cac gia dlnh nghao tung voi ml)c dich giang d~y cho hQc sinh
nh4n biet thu<Jng de'va thu'c hi~n nhung di~u tot lanh theo ton chi cua d~o. Nho long nhi~t
thanh va ho~t dQng tich cu'c, Francke nh4n du<,1csu' d6ng g6p nong nhiet cua cac nhi! hao
t5m va chuang trlnh phat tri~n cac truong cho nguoi ngheo du,Jc thuc hien mt)t cach n~anh
ch6ng, rQng rai. Sau cac truong cho tre em nghCo, Francke thiet 14p cac trudng ti~u hQc
tra hQc phi danh cho can em cac gia dlnh kinh doanh thanh thi co kha nang tai chinh. Tiep
theo la mQt co nhi vi~n va cu6i cung la cac tru(Jng noi tru danh cho con cm cae gia d1nh
4uy toc. Di0u hi!nh mOt t6 chuc giao dl)c rong llln nhung Francke khong tim ra du<Jcgiao
vien c6 kha nang. Do do, eli!cung ung cho he th6ng giao dl)c dang phat tri~n, 6ng thit 14p
truong su ph~m t~i D~i hQc Halle di! dao t~o nhan vien nganh giao dl)c vao nam 1706.
Dong thai, ong thit 14p m0t trutJng nu danh cho con gai cac nha 4uy tQc nhung chuang
trlnh nay khilng tGn t~i du<Jclau. COng t.li Dai ht.>cHalle, tmg thanh liip !m)t nha sach cho
sinh "ien. m()t nha xu5t h.ln. miil pht\ng thi nghit;m hlia hoc, hiln trung tam thl!C hanh
156

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Ciao d~c Au eMu the' ky tM 18

"",

n6ng nghi~p, m(\t trung tam giao d\!e kinh thanh e6 van phong gU'i phai doan truy~n giao
ra m1lJe ngoai. Nhung hoat d(\ng giao d\!e eua Francke
tn] thanh n6i tieng
vao khoang
Francke

khap Au Chau. Cae co Sl] giao

tit nam 1750, da diin diin d1it dudi quyfn

tai D~i .hqe Halle giup d~i hge nay

due nay eang

ngay eang phat trien va

ki~m soat eua ehinh quy~n.

rat quan tam den tinh thiin ton giao qua ehu nghTa Pietism

va ong mong mu6n

dem thlfe hanh trong giao due. Tinh thiin ton giao theo ong la tam IllIlg bae ai, d~o due,
nhi~t t1nh, hy sinh. De thue hi~n cae Iy tuang tren; trullng hge eua ong e6 ky lufit eao,
lheo diji cae sinh hoat eua hqe sinh; e6 tinh thiin hqe lfip tfch qfe va nghiem
thieu cae hoat dOng vui eh(ji giai trL Tai cae truljng nQi lnl, ehudng

ehinh, nhung

trlnh hqe tfip kh(j,i sl!

tit 5 gia sang den 7 gilj teli, trong d6 e6 gia hoc tfip kinh thanh, e6 gia ciiu nguy~n. Tai cae
truljng trung hqe grummar sehuu/ va eao ding,

hqe sinh dUl}e hqc dqe, viet, tlnh toan, kinh

thanh van dap, tieng La Tinh, tieng Hy L~p, tieng Do Thai, ngo~i ngu dong phuong,
Iy, sU', loan hl,le k~ ca thien van va hlnh hqe, thl!e vat hoc, dOng vfit hqe, khoang

dia

chat hqe,

giai phau hqe, thiin hqe; them Vall d6, hqe sinh elln dUl.je hqe cae mon ky thufit nhu ngh~
lhUl)e da, ellt kinh, nghf

lam vuan, eung nhu cae ehudng

trlnh tham quan thl!e tfip t~i cae

cd so thUljng mai, cae hang xuilng, cae ntlIlg trai ... Day Ja mOt ehUljng lrlnh giao d\!e 16ng
quat va sau r(1I1g lUljng tu nhu quan diem giao d\!e eua Comenius
the n6i rJng Francke

(Xem ehtfong trude). C6

da dua vao giao due mOt ehullng trlnh thl!e d\!ng vdi cae man khoa

hl,le, cae bai hqe v~ ky thufit thu ding, cae buili tham quan thl!e lfip tai cho va

d vi~e dqe

ball chi lrong Idp hoc.

2. Nha giao dl.lc Johann
Hecker

Julius

Hecker

- Giao dl.lc ky thu:;tt thlfc dl.lng

den Dai hqe Halle trude khi Francke

dUdc quclc VUljng mai den Berlin,

mat va giang d~y 13 nam. Nam 1739, ong

nay Iii thu do eua Due

M thiel

lfip Truong

Trung Hqe

Ky Thufit Rea/sehu/en e6 m\!e dfch chunn bi eho cae thanh nien hll~t dOng trong cae ngimh
ky nghe v(~i cae ky thuat m(~i hien dang phat tri~n tai cae nude Phap, Anh. Lop thanh nien
mdi nay kh6ng nhung dUlJe hqe tfip cae mon ky thufit ma can dUl1e hqe hoi Iy tuang ton
giall call quy cUa ehu nghTa Pietism

eli! tinh thiin ton giall eung voi kien thue ehuyen man

dU\Je lhl!e hi~n trong eUQe sting lhl!e teo Chu(jng lrlnh hqe tfip 6 nam va bao gam cae man
nhan van eQng vdi cae mtlll ky thufit nhu kien true. xay dl!ng, ky ngh~ san xufft, kinh
doanh,

ngoai

thUljng. Nhu vfiy, ehUljng trlnh bao gi\m cii cae man khoa hqc thuiin tuy

(lrong cae mon nhan van) va cae m6n ky lhufit can ban. Ngoai ra, truong can c6 phbng tai
lieU gi\m ban di\, m6 hlnh, cae loai d\!ng e\! khae vdi m\!e dich trl} giup eho eong lac giang
daY. Cae truang

ky thufit nay diin diin dUl.Je thanh

lfip tai cae lhanh pho' khae tren toan

qUelL Trong the ky thu 19, so nam h,.,C tfip tang len 9 nam va truang
truang

trung hqe can ban. Nam 1763, Hecker

157

tra

thanh

SOan thall mOt chudng trlnh giang

m(\l lo~i
d~y voi

Gido

d(4C

Au eMu

tM

ky

tM J 8

cac lu~t l~ chi tie't va d\)' thilo nay dii trCfthanh van biln chinh cho h~ th6ng giao d~c
t;.tiDuc.

~tpe

",".'

:f'rSCI,.

":tit';'

i~

3. Cac tnfling su ph:.tm dllu tien

Chuong trlnh dao t~o giao vie~ dau tien dUlJCth\)'c hi~n t~i Duc vao dllu the' ky thu 18
va ban g6m cii vi~c huffn luy~n Hln vi~c tu nghi~p thuong xuyen. Truong su' ph~m dllu
tien duljC gQi la Gymnasium (trung tam th dl)c di~n kinh). Sau duljc gQi la Seminaire Seminary hay Ecole Normale - Normal School. Truong thu nMn clk thanh nien dii hQc he't
chuong tdnh tiu hQc ho~c cao dftng tiu hQc (cao han tiu hQc hai, ba nam). T~i tru'ong
su ph~m, sinh vien duljc hQc v~ kie'n tMc tBng quat, cac quan dim giao dl)c, cac phuong
phap giilng d;.ty. Sinh vien co tdnh dQ hQc vffn can biln ti~u hQc se trCflhanh giao vien tiu
hQc sau khi t6t nghi~p; sinh vien co hQc vffn can biln cao dftng tiu hQc se IrCfthanh giao
vien trung hQc. Truong su ph~m dfru tien do nha giao d~c Francke (Xem philn 11, I Cftren)
thanh Ii).pt;.tiD;.tihQc Halle vao nam 1706. Vao cu6i the' ky, co khoilng 30 truong su' ph~m
dii dUljc thanh I~p t;.tiDUe.
Vi~c thanh I~p h~ th6ng cac truong su ph~m dua dn vi~c kim tra tdnh dQ kie'n tMc,
theo doi vi~c giilng d~y va tu nghi~p hang nam cho giao vien. Tfft cii giao vien ph8.i tham
d\)' ,n(>t so' buBi hQi thilo d trao dBi va hQChoi them kinh nghi~m. HQi thao nQi bQ hang
[hang, hOi thilo khu vlfc hai thang mQt Ifrn, hQi thilo cilp cao mQt ho~c hai Ifrn hang nam.
Duc ke't cac bu6i hQi thilo duljC phB bie'n de'n cac giao vien. Ljch trlnh cac buBi hQi thao
dlfljc thong bao de' cac giao vien co co hQi ghi ten tham d\)'.

III .. Giao d\lc chiu anh hu'dng "chii nghTa t1/ nhien"

Ilaturalism va chii nghTa "duy

cam" sellsaliollislll voi Rousseau,CondiIlac,

Helvetius, Basedow, Kant
I. Nha ghio dl)c Jean Jacques Rousseau - Giao d\lc lily hQc sinh lam trung tam
Nhii'ng nha Ianh d;.to chu nghTa nhi~t tlnh Pietism chu truang r~ng long thanh va s\)' s6t
sang ngoan d;.to dua den mQt cUQc s6ng t6t dt;p. Trang khi do, Rousseau (*) va cae
(/7/2-/77X)
liJ {riet Mia, nhiJ J{ido dl:lc mi; lien/-: n;.:liiJi PhdI'. Tu (u(Yng eua ong cd
(1nil Itt/ling Mtlllell triel h(}(', ;.:iuo df!.c lIU ('ur)c cc1ch nl'.1n;.: PhcJp /7X9. 6nK m(1 ali m~ nga)' khi LVI Mng, hi eha
he; fft( khi Ilu~i cd 10 tulf,., son,': lun;.: thang \"u lam nhiRu vire dl tl! mLlU sinh, II! hQc hiJi. Cel C:U(J(.'d()i,
ROUJ,H:UU nUJIl.~ lJl~kcum Ilhu hi xil h(ii he; nfi va twill lu/in hut man. Tron;: c.:u()c.:
J/fng tlnh cam gia dinh (ing
cung thd; h(li.6n;: lit tin ,M Tin Lil1lh, ciii dlJo SUll}.: Ky T(i Gido, sau l(li tn) vJ VlJi Tin Umh, Nam J757~5X,
(inK tfC.mhIUt!1I KUY;:ilt \'(Ji",ic than hau tron}.: nhiJm cac.:nha triR; h{)c. Nam J 762, (ing phili tr({n .'lang Thl;lY
Si (S'witz.erhllld) \'i cd tU tUf}ng ch(i'n;:eW'iKy T(i Gido qua rUcphdm Emile, Nt1m 1766, (ing all{fCtn()i .'lung Anh
Ilhung ha; el(1ngj kie'n wJi llJ.:urlinu}i l'U tn} \'~ Phdp. Tit nam 1770, Rousseau tr)p trunK vao vi~c:sung tdc va
\'lei clu'toc,Ji tit trie', l.f ele'n eh{nh tri, kinh te: tiEu thuye;, tha, ca nhc kjc:h, am nh(lc, phe hinh ...Tdc
phtim chfmh cuu linK J.:(1m"Vu(}n Cay Charmetres" Le Verger des Charmettes - The On'had
Charmettes,
lII(jt t(lp tho (1739); ."Lu(i.n V~ Am Nhc,JcHi~1l Tc,Ji"Dissertution sur la Musique M()derne-Discourse on the
Modem Music. phe hi"h um "hc,JcPhdI' ,1/.1(111;': tfuJi (1743),' "Nan}.:Thr1Xinh D~p"Les MU.'iesGutunte!i ~The
f.*) Jean Jucque,\" Rousseau

qr

~_WI
~:'"uij
'0

~itit,

Di .

Ni"
m(ll

4.3,

!.c:hiJ
. De
Die
pM

Hu,
phil
Lea

ph<

If v.
din;
tha
hoi
ngt

Di5
ph~
hQi
chil
ngL

bie
t':\o
ngt
ehi!
1
qua

nga
gia,
dil
dUQ

mQI
phu

158

Ciao dl;lC Au eMu the' ky thlll8

Ell::,l;un/ MUJI::J, ffU)11UC pf/(J'm nJu;JC kjeh (/750); "Nh()n Djnh vt1 Khou H{)(' VJ Nxhr ThwJt" Disc()urs sur les
Sciences et les Arts - Discourse on Sciences amll\rrs, inh ht/rlng s1u xu Didero{ (Xem phan saul, chi trich
nc;ing n~ ngh? rhu()t til m(il dl:lng C{l 1; tuyen truyen vu!Um ;.:iJu ella J.:i(/i quyell the: Kiiiu e(l (/750); "Thdy Btli
Litng" Le Devin du Village - The VilluXe Fortune-Tellef,
m(H lcie phdm cu hili kjch (J 752); "Narcisse",
m(J/ ("(1 nh(JCkich (/752): "Kinh Te' Chinh TTf" Economie Politique ~ Political Economics, m(it ltJ tai lronx h(j'
IU die'n hJch kho(J ( 1753); "Nh(lIl D;nh vJ Ngu(Jn GilL" Bitt 8inh DJng" Di.H:uurs sur l'Origine de l'lneKulile Disc()une Oil ,he O,i,;in (~rltle4uulity, m(j( rue phii'm [jeh!ill phdt [rien 1/{)j Xi/tng con flXLt/,i (1755); "Julie Huy
Nimg Heloise M(Ii" Julie ou /a Nouvelle He/oiu - Julie or the New Heloise, 11I(jtti;u thuyet tinh dim lilng
nU:'II, rJl1uy, Rou.'iseuu dii tm/(tn ten Heloise,
nJ.:ui'tiyeu cua h(JCKid nt1i tieng Ahelard (Xem chuang 10, m;tc t,
4.3) (/76)); "Khe. U'fc Xii H(ii" Du Conlrul Sociu/- The Sociu/ Conlruel, m(illae phdm quun tr(Jng vi /ieh su
chinh'tri, dua ra quan ddm ve ('hinh quyen va quyen canx ddn (1762); "Emi/e" hu)' "vJ Gido DlfC" Emile ou
De I'Education - Emile or On Edu(,{Jtion, 4 CU/j/l, m()t tac phdm ve Kiao d~c (1762); "Til Diin Am Nh(j.c"
Dic.'liotlui re de Music - Music Dictionary,( 1767) "l....l,irran nnh", 6 cUiJn dJu Con./t!ssiotls - Conjt!.'isions, tdc
phum tl! truy~n, nh4n (linh ve ('U(Je ,W)nK va hunh (l()ng bun thun (17X2); "U(1c Ma Cuu
DOc
Hunh" Reveries du Promeneur Solitaire - Reveries (~llhe Solitary Strole, ndi len dim nghf rieng IU, m()t tac
ph(im (l~rva em diu, (17X2); "Litl rrdn Tinh", 6 cu6n cu(/i Con.!t!ssions . Con.ti!ssiofls,
17X9); "Rousseau,
Lean Jucques Nh4n D;nh" Roun'eau, Juge de Jeun Jacq'ue,f- Rousseuu, Judge oj'Jeun Jacques, tac gid trulili
rhe phan ctW cac nhJ rhe hinh (17X9). Ndi chunK, Rousst:uu dii duu ru quun difm XiJo d~cnt(Ii, tU tU(lng trie't
I)" ve con ngLlili, ve ehinh quyen, ve quyen ('()nx dun. NKoui ru, 6nK c(}n fa tde Kid ,1du tien v/ft tilu thuyettinh
cam lilnx nl(lfl, nul ddu phonx truo tanh m(jn lU cutJ'i the' ky tht1 18 den Kiua the' k)' thti 19.

Ke

than hihJ da d~t trQng tam vao Iy lu~n, giao dl)c thl!c dl)ng va nh~n djnh sang su6t M hQc
hoi va mu'u c5u h,lnh pnuc. HQ la cac nM (u' tu'ting thoi Hu'ng Thinh, tin tu'ang vao chll
nghia (I! nhien naturalism. Trang tac ph5m "Nh~n Dinh v~Ngu60 G6c Bat Blnh D~ng"
Discours sur ['Origin de ['Im!galite, Rousseau trlnh bay v~ lich sU'phat tri~n can ngu'oi,
phiin biet giUa "con ngu'oi thien nhien" (can ngu'oi voi ban chat III nhien) va "can ngu'oi xa
hQi" (can ngu'oi bi xii hQi chi ph6i). Ong Iy IUan rang giao dl)c thich dang se phat trii!n ban
chat t6t dyp clla can ngu'oi. Ong ciing nh~n ra rang c6 nhi~u ban chat khac nhau, Can
ngu'oi nguyen thuy c6 ban chat t6t, nhu'ng bi xa hQi chi ph6i, lam thay ddi ban cha't di,
bien thanh con ngu'oi th(ji d<)i. 51! xua't hien cua nghe thuat va khoa hQc la nguyen nhan
t'!o nen con ngl(oi hlnh thl1c, fch ky va con ngu'oi ich ky rat kh6 tra v~ vdi ban cha't t6t dyp
nguyen thuy VI tinh ich ky che ngl! doi song. Rousseau to ra bi quan v~ sl! thay ddi ban
chat con ngu'oi trang xa hQi moi.
Trang tac ph5m v~Giao Dl)c hay Emile, xua't ban nam 1762, mQt tac ph5m 4 cu6n ra't
quan trQng v~ giao dl)c, Rousseau du'a ra nh~n dinh trang viec giang d,!y mQt dl1a tre con
ngay tho M s6ng thfch hC.Jpvoi mQi hoan canh xa hQi, Dl1a tre d6 la Emile. Trang viec
giao duc, Emile se s6ng trang mQt the gidi nho hyp g6m c6 em va ngu'oi thily, Nhung d~c
dii!m cua xa hQi se diln diln tham nh~p van the gidi nho be qua ngu'oi thily ma Emile se
du'lJChoc hoi va chap nhiin. Chu dich giao dl)c t0ng quat cua Rousseau
day Iii trlnh bily
mQt du'ong loi giao dl)c Ill' nhien, quan tam den ca nhan hQc sinh ma ngily nay tra thilnh
phu'ljng phap giao dl)c "lay hoc sinh lam trung tam" students centred, khac voi du'ong 16i

159

Gido dl;lCAuChau tMky thlt 18

giao dl)c hlnh thue ho~e qua khu6n miiu eua xii hQi, M giao dl)e Emile trClthanh mQt eong
dan t5t e6 tl1 tl1C1ngxii hQi, e6 d\lo due, bie't 19 lu~n nhl1ng viin duy td dl1ge ban ehilt tot
d~p nguyen thuy.
Trang euon I, tac gia tdnh bay Emile la mQt dua tre ttt khi IQtlang m~ toi We t~p n6i. Di~u
quan trQng trong vi~c san s6e sue khoe va pMt trii!n blnh thl10ng ella Emile CIgiai dO\lnnay 111
em hQi; hoi vi~e eu dQng tay chan va nhilt la vi~e su dl)ng die giae quan. Ngl10i hl10ng dh
phai ehu 'I d~e bi~t de'n vi~e phan bi~t nhUng nhu du thlfe Slfva nhUng nhu du hlnh thue, giil
t\lOkh6ng dn thie't ella dua tre vao giai dO\ln nay. Trang euO'n2, Emile la mQt c~u be ttt khi
bie't n6i toi tu6i 12. Tra ehdi giao dl)e, cae hlnh thue giai tri lanh m\lnh khac nen dl1ge ap dl)ng
vao giai dO\ln nay va dua tre kh6ng VIbilt eu 19 do nao phai b~t bUQehQe hoi qua nhi~u so voi
tri 6e nOn not cua cae em. c~u be Emile se h9C hoi qua kinh nghi~m, khong phai chi qua sach
vCl.Trang vi~e giao dl)c CIday, Emile se dl19Cngl10i th~y chi diin va hQe hoi nhUng gl thlfCte',
dn thie't eho doi sO'ng.Trang euO'n3, tac gia .trlnh bay tu6i thie'u nien ttt 12 de'n 15. Day la giai
dO\lnhQc t~p, khong phai chi voi sach vClvoi nghTa thong thl19ng rna la saeh vClv~ xii hQi thlfe
slf. Emile phili dl1Qctie'p nh~n kie'n thue thlfc nghi~m t6ng quat cGng nhl1 ngh~ nghi~p ehuyen
mon. Em hQc hoi khoa h9C khong phai voi nhUng con sO'v~ cac hi~n tl19ng rna thlfc hanh
nhUng thi nghi~m dn thie't di! tIm hi~u thlfc te' cGng nhl1 giai quye't eac viln d~ khoa hQc. Em

hQc v~ Ijch su con ngl1oi, v~ nhUng kinh nghi~m xii hQi ng6 h~u c6 thi! ling xu voi mQi hoan
canh trong khuon kh6 d\lo due va Il1dng tam. Trang giai dO\ln nay, Emile di vao ngl10ng ci'ra
ella tu6i trl1C1ngthanh va phai hii!u bie't dl1ge vi~e hQe hoi 1'1 lu~n. Tie'p de'n la vi~e I~p gia
dlilh, chl1dng tdnh giao dl)c chinh thue ehilm dUt. Toi day, Emile c6 thi! n6i dl19Cla dii hii!u
bie't nhUng kie'n thUecan ban va e6 thi! sO'ngtlf I~p.
Trang euO'n 4, tae gia dii M e~p de'n Sophie, c6 gai se I~p gia dlnh voi Emile. Theo
Rousseau, phl1dng phap giao dl)c phl) nu cGng tl1dng tlf nhl1 thanh nien e6 nghTa la giao
dl)c tlf nhien nhl1ng VI gioi tinh kMe bi~t nen chl1dng tdnh giao dl)e cGng khae bi~t. Phl)
nu, theo 6ng, kh6ng thi! giao dl)e nhl1 thanh nien VI vai tra nu gidi la lIung tam' ella gia
dlnh,la ngl10i V9, la ngl10i m~. Phl) nu nen dl1ge giao dl)e M duy trl h\lnh phue gia dlnh,
lu6n lu6n chung to e6 danh gia, dUe h\lnh, hy sinh. Nhl1 v~y, giao dl)e kie'n thue sau rQng
kh6ng dn thie't rna chi dn giao dl)e giOi h\ln e6 tinh each thlfe te'M bao dam cae duc tinh

"

to't d~p tren co thi! thlfe hi~n d119C.

Nhln chung, ehinh Rousseau kh6ng doan eh~c dl19Cding Emile va Sophie se c6 dl1ge
h\lnh phue sau khi roi ghe' nha truong. Ke't qua chl1dng tdnh giao dl)e eua 6ng can c6 di~m
nghi ngo. Tuy v~y, kh6ng e6 mQt hQc giii nao dii gay anh hl1C1ngeho nhi~u the' h~ sau v~
.giao dl)e nhl1 Rousseau. Gng trlnh bay mQt cach sO'ng dQng va thlfc te' v~ mQt con ngl10i
sinh ra, IOn len, hQe hoi rbi sO'ngtrang xii hQi. TI1 tl1C1ngcua 6ng dii khuye'n khich cae trie't
gia, cae tl1 tl1ang gia, cae nM khoa hQe xii hQi, cae nha giao dl)e sau nay nhl1' Basedow,
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Kant (Xem philn 3 ke' tie'p) trong vii;c xay dlfng quan dim giao d\lc t6ng quat. Dim quan
trQng ve nguoi thily theo quan dim ciia Rousseau trong vii;c giao d\lc Iii giao vien pMi
c6 du<;Jcnh~n djnh thich dang ve: tie'p nh~n kie'n thuc ciia tu6i tre da khuye'n khich
Pestalozzi (Xem chuang 18, m\lc Ii) du'a ra quan dim tie'n bo ve giao d\lc. Cu6i cung,
Rousseau nhiln m~nh vao vii;c tim hiu ban chilt ciia dua tre da c6 anh hudng sau xa va Iii
ngu6n cam hung d nha tam Iy Jean Piaget (Xem chuang 21, m\lc III) nghien cUu ve slf
phat trin tam Iy va th chilt con nguoi.
2. Nha giao d\lc Etienne Bonnet de Condillac - Ciao d\lC ap d\lng "phudng ph3p
phan tfch"

Mot so' hQc gia duang thai, cung c6 mot so' quan dim tuang tlf nhu Rousseau va Locke
(Xem m\lc I, I cung chuang nay), du<;JcgQi la cac hQc gia theo chii nghIa duy cam
sensationalism hay cac nhit tam Iy duy cam sensationist psychologist. Mot !rong nhung
hQc gia nay Etienne Bonnot de Condillac, nguoi du<;Jccoi nhu da gioi thii;u va phat trin
trie't Iy giao d\lc Locke vao dilt Phap.
Condillac (1714-1780) la trie't gia, nha giao d\lc Phap, chiu anh hudng quan dim
Locke. Trong tac philm "NMn Djnh ve Viln De Ouy Cam" Traite des SensationsTreatise on Sensations (1754), Condillac tudng tu<;Jngra mot buc tu<;Jngnhu m(\t nguoi
th~t, c6 suc s6ng nhung chua bao gio tie'p nh~n mot y tudng ho;ic mot cam giac. Cac cam
giac, cac y !lidng, liln IU<;Jt
di vao buc tu<;Jng.Bti'c tu<;Jngc6 sti'c s6ng Wc la co kha nang tie'p
nh~n slf kii;n qua kinh nghii;m ciia cac giac quan. Tie'p theo, "con nguoi tu<;Jng"pMt trin
slf tie'p nh~n stf kii;n va lu'u giu cac stf kii;n trong ky uC. oiln diln voi kinh nghii;m, con
ngu'oi nay c6 kha nang so sanh cac kinh nghii;m va cu6i cung c6 th dua ra nhung nh~n
dinh ve cac stf kii;n. Nh~n dinh nay Iii 6c phan doan. Moi khi phat trin kinh nghii;m, con
nguoi tU<;Jngtrd thanh con nguoi th~t nhieu han va Condillac kjch h6a tu tudng ding con
nguoi khdi stf la con so' khang nhltng tie'p nhij.n du<;Jccac kie'n thuc qua kinh nghii;m ciia
cae giac quan va trd thanh hiu bie't. Condillac khang chilp nhij.n quan dim bilm sinh va
nh~n djnh la tilt ca kie'n thuc deu c6 th tie'p nh~n. Quan dim nay dU<;Jctdnh bay qua tac
ph5m "Luij.n Thuye't ve Stf Hiu Bie't Ciia Con Nguoi" Dissertation sur l'Origin de la
Connaissance Humaine- Essay on the Origin of Human Knowledge (1746). d day, ang vie't
vi: "phuong phap phan tich" voi tri 6c quan sat cac stf kii;n mot cach c6 tM tlf, tie'p nhij.n,
phan tich, tich lily, trlnh bay cac stf kii;n cilng mot tM ttf nhu tren trong ky uC. Tu tudng
tie'p nhan, phan tich cac stf kii;n theo mot trij.t ttf thien nhien trong khi hQc hoi chUng to
quan dim chii nghIa ttf nhien naturalism d6ng thai voi quan dim chii nghIa duy cam
sensationalism ciia Condillac. d day, ang chiu anh hudng ca d Rousseau liin Locke. Khi
vie't tac philm "Luij.n Ly" Logique - Logic (1780), Condillac khang bat dilu voi nhung
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ti~n d~ hay nguyen tilc rna viet "...chung ta bilt d~u b~ng cach quan sat nhung slf ki~n rna
thien nhien dem I'l-i...". Ong giai thich r~ng giao dl,lc la phlidng phap quan sat, phan tich
tlidllg tlf nhli dliong 16i tre em hQc hoi d~ tie'p nh~n kien thuc khong co slf giup da cua
nglioi IOn. E>6ivoi nglioi ton, thien nhien se hliong diln trang vi~c tiep nMn kien thuc va
ciing co th~ thlfC hi~n vi~c nay qua s1f quan sat tre em hQc hoi mQt cach tlf nhien. Nhli
v~y, dliong 16i cac y kien, cac kien thuc xufft hi~n, dli\1Ctiep nh~h la cliong 16i "h\1p If' va
vi~c tie'p nMn se dli\1Cthlfc hi~n theo mQt thu tlf qua cac giac quan.

3. Nhil giao dt.Jc Claude Adrien Helvetius - "Giao dt.Jc,rnoi trliong"

Helvetius (1715-1771) la trie't gia, nha gino dl,lCnglioi Phap, co cung mQt quan di~m v~
chu nghla tlf nhien va chu nghla duy cam voi Condillac. Qua hai tac phffm lien quan den
giao dl,lc "Con Nglioi, Kien ThUc Va Giao Dl,lc" De l'Homme, de ses Facultes
lntellectuelles et de son Education (1774) va "Tri Tu~" De l'E:sprit" (1754), ong nhffn
m~nh hdn nua VaGquan di~m cho r~ng con nglioi thie'u kie'n thUc khi sinh ra va m~c d~u
co nhung slf khac bi~t v~ cffu t<)oth~ chfft, mQi nglioi d~u c6kha nang tie'p nh~n kie'n thuc
va cam xuc tlidng tlf. Sif khac bi~t v~ kie'n thuc khi trliang thanh la do kinh nghi~m giao
dl,lc khac nhau. Gia dl,l, hai nglioi dli\1ChQc hoi voi cung mQt kinh nghi~m va cung mQt
dliong 16i giao dl,lc se co kie'n thuc ngang nhau. Nhli v~y, trang vi~c giao dl,lc, giao vien
phai quan tam aen m6i trliong hQc t~p cua hQc sinh M hliong diln cac em tung blidc mQl.
Helvetius, CO Ie la mQt hQc gia dQc nhfft tin tliang mQt cach manh li~t r~ng co mQt slf
tliang d6ng v~ tie'p nh~n kien lhuc giua mQi ngliai voi di~u ki~n giao vien co kha nang
ki~m soat dli\1Cmoi trliang chung quanh cua hQc sinh.
4. Cac nha glao dt.Jcchiu anh hlidng Rousseau
Rousseau khong co mQt d~ til than tin nao, nhling hau nhli khong co mQt nha tli tliang
nao sau ong. da kh6ng it nhi~u chiu anh hliang quan di~m giao dl,lc thlfC tii!n a ong.
Baseuow va Kant la h<iihQc gia lieu bi~u nhfft.
4.1 Nhil glao dt.JcJohann Bernhard Basedow - "Giao dt.Jc thlfc dt.Jng va tich cljc"
Basedow (1723-1790) la nha giao dl,lc nglioi E>ucco anh hliang Ion; chu trlidng giaa
dl,lc thlfC dl,lng, gioi thj~u cac mon hQc th~ dl,lc th~ thao, khaa hQc tlf nhien; keu gQi chffm
dUt vi~c trung ph'l-t th6 xac, cham dUt 16i hQc Vt;t, chffm dUt 16i hQc thuQc long. Khi con la
mot hQc sinh, ong phan d6i viilc trung ph<)t th~ xac hi~n rfft thjnh hanh, bo trliong bo nha
ra di !lm cUoc s6ng tlf I~p. Ong tra thanh gia nhan cho mot bac sl va dli\1Ckhuye'n khich
tra I<)idi hQc. Nam 1744, vaa hQc t<)iE><)ihQc Leipzig, Basedaw Ia mot sinh vien thong
minh nhl1l1gthie'u ky lu~t, dff danh nhi~u thl gio kern them cho cac sinh vien con nha quy

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tQc hqc kern, lay ti~n an tieu phung phi. Nam ]749, lam gia su cho mQt gia d1nh quy tQc,
6ng phat minh ra mQt s6 tro choi phI) giup cho vi~c hqc hoi dul)C de dang va nhanh chang.
Sl! thanh c6ng nay dua ong vao giang d~y t~i Han Lam Vi~n Dan M~ch Academy of
Danemark. T~i day, lui giang d~y s6ng dOng, thl!c dl)ng cua 6ng lam sinh vien va giang
vien dOng nghi~p phai ng~c nhien va than phl)c. Tuy nhien, 16i s6ng phang tung va thai
dQ ch6ng deli ton giao lam cac dOng nghi~p xa cach va fmg phai tU chuc'. Li~n sau da, 6ng
tro thanh giang vien mQt hqc vi~n kh:ic. uin nay ong kh6ng thanh c6ng VI sinh vien a day
la can em cac nha quy tQc va nham baa thu, kh6ng ca dfru ac cap tien nhu nhii'ng sinh
vien khac. Nam 1768, 6ng xuat ban mQt tac ph5m chuyen khao dua ra M nghi ciii t6 giao
duc va thanh laP mQt truang su ph~m thuc dl)ng M huan luy~n giao vien. Hai nam sau,
6ng du\lc chinh quyen tai trl), thiet lap mQt cd si'l giao dl)c thl!c nghi~m "Hqc Vi~n Nhan
Van Xa H(\i" Philanthropium t~i Desseau (Dlic). Cac sinh vien t6t I"lghi~pkhaa dfru tien
ela lam ng~c nhien moi nguai VI hq da tn) thanh cac hqc gia ca thl!c tai. Trang s6 da ca
triet gia hqc gia Kant. Hqc vi~n tro thanh n6i tieng. Khi ca tu6i, 6ng nghi~n rul)u n~ng va
thuong co thai elQn6ng nay bat thuang. Vi~c nay elua elen sl! ra di cua nhieu giang vien c6
kha nang va chinh 6ng cling ra di vao nam 1?S4. Hqc vi~n Philanthrupium d6ng clla vao
nam 1793, ba nam sau khi 6ng mat.
'Basedow chiu anh huang cac nha giao dl)c Comenius, Locke va nhi~u nhat la
Rousseau. Cling nhu Rousseau, 6ng chia se quan dim v~ duang 16i giao dl)c thl!c dl)ng
h(ln la lOi n6i sach va. Giao vien, thea Basedow phai chu5n bi bai giang thilt r6 rang gian
di va l(Ji dl)ng tri~t M vi~c Sl! dl)ng cac tro Ch(li, cac sinh ho~t trang khi giang d~y. Ong
nhan elinh rang c6 th so~n thao, xep d~t hfru het cac bai hqc thanh mQt 16i giang d~y thl!c
dl)ng v(~icac sinh ho~t, tro choi. Tuy nhicn, giii'a Basedow va Rousseau c6 mQt dim 1Ii
bi~t. Basedow c6 khuynh huong giang d,!y tieh cl!c voi nhi~u bai va neu tre em c6 kha
nang tiep nhan. V~ ngoai ngii', ong cho rang hoe sinh c6 th~ hqc trang sau thang. N6i
chung, 6ng c6 vli m(\t phuong phap su ph,!m s6ng el(\ng, tieh cl!c trang m(\t khung ciinh s6i
ni;i cua Wp hoc. C6 Ie Basedow chiu anh huang con gai 6ng, moi ca b11ytu6i dft c6 kien
tMc I,! lung nho vao Quang 16i giao duc thl!C dung, tfeh cl!c. Phuong phap giao dl)c thl!C
dl)ng cua Basedow du<jc ap dl)ng va c6 hi~u qua r(\ng IOn. Phuong phap nay tra thanh
quan eli~m can ban trung viec ciii t6 chuong trlnh giao duc Duc.
4.2 Nha gino dl}c Immanuel Kant - Gino dl}c luan Iy va thl/c dl}ng"
Kant (1724-1804) la triet gia n6i tieng nguai Dlic, hqc truang Philanthrapium, man d~
cua Basedow, giang d~y va lam chu nhi~m khoa triet hqc D,!i hqc Konigberg tren 50
nam, tit nam 1746 cho toi khi mat. Ong dua ra quan eli~m su ph,!m trang bai giang "V~ Su
Ph'!m" Uber Padagogik - On Pedagogy vao nam 1803. Ong nhan elinh rang can ngu'oi chi
163

Giao dc Au eMu thtkYthU 18

c6 th trliang thanh qua giao dl)c, til chi) vo tri tra thanh tri thuc. Giao dl)c ph8.i u6n n~n va
ren luy~n M con ngliai tra nen c6 van h6a, eWc h,!nh va nhien h~u t'!o dlfng h,!nh
pl1uc cho nhan lo,!i. Kant ciing nhli Rousseau, chU trliang giao dl)c tlf nhien, thlfC dl)ng
nhl1ng Kant con dlia ra mQt quan diin rieng v~ luan Iy. Ong nhiln m,!nh de'n vi~c giOi h,!n
cam xuc nhilt thai cua tre em bl!ng each giang d,!y d,!o duc voi nhung cau cach ngon XU'
the'. Dua tre phai hoc va tlf kiem dim M nh~n bie't hai di~u quan irong: tlf do va gioi h,!n.
Trang Uber Pedagogik, ong n6i:"Tre em phai dli<;1Cgiao dl)c kpong chi voi nhung gl (j
cUQcs6ng hi~n t,!i rna con phai chu y de'n nhung gl se x5y de'n cho con ngliai."

IV. Giao dt.'c chiu anh hu'dng "chii nghia quilc gia" nationalism voi Diderot,
Condorcet d Ph3p; voi Frederick the Great d Dt1c; voi Peter the Great, Catherine
the Great, Alexander I d Nga; voi Bell, Lancaster d Anh
Chliang trlnh giao dl)c qu6c gia dil thlfc slf thanh hlnh a Phap va d~n d~u Au Chau.
Chliang trlnh nay khai slf voi nh6m "Trie't gia" Philosophes. Day la mQt phong trao van
h6a cilp tie'n bao g6m cac trie't gia n6i tie'ng a Phap thai Hling Thjnh the' ky thu 18 nhli
Helvetius, Diderat (Xem ph~n sau), Rousseau, Voltaire (*), Condorcet (Xem ph~n
sau).
(') Volwire (/694-/77/1) la hul hifu cUa Francois Marie Arouel. Irift Kia. lac Kid dUnK hanK dtiu nllUc Phap. Tac
phdm nr1i lienX nhat Candile, dua ra quan diim triet h{JC v2 CU()(, s()ng, vi cal ll~p. dU{IC djch JunK tren 100
ngof!i ngil. Voltuire til con mt)t /u' SU, h(JC lruijnx D()n): Ten. h(l h{Jc tit niIm 16/ufli. 6ng IiJ ngui'li thlJng minh,
cd tai cham biem, !ucJn/u(jn buo vr cling If va thu(ing chI trich chinh quyJn cang nhu tlJn giuo. VI V(lY ong dli
nK,!i III Baslille (nhillll nffi litnK it Ihd dl! Paris. TronK CU(1ccach mqnK Phap /7/19. dun chunK pha nha III nay)
J I thanK. Dip nay rinK viet va hi kich mjj fitng "Oepide", dlfa van tMn thogi Hy Lgp va tier tl;iCsanK tac: Itli 50
vlJ kic:h. Triet Ii va cu(k .song dua ang wio Bastille ldn Ihu hai va fing ch(m dui'Jng Ii ngn () nu(Jc Anh thay VI litp
Ic nK6i Ill( /725). Nilm /729. InJ vJ mMc. tiep I(' .fanKlac. phe hinh chinh quyJn cho I<Jinilm /749. Nilm nay,
anK ,lu(1c hoanK de' DuO' Frederick Ihe Greal (Xem mc 2 hen dudi) nuii .fanKIht1m va ,J lqi ddy ha nilm . Sau tlo:
ling ainh c:u tgi Thl;iY Sf mQt thlli glan dili ad nghien CUu va sang lac. Ni1m J 777, khi e1ii83 luffi, ong trit vd mlrJc,
dU(fe a(Jn titp tr(mg th It}i Paris. Nrlm sau, (jng milt va dU(IC: an tang Igi nghfa trang qU(j'c gia i, Paris. Tal.' phdm
eUa Voitaireg6m dtliogi, ti'( triet hl,lc de'n kjch, tiEu thu)'et, lu~n thuyet, Ii'(ditn.

II

Cac trie't gia nay tin tliang vao ly tliang tie'n h6a cua can ngliai. Ho mong mu6n ap dl)ng
phliang phap khoa hoc Iy lu~n d tim hiu con ngliai va xii hQi. Ho cling tin tliang kien
thuc c6 the hoc hoi qua kinh nghi~m. Ho nh~n djnh dn phai c6 mQt hoc thuye't rieng bi~t
v~ d,!o dUc bi~t I~p voi trie't hoc va ton giao VI ho cho r~ng cac viln d~ d,!o duc c6 th giai
quye't mQt cach rieng reo Cac trie't gia nay c6 tli tliang ch6ng d6i ~y To Giao VI chu thuye't
ton giao nay d~t tren can ban thie'u duy Iy va c6 nhi~u di~u me tin. Ho ch6ng d6i M th6ng
chinh tri dliang thai a Phap va keu goi ciii tie'n. Do d6, nh6m cac nha trie't hoc dil khoi dfru
cac tli tliang each m<)ng va trang mQt s6 trliang h<;ipdil thI!c sI! d6ng g6p vao cUQc each
ffi,!ng nhli trang cUQcCach m,!ng Phap nam 1789. Trang s6 cac trie't gia tren, Diderat va
Condorcet d6ng g6p nhifu nhilt cho quan diem giao dl)c qu6c gia.
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Cac chinh th,g quan chil chuyen che't[)i eac qu6c gia khac
Au Chau cung nhu Phap
Mu chiu anh hUdng tu tuang cilp tie'n thai Hung Thinh. Cac chinh th,g nay dii thl!c hi~n
mQt so' chuang trlnh cai each xii hQi trang d6 c6 giao dl,lc. Tuy nhien, nhiIng cai tie'n crn
nay c6 gioi h[)n va khong lam t6n h[)i de'n uy quy~n cila chinh.th,g. Trang vi~c cai tie'n
giao duc, nhi~u truong hQc dl1l;1Cmd mang M dap t1ng nhu du hQc t~p cila con em giai
cap trung IltUvoi ml,lc dfch ml,lc dfch dao t[)Onhan vien cho t6 cht1c chinh quy~n m6i 11k
mQt rna rQng. D6i voi con em giai cilp lao dQng, chl1ang trlnh giao dl,lc con rllt giai h[)n VI
cae vua chua khong mu6n thay d6i tr~t tl! xii hQi, khong mu6n con em giai cilp ngheo nan
co dia vi ngang hang vai cac giai cilp khac ne'u hQ dltl;1cgiao dl,lc chu dao. Tuy v~y, dii c6
chinh sach cuBng bach giao dl,lc d Dt1c va mQt so' qu6c gia khac c6 chuang trlnh giao dl,lc
qu6c gia.
1. Chtidng trlnh giao dve qulle gia tl),i Ph3p - "Giao dve thlfe dVng"
1.1 Diderot vOi ehtidng trlnh "giao dve qullc gia thlfe dVng va giao dve khuye't

tll t "
Dennis Diderat (1713-1784) la trie't gia, nha giao dl,lc, hQc gia Phap, dii g6p cong nhi~u trang vi~c phat tri,gn chl1ang trlnh giao dl,lc qu6e gia
Phap. Ong nhiln m[)nh de'n vi~c
pMt tri,gn ca nhiln qua chuang trlnh giao dl,lc qu6c gia. Day khong pMi la mQt duong
huang M thich nghi h6a, c~p nh~t h6a chuang trlnh giao dl,lc hi~n hanh rna la mQt chinh
saeh giao dl,lc mai, tie'n bQ, ph6 c~p co ml,lc dich hulln luy~n eong dan tra thanh mQt phh
tll' t6t, c6 trach nhi~m trang xii hQi, c6 kie'n tht1c, bie't nh~n dinh plie phan. Ngoai chuang
trlnh giao dl,lc t6ng quat, ong con IltU tam de'n chuang trlnh giao dl,lc di,ic bi~t eho nhiIng
ngl10i tilt nguy~n. Ong la hQc gia d:iu tien c6 sang kie'n va sang tac v~ phuong di~n nay.
Nam 1749, ong vie't tac phii'm "Nhiln Dinh V~ Khie'm Thi" Lettre sur les Aveugles - Letter
on Blindness, dl1a ra d~ nghi giao dl,lc nguoi khie'm thi qua xuc giac. Nho sang kie'n nay,
nam 1824. mQt hQc sinh khie'm thi ngl10i Phap t[)i Truong Khie'm thi Paris ten la Louis
Braille (1809-1852) mai 15 tu6i dii pMt minh ra h~ th6ng chii' n6i giup nguoi khie'm thi
hQc, dQc, vie't sau khi Braille tie'p xuc bAng tay voi cac dllu n6i di~n tin tren mQt tllm bla
trang vi~c truy~n tin trang quan dQi. H~ th6ng chii' n6i nay dltqc Braille xullt ban thanh
sach vao nam 1829 va dltqc ap dl,lng M giang d[)y, dQc, vie't va giao tie'p cho nguoi khie'm
thi toi ngay nay. Sau khi t6t nghi~p, Braille duqc b6 nhi~m giang d[)y t[)i trl10ng tren. Nam
1751, Diderat xullt ban mQt tac phii'm tht1 hai v~ giao dl,lc khuye't tilt. D6 la tac phifm
"Nhiin Dinh V~ Khie'm Thinh Va Khie'm Thanh" Lettre sur les Sourds et Muets" - Letter on
Deafs and Dumbs, nghien cU'u v~ tac dl,lng cila ngon ngii' d6i vai nhiIng nguoi die'c hay

khie'm thinh va cam hay khie'm thanh.

MQt cong trlnh IOn lao cila Diderat, d6ng g6p mi)t cach gian tie'p cho chuang trlnh giao
t65

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d~c la vi~c ong clUng ra nh~n tnich nhi~m xuilt ban bo tit clign bach khoa t6ng quat, hi~n
cl,!iva clily du <.lilutien cua nhan lo,!i tit nam 1745 Mn nam 1772. Do la bQ "Tit Dign Bach
Khoa T6ng Quat" hay "Tit Dign H~ Th6ng VS Khoa HQc, Ngh~ Thu~t Va NghS Nghi~p"
Encyclopedie hay Dictionaire Raisonne des Sciences , des Arts et des Metiers _
Ef;cyclopedia hay Systematic Dictionary of the Sciences, the Arts and the Professionals. (*)
Trong 27 nam rang ra, Diderot da clong gop bie't bao cong suc va tai chinh cho sl,f
(*) Tit din bdch khou du(,1c khili ,H! sang tac tit thoi van h6a H(}; Gida (Xem mlfC cac h(Jc gid H(1i Giao

chuang 9, m~c 111,1 ). Ml)t s// tit diin bach khoQ khdc dU(lc bien SO{lfl tiep thea tt;li Trung Hoa. Cdc hQ lit di~'n
('he) I(if giai c1o(;mnay chua thi hirn dU(lc dung nghla bdch khou. BQ Tit atln bach khoa eua Didero/ ta sang
tac ctJng phu wi khoQ hqc ddu lien ella tha; hi~n dqL Tiep thea. nhMu tii diln bach khoa ddn dan dU(Jc xuat
hdn. Tit diln hJch khou The Encyclopaedia
Britannica xur1/ han cutIn e1du lien vao niim 176X va hirn t{J; La b(J
til diin bach kflOa lcJn lao va chi tiet nht1'tg6m 30 cur)n, m/ii cu6n Irung binh mOl nghinlrang. Br) World Book
Encyclopedia c1WJc xuat ban tJn drlu lien VaG nam 1917. Cling nhzt bQ Britannica, b(j World Book lan lao va
(1dy c1i1gr1m 24 cu()n, m/ft cui;n til 500 den 1000 Irang. Ngoai cae bo til ditn bach khoa uJng qual, cr)n co cac
hij til diin hach khoa chuyen bi~tcho mi)l dJ tiJi nhu Til Din Bach Khoa
Nh(lC, Til DiJn Bach Khoa Van
H(JC Vi~tNam.

Am

nghi~p xuilt ban IOn lao nay. Cu6i cung, khi bo ttt clign hoan tilt, ong trd thanh khanh ki~t.
Dg thl,fc hi~n vi~c bien so,!n bo bach khoa, Diderot nh~n clu'c;lC
Sl,fcong tac cua nhiSu hQc
gia, khoa hQc gia va mot s6tu SI dp tie'n. Nguyen tAc bien so,!n cua Diderot la nguyen
tAc duy Iy, g'!t bo nhitng y tu'dng ham h6, quan cligm 16i thai. Nam 1751, cu6n mot clu'c;lc
xuat ban va trung blnh m6i nam mot cu6n. Khi nhitng cu6n clilu cua bO tit clign ra cloi,
Diderot g\ip rat nhiSu kho khan VIvi~c ch6ng cl6i clla phe bao thu va n,!n kigm duy~t cua
chinh quySn. Khi cu6n b~y xuat ban vao nam 1758, ong bi qu6c hQi buoc tQi la noi dung
clla bO bach khoa co nhitng tu' tu'dng dan chu, cilp tie'n, ch6ngcl6i chinh quySn nen ra I~nh
dm xuilt ban. Voltaire ban nen xuilt ban d nu'dc ngoai. Diderot quye't clinh xuilt ban mQt
cach bi m~t. De'n nam 1772, nhii'ng cu6n cu6i cung cla clu'c;lcxuilt ban. BO tit clign nay g6m
co 28 cu6n, 17 cu6n tdnh bay kie'n thuc vS mQi IInh vl,fc, II cu6n hlnh anh b6 tUc cho cac
kie'n thuc. Diderot lam vi~c khong bie't m~t, chinh ong clung ra cliSu hanh vi~c sttu tilm,
tdnh bily, in an giln 4.000 hlnh anh co chilt Iu'c;lngcao rna cac nha lam tit clign ngay nay
van phai khen ngc;li.Diderot khong nhitng la giam Mc xuilt ban, Ia chu nhi~m ban bien
t~p, rna can <.longgop vao vi~c bien so,!n rilt nhiSu bai Vd vS nhiSu phu'ong di~n nhu' trie't
hQc, xa hoi, ngh~ thu~t, cong ky ngh~ Phap. Khi bO tit clign hoan tilt, cac nu'dc Au Chau cla,
to ra vo cung than ph\lc cong trlnh xuat ban hie'm co nay. Nit hoang Nga Catherine the
Great (Xem m~c 3 ke' tie'p) cil' su gia Mn Paris khen ngc;li va ngo y giup do tai chinh.
Diderot du'c;lC"
phong lam giam Mc danh dl,f Thu' vi~n Hoang gia Nga vdi s6lu'ong hang
nam va man dol. Ong sang Nga earn t,!, du'c;lcnit hoang va cac hQc gia Nga clon tie'p long
trQng. Ong Ittu I,!i <.laynam thang va vie't "Dl,f An D,!i HQc Chinh Phu Nga" Plan d'une
Universite pour Ie Gouvernement de Russie.
166

Gido dlfc Au eMu tMky tM 18

Ngoai slf nghi~p giao dl)c, Diderot can la mQt hQc gia c6 s5lu'<;Ingsang tac IOnlao v~ du
mQi phuong di~n nhu triet hQc, xa hQi, phe blnh. Di)c gia cua ang ngay nay can nhi~u han d9c
gia thoi bng s5ng. Diderot hoc t~i D~i hQc Paris, ljam me cac ngimh triet hQc, toan, ngo~i ngii',
van hoc. Gng c5ng hien cii doi cho 51! nghi~p giao dl)c, nghien CUllva sang tac.
1.2 Condorcet

va chlidng trlnh giao d\lc quilc gia - "Giao d\lc thtfc d\lng va giao

d\lc xa hQi "

Condorcet (1743-1794) la triet gia, nha toan hQc, nha di tien giao dl)c Phap, rat quan
tam den chuang trlnh giao dl)c qu5c gia vdi ml)C dich dao t~o nhii'ng cang dan hii'll dl)ng
d xay dl!ng dilt nudc. Gng quan ni~m r~ng m6i cang dan dn phai c6 kie"n thuc t5i thieu,
ban chat t5t va c6 kha nang hanh dQng thich dang. Nhu vaY, ml)C dich cua giao dl)c phai
la xay dl!ng, tai b6i vi~c tiep nhan kien thuc, kha nang hanh dQng t5t dt;p nay. Condorcet
so~n thao mot chu'ang trlnh giao dl)c tl! do, dan chu va bao g6m mQt phfin nao quan diem
xa hi)i. Theo ang, chuang trlnh giao dl)c phai d6ng nhat, ap dl)ng d6ng deu cho mQi cang
dan khang phan bi~t chung tQc, tin nguBng, giai clip xii hQi, dao t~o nhii'ng cang dan c6
khii nang, c6 ca hOi d6ng deu trong vi~c tim Idem vi~c lam, lo~i trit nhG'ng I~m dl)ng ca
nhan, be phai, gay anh huang xau trong vi~c trau d6i kien thuc. Quan diem giao dl)c cua
Condorcet la quan diem duy ly dl!a tren can ban tlf do dan chu khang chi ap dl)ng trong
khuan kh6 qu5c gia ma can c6 anh hu'ang qu5c te. Nhu vaY, chu dich cua ang la t~o dlfng
mi)t chuang trlnh giao dl)c khiing chiu anh huang ton giao, khang chiu slf ap dij.tcua chinh
quy~n quan chi] chuyen che va chung to cho the gidi biet slf cang b~ng, tlf do thl!C slf cua
mOt quoc gia. T6m I~i, Condorcet dang thl!C slf d6ng g6p vao cuOc Cach m~ng Phap nam
1789 qua tu tuang giao dl)c clip tien.
Condorcet c6 chan lrong nhieu han Him vi~n, tham dlf vao nhieu hO(lt dOng chinh trj
trong thai Cach m(lng Phap 1789. Gng hQCt<)iTru'ong Cao di\ng Navarre
Paris, n6i tieng
ve nganh loan hQc va tra thanh mOt hQc gia ral c6 uy tin, la b<)nthan cua hau hel cac hQc
gia triet gia duang thoi, cOng tac vdi Diderot trong vi~c sang tac va xuat ban bO tit dien
bach khoa Encyclopedie. Gng ch5ng doi che di) quan chu va bat cu hlnh thuc ton giao
nao. Theo ang, che d(\ bat cang hi~n t(li la do vua chua va tu si gay ra. Quan diem ch5ng
doi dac quyen ton giao va che" dO quan chu chuyen che cua Condorcet c6 anh huang !dn
den tu' tuang xii hOi sau nay
Phap, dac bi~t la nha xii hOi hQc Auguste Comle (17981857). Tu tuang va eac sang tac cua ang c6 tac dl)ng Idn lao van sl! thanh cang cua cuOc
Cach m(lng Phap. Nam 1769, ang tra thanh hOi vien Han liim vi~n Khoa hQc. T(li day,
6ng sang tac nhieu bai nghien CUllrat co gia trj ve lOan va cac de tai khac. Nam 1782,
iing tra thanh hOi vien Han liim vi~n Phap va sau do la h(\i vien cua mOt so han lam
vien khac d Au Chilu. Khi each m(lng thanh ci\ng, Condorcet dU<Jc bau lam d(li biu

167

Gicio d~cAu eMu the'ky tM 18

Quoc hOi ddn vi Paris rai trd thilnh T6ng thu ky Quae hOi. Nam 1792, cng tht!e hi~n dt! an
di t6 giao d~c quoc gia. Gng tham dt! vi~e sO(ln thao Hie'n phap dt!a tren e~n ban nhiin
quyen, huy bo che dO ba't blnh d~ng giii'a cae tilng lOp xil hOi, ciii thi~n doi song ecng dan.
VI Iy do chinh trj va tranh eha'p dang phai, Condoreet bi b~t va ehet trong tiL Tae phffm
n6i tie'ng nha't eua cng Ia "LuQc Khao vest! Tie'n H6a Cua Tri Tu~ Con Nguoi" Esquisse
d'un Tableau Historique des Progres de ['Esprit Humain - Sketch for a Historical Picture of
the Progress of the Human Mind, trlnh bay quan dim rieng ve mQi khia e(lnh ella tri tu~.
2. Chlidng trlnh gilio d~e qUllc gia t~i VU'c voi Frederick the Great - "Gilio d~c
tht!c d~ng"
Frederick the Great (1712-1786) la hQc gia va hoang de nuac Duc, dm quyen trang 46
nam (1740-1786), thl!c hi~n nhieu ciii cach ve mQi phudng di~n nhu pMt trin ky ngh~,
nang nghi~p, md mang giao d~c. Gng chju anh hudng cae nha giao d~e tht!e d~ng nguoi
Duc dUdng thai nhu Francke, Hecker, Basedow, Kant. Frederick ua chuOng van hQc, ngh~
thu~t, c6 nhieu than hii'u la cae triet gia, hQe gia, trang so nay c6 triet gia Phap Voltaire.
Nhieu triet gia m~nh danh ang la "Hoang De'Trilt Cia". Tac phffm ella cng gam 30 euon,
sang tae ve nhieu phudng di~n va con bao gam nhieu thu ttt trao d6i giii'a cng va cae hQe
gia, khoa hQe gia, ngh~ si. Nam 1763, Frederick ban hanh lu~t cuong bach giao d~e cii
nam Ifrn ncr ttt 5 den 13 tu6i. Day Ia mOt dim tien bO Ion lao, liln dilu tien trang lieh
nhan 10(li, lu~t euong bach giao d~e eho cii nam Ifrn ncr dil dU'1e ban hanh. Cho den giai
dO(ln nay, vi~c giao d~c ph~ ncr vfrn chua dU'1e nhieu quoc gia ehd y, n6i gl den euong
bach giao d~e. EJanh ding vi~e euong bach giao d~c d Due e6 th da chua thl!e hi~n dUQe
nhu y dinh clla nha dm quyen VIvi~c nay con tuy thuOc VaGnhieu yeu to khae nhu ngan
sach, dao tij.o giao vien, kha nang va y muon ella ph~ huynh. Nam 1779, ehue v~ giao su
nganh su ph(lm dil dUQeb6 nhi~m t(li D(li hQe Halle. Nho v~y, vi~e huiln luy~n giao vien
dlt<je chd y nhieu hdn va kha nang ehuyen man ella cae giao vien eung VId6 rna tang tien
them. Nhii vua md nhieu truong mai va nam 1787 ban hanh lu~t phap t~p trung vi~e quan
tri, dieu hanh cae trltong tren toan qu6e trang t6 ehuc "HOi D5ng Quae Gia .Giao D~e"
Nutional Board afEducation, mQt cd che hi~n d(li eho den ngay nay. HOi dang nay n~m
quyen quyet dinh ve ehinh sach giao d~e vii vai tro ella BO Giao d~e la th1.)'ehi~n cae
ehinh sach, huang dfrn va kim soat. Cung thai gian nay, Due md ky thi tuyn VaGd(li hQe
va s1.)'ki~n nay, ngay nay vfrn con tiep t~e.

su

3. Chlidng trlnh giao d~c qullc gia t~i Nga - "Gilio d\lc thtfc d\lng"
Cho den the ky tM 18, ehudng trlnh giao d~e d Nga do giao hOi thiet I~p, kim soa!

168

.,

Giao

dl;tC

Au eMu

the'

ky

thU 18

va n;:ing v~ ton giao. Chuting trlnh giao dl)c quoc gia oa oUQckhdi sl! vai Peter the Great,
Catherine the Great va Alexander I.
3.1 Peter the Great voi chu'dng trinh "giao dl,lc quilc gia va giao d\lc thllc dl,lng"
Peter the Great (1672-1725) lam vua trong 43 nam (1682-1725) va mat sam khi nhay
xuong nuUc cUn mOt binh SI gi:ip n<)n va khang may che't du6i. Peter lay I<)iquy~n kim
soat giao dl)C tli tay giao hOi chinh thong Nga, quoc hihI hoa tai san giao hOi M phat trin
giao dl)C, thie't I~p mOt hi; thong giao dl)c thl!C dl)ng vai ml)C oich oao t<)onhan vien hanh
chinh va chuyen vien phl)c Vl)trong cac ngimh hfrm mil va ky nghi; theo chi~u huang phat
trin ky nghi; cua Phap va Anh. Dng huy bil mon hQc kinh thanh va giang d<)ynhITngman
thl!C dl)ng nhu toan, ngh~ hang hai, phao binh, ky thu~t cac nganh. Nilm 1725, Peter thie't
I~p Han Him vii;n Khoa hQc, mOt o<)i hQc va hi; th6ng truang trung hQc t<)ikinh do St.
Petersburg. Tinh chat thuc dl)ng, khoa hQc, the'tl)c la cac d;:ic oim cua chinh sach giao
duc duai thoi Peter the Great. Nhung tie'c thay, cai che't cua hoang de' lam ngling tri;
chutJng trlnh di tie'n nay trong mOt thai gian dai cho Mn gfrn cuoi the' ky thu 18.
3.2 Catherine

the Great

voi chu'dng trinh "giao dl,lc quilc gia va giao dl,lc thllc

d\lng"
ChutJng trlnh di tie'n giao dl)c quOc gia Ifrn thu hai du',lC nIThoang Nga Catherine the
Great (1729-1796) thl!c hii;n. Ba nguyen ta cong chua nguoi Duc, thay ch5ng chap chinh
tli nam 1762. Catherine la nguai thong minh, co tu tudng cap tie'n, phat trin giao dl)c,
nghi; thu~t theo chi~u huang Tay Au. ThOi ba, co nhi~u hQc gia, khoa hQc gia, nghi; SI tll
Tiiy Au sang cOng tac. Hqc gia, trie't gia nguai Phap Diderot oa sang tham Nga vao dip
nay. Sau nhi~u nam du dinh, nam 1786, nIThoang ban hiinh 0<)0 lu~t giao dl)c qu6c gia.
Theo 0<)0 lu~t nay, moi khu vlfc nhil co truang giang d<)yhai nam, moi thi tran co trl1ang
giang d<)ynam nam. Cung nhu cac truang thai Peter the Great, cac truang thai Catherine
the Great co tinh cach hoan toan the' tl)c, giiing d<)ycac man khoa hqc thl!c dl)ng. Cho tai
cuoi the ky thu 18, Nga co 254 thi tran, thanh pho co cac ca sd giao dl)c mai. Tuy nhien,
nhi~u thi tran khac va khu vl!c than que van chua co truang hQc.
3.3 Alexander I voi chu'dng trinh "giao dl,lc qu6c gia va giao dl,lc thllc dl,lng"
Chuang trlnh di tien giao dl)c quoc gia Ifrn thu ba da dUQc Nga hoang Alexander I
(1777-1825) thlfC hii;n. Dng lam vua tll nam 1801. Thai ang la thai d<)iphat trin khoa
hoc ky nghi; (~cac nuac Tay Au, la thai o<)iCach m<)ngPhap 1789 vai anh hu'dng sau rOng
khdp l1lii. Alexander I ban hanh dao lu~t giao dl)c vao nam 1803 va 1804. Cac truang van
duy trl tinh cach khoa hqc va thlfC dl)ng nhu cu. Lfrn ofru tien trong lich slr Nga, truang hQc
169

Ciao dl,lc Au

eMu

dudc thiet l~p t~i cac khu vl)'c than que M giang d~y con em nang dan
va cac'di~u din ban v~ nang nghii;p. T~i cac truling thj tran va thanh
lu~t phap, kinh te, thu(ing m~i, ky lhu~t dU(ic giang d~y voi mllc dich
cho cac van phong cong quy~n ciing nhu cung cap sinh vien cho cac
giao dl)c nay hoim toan mil\n phi va do chfnh quy~n quan trj. Chuang
dliC cap tien nay bi nh6m baa thu phan doi va tlm moi cach ngan can.

tM

ky tM 18

doc, viet, tinh tmin

pho, cac man hoc
dao t~o nhan vien
d\li hoc. Ht; thong
trlnh cai tien giao

4. Chu'dng trlnh gi30 dllc quoc gia t<li Anh

d Anh, chU(ing trlnh giao dllc quoc gia thanh hlnh voi nguyen do khac bit;t voi cac quoc
gia khac l1 Au Chau. T~i day, chu(ing trlnh nay xuat hicn khong do anh huang chinh tIi
rna la do cu(\c cach m\lng ky nghi;. Vao dau the ky thU' 18, m(\t so hoc gia d~ nghi m(\t ht;
thong giao dliCquoc gia nganh tiu hoc, nhung d nghi nay khong dU(Jc chfnh quy~n chu
y. Sl)' thieu quan tam cua chinh quyn dii thuc My m(\t so nhii eai cach xii h(\i thanh I~p
m(\t vai t6 chU'cgiao dl)c tit thii;n voi mliC dich d~y do con em nhung gia dlnh ngheo. Nam
1796. "T6 ChU'c Cai Thien Doi Song Nguoi Ngheo" Society for Bettering the Conditions
of the Poor du,Je thanh l~p voi mllc dich xii hOi vii giao dl)c. M(\t sl)' kii;n khac dua den
vii;c thanh I~p chuang trlnh giao dliC quoc gia nganh tiu hoc la vit;c thanh I~p "Truong
Chi) Nh~t" Sunday School khi'Jisl)'vao nam 1780. Toi nam 1785, so truong nay tang nhanh
ch6ng va "T6 ChU'c Cac Truong Chi) Nh~t" Sunday School Society dii dU\iC thilnh I~p. G9i
la truong hoc nhung thlfC su cac trUling nily lay co sO Iii cac nha tho vii chudng trlnh hoc
quan lrong lil kinh thanh. Tuy nhicn, vii;c lam cua t6 chU'c nay khuyen khich chinh quy~n
trang cong tac thanh laP chuang trlnh giao dl)c quac gia. Miii toi nam 1802, quoc h(\i Anh
moi c6 sang Kien dau tien phat trin ChU(inglrlnh giao dliC qu0c gia khi ban hiinh mQt d\lo
lu~tv~ ngimh hoc ngh~ t~i cac xi nghii;p, doi h()i ban giam Mc xi nghit;p phai giaD dliC
cac hoc sinh hoc ngh~ v~ loan, viet. doc ngoiii vii;c hoc ngh~ chuyen man. D6ng thai, viio
cuoi the ky thU' 18 va dau the ky lhU' 19, xual hi.;n mQt s0 nhii giao dliC voi sang kien moi
trang vit;c gfang d~y.
4.1 Andrew Bell va chudng trlnh "gi30 dl,!c phI,! gi30"
Bell (1753-1832) Iii nM giaD, tu SJ Anh GiaD nguoi Scotland. Dng co sang kien thiet
l~p "Ht; Thclng Phl) GiaD" Monitorial System, hoc sinh kha giup thay chi dan cac hoc sinh
kern trang lop hoc c6 d6ng hoc sinh. Bell co sang kien nay Ian dau tien khi ong d~ymQt
truong m5 celi voi scl hoc sinh kha dong nhung lai thieu giao vien. Dng dii nh(j nhung h9C
sinh kha giup ong chi dan cac hoc sinh kern vii dii thiinh cong. Nam 1797, t~i lhu do
London, Bell xuat ban tiip"Kinh Nghit;m Giao Duc" An Experiment in Education, trang d6
6ng giang giai He Thong Phl)Giao, nhung khong dU\iCnhi~u nguoi chu y. Dng tra thanh
170

~;:

Ciao

d(lc

Au eMu tM ky thT118

hii;u truang nhi~u truang trung hQc ttt nam 1801. Nam 1811, ang lam giam d6c "T6 Chuc
eli Tie'n Giao D\!c Cho Nguai Ngheo" cua Anh Giao tren toan qu6c va c6 dip gidi thii;u
. mot cach rong rai sang kie'n Hi; Th6ng Ph\! Giao. Bell khang tMnh cang hoan toan.
NhUng cac nha giao ke' nghii;p da ph6 bie'n chudng trlnh giao d\!c nay tren toan qu6c.
4.2 Joseph Lancaster va chu'dng trlnh "giao dl,lc phl,l giao"
Lancaster (1778-1832) la nha giao d\!c nguai Anh. Dng dl!a van sang kie'n "H~ Th6ng
Ph\! Giao" clla Bell M pMt tri~n mot h~ th6ng giao d\!c s6 dang hQc sinh va nguai sau gQi
la "Phllang Phap Giao Dt,lc Lancaster". Lancaster khai sl! ngh~ giao khi ang dU<JCgia dlnh
cho phep clem mQt so' hQc sinh ngheo v~ nha giJ.ng d~y. so' hQc sinh de'n xin hQc dng
ngay cang clang nhUng ang khang c6 cli~u ki~n tuy~n them giao vien. Dng nlly ra sang
kie'n ap d\!ng Hi; Th6ng Ph\! Giao clla Bell, nho nhung hQc sinh kha giup ang d~y nhUng
hQc sinh kern va ang theo doi vi~c giang d~y t6ng quat. Phudng phap giao d\!c nay dem
l~i ke't qua t6t dl;P. Truong hQc, phudng phap giang d~y du<Jcang gioi thi~u qua t~p sach
"Cai Tie'n Giao D\!c Trang Cac Lop HQc T~i Cong D6ng Ky Ngh~" Improvements in
Education as Its Respects the Industrious Classes of the Community van nam 1803. T~p
sach nay dU<Jccac nha giao d\!c, cae nha hao tam hoan nghenh nhii;t li~t, khuye'n khieh
ang rna rong chudng trlnh giang d~y ph\! giao ra nhi~u khu vl!c khac. Dng thanh cang
trang cang tac giao d\!c nhung ding dem de'n cho ang n<Jniln ch6ng chat. Cac nha hao
tam nhii;t tlnh llng hQ, thay ang tra n<Jva thie't I~p "T6 ChU'c Giao D\!c Lancaster" Royal
Lancaslerian Institution c6 m\!c dieh gay quy cho chudng trlnh giao d\!c ph\! giao. Phudng
phap giang d~y dang dao hl)c sinh clla Lancaster phat tri~n rong rai va nhanh ch6ng.
Ch5ng bao !iiI,!, so' tru(lng tang len Mn 95 va t6ng so' hQc sinh la 30.000. Tie'p theo,
Lancaster thie't. l~p mot so truang trung hl)c noi tni nhung ang gijp kh6 khan v~ tai chinh
va tra thanh vo mJ. Nam 1818, ang di dan sang My, tie'p t\!C cang tac giao d\!c va tra
tMnh n6i tieng. Niim 1825 ang du<jc mai sang Venezuela
Nam My giang d~y. Nam
1827, ang tra v~ Bile My, tie'p t\!Cph6 bie'n phudng phap giang d~y ph\! giao cho Mn khi

ong mat.
Vdi phulJng phap giao d\!c Lancaster, hang tram hQc sinh hay nhi~u hdn nua da du<Jc
giiing d~y trong mot ph6ng hl)c IOn. HQc sinh ng6i thanh hang thuang Ia muai nguoi, m6i
hang Cll mot ph\! giao, la hQc sinh xuat sac. Giao vien d~y cac ph\! giao truoc, tie'p theo
cac ph\! giao d~y lai cac hQc sinh trang hang. Cac hQc sinh phI! giao cling giup giao vien
diem Janh, thu phat bai t~p, cham bai, nhac nha cac di~u dn thi.::'tva duy trl ky lu~t. VI
so' hQc sinh qua dong nen ky lu~t lOp hQc rat nghiem khac. De thl!c hi~n cang tac giao d\!c
cho m(lt sci LlClIlgVI thieu giao vien, de truy~n ba kien thuc can ban khong t6n kern,
vai tr6 clla nguai thily a Llily chi c6 tinh cach gian tiep, giam sat mot cach t6ng quat
171

T
I

Ciao

dl,lc

Au eMu the' ky thU 18

sinh ho~t giao d\lC tmng lOp. Do d6, vi~c trau d6i kie'n thUt tro thanh vi~c hQc thuQc long,
kh6ng c6 sang kie'n, khong c6 6c sang tao v&phia giao vien ding nhu hQc sinh, chudng trlnh
giang day thu hc,p va phudng phap su pham da bi lang quen. Tuy v~y, Phl1ling Philp Lancaster
uil mll r(lIlg chudng trlnh giao d\lc ra khdp mji va tro thanh chudng trlnh c6 tinh cach quOc gia,
thu hut dl1dc sl1 chu <; clla mQigioi kt: cii chinh quy&n tmng nl1ac va ngoai nl1ae.
Giao duc the' ky thu 18 t~i Au Chau dem I~i nhifu quan diGm giao d\lC tien bQ va d~c
bi~t la chudng trlnh giao d\lC quac gia ra doi, thoat ly hoan toan <lnh hl10ng Ky To Giao.
Locke dua ra quan diGm giao duc kinh nghi~m, hQc hoi qua.vi~c thlfc hanh, bac bo quan
dit:m bii'm sinh. Vico dl1a ra quan diGm giao d\lc voi 6c tl1l'lngtuting, sang t~o, khong d6ng
<; voi Descartes v& vlln d& giao d\lC duy ly cho tu6i thd. Bon nha giao d\lc cilp tie'n nguoi
Duc Francke, Hecker, Basedow, Kant dl1a ra quan di~m giao d\lC thlfc d\lng voi cac mon
thlfC hanh, cac tro chdi giao d\lC c6 anh hl1(lng IOn de'n chl1dng trlnh giao duc qu.sc gia il
Duc. Francke con ia nha giao d\lC c6 c6ng tmng vi~c thie't I~p trl10ng sl1 ph~m dilu tien t~i
D~i hoc Halle, mo d5u cho vi~c dao t~o giiio vien mQt cach dung nghia tren toan coi Au
Chau. Halle ciing la trl10ng d~i hQc c6 tinh hien d~i d5u tien giang day tat d cac mon hQc
b5ng ngon ngu dla phl1dng thay the tieng La Tinh. Cac truong d~i hQc khac ciing d5n d5n
noi theo. Nha giao d\lc Phap Rousseau <.ll1ara quan dit:m giao d\lc tl1 nhien, thlfC d\lng voi
quan sat, nh~n djnh v~ dUa trei:hay giao d\lC lay hQc sinh lam trung tam, M c6 th~ giang
d~y mOt each thich <.langva <.lilc6 anh hudng !dn oen nhieu nM giao d\lc, nhil tam Iy hQc
uUdng thoi va h~u the.
Chl1dng trlnh giao d\lc qu.sc gia khoi slf d Phap voi slf d6ng g6p Wn lao clla Diderot va
Condorcet. Nhifu qu.sc gia khac ciing dil c6 chl1ang tdnh giao d\lc qu.sc gia. D~c bi~t Iii
Duc da c6 lu~t cl1i'lngbach giao d\lc 15n dilu tien trong lich sU'o
Till Ii~u tham khao:
(~rReus()n. Tu{1ien hach khou The World Book Encyclopedia. Multimedia Edition, 2001.
1. TiJi lifu ,1ii dun nhu lfen.
- Basedmv, Johann Bernhurd. Til die" bach khou The New Encydopuediu Britunllicu, Multimedia
199/1.

- A,l,'t'

- Alexunder

. Bell. Andrew. Tiii Ii(u ,IU dan nhf Iren.

Loui ... Tu (tien bach khou The World Book Encyclopedia.
A4ultimediu Edition, 2001.
- Catherine the Greal. TiJi lifu l1ii dan nhll Iren.
- Condilluc, Etienne 8onnot de. Tu(1ien h,lch khou Larousse. Puris, Lihrarie wrouJse, /977.
- Conc/orcl!t, Murquis de. TiLili~udJ ,/tin nhu trell.
. Cousin, Victor. Ti:t(1iln hJch khou The New Encyclopaedia 8ritannicu, Multimedia Edition, /998.
- Diderot, Denni,\'.Tu (1ienhJch khou Larousse. Puris, Lihrairie wrousse, /977.
- Encyd(}jJl!diu. Ttl diEn hach khou The World Book Encyclopedia, Multimediu Edition, 200/
- Braille,

172

Edition,

Ciao dl,tc

Au eMu

tM ky thu 18

. Francke, AaMasl Herman. Til din bdch khoa The New Encyclopaedia Briatnnica, Mullimedia Edilion, 1998.
. Frederick Ihe Greal. Tili lifu dii dan nhlliren.
_ Glum Battista Vico, Critic (~"Ca!ite!iiunj.'im.Till lieu dd dt1n nhu tren .
. Hecker, Johann Julius. Tili lifu dii dan nhlliren,
'.
. /:Ielvellus. Claude Adrien. TUlUn bach khou wrou.ue. Paris, Lihrairie Larousse, 1977 .
. John Lode's Empirism and Education as Conducl. Til din blJch khoa The New Encyclopaedia

Britannica,

Mullimedia Edilion, 1998.

_ wmauter, Joseph. Tili lieu lid dan nh1J tren .
. Michelet. Jules. Tili Lif}u e1ii dan nhu (ren.
_ Nalional Educalion under EnliMhtened Ruler. Tili lifu llii da nhlliren.
_ Peter the Greal. Til llin bdch khoa The World Book Encyclopedia, Multimedia Edilion, 2001.

,
,.<.

_ Phi/o,wphes. Tili lieu ita dan nhu (ren.

_ Rousseau. Jean Jacques. Til diln bach khou wrousse. Paris, Librairie Larousse, /977.
_ Rousseau, Jean Jacl/ues. Til llin blJch khoa Marian Websler Encyclopedia lif Lileralure. SprinM.field, Mass.
Merriam Webster, 1995.
_ Ro.usseau. Jean Jacques. Tit l1in bach khoa The World Book Encyclopedia. Multimedia Edi/ion. 2001
. Teacher Education, Early Development Til diln hach khou The New EncYc/0pliedia Britannica. Multimedia
Edition, 1998.
_ The BUL'k~round and Influence (~"Sensationism. Tai li~u dd ddn nhu tren .
. The Conditions (~rSchool and Universities. Tai li~u dd ddn nhu tren.
_ The Influence liI'Nationalism. Tili lifu tlii dan nhlliren.
_ The Rousseauists. Ttli li~udt1 ddn nhu tren.
_ The Sensationists. Tili li~ultd dan nhu tren .
. Voltaire. Til l1i2n'hdch khou Larousse. Paris, Lihrairie Larousse, 1977.
_ VollUire. Til 11inbtich khoa The World Book Encyclopedia, Multimedia Edilion, 2001

173

ChUdng 16
Giao dlJc thuQc dja Tiiy Au II My Chau
tui cuol tht ky thr118

Giao dlJc 4nh hullng ton giao

I. Giao dl}Ct~i thuQc dia Tliy Ban Nha va B6 Dao Nha
d My Chilu - Giao dl}c ~nh hUdng ton giao
II. Giao dl}c t~i thuQc dia Phap d Quebec (Canada)
Giao dl}canh hudng ton giao
"
III. Giao dl}c t~i thuQc dia Anh d My - Giao dl}c anh hUdng tOn giao
Giao dl}ccao d~ng the' tl}c khdi sl!
1. Giao dl}c t~i New England
1.1 Chinh quy~n dia phudng va chudng trinh giao dl}c
1.2 Cac hQc vi~n
2. Giao dl}c t~i cac tiiu bang mi~n trung nu(k My
3. Giao dl}c t~i cac tiiu bang mi~n nam nuoc My
IV. Giao dl}ct~i thuQc dia Anh d Newfoundland va
Maritime provinces (Canada) - Giao dl}c anh
hudng ton giao
I. Giao dl}~ t~i thuQc dia Tliy Ban Nha va B6 Dao Nha d My Chilu - Giao dl}c anh
hudng ton giao
Khi cac nha tham hi~m Tily Ban Nha va B5 Dao Nha 11mra tan the' gidi (My Chau) vao
nam 1492 thi 1i~n theo d6, cac tu sl, cac nha truy~n giao Ky To Giao cling llin !lrQt tii'
chfnh quac theo sang, HQ dlnh cu !;li giiii dilt moi nay, thie't l~p cac co so tin nguong, giao
dl}Cva khoi st! vil$c truy~n giao. Truong hQc day c6 ml}c dfch truy~n giao hon la giang
d;ly kie'n thUc'~Vao thai gian nay, chua c6 st! phan bil$t giUa the' quy~n va giao quy~n nen
cae tu sl Ky To Giao da danh lily co hQi d~ thie't l~p, phat tri~n va ki~m soat n~n giao dl}c
t~i day, Hon nua, nha dm quy~n t;li thuQc dja qua b~n rQn voi viln d~ chfnh trj, Mnh
ehinh. khai thae kinh te' nen m(ic nhien cong nh~n quy~n giao dl}c cua giao hQi. Truong

174

e
(
(

Ciao

dl;lC

thuQc dia Tay Au

(j

My

eMu

liEu hQc d5.u tien dUQcthie't I~p t~i Texcoco thui)c Mexico vilO nam 1523. Hai nam sau,
mi)t truang tiEu hQc khac du<.1C
thie't l~p t~i San Francisco (nay thui)c tiu bang California
cua My). VI hQc sinh t~i cac trliang nay d6u la con em th6 dan da do, nen cac tu sTphai
'. hQc ngon ngITdia phuong trlioc; sau d6 moi d~y cac hQc sinh dQc, vie't, tinh toan can ban,
ca hat va giao ly qua viin dap. Mi)t thai gian sau, t~i trliang Michoacan ciing thui)c
Mexico, mi)t vai mon hQc thlfc d\Jng thong thuang nhu ngh~ nong, dan nat dliQc d~y them.
Khi tln,h hlnh chinh trL kinh te' t~i thui)c dia 6n dinh, mi)t s6 dan Tiiy Ban Nha, B6 I)ao
Nha tu chinh qu6c sang tan the' gioi dinh cli. s6 dan nay ci)ng voi gia dlnh, than nhan cac
nhan vien, binh sTdi dan sang tu trlioc da nang dan s6thuQc dia len han truoc riit nhi~u va
dac bit;t c6 nhITng con lai. Holm dnh xa hi)i t~i thui)c dia thay d6i, chuang trlnh giao d\JC
ciing thay d6i theo. H5.u he't nhung dlia con lai bi bo rdi va mai ngay mi)t nhi~u, nen chinh
quy~n dia phuong phai dung ra thie'tl~p cac cO sa dac bit;t d thu nh~n va giao d\Jc s6 tre
em nay. Cac co sa dac bit;t nay c6th coi nhli cac cO nhi vit;n dliQc thanh I~p t~i nhi~u dia
dim thui)c nhi6u nuoc nhli Mexico, Guatamala, Brazil V.V.; trang d6 c6 cd sa danh cho
cac tre em nIT.1)6i voi cac tre em g6c chinh qu6c, cha meemai gia su v~ nha d~y hQc. Sau
nay, khi s6 tre em nay tang them, cac em dUQc hoc t~p t~i cac trliang rieng bit;t trang
cong d6ng dan chinh qu6c.
VI co cffu dac bit;t cua xa hi)i thuQc dia, quy~n lQi va dia vi la dac quy~n cua dan chinh
qu6c. Giao d\Jc trung hQc Ol1Qcthie't I~p d ph\Jc V\Jcon em giai cffp nay. Khai dfru, trliang
trung hQc la cac chung vit;n, vua dao t~o tu sT,vua dao t~o sinh vien tliong lai. Khi cac tu
Sl nha giao Dong Ten Mn mi~n offt moi nay vao nhITngnam cu6i cua th~p nien 1560, hQ
thie't l~p mi)t so truang trung hQc thu nh~n con em dan chinh qu6c. 1)6i voi cac hQc sinh
th5 dan dff hoan tiit chuong trlnh tiu hQc, hai trliang trung hQc danh cho cac hQc sinh nay
duoc cac lU Sl dong Francisw thie't l~p t<)iSan Andres va Santa Cruz (Mexico) vao nam
1536. Vao nam 1619, cac tu sTDong Ten (,'iing thie't I~p mQt vai trliang trung hQc cho hQc
sinh th6 dan nhli t~i Cuzw va Lima, thu do Peru hit;n tl!-i.MQt co sa giao d\Jc diic bit;t nua
do cac tu SI Dong Ten d6ng g6p la thie't I~p cac truang nQi tru danh cho con em giai cffp
lanh d~o, sinh t~i thu(k, dia d chuffn bi cho hQ tra thanh cac cong chlic cao cffp, cac nha
ianh d,!o tudng lai.
V6 chudng trlnh giao d\Jc cao d~ng, chinh quy~n dia phlidng va cac dong tu Ky To Giao
thie't l~p hai trliang vao nam 1551 t~i Mexico va Lima (Peru). Cac trliClng nay dliQc t6
chuc phong theo d~i hQc Paris (Phap) va Bologna Cf); diit dlioi quy~n di~u hanh, quan trj
cua cac hQi d6ng khoa bao g6m chu nhit;m khoa, giang vien va riit nhi~u nguai trong so
nay ia tu sI. Chlidng tdnh giang d~y la thfrn hQc va cac mon nhan van. Nam 1553, mQt
truang cao d~ng nua du<.1C
thie't I~p t~i Mexico. Toi the' ky thli 18, thuQc dja Tiiy Ban

t75

Gido dl;lc thuQc c1ja Tay Au (} My eMu

Nha

a My

Chau bao g5m nhiu m!oc

a Trung

va Nam My Chau co tai 10 d~i h<;>cva 15

truong cao dang. Tat ca cac truong nay du do cac dong tu diu khi8'n. T~i Brazil, thu~c
dia rQng IOn cua B5 i)ao Nha khong co mQt truong d~i h<;>cho~c cao dAng nao. Sinh vien

tra v chinh quclc d8' h<;>c.Tu tuang Ky To Gillo

Bi\ Dao Nha sinh truang t<;lithuQc dja phui

Cll unh huang Ian lao den chuong trlnh giung d~y t<;liday. Bai giiing du<;fCdi6n tie'n vai bai
dqc trung sach giao khoa, tiep aen giung vien giui thich, sinh vien co dong gop
ket lufin phui phu h<;fpvai chu thuyet Ky To Giao.
Chuong

trlnh giao dl!c thuQc dia do giao hQi chi ph6i

9 kien

va

tu Sl giao vien dU<Jcchi thi

tn) v chinh quac, nn giao dl!c thuQC dia g~p kho khan VI khong co du giao vien thay the'.
T<)i Brazil, chi thi tra v nuac cua cac tU.SI phui ban hanh

truac tam nam d8' chinh quyn

Cll thoi gian t6 chU'c vi~c huan luy~n giao vien thay the'. Vao djp nay, hoang aeTfiy
Nha thiet lfip Hqc vi~n San Carlos Academy
College at' San Carlos
Mii t<)i Mexico

t<;liBuenos

of San Car/os, Truong

Cao dang

Aires (nay la thu do cua Argentina)

Ban

San Carlos

va Truong

Hilm

cling nhu cUi tien nhiu truong dai h<;>cva cao dAng kMc. Trong the ky thil

18, cac tu tuang tien bQ thoi Au Chau Hung Thinh cling da dU<;fcph6 bien tai My Chau va
dua uen vi~c phat tri8'n he thong giao ul!c the' quyn
nhLu nuac

trong thuQc dia. Nhiu co

Truong Cao dUng Vizcainas

rieng cho nu sinh.

sa

va chuang

trlnh nay trai rQng ra

giao dl!c tien bQ dU<;fcthiet lfip, d~c biet co

tai New Spain dU<;fcthie't laP Hin dilu' tien vao nam 1767 danh
.

II. Giao dl.lc tl,li thuQc dia Ph:lp

Phap da 11m fa thuQc dia Quebec,

Quebec

(Canada)

- Giao dl.lc anh htidng

nay la mQt tinh cua Canada

dc

du B/essis"

nu tu uong Ursuline

dU<Jc thanh t<)i Trois - Riviere

vao nam

1616. Tit nam 1639.

trlnh giao ul!c cua cac dong tu nam hay nu tai thuQc dia deu

chi Cll ml!c dich duy nhfft la ton giao, truyen ba duc tin de'n tin d5 d8' dfin dilt h<;>tra thanh
nhung can chien

ngoan dao. Trie't

19

va ton chi cua Ky To Giao La MIT da khong chap

nhfin mQt tu tuang hay quan di8'm nao khac oi ngu<Jc lai vai duc tin giao hQi. Tu tuang va
duc tin nay phui dU<;fcth8' hi~n qua cong cUQc giao dl!C rna dc

tu Sl nam nu, cac tong d5

cua giao hQi co nhiem Vl! phui thi hanh. Nhu vfiy, trang giao ul!C, vii)c hqc tfip kinh thanh,
so khai voi van dap, sau hqc kinh thanh bun van la diu quan trQng nhat. HQc tfip kinh
thanh moi chi la

buac dilu cua 19 thuyet, giao dan cfrn phui Cll mQt cUQc s6ng mai v cii

nQi tam lfin thai dQ hoan toan Ky To Giao Cll nghla

176

; tn

1 cu
tn
kiJ
ph

,.-i

UJ
t<;l
bi,

ng
. nL

tn
n~

vao nam 1608. Viec giao

tit Phap sang cling dong gop nhiu it cho cong cUQc giao dl!c vii

truyen giaO t<;liday. Chuang

l~~
t~:

tIln giao

Ul!Ctre em th6 dan da dii tai thuQc dia nay dU<Jc cac tu Sl Dong Ten khai sl! va truong dilu
tien "Pacifique

:tpu

~ .
~

diln diln chuy8'n sang quyn kii!m

soat cua chinh quyn tit giua the ky thu 18. Nam 1767, khi dc

,1M

la hQ phui thl!c

SI!

yeu men

thu<;fng

Q
gl
nl

h,
di

vI
gJ
nl

Gido

dl;lC

thuQc dia Tay Au iJ My eMu

M,

kfnh trong thdy tu, du nguy~n, sam hoi, hy sinh, ham minh, d6ng g6p xay difng thanh
uuilng d0' md rong d~o voi hy v<;mgclu<;1chudng nuoc thien clang ding voi cac thanh thi\n
va thUljng M khi lam chung. Vao giai clo~n ddu, giao d\lc do giao hOi t6 chuc phat tri~n
khdp thu(lc clia VI su vdng b6ng cua cac c(i sij giao d\lc chinh quy~n. Sif can thi~p clla
chinh quyoSnneu c6 chi la vi~c h6 tr<;1tai chinh. NoSngiao d\lc thuOc clia da hoan toan trang

,
\

tay giam muc Quebec.

Cac cll sd giao d\lC t~i thuOc dia Quebec ban g6m truong nha tho, truong nU'sinh, truong
trung hqc, truong hoc nghf va truong cao clang. Trudng nha tM la co so giao d\lc so clAng
cua gian h(li, UUQCcae tu Sl dia phuong tuy theo kha nang thilnh Ii).p va giang d~y. Cac
truong nay khong c6 t6 chuc thong nhat, thudng la rat nh(l, giang d~y con em cl9Chi~u
kinh thanh va cac kinh du nguy~n hang ngay. Tili li~u giang d~y con rat hiem, VI vi).y
phu(lng phap giang day la van clap va h9C thuOc long. Truong nU'sinh cluqc cac nU'tu dong
Ursuline thanh Ii).pvao nam 1642 va cac nU'tu dong Notre Dame thanh Ii).pvao nam 1659
tai Quebec City. Goi la truong nU'nhttng su thifc clay la nhU'ng truong nha thO d~y rieng
biet nU'sinh. Cac truong nU'nay cling d~y nhU'ng di~u so dang v~ kinh thanh va kinh du
nguYen nhung co them vao chudng trlnh giang d~y cac duc tinh dn thiet cua nguoi ph\l
nU'trong xa hoi thu(lc dia. Cac truong h9C nghf khong du<;1cchll y nhifu. Nam 1668, mOt
truong hqc nghoSduqc thanh laP t~i Saint Joachim M giang d~y v~ ngh~ nang va m(lt vai
nghoSthong thuong khac.
ChUl1ng trlnh giao d\lc trung hQc dudc cac tu sl Dong Ten thanh laP tiI nam 1636. Khoi
su, clay la cac chung vien c6 m\lc clich ciao t~o tu sl tUling lai. Sau nay moi tiep nl:li).ncac
hoc Sinh khac. Chullng trlnh giiing d~y nang voSt6n giao va ky lui).trat khdt khe. H9C sinh
(j day duoc hqc cae m6n ng6n ngil' La Tinh, Hy L~p, thdn hqc, loan. Cac mon h9C nhiin
van khilng dUlic chll y Mn. Nam 1636, giam m\lc Quebec thanh Ii).ptruong cao cliing t~i
Quebec City.
Vao the ky thu 17, 18, cling c6 mot so sinh ho~t giao d\lc khong mang tinh cach ton
giao du<;1cthifC hit;n qua to chuc gia dlnh, c(lng d6ng va nghoSnghit;p. Nhu vi).y khong c6
nghla la c6 mot sif thoat ly giU'a cac sinh ho~t nay va cac t6 chuc giao d\lc clla Ky To Giao
rna chi la m(lt bien chuyEn tif nhien dn thiet va thich hqp voi loi song cua m(lt so nguoi
h"ac m(ll sC;c(lng d6ng. Do la vi~c giao d\lc t~i gia, tai c(lng d6ng d!a phuong rna nong
dan song trong cac nong tr~i xa xoi heo lanh, m(lt so thuong nhan song voi ngh~ buon ban
vfrn duy trl loi song va Ottong loi giao d\lc gia dlnh, c(lng cl6ng co hil'u tiI Au Chau.
TiI nam 1763, nam rna nguoi Phap nhudng quyi\n cai tri Quebec cho nuoc Anh thl n~n
giao duc khong may phat triEn va nang voSton giao t~i day bi suy giam nhi~u, maC dfin
nha dm quyi\n Anh c6 co gdng duy trl cac t6 chuc hanh chinh cua Phap. H~ thong giao

177

Ciao d(tc thuQc dia Tay Au (J My eMu

d\!c cu bi xao trQn, mQt di~u khang
Them

vao do, ngan khoan

tht: tranh

duc;1c VI ngan ngii' va ton giao khac bi~t.

tai trc;1cho giao d\!c tli nudc PMp cham

chinh phu Anh dong gop. Cac dong tu Ky

To

dm va khang

dU(1c

Giao bi\ v~ nudc hoac nlSu co alai

cung

khong dudc phep rna truong va thu nMn dt; ui. Tdi cuoi thIS ky thu 18, chu(Jng trlnh giao
d\!c a Quebec

gan nhu bj lang quen va di th\!t lili, mQt di~u thit;t thOi IOn VI van thai ky

nay cac nudc Tiiy Au khoi sl! chuong

trlnh giao d\!c quoc gia va a cac thuQc dia Nam My,

cac co so va chuong tdnh giao d\!c do chinh quy~n kit:m soat va co ,chifu huang tilSn bQ.
III. Giao d\!c t~i thuQc dia Anh i'J

My -

Giao dl}c anh hudng

tOn giao va giao dl}C cao

d~ ng the tl}C khdi sl!

I.Giao

11

dl}c t~i New England

1.1 Chinh

quy~n dia phuong

va chuo'ng trlnh

Nam 1630, thuQC dja New England,

su chung kilSn Ian song di dan

giao d\!c

nay la mQt so tit:u bang phia tay bac nudc My khai

;tt tU Anh sang va giao phai Tin Lanh Puritan

tro thanh

ton giao chinh thuc cua thuQc dja. Ton giao nay choi bi\ quan difm diln chu, khoan dung
cua kinh thanh va di).t tin tuong vao Iy thuylSt chinh trj than quyfn,

kMc vai quan di~m

nguyen thuy cua Tin Lanh Puritan Chinh Thong a Anh va Scotland.

Cac nha !anh d;to Tin

Lanh a dily phai cQng tac chi).t che vdi chinb quyfn

thuQc dja va dat nang van df quan h~

ton giao - chinh quy~n. Xam pham vao chinh quy6n la xilm ph;tm vao tCm giao va nguc;1c
lai. Trong cit hai truong hljp Mu xam ph;tm diSn thuc;1ng dIS. Nhu vaY, giao hQi Tin Lanh
Puritan

a dily

tra thanh mQt tM ton giao chinh trj, muljn uy the cua nha dm

quyfn

truyfn giao. Cac nha liinh d;to Tin Lanh Puritan dau tien muon thl!C hien m(\t t6 chuc giao
h(\i thong nhat do trung udng ki~m soat

nhUng VI Iy do dia Iy va giao thong kho khan nen

hQ phai chap nh4n nhii'ng t6 chuc giao hQi dja phudng.

vi ho;tt GOng can b,ln cua cac nha truy6n

giao. Thieu

Nhu vay, thi tran, lang m;tc ta ddn

sl! kit:m soat theo doi cua trung

udng, chi thi cua trung udng khong du,Jc thi hanh trit;t dE, nhifu
phudng

Ihlfc hi~n sai l;tc chu thuyet

to chuc giao hQi dja

cua giao hQi hoac thl!c hien nhifu

khCmg dudc su chap nh4n cua trung uong.

chuong

trlnh

VI the, ta khang lay tam l;t rhng t;ti oal My hit;n

nay C() rat nhifu giao phai Tin Lanh rna nguyen
phudng th()i khai dau thuQc dja.
Theo than hQc giao phai Tin Lanh Purilan,

do la co nhifu

t6 chelc giao hoi dia

con ngui'Ji dil gia hay tre dfu ta nhii'ng ke tQi

tili. )f duc;1c ban on sung thieng tieng, mili nguoi phai thanh tam hoi cai, thl!c hit;n vit;c
tanh, tranh vit;c xau. )t: giao huan tin dO tro thanh phan tu tot, gia dlnh la cha m<eva tiep
theo ia hQc duong,

xii hQi co trach nhiem v~ giao d\!c. Khi con nhu, cha m<e d;ty d6 con

cai, IOn len hQc Duong co b6n ph4n nay. Cac truong tit:u hQc duc;1c thanh lap rai rac khap
nui. Truong

ti
h
tl

trung hQc dau tien "Boston Latin School" co ie dUljc thilSt t4p van nam 1635
178

!
(

Gido dr,tc thuQc dia Tay Au iJ My eMu

t<)i Boston, dua theo khuon mau cac truong Grammar t~i Anh, nhiln mij.nh vap hgon ngii'
c6 dii!n nhu La Tinh, Hy Lij.p vdi ml,!c dich dao tij.Ocac cong dan t6t trong tudng lai. Tu
th~p nien 1640, cac thj triln dia phudng co nhit;:m VI,!tai tre;!~ac chudng trlnh giao dl,!cva
chuong trlnh giang dij.y tij.iday co thay d6i, nhitiu mon hQc khac dUe;!chQc t~p. Neu cac thi
triln co dong gop VaGcong cUQcgiao dl,!cthl chinh quytin trung uong tij.i thuQc dia khong
thi! lum ngo trudc chudng trlnh Idn lao nay.Vi v~y, chinh quytin Massachusetts, nay 1a
tii!u bang Massachusetts,'ra chi thi VaGnam 1642 yeu cftu phl,l huynh va cac chii nhan co
hQc sinh hQc nghti co nhit;:m vl,Igiang dij.ycon em, hQc sinh vti vit;:c dQc sach, hQc t~p kinh
thanh va lu~t It;:.Nam nam sau (1647), chinh quytin ra them chi thi vti vit;:c giao dl,!c vdi
ml,!c dich dao t~o cong dan thanh thit;:n theo dung tinh thffn kinh thanh va xua du6i rna
quy. Chi thi nay b~t bUQc moi mQt thi triln co SO gia dlnh trd len phai dti
giao vien
giang dij.y con em t~p dQCva t~p viet; thi triln co 100 gia dlnh trd len phai dti
giao vien
giang dij.y t~p dQc, t~p viet va giang dij.y hQc sinh cilp cao hdn theo chudng trlnh trung hQc
M cac em co thi! co cd hQi hQc t~p cilp cao dilng hay dij.i hQc. Chi thi nay ciing kh6ng
quen yeu cffu chii nhiin cac xi nghit;:p, phI,! huynh va dan chung dia phuong phai dai thQ
chi phi v~ ludng b6ng giao vien va cac chi phi giao dl,!c khac. Co thi! cac chi thi nay
khong due;!cthi hanh mQt cach trit;:t M. Tuy v~y, cac bit;:n phap tren cho thily sl! quan tam
cua nha cffm quytin Mn viln dti giao dl,!Cva cac thi triln co ly do eli!thu them thue chi phi
cho nganh nay. Oay cong la budc dffu trang vit;:c cuong bach giao dl,!ctrang tudng lai. Cac
chi thi vti giao dl,!c tren co anh hUdng 16n den vit;:c phat trii!n ht;: th6ng hQc dUong, rilt
nhitiu truong tii!u hQc dUe;!cthanh I~p tij.i cac thi triln nho, nhi~u truong trung hQc dUe;!c
thanh I~p tij.i cac thi triln 16n hdn. MQt s6 dong hQc sinh hoan tilt chuong trlnh trung hQc,
chuan bj cho vit;:c phat trii!n ht;:th6ng cac truong dij.ihQCva cao dilng tij.ithuQc dia.
Khi co cac cUQcdi dan 6 ij.ttu nam 1630 va tiep theo Iii cac thi triln tij.ithuQc dia due;!c
mau chong thanh I~p vii 6n dinh thl nam 1636, chinh quytin thuQc dia cilp ngankhoan dh
tien 400 quan titin Anh cho chUdng trlnh giao dl,lc. Nho v~y, Truong Cao dilng Cambridge,
truong cao dilng dffu tien tij.i thuQc dia due;!cthill1h I~p tij.iCambridge, nay thuQc tii!u bang
Massachusetts. Hai nlim sau (1638), ml,!c su, nha hao l1im John Harvard (*) milt, 6ng tilng

ca
ca

truong nay cii thu vit;:n gia mnh 400 cu6n sach va 800 quan titin Anh.
(') John Harvard (1607.1638) lei maC sU va nhci truy~n giuo Tin wnh Puritun. 6ng sinh l<,IiLuan Von. h9C
Iffi D(,Ji h(Jc Cumhrid;:e.
Ird thanh mlfc .'iU, tli dan sunK Massuchusetts ndfJl /636. 6ng mlft tf.)i thuQc diu ndm
1638. 6ng khting phd; lei ngu(}i sungllip V<,Iih(JCHarvard. len m(l; cua Tru(}ng Cao dJng Cambridge. rna chi
IiI nguili l1dn;: g(Jp tiJi sun cho tntlln;:_

Nam 1639, Truong CilO dilng Cambridge d6i ten Ia f)')i HQc Harvard di! ghi nM an n.han
va trd thanh d')i hoc c6 nhfft tij.i thuQc dia My. Kh(Ji su, truong co ml,!c dich dao tij.o cac
thanh phun tre trung phl,!c VI,!trang giao hQi Tin Lanh Puritan nhfft la thanh phffn ml,!Csu
hit;:n dang thieu. Truong chilp nMn sinh vien nh~p hQc co trlnh dQ dQc viet thong thij.o van
179

Gido dl;lc thuQc dia Tay Au if

My eMu

thd La Tinh va Hy Ll).p. Chudng trlnh hQc t~p b6n nam voi ky lu~t khe khilt voi cac mon
hQc th~n hQc, ngu hQc, van hQc, lu~n Iy hQc, so' hQc, hlnh hQc, thien van hQc, dl)o dUc, Ijch
su c6 dl)i, ngon ngu Hy Ll).pva Do Thai. Sau b6n nam hQc voi ket qua t6t, sinh vien dU<;lc
dip phat van b5.ng cu nhiln B.A. Bachelor of Art; sau nay, sinh vien xu5t sfrc c6 the hQC
them ba nam nua M lily b5.ng cao hQc M.A. Master of Art. Kh6a 05u tien t6t nghi~p nam
1642. Vao d~u theky thu IK, khi c6 nhung di tien vt: giao d\lC thai Hung Thjnh Au CMu
thl ll).iHarvard cling c6 nhung cai tien IUdng II!. Nam 1718, chudng trlnh giang dl).y oil co
them cac mon toan, khoa hQCva triel hQC.Hai mudi nam sau, truo~g c6 mQt so' giao su n5i
Mng v~ toan va triet hQc. MQt s6 nha giao d\lc bao thu tl).iHarvard bilt blnh v~ vi~c di
lien cua Harvard, Iy khai va h<;1plae voi Truong Cao dilng Conneclicul College of
Connecticut, sau tf(~thanh Dl).ihQc Yale.
Khac voi cac thuQc dja a Nam My Chau va d Au Chau, chuCing trlnh giao d\lC a IhuQc
dja New England oil do chinh quyt:n t6 chuc va kiem SOal kha sam, khong lau sau khi cac
Ian s6ng di dan ao l)l tit Au Chau sang vao lh~p nien 1630. Tuy v~y, anh huang cua giao
hQi Tin Liinh Puritan vao chuCing trlnh giao d\lc cling rilt quan trQng. D6 la vi~c t6 chuc
va giang dl).y tl).icac truong nha tho nhilt la fl).icac khu vl!c heo lanh, lang ml)C xa xoi va
vi~c giang dl).y mon giao Iy trong hQc duong. Chinh quyt:n thuQc oja c6 nhung chinh sach
r6 rang vt: giao d\lc ngay tit nhung ngay oh. (j day ta cling thily c6 sl! khac bi~t giii'a
thuQc dja nay va cac thuQc dia Nam My Chau VI cac thuQc oja a New England ngay tit
nhung ngay d~u c6 nhit:u hQc sinh, can em cua cac di dan tit ben Anh, Scotland, Ireland,
nen nhu cfru giao d\lc dip bach va vi~c t6 chuc giao d\lc cling de dang. Trang khi 06, cac
thuQc oja a Na.m My Chau c6 hQc sinh th6 dan, hQc sinh la nhung oua can lai va mili sau
nay moi co con em cua cae di dan. Giua hai nh6m di dan a New England va Nam My
Chau cling c6 khac bi~t. Nh6m di dan New England thuong la nhung nguoi c6 6c ml).o
hiem, c6 sang kien, dam xong pha va d~n d~n nhit:u nguoi trang s6 nay oil r5t lhanh cong
va tra thanh nhung nhii tri~u phil. Trang khi d6 nh6m di dan a Nam My Chau philn oong
la nhung congdiin blnh ihuong. ChuCing trlnh giao d\lc a New England du a lieu hQc,
lrung hQc hay dl)i hQe ot:u do chinh qUYt:nkiem soat va do cac thj Ir5n, lhanh ph60ja
phuCing quiin lrj va dit:u hiinh. Chinh qUYt:n oja phuCing 0 oay e6 lieng n6i quan trQng
trang giao d\lc. Ben cl)nh 06, giao hQi Tin Liinh Puritan, cac cQng 06ng, cac hi~p hQi tu
nhan eOng dong g6p vao cong cUQc.giao d\lc, ma Duong cho h~ th6ng cac lruong lieu hQC,
trung hQc, o')i hQc dan I~p trong tuCinglai a My .

1.2 Cae hQc vi~n

Cae truong trung hQc tl)i thuQc dja New England khong oap ung ou<;1cv<li cac bien
chuyen xii h(l!, pMt trien thuCingml)i, kinh te tl).imanh dill m<li nay. HCinnua, vao the ky
t80

'.'

Ciao dt,lc thuGC dia Tr1y All

thu 18, cUQc each m'.lng ky ngh~

dien ra () Anh va nhITng di dan

(j

Mv

C/)(/U

mang nhITng tu tuilng

nay sang vung ctat moi, mong mueln thlfC hi~n nhITng ciii cach ve nhieu phudng di~n trong
d6 c6.vi~c di

tie'n giao dl)c do cUQc each m'.lng ky ngh~ dem I(li. VI YaY, mQt t6 chuc giao

dl)c trung hqc dan laP moi

dUClCthanh laP d6 dap uog nhu cUu giao dl)e. D6 la de

vi~n. Hqe vi~n dgu tien duClc thanh laP vao nam 1749 t(li Philadelphia

hl.T

gqi la Hqc vi[.1\

Philadelphia Academy. Hqc vi~n nay sau tril thanh Truong Cao ding va Hue
vi~n Philadelphia
College and Academy Philadelphia, cu6i cung tn) thanh D'.Ii h,!c
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania University. Hoc vi~n moi giiing d;ly cac mllil hqc thifc dl)IJg
Philadelphia

nhu ngo(li ngD', lich sit, dja Iy, nien d'.li hoc, nghe hang hai, toan, khoa hqc tlf hien, khoa
hqc ung dung c6 ml)e dich
hClP voi hoa>! dnh

rna mang kie'n thuc 16ng qual ve ky ngh~, thudng m'.li, trich

phal tri6n dia phudng. Cac hqc vi~n dau tien chi thu nhan nam sinh. Ve

sau, nITsinh dUljC nhaP hqc voi khu rieng bi~l. Tiep d6, voi so' nITsinh moi ngay mOl d6ng,
hqc vi~n rieng danh cho nIT sinh dudc thanh lap. Day la truClng trung hqc dan laP dau tien
lrong lich sit danh rieng cho nIT sinh. Chudng

trlnh giang d;ly ii cae truong nIT gay nhieu

tranh IUan, khac voi ehudng trlnh danh cho nam sinh va g6m nhITng mon hqc thuOc ve gia
dlnh, ngh~ thuat, huang

nghi~p phu hljp vdi phl) nIT. Chinh mOt so' nha giao dl)e phai nIT

nhan m;lnh chu(1ng trlnh giao dl)C phl) nITnen dill nang ve kicn thuc tinh lhan hdn la nghe
nghi~p thife dl)ng.
Tuy la nhITng hoc vi~n dan laP, nhung cae nha tanh d(lo thuiJng xuyen c6 dOng gfty quy ttt

mqi gioi kE col ttt phia ehinh quyen. Hqc vi~n Phillips Phillips Academy t,.li Massachusetts
dllljc chinh quyen

tai trlj va hO(lt dOng ttt Bam 1778. Milc dau nhan dUt1c tai tl\1 ttt ben

ngoai, cac hoc vien dftn laP khong thay d6i chlldng trlnh giang day, kh6ng chiu anh huilng
mOt the Ilfc nao khae, tiep tl)C chutJng trlnh giao duc thuc d~lIlg thich hljp voi hoilll dnh

xii

hOi va kinh te dUdng thai.

2. Giao dl.le t:)i cae tiii'u bang mien trung nuve

Giao h(li Tin Lanh Puritan

My

khong e6 anh hut)ng t'.li thuOe dia mien lrung nuoc My. T'.Ii

khu vifc nay trai r(Jng tit New York ttii Delaware,

xuat hi~IJ nhieu giao phai Tin Lanh moi

voi ton chi va ml)c dich khae bi~t cling nhu khae bi~t voi chu lhuyet Tin Lilnh Puritan.
khi cac giao phai nay I;li con c6 tu ludng chelng deli Ian nhau.
England,

Doi

Khac vlJi IhuOc dia New

thuOc dia mien trung chung kie'n nhieu nhtim .di dftn khac nhau tit khfrp mJi il Au

Chau toi. Nhu vaY, khac bi~t ton giao va ng6n ngIT trii thilnh van de quan trong. T;li
nhITng khu vuc e6 nhieu sfre dan khac bi~t, vi~c chon lifa ngllll ngIT chinh dE giiing d;ly tril
thanh kh6 khan va vi~c nay IUY thuOc van cac truClng nhit thCl. Trudllg nha lhd quyel dinh
vi~e sit dl)ng ngon ngIT cling nhu
Anh ngIT van lil ngon

chudng

ngu ph6 thong

trlnh giang d;ly giao Iy, kinh thanh. Tuy YaY,

nhat t;li thu(>c dia VI di dan gelc Anh chiem da so'.

181

Gido d{tc thuQc dia

Tay Au a My

ehQu

Chuong trlnh giao d\lc ton giao la man h9C quan tn.mg nhit t'.li cac truong nha tho vao giai
doan nay, them vao do la vi~c t~p d9C, t~p viet
cac lop so dAng. Vao nam 1701, h
th6ng cae truong nha tho xuat hi~n khAp noi tren thuQc dia bao g6m ca ti~u hQc va !rung
hoc. Khong lau sau d6, chlnh quy~n Anh nAm quy~n t'.li thu(lc dia va bAt dau t6 ehuc cae
truong eong I~p. Hai h~ th6ng giao duc, truong nha tho va truong cang I~p hoat d(lng song
song va dan dan h~ th6ng giao duc cong I~p chiem tfUthe.

TU(ing tu nhu thuQc dia New England, thuQc dja mi~n trung ciing mu6n thiet l~p nen
giao d\lc cao dAng VIco mQt so' dong con em da hoan tat cac !Op trung hQc. Nhung mai Wi
giua the ky tM 18, chuong trlnh giao d\lc cao dAng moi dU[Jcthanh Hip. Truong Cao dhg
New Jersey Collefie of New Jersey thanh I~p vao nam 1746, nay la D'.Ii h9C Princeton
Princeton University. Trullng King's College dU[Jc thanh I~p vao nam 1754, nay la D'.Ii
hQc Columbia Columbia University. Truong Cao dAng va HQc vi~n Philadelphia College
and Academy of Philadelphia dU[Jcthanh l~p vao nam 1755 (Xem them m\lc cac hoc vi~n
(1 tren), sau tn1 thanh Dai hoc Pennsylvania Pennsylvania University. Truong Cao dAng
Queen's College dU(lc thanh I~p vao nam 1766, sau tra thanh D'.Ii h9c Ti~u bang New
Jersey New Jersey State University. Cac truong cao dAng khai st! giang d'.lYcac mon hC)c
c6 di~n, sau giang d'.lYthem cac man khoa h<)c, toan. Nam 1765, Truong Cao dAng va
HC)cvi~n Philadelphia, truong dau tien t'.li thuQc dia, giang d'.lYman y khoa.
3. Giao dvc tlolicac til'u bang mien nam nuac My
Khae han voi thuQc dia New England va thu(lc dia mi~n trung nuoc My, thu()c dia mi~n
nam Ia de nang tr'.li !On n5m riii rae khAp noi. Nhu v~y, ta khang thay c6 nhung lang m'.lC
hoae dc thi tran nho trang mQt thai ginn dai tit khi cae nhom di dan tit Anh va Au Chau
sang vao eu6i the ky thu 16. Khong c6 thj tran, vi~e giao d\le con em do ehinh quyt3n t6
ehue vao giai do,!n nay khang xuat hi~n. Giao d\lc (j day tuy thuQc vao hoan canh va kha
nang titng gia dlnh va giao h()i Anh Giao dia phuong. Nhung gia dlnh giau c6 thue gia su
v~ giang d,!y, nhung gia dlnh kbac gil'i con em de'n hQc t'.li eac truong nha tho s(j t,!i. VI
cac nang tr'.li di rac, vi~c di ehuy~n kho khan, nen hC)esinh chi co th~ den h<)c t'.li cac
truong nha tho gan nha. Do d6, cae truong nha tho thuang rat nho, thieu t6 chue thong
thuQe, do tu 51 dia phuong thanh I~p va giang day. Chu(lng trlnh giao duc chila hQe doc,
viet, tinh toan can ban vOi m\lc dich ton giao, hi~u biet kinh thanh, d<)c dU[Jc kinh cftu
nguy~n hang ngay. Cho tOi nam 1642, chinh quy~n thuQc dia (j Virginia ban hanh lu~t ve
giao due tU(jng tt! nhu lu~t giao d\le cho con em cae gia dlnh ngheo ben Anh, tranh vi~e
tre em di ehoi lang thang r6i tr(j thanh luoi bieng. Lu~t nay yeu cftu chinh quyen dia
phU(lng thanh I~p cae truong hQc ben qnh cac nang tr'.li ho~c cac thi tran nhi) moi thiet
Iftp danh eho tre em tit sau tu6i tn1 len. Nhu vijy, co hai h~ th6ng giao d\lC, cac truong nha
182

;~ tl

Giuo d~c thu()c dia Tay Au

(j

My

eMu

tho va cac trudng cong I~p. Lu~t nay du<;jc sLra d6i nhi~u Ifrn, chi thi v~ vii)c thie't l~p cac
truong a b~c ti6u hQc Ian trung hQc va dfrn dfrn tro thanh khuon mau cho vii)c thanh I~p
cac co so giao dl!e cho toan thuQC dia mi~n nam nude My.
Truong eao dang dfru tien du<;jc thanh I~p t,!i thuQc dia mi~n nam la Tru'ong Cao dang
William

giang d<)y nhan van va duc tin ton giao. Vao giai do<)n dfru, tru'ong c6 ml!c dieh dao t<)o

~I
if,

cac tu Sl Anh Giao Wdng lai. Vao the' ky thu 18, chiu anh huang

va Mary

William and Mary College

..&:.

vao nam 1693 a Virginia

HUng Thinh a Au Chau va sl)' pMt tri6n clia Dai hQc Harvard
Cao di\ng William

voi chu'dng trlnh

tu' tu'ong tie'n bQ thai

t<)i New England,

Truong

va Mary du'<;jcciii tie'n vao nam 1779 va bao g6m cac khoa y hQc, toan,

trie't hoc, kinh te', lu~t, ehlnh trio Khoa thfrn hqc khong con du,K giang d<)y a day nua.
IV. (;iao

dl!c t~i thuQc dja Anh

d Newfoundland

anh hUdng ton giao

Newfoundland,
liinh th6 phia dong Canada,

va Maritime

provinces

- Giao dl!c

la thuQc oia eLla Anh ttt truoc the' ky thu 17.

Day khong phai la khu dinh cu' cLla di dan rna la trung tam huiln luyi)n hai quan va khai
thae hai san nen chinh quy~n Anh

khong quan tam Hlm v~ van d~ glao dl!c. TInh tr<)ng

chie'n tranh giUa Anh va Phap t<)i khu vl)'c nay cling lam trl hoiln vii)c pMt tri6n t<)i day.
Them vao d6, n<)n tham nhung cLla chlnh quy~n dia phudng,
thudng

n<)n cho vay ni).ng lili cLla cac

gia, n<)n chla re giua cac glao phai Tin Liinh dil lam nan long nhung di dan c6 y

dinh Mn khu vl)'c nay I~p nghii)p.

Chudng

trlnh giao dl!c chinh thuc v~ng b6ng t<)i day

trong mQt thai gian dai va chi c6 mQt chu'dng trlnh giao dl!c sd di\ng xuilt hii)n

M d<)y d6

con em di dan. Mili toi nam 1722 va 1744, hai truang hQc dil du<;jCcd quan ttt thii)n t6 chuc
tai Bonavista

va St John. Ttt nam 1766 de'n nam 1824, c6 khoang 20 truang khac nua du'<;jc

thanh liip tren toan khu vl)'c. MQt s6 C(j quan ttt thii)n khac va cac dong tu cung dOng gop

:... I

.van vii)c phat tri6n giao dl!c rat gioi h<)n qi day. Giao hQi Tin Liinh c6 thie't I~p mQt vai
truang voi ml!c dieh thu nh~n con em cac gia oinh guy phai.
Thu(le dia Maritime provinces nay la khu vl)'e phia dong nam Canada

va mQt vai hai

dao ke' can tro thanh thuQc dia cLla Anh ttt giua the' ky thu 18. Di dan sinh s6ng t,!i day bao
g~J1ncae nhum Tin Lilnh ngudi Anh, ngudi Phap va cae nh6m nho khac a Au Chau. M6i
s~c dan c6 mQt t6 chuc giao dl!c khac bii)t varat odn gian. Mili toi cu6i the' ky thu 18,
nh6m ngu(li Anh t<)i New Brunswick

moi t6 chuc m(lt chuong

trlnh giao dl!c d6ng thOi voi

vii)c phat tri6n hanh chinh dia phudng va dan dfru thuQc dia. Nhung c6 g~ng dfru tien trang
vii)e rna mang giao dl!e t<)i cac khu vl)'e khae la do sang kifn cLla cac hQi ttt thii)n c6 quan
hi) ehi).t ehe voi giao h(\i Anh Giao. Cae hOi nay t6 chile cac tru'ong giang d<)y vao cac
ngay trong tufrn Ian cae truang chi! nh~t. Ngoai ra mOt s6 giao vien t6 chuc cac tru'ong IltU
dOng, giiing

d<)y theo mua va rai rae m(\t s6 trudng

183

dan laP cung du<;jc thanh I~p. Vii)c t6

Gido dt,tc thuqc dia

Tay Au a My

eMu

chtl'c cac truang rieng bi~t cho tung s~c dan khong dUQc khuye'n khfch. Tuy v~y mQt s6
truang nay van t5n t;1itu nh(1ng ngay thanh I~p dfru tien. MQt truang danh rieng cho nguai
da den dUQcthanh l~p vao nam 1788 t~i Halifax.
Cac truang trung hQc dfru tien dUQcthanh l~p van cu6i the' ky tM 18 danh rieng cho con
em giai c1lp thuQng Ittu. Cac truang nay dUQc t6 chuc rai rac va khong c6 thQng thuQc.
Truang do giao hQi Anh Giao t6 chuc la n6i b~t hdn cii va thu hut dUQc nhi~u hQc sinh.
Vao nam 1788 va 1789, hai truang Grammar School dtrQc thanh I~p t~i Windsor va
Halifax va tra thanh n6i tie'ng. Truong cao d~ng dfru tien King's College dUQc thanh I~p
t~i Windsor vao nam 1788. Sau d6, mQt hQc vi~n dUQcthanh l~p t~i Pictou, Truang Cao
d~ng New Brunswick New Brunswick College dUQcthanh l~p t~i Fredericton vao dfrUthe
ky thtl' 19.

:)

','

Chuang tdnh giao dl)c t~i cac thuQc dja My Chau khai sl! tu the ky thtl' 16. T(li Trung va
Nam My Chau, giao dl)c chju anh huang giao hQi Ky To Giao La MiL T~i New England,
giao dl)c chju anh huang giao hQi Tin Lanh Puritan. T~i cac tiu bang mi~n trung nudc
My, giao dl)c chju anh huang nhi~u giao phai Tin Lanh kMc bi~l. T(li cac tiu bang mi~n
nam nudc My, giao dl)c chju anh huang giao hQi Anh Giao. Ben c~nh chuang trlnh giao
dl)c do giao hQi thanh l~p, h~ th6ng giao dl)c cong l~p ding xufft hi~n tuy c6 mUQn han.
MQt dijc dim a day la mQt vai truang danh cho n(1sinh dUQcthanh I~p a cii b~c trung hQc
Ian cao d~ng. Tdi gi(1a the ky thtl' 18, hfru he't cac truang t(li thu(k uja My Chau dtrQc dijt
dudi quy~n kim soat cua chinh quy~n. Tuy nhien, cac giao hQi van duy trl vi~c di~u hanh
cac truang nha tha; nhung chudng trlnh giao dl)c dUQcciii tien cho phu hQp vdi nnh hlnh
xa hQi, kinh te'mdi va do chinh quy~n kim soal.
Tili li~u (ham khdo:
- British Amerta. Ttl c1iin hach khou The New Encyclopaedia 8rotannicu, Multimedia Edition, 1998.
- French Quehec. TiJl lifu c1ii ddn nhu tren.
- Harvard, John. Tu(1ien huch khou The Worlcl8ook Encyciiopelliu, Multimedia Edition, 2001.
- Neli:foundlund und the Maritime Provinces. Tit ctien hach khoo The New Encyclopaedia Britannica,
Multimedia Edition. 1998.
- Southern Colonies. Ttil lifu ctii ddn nhu tren.
- Spanish and PorluMese America. Till li?u l1t1dan nhli Iren.
- The Midie Colonies, TiLi Ii~u lTil dan nhll tren,
- The New Academies, TiLj Ii~u lTii dan nhu tren.

184

"

Chudng 17
Giao dlJc tay phUdng thtkj thtl 19
Quan diim, trilt Ij giao dlJc hi?n dlJ-i
I. HOlm canh Ijch sU'va xii h(li
II. Pestalozzi voi quan diim giao d",c hi~n d~i "Illy hQc sinh lam trung Him"
1. Pestalozzi
2. Quan diim su ph~m hi~n d~i "Illy hQc sinh lam trung tam"
3. Anh hudng quan diim Pestalozzi
III. Froebel va chudng trinh giao dl.Jc"Illy hQc sinh lam trung tam"
va "giao dl.Jcvulln tre "
1. Froebel
2. Quan diim su ph~m hi~n d~i "Illy hQc sinh lam trung tam"
3. Chudng trinh vulln tre
IV. Herbart va quan diim "giao dl.Jctam Iy va nhan cach"
I. Quan diim su ph~m hi~n d~i "giao dl.Jcnhan each"
2. Anh hudng quan diim Herbart - Ziller - Giao dl.Jcnhan cach
V. Cac nhi! giao dl.Jchi~n d~i khlic cua Duc: Fichte, Schleiermacher,
Humboldt
1. Johann Gottlieb Fichte - Quan diim "giao dl.JcIy tudng"
2. Friedrich Schleirmacher - Quan diim "giao dl.Jexii h(li"
3. Wilhelm von Humboldt - "Giao dl.Jcquilc gia thlfc dl.Jng"
VI. Cac nha giao dl.Jchi~n d~i cua Phlip: Jacotot, Hard, Seguin
1. Jean Joseph Jacotot - Quan diim "giao dl.Jcbinh diing tri tu~ "
2. Jean Marc Gaspard Hard - Quan diim "giao dl.Jctl)t nguy~n"
3. Edouard Seguin - Quan diim "giao dl.Jctam thlln"

.~

I. Hoan canh Ijch sU'va xii hQi

Tlt giua the' ky thti' 17 cho toi euoi the ky tM 18, nhung bie'n ehuyn v~ xa h(\i, kinh te',
giao dl!c co tac dl!ng lOn va lam suy yeu che' 0(\ quan chu ehuyen che' Au Chau vao the' ky
thti' 19. Trang m(\t so tnrl1llg h<jp. hoan dnh chinh tf! va xa h(\i nay lam Xl!P06 che 0(\ eli
Ilhu'dJ .xay ra t~j Phap vdj cUQCCach m~ng 17'159. 5if banh tfu'(~llgthe lifC cua Au Chau
185

Giao dl,lc tay phUdng the' ky thti 19 - Quan diim, triel

ly giao

dl,lc hi?n d(li

i:i".

ra nudc ngoai nhu i'J Phi Chau va A Chau dua de'n vi~c phat trin va c~nh tranh thuong
m~i. ThuOng m~i phat trin lam tang them l<;iitUc qu6c gia dua de'n slf xufft hi~n mQt caeh
nhanh ch6ng giai ca'p trung 1l1uthanh thi. Nhung the'llfc mdi v~ kinh te' xii hQi, cQng vdi
nhung tie'n bQ v~ ky thuilt nhu slf xufft hi~n cua may hoi nudc, h~ th6ng xi nghi~p, san
phifm ky ngh~, cung vdi Slf xufft hi~n eae thi tran, dii t~o ra mQt giai ca'p mdi rfft hung hiiu,
giai ca'p lao dQng. D5ng thoi, cae nha tri thUe, cac trie't gia len tie'ng phan d6i mQt caeh
m~nh me nhii'ng I~m dl)ng v~ kinh te' cua cac thuong gia; dnh bpc IQt giai ca'p lao dQng
t~i cae xi nghi~p; nhung bfft cong xii hQi; nhung tham nhung th6i nat trong cac cd quan
cong quy~n. Nhung tutuang ch6ng d6i h~ th6ng t6 chuc chinh quy~n nay nhilc nhi'J mQi
nguai v~ quy~n l<;ii,v~ gia trj con nguoi hay quy~n cong dan trang mQt qu6c gia va tra
thimh nguyen nhan thuc My cac CUQCcach m~ng trong the' ky thU 19. MQt so' cac cUQe
cach m~ng nay thanh cong, mQt s6thfft b~i. Oil thimh cong hay thfft b~i, di~u quan trQng a
day la nha dm quy~'n chuyen che', dil tan nhiin de'n dau cung khong th lam ngd trude
nhung quy~n l<;iican ban va quy~n cong dan cua con nguai blnh thuong trong xii hQi. Cu5i
cung, v~ phuong di~n tam Iy, dii t~o ra hoan dnh thuiin l<;iiM mQi cong dan tin tuang
rhng hQ c6 kha nang, c6 quy~n h~n khai thac, stYdl,mg, si'Jhii'u chu tai nguyen M t~o difl}g
tudng lai cho hQ, con cMu hQ va nhung tai san nay hi~n nhm trang tay giai ca'p th6ng tri
mQt cach bfft chinh. Long tin tuang nay th hi~n mQt cach miinh li~t, c6 tac d1!ng !dn lao,
mQt hlnh thU'c cua "chu nghia qu6c gia" vao the' ky thu 19: mQi cong dan tranh dilu d
du<;ictlf do dinh do~t so' philn va tUdng lai cua hQ.
Tfft d cac bie'n chuyn tren c6 anh huang !dn de'n slf tie'n bQ cua giao d1!c. MQt ke't qua
t5t d~p nhfft cua anh huang nay Ia sl! chap nhiln quan dim chudng trlnh giao d1!cqu6e gia
rna chinh quy~n c6 trach nhi~m phai thie't lilp va phat trin. T~i mQt vai qu6c gia nhu
Phap, Duc, chudng tdnh giao d1!c qu6c gia khi'Ji Sif tit dfru the' ky thu 19. T~i mQt so' qu6c
gia khac nhu Anh, My, chinh quy~n trung udng M cac dia phudng tlf quy~n phat trin
giao d1!c va chi ban Mnh cac luilt I~ v~ giao d1!c cho eac hQc sinh ngheo. Nhung sau d6,
chinh quy~n trung udng ban hanh chinh sach thue' mdi M phat trin h~ th6ng giao d1!c
qu5c gia.
Sif phat trin kinh te', xii hQi eung thuc My h~ th6ng giao d1!C,cong liip liin dan liip, mo
r(lng chu dleh va chudng trlnh. Giao d1!c khong phai chi la giup hQc sinh dQc, vie't, Hnh
toan, ma con c6 m1!e dleh dao t~o cong dan t6t, phat trin kha nang ca nhan, 11mdu<;ic
vi~c lam thleh h<;ipvdi kha nang, thanh cong trong cUQc s6ng M ml1u cfru h~nh phuc.
Phudng phap giiing d~y van dlfa vao tai li~u duy nhfft Ia sach giao khoa va ky luiit nghiem
khac. Tuy nhien, quan dim giang d~y quan tam de'n sang kie'n hQc sinh dii xufft hi~n. VI
so' hQe sinh m6i ngay mQt dong, phudng phap giang d~y ca nhan, hQc thuQc long dii
nhuang ch6 cho phuong phap giang d~y nh6m. Phudng Phap PhI) Giao cua Lancaster
186

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Ciao dl,lc tay phuong the' ky thU 19 - Quan diim, triet ly giao dl,lc hi~n d(li
(Xem them chuelng 15, m\lc IV, 4.2) rat ph6 thong trong giai dO'.lnnay VItlnh tr'.lng thieu
giao vien. Giao vien vdi sl!'tn;1giup cila mQt s5 hQc sinh kha, c6 tu6i heln, d'.lYcac hQc sinh
nho. Them vilO d6, phuelng phap phan chia hQc sinh thanh cac cap lOp khac nhau tuy theo
lu6i lac xuat hi~n flli'c vao cu5i the ky thli' I S va Ian rOng ra khAp ncJi VIsTs5 hQc sinh
moi ngay mOt dong, dn phai phan chia thanh nhi~u lOp khac nhau.
TUcu5i theky tM IS oen het theky tM 19, nhi~u quan dim moi v~ tam Iy, triet ly, su
pham dii hlnh thanh, c6 m\lc dich huang dlin v~ phudng phap giao d\lC va di~u hanh lOp
h<,lc.(j diiy, anh huang cila Rousseau (Xem chuong 15, m\lc III, I) rat rQng IOn va sau xa.
Pestalozzi va cac d~ tif Froebel, Herbart, Fichte (Xem cac philn ke tiep) d~u chju anh
huang Rousseau. Pestalozzi tin tuang rhng ban chat cila dli'a tre, chli' khang phai cac man
hoc la khl'1idim cila giao d\lc. Nhu v~y, van M tam Iy giao d\lc du<;1cd~t ra. Froebel nhiln
m'.lnh den cac hoat dQng cila hQc sinh la dim chinh cila giao d\lc tu6i tho. Herbart c6 Ie la
nha giao duc c6 anh huang IOn nhilt v~ vi~c phat trin phudng phap su ph;tm nhu la mQl
nganh khoa hoc. MQt s5 nha giao d\lc nguai Phap d~ c~p oen phuong phap giang d;ty tre
em ch~m hiEu va tam than bilt 6n djnh, tiep theo Diderot vao the ky thli' 18 (Xem them
chudng 15, m\lc IV, 1.1)

II. Pestalozzi voi quan dim giao dl,lc "lily hQc sinh lam trung Him"
1. Pestalozzi
Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (1746-1$27) la nha giao d\lc Th\lY 51. Gng d6ng g6p m!?t
cach IOn lao vao vi~c phat trin Iy thuyet va thl!'c hanh nganh giao d\lc tiu hQc. Quan
dim giao dtlc clla ang c6 anh hudng den toan coi Au Chau va My Chau dudng thai va
hi~n t'.li. Gng tin tudng rang giao d\lc phai du<;1cdl!'a tren sl!' phat trin th chilt, tinh thiin
va d;to dU'cella hQc sinh. Pestalozzi sinh t'.li Zurich Th\lY ST,hQc t'.li fl;ti hQc Zurich. VI Iy
do suc khoe, ang phai bO hQCva thiet l~p m!?t trang tr;ti t;ti Zurich. T'.li day, ang thl!'Chi~n
nhi~u thi nghi~m nang nghi~p. NhO'ng thi nghi~m nay khang thanh cang nen ang cai bien
nang tr'.li thanh mQt truang hQc thu nh~n nhO'ng h<,lcsinh ngheo vao nam 1774. (j trltang
hQe nay, ang c6 ccJ hQi'thi!' nghi~m nhO'ng 19 thuyet giao d\lC mai liln dilu tien. Gng d'.lY
hQc sinh dQc, viet, tinh toano Them vao d6, nam sinh hqc ngh~ nang, nO' sinh hQc lam
vuan, theu may va nQi tr<;1.L<;1itue nang nghi<;p d6ng g6p vao cac chi phi giao d\lc.
Phudng phap giao d\lc ella ang Ia phuling phap thl!'c d\lng. M\lc dich giao dl,lc clla ang la
giup nhO'ng hQc sinh ngheo c6 cel hi)i tl!' I~p trang tuelng lai. M!?t liln nO'a, Pestalozzi thilt
b;ti. Gng d6ng ci!'a truang. Trong nhung nam ke tiep, ang chuyen cht1 vao vi~c sang tac d
trlnh bily nhung tu tuang giao d\lc. Hc phifm giao d\lc n6i tieng clla ang vao giai dO'.ln
nay Iii "Leonard va Gertrude" Leonard and Gertrude. Nam 1798, ang trd thilnh giao vien
trong mQt c6 nhi vi~n, nam sau ang la giao vien mi)t truang tiu hQc. T;ti day, ang ap
IS?

Ciao d~c tay phuong tM

ky

thtl19 - Quan diim, trift

fy giao d~c hi~n dgi

dl,mg caequan di~m giao dl)e hi~n d;,ti v~i mon hqe lhlfe dl)ng, quan lam Mn lam Iy vii ea
nhan hqe sinh, khuyen khich vi~e gi~i lhi~u am nh;,te viio vi~e giao dl)e lu6i lhc1 vii ra'l
lhiinh eong. Nam 1801, ong xua'l ban lac phfim v~ phlic1ng phap giao dl)e "Gerlrude D;,ty
Con The NilO" How Gertrude Teaches Her Children. Tae phfim niiy Ira lhiinh mQl lrang
nhii'ng lac phfim n6i lieng nhffl v~ giao dl)C dlic1ng lhoi, nhffn m;,tnh Mn quan di~m giao
dl)e lily hqe sinh lam lrung lam. Nam 1805, Peslalozzi lhiinh l~p Hqe vi~n Yverdon M
huiln luy~n giao vien vai phlic1ngphap sli ph;,tm. hi~n d;,ti. Hqe vi~n niiy Ira lhiinh n6i lieng
lrong lren 20 nam. Chinh khach, hqc gia, nha giao dl)e, giao vien ella cae nli~e Au Chau
va khdp the giai tim den day M hqe hoi. Quan di~m viI' phlic1ng phap giao dl)e ella
Peslalozzi dli<;1eap dl)ng khdp nc1i.Cae nha giao dl)e n6i lieng Froebel, Herbarl, Fiehle

(Xem cae phfrn ke lie'p) la d~ lU clla ong.

2. Quan diim su' ph~m hi~n d~i "Iffy hQc sinh lam trung tam"
Quan di~m sli ph;,tm vii phlic1ngphap giao dlfe hi~n u;,ti ella Peslalozzi khong nhii'ng lh
hi~n qua cae lac phii'm giao dl)e, rna con tim lhay rai rae qua cae lac phfim khae vii nhii'ng
gl ling thifc hi~n qua eong vi~e giang d;,ty. Di~u din ban lrong ehll thuye'l ella ong Iii giao
dl)e phai dli<;1et6 ehue cO'thilng lhuQe bao g6m cii vi~e giao dl)e lh~ ehilt va linh lhfin. N6i
caeh khae, giao dl)e phai bao g6m ba phlic1ng di~n Iii kien lhUe, d;,to due, th~ ehlll. Theo
nglin ngii' ella Peslalozzi, giao dl)e la slf phal lri~n ella "tri tu~, lam h6n vii lh~ ehlll" head,
heart and body. Ca ba phlic1ngdi~n niiy lien kel M diio I;,tOmQl con nglioi nhan ban. Giao
dl)e v~ phlidng di~n lh~ ehlll, diio t;,tocon nglioi cO'khil niing vii lhiinh eong lrong cae ho;,tl
dQng lay chan; v~ phlic1ngdi~n d(lo due, diio 1(10 con nglioi hiinh dQng lheo eong b5ng, Ie
phai, phil h<;1pv~i llic1ngHim; v~ phlic1ng di~n kien lhUe, diio 1(10 con nglioi biel su dl)ng
cae giac quan mQl each thich dang khi quan sal slf v~l, Itt dO',biel suy Hnh, bie'lly lu~n d~
di Mn ket lu~n mQl caeh sang SUillvii ehinh xae. Kie'n thue, lli litang, hanh dQng, d(lo dUe
chi cO'y nghia khi lien quan Mn cae slf vi~e cO'lhlfe. N6i rQng ra, ehlic1ng ldnh giao dl)e

.,

dn phili lhlfe Ie, lranh vi~n vong, hao huy~n.

Nhii'ng nguyen Ide giao dl)e lren dn phai dli<;1elhlfe hi~n v~i cae phlic1ng phap giao dl)e
thlfC dlfng. Dilu lien, kinh nghi~m phai di lrliae sang kie'n va 6e lliang lli<;1ng.Nhii'ng biii
hqe phai lien quan Mn cae sif vi~e lhlfe Ie M hqe sinh cO'the lien lliang de'n eUQe s6ng
chung quanh. Ti'l'dO',cae lli lliang lrUu lli<;1ngse dli<;1ehqe hoi dfin dfrn. ChUng la chi CO'lhe
hanh dQng khi biel hiinh dQng nhli lhe' nao. Di~u nay co nghia Iii cae biii hqe d~u hliang
v~ h,!c sinh, lily "h,!e sinh lam trung tam" student-centred, rna khong phai hliang v~ mon
hqe, lily "mon hqe liim trung lam" subject-centred. De lhlfe hi~n "phlic1ng phap giang d(lY
Iffy hqc sinh liim lrung lam" student centred method of teaching, vai lro ciia nglioi lhily Iii
giang giili, hliang d~n, lhUe dffy cae sinh ho;,tl, cae biii lhlfe hilnh, kiem soal biii
lheo

va,

188

"

Gido

dl;lc

tay phu(Jng thl

ky thu 19 - Quan diim. trilt ly gido

dl;lc

hifn dr,li

uoi tien bC), M tu do tlm hi!'!u kha nang hqc t~p, tlm hi6u nhung kho khan, tim hi6u ban
chat cua m()i hqc sinh va cuoi cung la (juyet dinh vf: phuong phap giang d~y, quyet djnh
vf: vi~c thay'd6i chuang trlnh giang day cho phu hop voi ban chat va kha nang cua tung ca
nhan. E>if:unily ciing co nghia la chuang trinh giao dl!c phai phu h<;lpvoi m6i giai do~n
phat tri6n th6 chilt va tinh thiln cua hqc sinh. 6 day, viln de tam Iy giao dl!c du<;lCd~t ra.
Cucli cung, de sinh ho~t hqc t~p ve cii ba phuong ui~n kien thuc, dl,lo duc va th6 chilt
cung du<;lctiep nh~n. Pestalozzi la nhil giao dl!c da phat tri!'!n phuong phap giang d~y lily
hqc sinh lam trung tam, mi,lt phuong phap giao Ul!c tien bi,l va hi~n d~i mil ngay nay dang
du<Jc ap ul!ng ri,lng riii tren the gioi. Phuong phap nay dii du<Jc Rousseau gidi thi~u (jua tac
phrrm giao Ul!CEmile vilo niim 1762. (Xem them chuong 15, ml!c III, I)
Quan di111su ph~m hi~n d~i cua Pestalozzi thilnh hlnh khi ong thlfC hi~n vi~e giang
d~y t~i cac truong ti6u hqc c6 nhicu hqc sinh ngheo. Truong ti!'!u hqc dilu tien t~i nong
trai chi bao g6m can em nhung nguoi tung cung. 6 day, ong nhan m~nh den kha nilng
thlfCdl!ng, ap ul!ng nhung gl hqc trong Iy thuyet. Hqc sinh tu d6 nh~n dinh du<;lcgia tri cua
cfrn lao, nho d6 gia tr! dl,loduc va kien thuc phat tri6n. Trong khi cac nhil di cach cua th(ji
Hung Thinh Au Chau va Cach m~ng Phap 1789 nhan ml,lnh den vi~c giai ph6ng giai cap
cfrn lao, Pesta!ozzi dii nhan m~nh den phuong phap giao dl!c thlfc dl!ng voi chinh nhung
sinh hoat elb hoc sinh de hq c6 the N mtlti sinh. Pestalozzi dil hoan thanh cong cui,lc di
dch giao uuc va eling lil "ciii cach xii hi,li", trong khi cae nhil chinh trj thlfC hi~n cong cui,lc
"giai phong xii hi,li".

3. Anh hu'dng quan dii!'m su' phl,l111 cua Pesta!ozzi

";.,

Pesta!ozzi nh~n dinh rang su phl,lm phai la mOt phullng phap khoa hqc co y nghia thlfc
dl!ng, df: c~p den vit;c giang day cae mon hqc lien (juan den I11qikhia qnh cUQc sO'ng,
dLl(.lcxay dung tren mi,lt kien thac sau ri,lng. E>6thuc hit;n nhan dinh nay, ong co nhii'ng cO'
gilng dily nhit;t tlnh, xay dlfng va phat tri!'!n cac tLltuong su ph~m tu Iy thuyet den thlfc
hilnh vil cac tu tuong nily du<Jc ap dl!ng khilp dc nUlk lay phuong. Khoi dilu voi long
nhan ai, mucln giup diJ nhi1ng hqc sinh tung cung t~i truang nong tr~i, Pestalozzi cam thay
du(.!c khuyen khkh, de ra vil lhue hit;n m(it chullng trlnh giao d\!c nhan ban voi phuong
phap su pham thlfC d\!ng. Cling chinh tU (juan difm su phl,lm vc cii ly thuyet Ian thlfc hanh
nay, ong xay dlrng m(it phu(1ng phar su pham khong nhung ap d\!ng M giang d~y rna con
cli ml!C dkh huan luyt;n giao vien nhu ong da thlfe hi~n tl,li hqc vi~n su ph~m Yverdon.
T~i day, Pestalozzi dao tao hang nghln mon de tu khilp the gioi tlm den thl! giao trong
tren 20 narn. V0i kinh nghit;111ban than, voi nhit;t tlnh, ong dil truycn th\! cho cac mon d~
nhi1ng kien thuc su pham hit;n d~i, nhung tu tuilng d~o duc cao (juy nhal cua nghc 1110
pham. Pes!aiozzi va cae rnClIldt; du(jng thoi vil h~u the khilp the gi0i, ehilc chiln dil d6ng
IS9

Ciao

tay phuoog tM

dl,lc

gop rat nhi~u cho chudng

ky thU 19 - Quan diEm, tritt ly giuo

trlnh giao dl,lc khong

thanh nien moi, rna con dong gop VaG chudng

nilO dnh

khon ding

nhung

trlnh di

hifn

d{li

voi su m<).ng dilO tao mQt the h~

tien xii hQi, lam gd.m di mQt phan

clla nhan lo<).i. Nhu the, ta se khong

aliing, (juan di6m su ph<)m clla Pestalozzi

dl,lc

ng<).c nhien

v~ anh huang

doi vdi cac nudc tay phudng.

tll

Neu t6 chuc giao

dl,lc t<)icac quoc gia nay chua ap dl,lng phudng phap su ph<)m thl)'C dl,lng clla Pestalozzi,
s6 giao vien khilp the gioi, la d~ tii' Pestalozzi

t<)i HQc vi~n Yverdon,

thl

chilc chan it nhi~u dii

gioi thi~u phudng phap nay.

Nlidc Duc Iii mOt (juoc gia dii!n hlnh chju anh hU(Jng sau rQng phu(jng phap su ph<)m
clla Pestalozzi,

nhi~u truang

hQc dUQc thiet I~p va ap d~ng. phudng

phap giang d<)y moi

nay. Vao dau the ky thu 19, nude Anh van con chiu iinh huang phudng phap ph~ giao ella
Bell va Lancaster

vlly do thieu giao vien, nen phuong

phap su ph<)m mdi clla Pestalozzi

chua dUdc phiS bien. Nhi~u nha giao Anh nh~n djnh rling phuong phap mdi doi vdi hQ van
chi la mQt giae md. HQ nhln nMn gia tri clla phudng phap mdi nhung chua co di~u ki~n
thl!C hi~n. Tuy v~y, cac trliang hQc clla mOt so tiS chUc giao dl,lc t<)i day co ap dl,lng.

"TiS Cht1c Giao Dl,lc TuiSi Thd Luan Don" London Infant School Society

va

Do

M
la

"TiS Chue

Home School Society. T<)i My, phuong phap su ph<)m moi dii dUQe

Giao Dl,lc Dja Phudng"

gidi thi~u tai Philadelphia.

T<)i Thl,ly ST, mQt trung tam giao dl,lc dUQc thi&t l~p dt! giiing

d<)y nhung hoc sinh ngheo

ll!Ong tu nhu truang

d6ng thai thiet I~p mOt truang su ph<)m ben qnh

hQc nong tr<)i cua Pestalozzi

trudc day,

do ehinh cae giao vicn va hQc sinh quan

trio Cae quoc gia khac ding co thilnh liip mQt so truong hQc ap dl,lng phuong phap su ph<)m
Pestalozzi.

Diic bi~t, mQt so nhil giao due, eUng chinh la de tii' ella Pestalozzi,

chju anh

huang va tiep tl,lng sum<)ng thay, co de ra mQt so (juan diGm giao dl,lC mdi, se duqc trlnh
bay tiep theo day.
III. Froebel

vui quan diim

giao dl,lc "la'y hQc sinh lam trung

tam"

va "giao

dl,lc vuan

tre "
1. Froebel
Friedrich
vuon

tre

Froebel

hudng

(1782-1852) la nha giao dl,lc nguoi Duc,

dan tuiSi thd vua chdi vua hqc. Ong

sang liip ra chudng

thiel

I~p mOt "Vuan

trlnh
Tre"

Kindergarten hay Children's Garden vao nam 1837 va ap d~ng mOt ehudng trlnh hudng
dan diie bi~L Trudc do dii co xual hi<;n lo<)i truong nay nhung Froebella
tien diit ten la "Vuan Tre". Thai tre, Froebel
Anton

Gruner,

Gruner

khuyen

mQt mon de cua Pestalozzi,

Froebel

dang lam giam

nen hqc nghe giao vien. Froebel

va Berlin,

Nam

1805, gaP

d6c mQt trliang

su ph<)m.

dii tung lam nhi~u nghe.

dut)e hai num, den tham va thl,l giao Pestalozzi

tai D<)i hQc Gottingen

nha giao dl,lc dau

hQC truang

t<)i Yvcrdon

su ph<)m eua Gruner

mQt th(ji gian. Sau do, hQc

nay la thll do clla Duc. Tot nghiep

190

d"i hQc, Froebel

Gido

dl;tc

tay phuong the' ky thiJ 19 - Quan die'm, trift

ly gido

dl;tc

hi~n de;ti

),

q\lye't dinh rna tnlang voi chu dleh, quan di~m rieng, anh huang quan di6m thffy d\lY
Pestalozzi, d~t n~ng van d~ tam Iy trang giao dl)C. Ke't qua la "HQc Yit;n Giao Dl)c T6ng
H<;JpDuc" Universal German Educational Institute ra dai VaGnam 1816t\li Keilhali (Duc).
Day ia mQt trung tam giao dl)c cQng dong do Fraebel tanh d\lo voi sl! h<;Jptac cua nhi~u
b\ln hihi cung voi gia dlnh va chlnh ong dUng ra giang d\lY con em cac than hihi. Nam
1831, Fraebel thie't laP mQt tnJang hQc, mQt co nhi vit;n va mQt tntang su ph\lm t\li Thl)Y
S1. Cuoi cung, van nam .1837, t\li Keilhau, ong thie't laP mQt "Yl1an Tre" dffu tien dung
nghia, co nghia la mQt vl1an choi, cac em nho dl1<;Jchl1ang d~n vit;c choi dua giai tri, rna
khong phai la mQt trl1ang hqc. Ong noi:" Toi khong co y dinh thie't laP mQt truang hQc M
d\lY d6 tu6i tho rna a day, cac em dU<;Jctl! do vui choi giai tri M tl! phat tri6n dl1ai sl!
hl1ang d~n that la kheo leo ... " Sinh hO\lt cua Yl1an Tre thu hut dl1<;Jcsl! chu y cua nhi~u
giai, nhi~u Yl1an Tre khac dl1<;Jcthie't laP m~c dffu co sl! chong dOi cua mQt vai nhom
chlnh tri v~ chu dleh va sinh hO\lt cua co sa nay. Fraebel sang tac mQt sotac phifm giao
ou(" nhl1 "Giao Dl)("Con Ngl1ai" Education of Man, "Giao Dl)("Qua Phat Tri~n" Education
bv Development, "Bai Ca Yl1an Tre" Nursery Songs d~ ("6 vG cho chl10ng trlnh va quan
diem giao dl)("tu6i thtl.
2. Quan diim su phl.lm hi~n dl.li "lily hqc sinh lam trung tam"
Theo Fraebel1 giao Ol)Cco hai y nghia: giao vien co nhit;m Vl) giup dO hQc sinh vl1<;Jt
qua cac kho khan M ("0 th~ tl! phat tri6n, tl! sinh hO\lt; m~t khac, giao vi en cGng ("0 nhit;m
Vl) sU'a chua nhung sai Iffm cua hQc sinh. Nhl1 vaY, giao dl)c co nghia la ra chi thi (sU'a
chua sai Iffm) va ban t~ng (giup do). Nhl1ng giao vien khong nen ra chi thi, can thit;p va
ap dl)ng thifm quy~n giao dl)c mQt khi dUa tre to ve bat thl1ang nhl1 hie'u dQng, de xuc
dm, ngang bl1ang, nhat Ia dua tre vao lUili vl1an tre. Trang truang h<;Jpnay, thffy co phai
tim hi6u Iy do thffm kin cua cai bat thuang M co th6 giai quye't tan goc nhung kho khan,
nhung bat thl1ang d~ dua tre ("6 th6 co dU<;Jcsl! phat tri6n bll\h thl1ang. Di~u quan lrQng
nhat day la giao vien khong th6 "ra chi thj" va "b<rnt~ng" mQt cach tuy hUng. Thai dQ
cua thffy ca phai dl1<;Jccan nh~c dung muc dat tren can ban thanh thl!c, than !lnh va nhit;t

tam.
HQc dl1ang, theo Fraebel, khang phiii chi la mQt co
M hqc sinh tie'p nhan it nhi~u
kie'n thuc, cGng khong phai la noi hoc sinh hQ("hoi nhung gl khang lien ht; de'n cac em,
rna ("hinh Iii noi hQc sinh de'n M dl10c giau dl)C v~ sl! lien quan giua con ngl1ai vai cQng
dong va thien nhien. D6 thl!c hit;n ml)c dleh nay cua giaD dl)c, hqc sinh dn phai dl1<;Jc
hQc
hoi cae man hQc nhl1 d\lo duc, ngan ngu, nght; thuat, Ijch sU',toan, khoa hQc. Khang nhung
the', moi bai hQc cua bat cu man hQc nao cGng phiii dap ung dl1<;JC thleh, thu hut dl1<;Jc
sl!
chu y cUa hQc sinh. Nhl1 vaY, dieu nay chUng to r6 rang ding, theo quan di~m sl1 ph:j.m

sa

sa

191

Ciao

df:lc

tay phuong the' ky tM 19 - Quan diim, trie't ly giao

df:lc

hi~n dai

cua Froebel, h9C duang kh6ng nhung c6 m6i quan tam IOn nhat la Iruyen ba kie'n thac
thy'c dl!ng de'n h9C sinh, rna can pMi t~o dieu ki~n va hoan dnh thu~n Iqi, khuye'n khich,
thuc dily voi cac phuong pMp h9c t~p thich dang, thl!c te'd8 h9C sinh c6 the tie'p nh~n
kie'n thuc 1l1()teach c6 hi~u qua. CGng nhu Pestalozzi, Froebel de c~p de'n phuong phap
giuo dl!c Ifry h()c sinh lam trung tam.
Froebel nhan m~nh d~c bi~t de'n sinh. ho~t va cac tra ehoi trong. vi~c giao dl!C tu6i tho.
CGng nhu eac bili hge va bai lam cua cae dp lOp cao han, cae tra choi va sinh ho~t phai
c6 ml)e dich rna rQng tllm hieu bie't, tho a miin 6c ta rna. Tra choi'va sinh ho~t kh6ng phai
ia d8 khoa Ifrp thai gian tr6ng trai cua lop h9C rna la mQt buoc quan tr9ng nhfrt trong vi~c
phat trien kie'n thuc tut5i tho. D6ng thai, cGng kh6ng kem quan tr9ng, giao vien c6 nhi~m
VI!theo d5i, quan sat M tlm hieu dua tn:: tie'p nMn duqc gl qua tra choi va cGng la de thay
d6i tra choi eho thich hqp voi tung lUa tu6i, Fraebel cGng rat quan tam de'n vi~c t~o dl!ng
nhung tra choi thich hqp voi tUng lua tu6i. Nhung tra choi nay phai duqc thie't ke'voi ml!c
dich rna rQng tllm hieu bie't, thoa miin 6c to rna clla tre em nhu dii trlnh bay a tren, voi
nhung dien tie'n gian dj va thu tl!, tre em de dang sU'dl!ng. Nhung tra choi nay bao g6m
qua b6ng; con suc sAc, qua du, hlnh tr~, cac mie'ng g6 hlnh dang khac bi~t e6 the xe'p I~i
duqc, cac hlnh giay gfrp I~i, cac mie'ng giay elit nho c6 hlnh dang mau sAc khac nhau, cac
h~t kh6, cuc cac lo~i, cac que nho V.V...Cac tra choi nay se giup tre em phan bi~t cac hlnh
dang, mau sac rieng bi~t, xe'p thanh cac m6 hlnh khac nhau, xe'p Jo~i cac tra choi
v,v ..,Yoi sl! huang dfrn clla giao vien, cac tra choi dem de'n cho tu6i tho nhung kinh
nghi~m don gian nhu'ng thl!c te'M ghi l~i, khoi dQng 6c tuang tuqng khi nhln VaGthl!c te'o
Hlnh du dem I~i sl! lien tuang ve kh6ng gian rQng lOn, hlnh trl! dem I~i sl! lien tuang ve
kh6ng gian gioi h~n, vi~e sinh ho~t ng6i thanh mQt yang tran giup cac em lien tuang de'n
sl! lien h~ cua lhanh vien trang m(Jt t6 chUc, ca nhan trong mt)t xii ht)i. Cu6i cling, tu6i tho
dlln dlln cam nMn dlfqc chinh cac em la mt)t tMnh vien ella gia dlnh, ella lop h9C, cua xii
ht)i. Day la mt)t bili h9C vo lang ve c6ng dan giao dl!c , ve xii ht)i, ve eQng d6ng, kh6ng
dn sa~h giao khQa, mil qua cac tra choi nhung s6ng d(Jng, de tie'p nh~n, de nho.
3. Chtfdng trlnh "giao dl}c vu'on tre" cua Froebel
Chuang Irlnh Won tre eua Froebella chuang tdnh duy nhat duong thai. Truoe d6 cGng
c6 xu at hi~n cac co sa tie'p nh~n tre em Hil Lan, Duc, Anh; nhung day la cac co sa coi
gill Ire clla cac t6' chU'c xii ht)i c6 ml!C dich giup dO cac gia dlnh ngheo rna cha m~ deu
b~n bju sinh nhai, kh6ng the san soc con cai. Yuan tre clla Froebel mang"d d~c tinh giao
dl!c h6a Ifrn xii h(Ji h6a tu6i tho nhu 6ng dii vie't "Yuan Tre la co sa huang diin tu.si tho
h9C hoi qua cae tra choi va sinhho~t". Chuang trlnh h9c hoi bao gam: mQt Iii choi voi cac
tra ehoi c61ien quan de'n sinh ho~t tu6i tho vii sinh ho~t hang ngiiy M tu6i tholiim quen

192

Gidu

dl;lC

tay phuong tM

ky

thU 19 - Quan dilm, triit If gidu

dl;lC

hi~n d(li

vii hQe hoi v6 ban thiin vii xii hi)i; hai Iii sinh ho~t vii ea hat khong nhung voi mlie dieh
giup cae em Iilm quen voi ngh1; thu~t mil con giup cae em tham nhuan dan diln vilo tn 6e
non not tinh than nhan b~n vii t1nh yeu thien nhien; ba Iii tht!e hi1;n cae sinh ho~t v6 san
s6e sinh ,y~t, vuan cay vo'i mlie dieh giiy tlnh earn giiJa con nguai vii moi truang. Tilt ea
cae chi tie't tren eua chuang trlnh vuan tre phai dut;je huong dan, sinh ho~t mi)t each ht;jpIy
vii e6 thU tt!.
Chuang trInh, vuan tre eua Froebel nh~n tre em tit 4 den 6 tudi t~i cae cd so rieng bit;t
vii dut;je thiet I~p t~i nhi~u nai. Trong khoang 25 nam sau khi Froebel milt (1852), chuang
trlnh nily dltt;jc thilnh I~p t':li cae thilnh ph6 lOn eua cae nUDe nhu A.o, Bi, Canada, Dlic,
Anh, Hil Lan, Hungary , Nh~t, ThliY ST,My. Nhi6u qu6c gia da giiJ nguyen tit ngu "Vuan
Tre". m6t ,6 qu6c gia khae dung tit ngu "Nhil Tre" Creche.
IV. Herbart

va quan di!!m sit ph"m hi~n dl.li "giao dl)c Him

Iy

va nhan cach"

I. Quan di!!m "giao dl)c tam Iy va giao dl)c nhan cach"

Johann Friedrich Herbart (1776-1841) Iii triet gia, tiim ly gia, nhil giao dlie Due e6 anh
huang Ion Mn Iy thuyet giao dlie dUlJng thai vii hi~n d~i. Ong hQe t(li D~i hQe Jena villa
man d~ cua triet gia Johann Gottlieb Fiehte (Xem philn ke tiep), giang d(lY t~i ThliY ST
mi)t thai gian, sau tnJ l':li Jena giang d(lY triet hoc vii su ph~m. Tit nam 1808 Mn nam
1833 lil giao su t~i D(li hQe Gottingen. Tra l~i Jena Iiln thlt hai tiep tlie giang d~y su ph~m
va triet hoc.
Herbart tin tuang r~ng giao dlie phai xay dt!ng nhiin caeh con nguai. Ong nhan m(lnh
den st! quan trong eua vi~c hung thu hoc hoi vii neu ra r~ng neu hoc sinh thieu (I((e tinh
nay, vi1;c hoc se tra thilnh vo ieh va va nghTa. VI v~y, giao vien c6 nhi~m vli tae dong,
thue dily, khuyen khieh, t~o hung thu trong vi~e hoc hoi qua moi hlnh thUe sinh ho~t giao
dlie. d day, nhil giao dliC ThliY STPestalozzi dii e6 anh hUlJng lOn Wi Herbart.
Ve van d~ ban ehilt giao dlie, Herbart nhln nh~n mi)t tien trlnh khai st! voi nhung y
tuang dlta tre thu nh~n qua kinh nghi1;m s6ng vii trong khi tiep xue voi xii hi)i. Chinh giao
yien tao ClJhoi eho cac em hoc hoi eae kien thlte voi kinh nghi~m s6ng vii khuyen khieh
cae em trong vi~e tiep nh~n kien thltc voi vi1;e tiep xue voi xii hi)i. Mlie dieh eu6i eung
diiy lil hoc sinh tiep nMn dut;je kien thlic d6 xay dt!ng rili phat tri6n cae tu tuang e6 gia
tri, ngo hau c6 kha nang danh gia va phiin bi~t dltt;jc cai dtep, eai xau, d~o due, d6i tra.
Phiin bi1;t, danh gia dUc;fed~o due, d6i tra se cilu t~o nen nhan each con nguai. Theo
Herbart, d(lo due, nhan each Iii mlic tieu t6i h~u eua ngilnh su ph~m, kien thue Iii phudng

ti1;n d tht!e hit;n mlie tieu.

Herbart nh~n dinh r~ng moi bili hoc e6 d~ ra nhung tu tuang moi, cae tu tuang eua
nhi~u bili hoc hay mot chu d~ Mu co lien quan ehiit ehe voi nhau. Cung mi)t nh~n dinh,
193

Ciao

dlfC

tay phudng the' ky tM 19 - Quan ddm, trie't lj gido

dlfC

hi~n dl,li

eac lit tllang Clla nhi~u chU d~ hay ci\ cuO'n sach giao khoa, cung e6 m(>tChll di~m. Herbart
thllang nhac toi van d~ thO'ng thu(>c; hi; thO'ng h6a kien thuc, tll tllang, eung nhll ehll di~m
clla m(>teuO'n sach giao khoa. E>~cdi~m nily se giup hQc sinh d/\ dilng tiep nh~n vii duy trl
nhung kien thuc, quan di~m trang ky uc. Dng dlla ra m(>t thi dl! Iii khi hoc sinh phai d6i
phD voi m(>t van d~ kho khan, em se phai suy nghi M tim: ra giai phap. Trang qua trlnh
suy nghi, tfnh toan nily, c6 khi ngllai hQc sinh d'!t dll<;1etien b(>,co khi em g~p be t<ie.
day, Herbart cl~ ra bO'ngiai do,!n trang vii;c hi; thO'ng h6a tll tllang vii giai quyet eac van
d~ kho khan. Thu nhat lillilm sang to, tIm hi~u y nghia ella van M M tlm ra eac tll tllang,
quan di~m dac hii;t. Thu hai Iii so sanh cae tll tll('jng, quan dim voi nhau, tim ra cac di~m
tll(jng d6ng vii di bii;t. Thu ba Iii sap xep hay hi; thO'ng hoa cac tll tuang, quan di~m, Wc Iii
chi a cac quan dim thilnh tung lo,!i, danh gia gia tri cao thap clla cac III tllang. Thu tll vii
cuO'i cung Iii ap dl!ng tuc Iii hQc hoinhung tll tllang co gia trio Phllong phap giao dl!c h~
thO'ng hoa cua Herbart co Hnh cach tclng quat, giao vien tuy tii;n tham khao vii ap dl!ng
tuy theo hoiln dnh vii trllang h<;1p.Tuy nhien, m(>tsO'mun de clla ung dii ap dl!ng phllong
. phap nily m(>teach may m6c trang moi bili d,!Y. E>6thl!c hi<$nchllang trlnh giao dl!c vil'a
c6 tinh cach trau d6i kien thuc, vua c6 tinh each tam Iy, eac giao vien dn phai dll<;1C
dilo
t'!o voi m(>tkien thuc sau r(lng vii da di<$nt,!i eac trllang d,!i h9C.

2. Anh hu'dng quan diim Herbart - Nha giao dvc Ziller - Giao dl}c nhan each
Quan <.1i6mtarn Iy sll ph,!m clla Herbart d~t tren din ban lrie'l ly <.1aoduc co .lnh hllang
!dn vilo cuO'i the ky thu 19 vii the ky thu 20 t,!i Au Chau vii My Chau. M(>t trang nhung
man di; xuat sac clla ong Iii Tuiscon Ziller. Ziller (1817-1882) Iii nM giao dl!c ngllai E>ue,
hQc t,!i E>,!ihQc Leipzig. Nam 1853, khai sl! ngh6 sll pham t,!i Leipzig. Nam 1862, ong rna
trllang sll ph,!m voi chllang trlnh giang day co t1lm muc d,!i hQc. Nam 1869, ong thilnh l~p
"Hi~p H(>iKhoa HQc 51l Ph'!m" Association/or Scientific Pedagogy, m(>tIrung tam nghien
CUuv~ ngilnh sll pham. Ziller llng h(>m,!nh me quan di~m triet Iy sll ph,!m clla Herbart;
cl~t trang tam giao dl!c khong nhung vilO kien thuc sau r(>ng; mil con ehu trQng den d,!o
cluc, nhan each vii ap dl!ng quan di~m nily vilO chllang trlnh giao dl!c t,!i E>uc. Dng nhan
m,!nh rhng tat d cae khfa qnh trang giao dl!c d~u c6 ml!c dfch xay dl!ng kien thue, nhan
each hQc sinh. Muon v~y, eae mun hQe d6u hllong v~ lieh sU',xa h(\i, Ihien nhien, thl!c Ie
vii d,!o cluc, tao ra m(lt man hQc bao .quat. Trang vii;c giang d,!y, eac bili hQc phai dll<;1C
so,!n thao co lien quan trlloc sau vii phai phu h<;1pyoi sl! phal trii!n tam Iy ea nhan hQc
sinh. Chllang Irlnh giang d,!y nily con ciin phai phu h<;1pvoi sl! tien Irii!n van hoa nhan lo,!i
tu giai do,!n so khai den giai do,!n van minh hii;n d,!i. Mvc tieu giao dl!c toi h~u clla Ziller
eung nhll cac nM giao dvc ehju anh hll()ng Herbarl Iii M cao, xay dl!ng nhan each, d,!o
duc cung voi vii;e trau d6i kien thuc.
194

,"I

.il
.oj:

[j
, .i:'

Gicio dW tay phuong thi

ky tM 19 - Quan ddm, trief If' gido

dl,lc

hi~n d(li

Tai My, "Hi<%pHi)1 Quoe Gia Herbart" National Herbart Society oul;Je thilnh I~p' M
nghien el1u phuong phap su ph~m ella Herbart va rat thjnh hilnh tu nam 1895 oe'n nam
1901.
V. Cac nM giao dl,lc hi~n dl;1ikh8c Ii Duc: Fichte, Schleiermacher, Humboldt
Trong Ijeh sU'pMt tri~n ngiinh su ph~m, nuoe Due oa oong gop kM dong cac nhil giao
d\)e. N6i tie'ng nhilt Iii Froebel, Herbart nhu oa trlnh bily d tren cling cae mon 0<%.Ngoili ra
kha oong cae hoe gia, trie't gia khae eling eo nhung tu tuang tie'n bi) v~ cai tie'n giao d\)c.
Dang k~ nh1lt la cae hoe gia, nhil giao d\)e sau oay:

1. Johann Gottlieb Fichte - Quan dil!m "giao dl,lc Iy tltling"

Fiehte (1762-1814) la trie't gia , nhil giao d\)c Due. Ong eo e6ng Ion trong vi<%cthilnh I~p
D~i hoe Berlin University of Berlin vilo nam 1809, mi)t o<)ihoc hi<%no~i. Fichte trd thilnh
mi)t trong mi)t viii giao su o5.u tien. Mi)t nam sau ong trd thanh vi<%ntruang thu nhi clla o~i
hoe nily. Fichte n6i tie'ng tren kh~p nude Duc voi quan oi~m trie't 19 19 mang, mi)t nM cai
tien giao due vii mot ngu()i yeu nude nhi<%tthanh. Khi Due thilt b<)itruoe sU'cm<).nhquan
sl! eua Phap thtli hoilng de Napoleon (1769-1821) vilO nam 1806, Fiehte oa viet "Nhung
Bai Noi Chuyen Voi Quae Dan" Addresses to the German Nation vilo nam 1807-1808.
Qua nhung bai van nily, ong oua ra quan di~m thl!e te M khoi p1wc danh d\)' quoe gia vii
t6 ehue I<)ilOan bi) n~n giao d\)c Due theo quan di~m giao d\)e th\)'c d\)ng ella Pestalozzi.
Theo 6ng, tat d tre em o~u phai Olfl;Jegiao d\)e va eong tae nily Iii traeh nhi<%mella chinh
quy~n ehu khong phai ai kMe. d oay, 6ng eo 9 nh~e oen cae t6 chue giao d\)e dan I~p hay
t6n giao oeu phai oat duoi quyen ki~m soat eua Bi) Giao d\)e. Nam nu hoc chung vii nhu
v~y kh6ng eo s.l! phiin bi<%tnu sinh hQe it m6n h(ln hoae hoe nhung mon khae voi nam
sinh. Chuang trinh giao d\)e phai eo tinh caeh thl!e te nh1lt Iii ve cae phuong di<%nn60g
nghieP, ky ngh<%,ngh<%thu~t, thG d\)e th~ thao, 0<)0due. Ml,Ietieu giao dl,le kh6ng phai oon
thu5.n truyen ba kien thue mil ia th1lm nhu5.n nhung tu tut'ing ve oe sang t<)o, 9 ehi, nhan'
caeh, 0<)0dUe, nhiin ai ng6 h5.u giup hqe sinh hoan thanh b6n ph~n ooi voi ban thiin, gia
oinh vii xa hi)i. Khae vdi Pestalozzi, Fiehte to 9 th~n trong v~ anh huang clla ph\) huynh
doi voi eon em vi ehinh ban than ph\) huynh da khong eo OUkien thU'c giao d\)c. Ong hy
vong the he p1w huynh tiep theo se ou(,Je hqe hoi nhi~u hon ve nhung tu tudng tie'n bi).
Lue nay, ho se eo kha nang oong gop tfeh e\)'e hon trong vi<%egiao d\)e eon cai. Quan oi~m
giao due eua Fiehte, n(\i ehung, eo tinh caeh 19 tltiing, lam s6ng I<)itu tuang giao d\)e ella
. nhil trie't hoe, nha giao due Plato (Xem ehudng 5, ml!e Ill, 2.3) voi quyen h<)nella nhil
dm quyen va ehu dfeh eao dt;:pella giao dl!e.

195

Gido d{lc tay phuong the' ky tM 19 - Quan diim, tritt ly gido d{lc hifn dgi
2. Friedrich Schleiermacher
- Quan dili'm "giao dQc xii hQi"
Schleiermacher (1768-1834) la nM thffn hQc, trie't gia, nM giao dl,!c Duc. Gng c6 cong
tmng vi~c thanh l~p D(li hQc Berlin, la giao sl1 thffn hQc D(li hQc Halle va sau d6 giang
d(lY 24 nam t(li D(li hQc Berlin (1810-1834). Schleiermacher dl1a ra quan di'm xa hQi
tmng giao dl,!c, mQt quan di'm kha tien bQ trong vi~c giai thich giao dl,!c. Theo ong, giao
due phiii la mQt n6 !t!c IOncua the'M trl10c d6i voi the' h~ sau tmng b6n !Tnhvt!c cua cUQc
s6ng la d6i voi ton giao, d6i voi qu6c gia, d6i voi doi s6ng va d6i voi khoa hQc. HQc sinh
khong nhung la thanh vien cua b6n !Tnhvt!c tren rna can phiii c6 nhi~m vI,!gay anh hl1C1ng
va phat tri'n cac !Tnhvt!c tren m6i ngay them t6t d~p.

"

3. Wilhelm von Humboldt - Quan dili'm "giao dQc quilc gia va giao dQc th\fc dQng"
Humboldt (1767-1835) la nha ngo(li giao, trie't gia, nha ngon ngu hQc, nha giao d\lc
Duc. Gng hQc t(li D(li hQc lena va D(li hQc Leipzig, trClthanh giao sl1 trie't hQc D(li HQc
lena mQt thai gian ngiln trl10c khi <1I1Qc
cit lam d(li su t(li, Y (1801-1808). T(li day, ong
dung ra baa trQ nhi8u dt! an khoa hQCva van hoa. Nam 1809, ong v8 nl10c nMn chuc BQ
trl1C1ngGiao dl,!c. Voi vai tro nay, Humboldt tht!c hi~n nhi8u cai cach v8 chl1ang trlnh
giao d\lc trung hQc, xac nMn kha nang giao vien, chung chi giao dl,!ctrung hQc. Cling nam
1809, ong c6 trach nhi~m va cling voi mQt so' hQc gia khac thanh l~p D(li hQc Berlin
University of Berlin. Day la mQt d(li hQChi~n d(li dffu tien c6 thii'm quy8n hoan toan dQC
l~p va tt! trj, giang vien cling nhl1 sinh vien khong bi mQt the'lt!c nao chi ph6i dli CIphia
chfnh yuy~n, ton giao hay dang phai chfnh trio Tinh each dQc I~p va tt! trj nay cua D(li hQc
Berlin t5n t(li mai toi ngay nay va mCldffu cho cac d(li hQc khac tren con dl1ang di de'n tl)'
tri thl)'Csl)'. Tuy nhien, nam 1819, chinh quy8n DU'cda xam ph(lm vao tl1each dQc l~p va
quy~n tt! trj cua D(li hQc Berlin bi gian dO(ln tmng mQt thai gian ngiln. D(li hQc nay da chl1
trQng d~c bi~t v8 khoa hQc, ky thu~t VIchju anh hl1C1ngcUQceach m(lng ky ngh~ khClisl)'CI
Anh, sau Ian sang cac nl1o(>Au Chau. Tuy v~y, trl10ng cling khong lang quen nhan van,
mQt viln d8 lien h~ den con ngl1ai. T(li D(li hQc Berlin, Humboldt lam s6ng I(li phong trao
nhan van, nhiln m(lnh den cac mon nhl1 trie't, sl1 ph(lm, ngon ngu, van hQc, lich sit ngoai
nhung mon hQc toan, khoa hQc, ky thu~t. Ml,!c tieu cua giao dl,!c CIday khong phai chi la
ph\lc VI,!xa hQi tren da phat tri'n khoa hQc, ky thu~t rna can la khai sang, b5i dilp d(lo dUc,
van h6a, kien thUc ca nhan. V8 viln d6 ngon ngu, Humboldt nh~n dinh day 1a mQt
sinh hO(lt van hoa va con ngl10i tiep nMn the' gioi ben ngoai qua cac th' 10(li ngon ngu.
VI v~y, ong nhiln m(lnh den vi~c hQc t~p nganh hQc nay t(li D(li hQc Berlin do ong sang
l~p. N1im 1817, Humboldt dl1Qcclf lam d(li su t(li Tay Ban Nha. Voi chUc VI,!nay, ong
c6 cong nghien cUu ngon ngu Basque (*). Gng cling co cong nghien CUungon ngu Kawi
(*) BUJque. NhrJnl ngu/fi H(Jj Ciao sinh s(1n;.:(.Ii Wnh th/f phia tiiy hclc:Tay Ban Nha wJt ngon ngl1, viin hiJu.
ton gif.io khJc bi(!t. NhtJ111 nay hi{?n dun!.: trunh {ulu a()i quydn tI! trj va tuch ru khiJi Tdy Ban Nha.

196

,i
'j
j

I
\

Ciao d(tc tay phuang the' ky thU 19 - Quan ditm, tritt Ij giao dl;tc hif)n d(li
tai dao Java d Indonesia nhung chua hoim thanh. NMn dinh vt: ngon ngii' cua Humboldt
co anh hu()ng lOn vao the' ky thu 20.
VI. Cac uha giao d'.lc hi~n d~i lJ Phap: Jacotot, Hard, Seguin
Cac nha giao d\!c nguai Phap co cang dong g6p khong nho trang vi(,\c ciii tie'n phuong
phap giang d~y, d~c bi(,\t la phuong phap giang d~y cac tre em khuye't t~t, rna sau nay tn)
thanh phuong phap su ph~m tan tie'n trang nganh giao d\!c d~c bi(,\t.
1. Jean Joseph Jacotot - Quan dil'm "giao d'.lc blnh d~ng tri tu~ "
Jacotot ( 1770-1840) la giao su, nha su ph~m, chinh khach nguai Phap. Ong kMi sl!
nght: su ph~m voi vi(,\c giiing d~y mon toan It.liTruong Bach khoa Dijon (1795), trCJthanh
ph6 giam doc truong va la giao su phuong phap giang d~y cac mon khoa hQCva cac mon
hoc eCl dii'n nhu La Tinh, Hy Lap, IUat La MiL Jacotot nhaP ngu trang thai gian chie'n
trunh va trd thanh giam doc Truong Su ph~m Quan dl)i. Giai ngu, nhan chlic giao sl1ngon
ngii' va van hQc Phap t~i D~i hQc Louvain (1818). Voi kinh nghi(,\m d6i dao va da di(,\n,
Cll1gsang tac tac phJm sl1 ph~m "PhltcJng Phap Giang D~y T6ng Quat" Enseignement
Universel- Universal Teaching Method vao nam 1823. Trang tac phJm nay, ong trlnh bay
quan di~m blnh d&ng tr! tu(,\ trang giao d\!c va nhfrn m~nh vao vi(,\c thl!c hilnh lien tie'p
hang ngay M tie'p nhiin kie'n thuc. (j day, ong dl1a ra hai nhiin dinh. Ml)t la tfrt cii "mQi
ngl1di deu co khii nang hQc hoi tlicJng uf", khac biet vc kc't qua tie'p nhiin kie'n thuc Ia do
hoan ciinh ben ngoai va thai dl) hQc taP ca nhan. Hai la "mQi 51!vi(,\c dt:u tim thfry d sl!
vi(,\c khac" tout est dans tout - everything is in everything, c6 nghla la mQi sl! vi(,\c Mu co
lien quan voi nhau, hiu bie't tl1ang tiin mi)t sl! viec se tIC dang tim hiu 51!vi(,\c khac, dQc
va hit:u tl1ang t~n mi)t cuon sach se giup viec doc va tim hit:u clion sach khac mi)t each de
dang.
Jacotot cung rilt quan tam de'n phl10ng phap giiing d~y ngo~i ngii'. Theo ong, hQc ngo~i
ngii' cung nhu hQc tie'ng m~ de. HQc sinh hQc cac chii', cac cau, cae do~n van ngo~i ngii', so
sanh voi tie'ng m~ de; dfrn dfrn hap th\!, ghi nhO va tl! xay dl!ng cac tu, cau, bili van ngo~i
ngu. Giao vien kit:m soat tie'n trin hoc tiip nay va luon luon d~t cau hoi hl10ng diln. Sau
d6. vice hoc tap ngu phap moi dl1<;1C
dat ra. (j day, Jacotot dil lien h<;lpvi(,\c hoc hoi ngo~i
ngu v(jj tie'ng me de cung nhl1 dii lien h,Jp vicc doc hiu tl1ang tiin ml)t cuon saeh giup
viec doc cu6n sach khac de dang h(in.
2. Jean Marc Gaspard

Hard - Quan dil'm "giao d~JCkhllye't tiit" va "giao d'.lc Him

thdn bilt 6n dinh"

!tard (1775-1838) la bac sl, nha tam Iy h<)cva nha giao d\!c Phap. Ong dong gop cong
197

Gido df!.c tay phuang tM

ky

thli 19 - Quan diim, trier If gido df!.C hi?n dc,li

IOn trong vi~c kham pha phu'dng pMp giang d<)ynhii'ng tn; em dim die'c. Khai Sl!, !tard
hQc nganh ngan hang, sau d5i sang hQc y khoa. Sau cu(>c Cach m<)ng PMp 1789, ong
nh~p ngu va phl)c Vl) trung nganh (juan y. Khi co dip tie'p xtic voi cac hQc sinh cam die'c
t<)iTru'ong Khie'm thanh Khie'm thlnh Paris, !tard rilt quan tam de'n nhii'ng kh6 khan cua
cac hQc sinh nay va bo ra nhi8u thoi gian diS nghien CUllv8 chU'c nang va nhii'ng tra ng<)i
cua thinh giac. KiS tu nam 1800, ong dung toan thoi gian ngh8 nghi~p va tai san rieng diS
dong gop vao chu'dng tdnh nghien CUllvi~c giang d<)y cac tre em khie'm thanh, khie'm
thinh. !tard ciing la nM giao dl)Cdau tien co nhii'ng sang kie'n trang vi~c tim kie'm phu'dng
pMp giang d<)ym(>tcach khoa hQc nhii'ng tre em cMm hiiSu, tam than bilt 5n dinh. Trang
"Tu'ong Tdnh V8 TInh Tr<)ng Tam Than Bilt On Djnh Cua Aveyran" Rapports sur Ie
Savage de ['Aveyron - Reports on the Savage of Aveyron, !tard giai thich v8 nhii'ng phu'dng
phiip giao dl)c tam Iy, giao dl)c thl!C dl)ng ca nMn d giang d<)y trang b6n nam (18011805) m(>tem be trai II tu5i, ten la Aveyran, khong ao quan, ch<)y limg thang trang rung
hoang, Gng ciing vie't "Ban Lu~n V8 Nhii'ng B~nh nt Cua Tili va Thinh Giac" Traite des
Maladies de [,Oreille et de ['Audition - Treatise on the Maladies of the Ear and of Hearing
(1821) va "Khie'm Thanh" hay "nt Cam" Mutisme - Mutism (1824). Voi nhii'ng cong trlnh
nghien CUll v8 cac phu'dng phap giao dl)c d~c bi~t trang. vi~c giang d<)y cac hQc sinh
khuye't t~t va tam thfrn bilt 6n djnh, !tard da dlt<;1cb5 nhi~m la h(>i vien Han lam vi~n Y
khoa Phap vao nam 1821.

3: Edouard Seguin - Quan diim "glao du.ctam than bilt an djnh"

Seguin (1812-1880) Ia bac sT, nM tam Iy, nha giao dl)c PMp co cong dfru trong &ang
kie'n du'a ra nhii'ng phu'dng pMp glao dl)c hi~n d<)iM giang 'd<)ynhii'ng tre em tam than bilt
5n dlnh. Gng hQCy khoa chuyen v8 b~nh than kinh, c(>ng tac vien va cGng la d~ tii' cua
bac sTtam Iy hQc !tard (Xem phan tren).
Nam 1839, Seguin rna m(>t truong hQc danh rieng cho hQc sinh tam than bilt 5n djnh.
T<)iday,ong dua ra m(>tphudng phap giang d<)yrna sau nay du'<;1C
chilp nh~n r(>ngrai, dl!a
tren qual} diiSm rilt tie'n b(>la nhii'ng ngu'oi ch~m hiiSu va tam than bilt 5n dinh khong ph<1i
ngu d6t, khong mik ~~nh t~t, khong co nao b(> bilt thu'ong, rna chi la nao b(>co sl! pMt
triiSn khong hoan hao vao ltic truoc khi sinh ra, trong khi sinh ra ho~c sau khi sinh ra. VI
. v~y, phu'dng phiip giang d<)ya day la huiln luy~n cae ho<)td(>ng thiS xac cGng nhu cac ho<)t
d(>ng giac quan diS dfrn dan cac tre em co thiS phl)ch6i du'<;1C
Sl! ho<)t d(>ng blnh thu'ong
trang vi~c hQc hoi cGng nhu sinh ho<)ttrong cu(>c s6ng. Theo Seguin, cac b(>ph~n than thiS
va cac giac (juan ia trung tam diiSm cua sinh ho<)t tinh than. Nhu v~y, sl! pMt triiSn thiS
xac va giac quan la phfrn quan trQng trang vi~c giao dl)c. Phu'dng phap giao dl)c nay
chilp nh~n quan dim cho ding sl! phat trin tri tu~ do cac kinh nghi~m giac quan dem
198

,,

I
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Ciao dt,tc tay phuong the' ky tM 19 - Quan ddm, trie't ly giao dt,tc hi~n d{li
ll!i. Truong cua Seguin du<,Jcn6i tie'ng khap the' gioi, nhi~u truong tuong tI! du<,Jcthanh
khap Au Chau. Nam 1846, cng xuilt ban tac ph1lm "Giao D\lC Tinh Th~n, Suc Kh6e
Kie'n Thuc Cho Nhi1ng Ngu(Jj Ch~m Hi~u" Traitment Moral, Hygiene et Education
Idiots _ Mental Treatment, Hygiene and Education of Idiots. Tac ph1lm nay tra thanh

I~p
Va
des
tac

ph1lm tam Iy hQCc6 di~n n6i Mng.

Nam 1~51, Seguin di dan sang ti~u bang Ohio (My), sau sang New York (1854). Tl!i
day, cng thanh I~p nhieu truong hQc cho cac tre em ch~m hi~u va rna phOng kham b~nh.
Nam 1866, cng xuat ban cuon sach thu hai "B~nh Ch~m Hi~u Va Di~u Trj Bftng Phuong
Phap Tam L)'" Idiocy a~d Its Treatment by the Psychological Method. Gng ap d\lng
phuong phap su phl!m nhan ml!nh van vi~c huan luy~n cac giac quan va v~n dQng lhh
kinh M giang dl!Y tl!i "Truong Tam Ly Seguin" Seguin Psychological School. Gng con
vie't va h<,Jptac voi cae hQc gia khac trang mQt so sang tac ve b~nh ly trj Ij~u.
The ky tM 19 dii chung kie'n sl.! pMt tri~n khai d~u h~ thong giao d\lc quoc gia; sl.! phat
tri~n quan di~m su phl!m thl.!Cd\lng; chuang tdnh vuon tre I~n d~u tien du<,JcgiOi thi~u;
phuong phap giao d\lC lay h<;>csinh lam trung tam da du<,Jcdat ra va mQt so nha giao d\lc
da dua ra sang kien trang vi~c giao d\lc cac tre em ch~m hi~u, khuye't t~t, tam th~n bilt
6n djnh.
Tiii li?u tham khiio:
_ Fichte. Johunn Gottlieh. Tildin htJch khou The New Encyd0l'uediu
_ French theorists. TiJi li~u (Iii dan nhu tren.
_ Froehel and the Kinderf.:urren Movement. TiJi li(u
_ Humholdt.

Wilhelm.

{ta dan

Britunnicu, Multimediu Edition. 199X.

d (ren.

Von. TiJi iifu dil dan nhl tren.

_ /turd. Jeun Mure Gaspurd. Tili lifu (tii dJn nhu lren.
_ lucolol, Jean Joseph. Tili Iifu dd dan () tren.
-Other Germun theorists. Tui li~udii diin nhu tren.
_ Pes/ufo:::.i, johunn Heinrich. Tu diin hJch khou The World Book Encyclopaedia, MuLtimedia Edition, 2001.
_ SchLeiermarcher, Friedrick. Ttl ,litn huch khoa The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, MuLtimedia Edition,
1<)91(

~Sexuin, Edouard. TiJi 'i~u,1il dan nhu iren .

. The Herhariians. Tid Li~u' dil dan nhu tren.
_ The In./luence (~t'Pestalou.i. TiJi Li(u dti dan nhu Iren.
~ The Kinderxarien M()vemeni. TiJi Li(u dii dJn nhu Iren.
_ The PeuaKoKY (~t'Frit:hte.TiJi /i(u t1ti dan nhu Iren .
. The PedaKoKY (~t'Froehel. TiJi Li(u dii dan nhu Iren. ~
_ The Psycho/OK}' and PedaKoKY (~f Herhart. TiJi li(u diI dan nhu tren.
_ The Social and Historical Setting. Tui U(U dii dan nhu Iren.
. Ziller, Tuiskon. Till U(U dii dan nhu tren.

199

Chlldng 18
Gitio dljc tay phlldng thtkj thl1 19
H? thong gitio dljc quoe gia phtit triin
I. H~ th6ng giao dl)c qu6c gia t~i Duc
1. Humboltd va chltdng trlnh giao dl)c qu6c gia
2. Nhilng cai titn sau nlim 1815 - Cac tn/ling tiu hQCva trung hQc
3. Giao dl)c phI) nil
4. Cac d~i hQc hi~n d~i i'i Duc
II. H~ th6ng giao dl)c qu6c gia t~i Ph3p
. 1. S1/ phat trin h~ th6ng giao dl)c qu6c gia
2. Giao dl)c trung hQCva d~i hQC
III. H~ th6ng giao dl)c qu6c gia t~i Anh
1. Lu~t giao dl)c diu hQc nlim 1870
2. Giao dl,lc trung hQc, sit ph~m va d~i hQC
IV. H~ th6ng giao dl)c qu6c gia t~i Nga
V. H~ th6ng giao dl,lc qu6c gia t~i My
1. Thomas Jefferson va chLidng trlnh giao dl)c qu6c gia
2. S1/ ph3t trin chLidng trlnh giao dl)c qu6c gia - Nh3 giao dl)c Mann va
Barnard
3. Giao dl,lc trung hQc
4. Giao dl)c phI) nil
5. Giao dl)c d~i hQc
VI. H~ th6ng giao.dl,lc qu6c gia t~i Canada
VII. H~ th6ng giao dl)c qu6c gia t~i Uc (Australia)
VIII. H~ th6ng giao dl,lc qu6c gia t~i New Zealand
The' ky thu 190 Au Chau ail chung kie'n cac thay a6i lOn.'nhu 81/ truang thanh clla cac
chinh th; 81/ pMt trin v~ khoa h9C, ky ngh~; thuang rnij.i,giao thong rna rnang ciing nhu
slf suy giarn 4uy~n IlfCclia ton giao. T5t ca cac bie'n chuyn tren ail aua ae'n ke't qua t5t
nhien Iii vi~c cai tie'n vii h~ th5ng h6a chuang trlnh giao d\lC, rn(\t chuang trlnh c6 tinh

200

Cicio

dl:lc

tay phuIJng the' kj! thtJ 19 - Hf th//ng gicio

dl:lc

quoe: gia phcit triln

each quae gia do ehinh quyfn t~ung udng t6 ehue va kitim soat. Ben e<)nh cae truanll eu
bao g6m cae truang titiu hC.Jethui)e cae giao hi)i ho~e eang I~p, eac truang trung hC.Jcdo
cac giao hi)i t6 ehuc grammar school, cac truang trung hC.Jccang l~p, cac truang cao dAng
va d<)ihC.Jccang l~p ho~c thui)e cae giao hi)i; nhifu truang titiu hC.Jc,trung hC.Jc,cao dAng
va d<)i hC.Jchi~n d<)ida dUQcchinh quyfn cac dp thanh I~p, chu trC.Jngd~c bi~t dtn cac
man hC.Jctoan, khoa hC.Jc,k)i thu~t thtfc d,mg, ngoai ngii', phan anh tinh thfin tie'n bi) cua stf
phat tri~n thudng m<)iva k)i thu~t trong giai do<)n moi. Cac truang huiln nghi~p cung dUQc
thie't I~p t<)inhifu quoc gia. H~ thong giao d\lc quoc gia moi hoan toan khang c6 lien quan
gl voi ton giao. D6i voi h~ thong gi,io d\lc cu do cac giao hi)i t6 chl1c, chiu anh huang sau
xa clla ton giao nh1lt Ia giao hi)i Ky To Giao La Ma, anh huang nay ngay nay cung suy
giam nhifu. Ly tuang giao d\lc quoc gia moi Ia nfn giao d\le clla toan dan, lien quan dtn
cui)c song va h<)nh phue con nguai, khong lien quan gl dtn ton giao, dtn thuQng dt,
cang ngay cang tra thanh thie't thuc rna chinh quyfn cac quae gia da khang th~ khang chu
y dtn.
I. H~ th6ng giao dl)e quile gia tl.li Due
Luther (Xem chudng 13, m\lc 1,1) tuyen bo vf trach nhi~m giao d\lC ca nhan da dem I<)i
phan ung thuan lQi vf phia dan chung, da gian tie'p df ra nguyen t~c cuong bach giao d\lC
Due va nguyen t~c nay dut:Jcch1lp nMn som hdn he't t<)iqu6c gia nay trong so cac quoc
gia tien bi) 6 Au Chau. Nam 1717, hoang de' Frederick William I (1688-1740) chi thi tfit
cii tre em phai eli hC.Jcne'u tniang hC.Jcdu,Jc
t<)ielia phuong. Nam 1736, nha vua chi thi
thiet l~p truang hC.Jet<)i r1lt nhifu thanh pho va thi tr1ln. Nam 1763, hoang de' ke' tie'p
Frederick the Great (1712-1786) ban hanh lu~t wong bach giao d\lc tren nguyen t~c tren
toan quae va nam 1794 me}td<)olu~t moi elU(Jcban hanh tuyen bo quyfn h<)ntuy~t dO) clla
quoc gia trang cang eui)e giao d\lc. Nhu v~y, truoc the' ky thu 19, nuoe Du~ da c6 ehinh
sach ve h~ th6ng giao d\lc quoc gia, g<)tanh huang ton giao ra khoi giao d\le.

ma

1. Humboldt vol ehU'dng trlnh giao dl)c quilc gia

Cac truang hqc DI1c van cuoi the' ky thu 18 va dfiu the' ky thu 19 viin duy trl chudng
trlnh giao duc e6 din, khang quan tam Mn tlnh tr<)ngphat tri~n kinh te' xa hi)i duong thai,
ciln hoc hoi nhifu kie'n thuc moi. Cung nen bie't them, vao giai elOZlllnay, Duc chua c6
mi)t t6 ehue, mi)t van phong nao dung ra dieu hanh va kim soat giao d\le. Phili dQi dtn
nam 1806, khi Due tham b<)i trang tr~n ehie'n truoc sl1c m<)nh ella hoang dt Phap
Napoleon, quae gia nay moi tinh ngi) nhO mi)t Io<)tbai " Nhii'ng Bai N6i Chuy~n Voi Quae
Dan" Addresses to the German Nation clla nha ai qu6c, nha giao d\lC Iy tuang Fiehte (Xem
them ehuong 17, m\le V, I) vao cae nam 1807-1808. d day, Fiehte nhiet tlnh keu gC.Ji

201

Gido d~c tay phuong tM

ky thli J 9 - H~ tMng gido d~c qu6c gia phdt triln

toan dan VI long ai qu6c, gl.lt bo ich ky ca nhan, dong gop van chuang trlnh giao d~c the'
h~ tre tuang lai. Nha Wi keu gQi nay, chinh quy~n thUc thai Duc do thu tuang Karl von
Stein (l757-HBI) Jiinh dl.lo ban hi'lnh lu~t huy bo m(it so' cac truang ton giao va d~t
chuang trlnh giao d~c duai quy~n quan trj vii kieSmsoat cua B(i Giao d~c. D6ng thai thu
tuang chinh phu b6 nhi~m nhi'l giao d~c Wilhelm von Humboldt lam b(i tru'ang b(i nay
vao niim 1809. Humboldt (Xem them chuang 17, ml)C V,3) thl!c hi~n nhi~u chuang trlnh
ciii tie'n co tinh cach qu6c gia. Chuang trlnh trung hQc ditqc sii'a d6i, kh6ng nhii'ng bao g6m
cac mon c6 dieSnma con co cac mon nhan van ciing nhu khoa hQc: toan, ky thu~t va duqc
ap d~ng tren toan qu6c. D6i vai giao vien, m(it so' !<hong du -biing ca'p chuyen mon nhu'ng
dii cong tac trang nganh tu truac, duqc ghi ten tham dl! cac ky thi xac djnh khii nang va
duqc cap phat van b~ng giang dl.lYchinh thUc. Humboldt cling ap d~ng sang kie'n cua nhii
giao dl)c Th~y 51 Pestalozzi (Xem them chuang 17, ml)c II, I)' v~ cac chuang trlnh h(ii
thao; trao d6i kinh nghi~m giang dl.lYrna cac giao vien tren toan qu6c phai tham dl! m(it
cach djnh ky trang n(ii b(i, trang !<huvl!c va cap qu5c gia. Cling chinh Humboldt dii dua ra
quan dieSmmoi me trang vi~c hQc t~p ng0l.li ngii'. Nha cac ciii tie'n giao d~c nay, ngh~ mo
phl.lm duqc danh gia cao, duqc mQi nguai kinh trQng, duqc phI) huynh tin tuang va chuang
trlnh giao d~c mang Il.like't qua t6t dyp. Nam 1809, Humboldt cling m(it so' hQc gia thie't
I~p Dl.li hQc Berlin University a/Berlin, m(it dl.li hQc d~u tien clia nhiln IOl.lico tinh cach
d(ic l~p va hoan toan tl! trj, !<hong bj chinh quy~n cling nhu ton giao, chinh trj chi ph6i.
Nam 1812, Humboldt thtjc hi~n chuang trlnn thi t6t nghi~p b~c trung hQCva chuang trlnh
nay ngay nay viin ap dl)ng. Nuac Duc di truac cac qu6c gia !<hac v~ mQi phuong di~n
trong chuang trlnh giao dl)C.
. 2. Nhii'ng cai tie'n sau nam 1815. Cac truong tiiu hQC va trung hQc
Nhii'ng ciii tie'n giao d~c cua Humboldt duqc thl!C hi~n m(it cach kM thanh cong cho toi
nam 1815. Tuy nhien, cling co nhii'ng phan ling !<hong thu~n Iqi do sl}'ch6ng d6i cua phe
bao thu va cac giao h(ii. Them vao do, tu nam 1815, nuac Duc lam vao tlnh trl.lng chinh trj
bilt 6n djl)h. nen chuang trlnh giao d~c moi bj dlnh tr~. Miii tai nam 1834, mai co ciii tie'n
quan trQng v~ chuang trlnh giao d~c trung hQc. Do la hQc sinh phai thi d~u ky thi t6t
nghi~p moi co ,du di~l! ki~n nMp hQc cac dl.lihQc, thi tuyeSncong chuc ho~c thi tuyeSntheo
hQc c~c nganh chuyen mono Nhu v~y, chi~h quy~n hay B(i Giao d~c dii co thffm quy~n
trang ~y thi t6t nghi~p trung hQc cling nhu cac ky thi tuyeSn!<hac tren toan qu6c .
5l}'ch6ng d6i cua cac giao hQi nhilt la giao h(ii Ky To Giao La Mii v~ cac ciii tie'n giao
d~c, cling nhu quy~n hl.ln tuy~t d6i cua chinh quy~n tren giao d~c viin tie'p dien trong
nhi~u nam. Toi nam 1l~72,m(it I~n nii'a, chinh quy~n xac nh~n quy~n tuy~t d6i tren. Tuy
v~y, tren thl!C te', cac. truang thu(ic giao h(ii Ky To Giao La Mii va giao hQi Tin Lanh viin
202

Gido dl}c tay phtll1ng tM

ky

tha 19 - H? tJu1nggido dl}c guoc gia pMt triin

dong m(it vai tra quan trQng VIh~ th6ng cac truang nay duqc thanh I~p tu lau, hQc sinh la
con em cac gia dlnh quy t(ic va giai ca'p thuqng Ittu. Trang khi do M thang giao dl,lCcong
I~p moi duqc thanh I~p. Du v~Y, B(i Giao dl,lc da co quyen giam sat cac truang giao h(ii va
cac chuClng tdnh, chi thi cua B(i da duqc thl)'Chi~n. TlI-icac truang ti6u hQc, man giao iy
duqc tie'p tl,lc giang dll-Yva do cac tu sl huang dftn, ki6m soat.
ve nganh trung hQc, cac truang duqc chi a thanh ba lOll-i.Thu nhftt la cac truang c6 dien
tl1c la cac truang cua giao h(ii, chuang trinh giang dll-Ychu trQng d~c bi~t vao cac man hQc
La Tinh, Hy LlI-pva ng0ll-i ngu, thai gian hQc t~p la 9 nam. Thu hai la cac trtfang ban c6
di6n, chuang trinh giang dll-Ytie'n b(i han voi m(it it cac mon hQc c6 dien c(ing voi toan va
khua hQ~, thai gian hQ~ t~p la 9 nam. Thu ba la cac truang hi~n dll-ivoi cac man hQc n~ng
ve toan, khoa hQc, ky thu~t cung voi cac man nhan van, ng0ll-i ngu, khong co cac man c6
di6n, thai gian hQc t~p tu 6 de'n 9 nam. SI)' khac bi~t giua ba !oll-itruang trung hQc tren
phan anh hoan dnh chinh tri, xa h(ii va phat tri6n kinh te' tu m(it qu6c gia nang nghi~p tra
thanh m(it qu6~ gia tren duang phat tri6n ky ngh~. Cac truang c6 di6n danh cho con em
~a~ gia dinh thu(i~ giai ca'p quy t(ic thuqng Ittu, co thanh the' lOn, khong phai vi chuang
tdnh giang dll-Yho~c ~o nhieu hQc tra gioi rna vi do giao h(ii Ky To Giao t6 chuc va ton
giao nay vin can anh huang sau xa trang mQi gioi, nhftt la gidi thuang Ittu, quY t(ic. Cac
truang trung hQc hi~n dll-ivoi cac man hQc di tie'n d~n d~n tra thanh quan trQng vi cung
ling cho cac dll-ihQc m(it sO'Ion sinh vien co kha nang ve cac linh vl)'c khoa hQc ky thu~t
thich hQp voi tlnh hinh pMt tri6n kinh te'duang thai.
Tu nam 1871, nuoc DI1c tra thanh m(it de' qu6c hung mll-nh, chuang trinh giao dl,lCtrung
hQc hi~n dll-i dUQc chu trQng d~c bi~t va pMt tri6n mll-nh me. Duoi trieu dll-i William II
(1859-19411, nha vua ra chi thi tri~u t~p m(Jt hQi nghi toan qu6c ve giao dlJc vao nam
1890 voi ml,lc dich "ChUng ta co b6n ph~n giao dlJc cac hQc sinh M hQ tra thanh cac thanh
nien Duc hi1u dl,lng rna khong phai la dao t(\O hQ tra thanh cac thanh nien La Ma hay Hy
LlI-p".Ml,lc dich nay dua de'n vi~c giam gia dll-Ycac man hQc c6 di6n de'n muc t6i thi6u va
h()~ sinh tilt nghi~p trung hQc phai thi d~u cac mon hQc tie'ng Duc, ng0ll-i ngu, toan ding
nhu khoa hQc. Tu trucle, cac truang trung hQc c6 di6n duqc coi trQng han cac tmang hi~n
oll-imoi rna. Nay d ba !oll-itruang oeu co tinh cach binh o~ng va sO'sinh vien t6t nghi~p
oUQc thu nh~n vao cac o(\i hQc tuy thu(Jc vao man hQc cftp trung hQc. Mu6n hQc th~n
hQc, cac sinh vien phai t6t nghi~p cac truang trung hQc c6 di6n. Mu6n hQc ky thu~t, cac

sinh vien phai t6t nghi~p cac truang hi~n Oll-i.

ChuClng tdnh giao dl,lc qu6c gia Duc thanh cong ding la nha sl)' dong gop IOn lao cua
cac nha trie't hQc, nha giao dl,lc nhu Fraebel, Fichte, Schleiermacher, Ziller (Xem them
chuang tmoc 1, ngoai Humboldt. Cac nha giao dl,lc nay oa oua ra cac quan diem giao dl,lc
tie'n b(i, o~t trQng tam vao hQc sinh, rna r(Jng oc sang tll-o,phat huy sang kie'n, hQc hoi
203

Gido dlfc tay phuong thl

ky thTi19 - H~ tht/ng

gido dlfC quae gia phdt trie'n

ngo"i ngcr M thu nMn tie'nb(l mtoe ngofli, ap dl)ng cae man hQe ky thu~t thlfe dl)ng phu
hc;ipvoi da phat trin khoa hQe, kinh te'duang thoi. Chuang trlnh Vuan Tre eua Frobel
khong nhcrng tn~ thanh chuang trlnh giao dl)e qu6e gia rna con la chuang trlnh giao dl)e
gu6c te'vl rat nhiEu nuoe dii ap dl)ng sang kie'n eUa ong tit duang thai eho tOi hic$nt"i.
3. Giao dl)c phI) ml'
T"i Due eUng nhu t"i cae qu6e gia khae, giao dl)e phI) ncr di sau kM xa giao dl)e nam
gioi va khong duc;ienha dm quyEn trung uang ho~c dja phuong eM y eho tOi the' ky thu
19. Vao thai gian nay, nhu du giao Yien cae lOp tiu hQe rat eao, s6 giao vien nam khong
du eung ung. VI v~y, ehinh quyEn phai ngh! Mn vic$ethie't I~p cae truang trung hQe eho
phI) ncr ho~e khuye'n khieh phI) ncr theo hQe t"i cae truang trung hQe san e6 t"i cae dja
phuong d ehuii'n bj huan luyc$n cae giao vien tuang lai. Sau khi Duc tra thanh m(lt de'
qu6e hung m"nh vao nam 1871, m(lt h(li nghj giao dl)e vE phI) nu duc;ietric$ut~p va thanh
vien tham dl)' la d"i dic$n B(l Giao dl)e,hic$u tntang cae truang e6 .nu sinh va m(lt s6 giao
vien trong d6 e6 ca phI) ncr. Ke't qua eua h(li nghj la e6 m(lt s6 d"i dic$n ung h(l vic$edao
t"o ncr giao vien voi kha nang va qUYEnl<;Iituang duang voi nam gioi; m(lt s6 dong khae
ung.h9 vic$egioi h"n nhic$m VI)cae nU.l~iao vien va trang vic$ehuan luyc$n, ehti trQng vao
cae phuong dic$nvan hQe, nghc$thu~t va d"o due. Cae nu giao vien lien tie'p len tie'ng doi
quyEn blnhd~ng nhung tren tljl)'e te', d"i da s6 giao vien cae truang la nam gioi, phI) ncr
viln chi d6ng m(lt vai tro rat khiem nhuang trang giao dl)e. VE vic$ehuan luyc$n cae ncr
giao vien, cae truang d"i hQe duang thai tit eh6i nMn phI) nu nh~p hQe cae trttang d"i hQe
su ph,.un. VI v~y, hQ dU<;IC
cae truang stt pham dan I~p huan luyc$n. D6ng thai, B(l Giao
due t6 ehae cae ky thi khao sat kha nang cae ncr giao vien dii e6 kinh nghic$m d"y hQe
nhung thie'u b~ngcap ehuyen man. Vic$enay xae djnh kha nang giao'ien eung nhu nang
eao uy tin nghE nghic$p.Miii toi dh the' ky tha 20, phI) ncrDue moi duc;ienMp hQc t"i cae
truang stt ph"m eua cae d"i hQe.
"

,4. Cac ul,li hQc hi~n ul,li lJ Duc

kh6ng ai c6 th phu nMn anh huang IOn lao eua nEn giao dl)c Due dili voi the' gidi vao
the' ky thu 19; khong nhii'ng a b~e tiu hQe, trung hQe; rna d~c bic$t a d"i hQe. T"i cae d"i
'hQc aDUCi sinh vien khap nai tren the' gioi de'n xin ghi danh theo hQc VI cae d"i hQe nay
c6 th eung ung eho sinh vien cae kie'n thuc moi vE khoa hQe, ky thu~t, nhan van, ngo"i
ngcr cung nhu tu cach d(lc I~p, tl)'trj rna chinh qUYEndii danh cho hQ. D e6 th hiu ro vE
vf(n dE nay, ta nen tim hiu tlnh tr"ng giao dl)e t"i cae d"i hQe Au Chilu vao the' ky thu
I9, M~e dgu the' ky nay pii ehl1Ijg kie'n sl)'tie'n b(l vuc;itb~e eua khoa hQe, ky thu~t, thuang
m"i; voi sl)'xuat hic$ncua cac khoa hQe gia, ky thu~t gia tai danh nhtt James Prescott Joule

204

Giao

dl;lC

tay phuong tMky thU 19 - H~ thi/ng giao

dl;lC'qu5c

gia phdt trin

(1808-1889) nhii v~t Iy hQc nguoi Anh, Charles Darwin (1809-1882) nhii sinh v~t hQc
nguoi Anh, Hermann von Helmholtz (1821- 1894) nhi! v~t Iy hQc nguoi Duc, Louis Paster
(1822-1895) nhii vi trung h9C du,ng hiing dJu nhan 10(li nguoi Phap, Robert Koch (18431910) nhii bac h9C nguoi Duc; thi nhUng chudng tdnh giao d\)c t(li cac d(li h9C n6i tieng,
da thiinh I~p tu lau van chua co gl thay d6i. T(li Anh, slf tien bo cua khoa h9C, ky thu~t dii
thUc diiy cuoc cach m(lng ky ngh~ i1 the ky thu 18 Iii do cac t6 chuc, hi~p hQi nghHln cUn
tu nhan ho~c chinh quy~n bao trQ mii khang tu cac d(li hQc. Chudng tdnh giang d(lY i1 day
viln chua co tinh cach ky thu~t vii chuyen nghi~p. Miii toi h~u ban the ky thu 19, do slf
thuc dily cua cac nhii giao d\)c tien bo vii cling do anh hui1ng nhung quan dH~m moi v~
phuong phap vii noi dung chuang tdnh giang d(lY cua cac d(li h9c i1 Duc; cac d(li hQc i1
Anh mdi biil dJu chuyen hudng.
.
Ngay tu dJu the ky thu 19, cac d(li hQc i1 Duc dii khi1i slf cili Mn. Niim 1807, nhii giao
d\)c Fichte dua ra mot ke hO(lch thiinh I~p D(li hQc Berlin University of Berlin. Hai nlim
sau, voi tu cach Bo tru'i1ng Giao d\)c, Humboldt cung voi Fichte vii mot s6 hQc gia dii thlfc
hi~n vi~c thiinh I~p niiy. D(li dQc Berlin khang nhung chuyen chu viio khoa hQc, ky thu~t;
mii con quan tam deSnchu(jng tdnh nghien cUu vii giang d')y ngo hJu diio t(lo mot the M
moi co kien thuc sau rong vii chuyen nghi~p. De thlfC hi~n m\)c dich niiy, cac giao su c6
dutJc dJy du quy~n h(ln doc I~p, tlf trj vii kha nang tiii chinh trong cang tlk nghien cUn,
giang d~y; sinh vien voi slf huang diln cua cac gi~o su, co quy~n Ilfa ch9n man h9C ua
thich, dutJc khuyen khich vii co quy~n tlf do phat bieu y kien trang khi h9C t~p cling nhu
d6ng g6p trao d6i y kien trong luc hOi thao. 5lf pMt trien vii thiinh cang cua D(li hQc
Berlin thuc diiy chuang trlnh ciii tien cua nhi~u d(li hQc khac i1 Duc nhu D(li hQc Breslau
viio nam 1811, D(li hQc Bonn viio nam 1818, D(li hQc Munich viio nlim 1826. Viio hai ba
th~p nien cu6i the ky thU' 19; quy~n doc I~p, ti! trj vii phuong phap giang d(lY tien bo cua
D')i bQc Berlin tri1 thiinh khuan milu cho cac d(li hQc tren toiin the giOi. 5lf hQp nhilt cua
cac d(li h9C theo chi~u huang t6 chuc cua D')i hQc Berlin dua de'n vi~c phan chia cac
ngiinh hoc chfnh thiinh cac khoa, ban khac nhau. M6i khoa co ban nghien cUn, co chudng
trlnh giang day rieng bf~t. Tu d6, vi~c so')n thao sach giao khoa dutJc khuye'n khich, tiii
li~u giang d(lY, sach tham khao ciing ngiiy ciing d6i diio, gay nen mot phong triio hQc t~p
moi, sau rong vii hung thu. 5lf thiinh cang cua cac d(li hQc Duc dii khuyen khich vi~c
chuyen huang t6 chU'c vii hQc t~p khiip nai, d~c bi~t Iii cac d(li hQc i1 My, mQt qu6c gia tre
trung, moi dUQcdQc I~p tu nam 1787.
II. H~ thilng gilio dvc quilc gia d Ph:ip
H~ th6ng giao d\)c i1 Phap do cac truong nhii tho cua giao hoi Ky Ta Giao La Mii chi
ph6i, dac biet Iii cac truong Dong Ten Jesuit. Tu thai Phl!C Hung cu6i thai !rung d(li; cho
205

Gido

dl:lc

tay phuong tM

ky thli 19 - H? th6ng

gido

dl:lc

quae gia phdt

triln

toi the ky thu 17, 18, chuong trlnh gi<io d~c dil co cai tien; nhttng phai d<;1idn sau Cach
m<)ng Phap 1789, tuc la sau nam 1791, chinh quy~n trung uong moi tuyen b6t6 ehUc mQt
n~n giao d~c qu6c gia thoat ra ngoai anh hudng eua giao hQi Ky To Giao; n~n giao d~c
nay moi thl!c sl! co thay d6i.
1. St! pMt trlin h~ thllng giao d~e qUlle gia
Nguyen t~e thl!e hi~n n~n giao d~e qu6e gia du<;1ehoang dNapoleol1'(l769-1821)
hUa
ht;:nkhi thl!l: sl! n~m giu quy~n hanh i'i Phap vao nam 1799. Gng ehilp nh~n quan diim eho
rang n~n giao d~e qu6e gia phai d~t tren can ban van hoa dan tQe, Iden thUe t6ng quat.
Tuy nhien, voi nnh hlnh ehinh trj hi~n t<)i,giai cilp thu<;1ngIltu va quy tQe van dong mQt
vai tro quan tryng, co nghla la cae giai dp tren van co ltu the hon trong giao d~e. Quan
diim moi dua dn vi~e tai t6 ehue h~ th6ng giao d~e Phap tren toan qu6e do ehinh quy~n
trung uong va dja phuong quan trio Cae truang tiiu hye va trung hye do ehinh quy~n dja
phuong t6 ehue va di~u hanh; mQt so' trliang trung hye khae.lycee, cae truang eao dAng,
cae tru'ang ehuyen nghi~p, cae truang d<)ihye do ehinh quy~n trung uong t6 ehUe va di~u
hanh. T<)icae truang d<)ihye; dung d~u la vi~n trui'ing do ehinh quy~n b6 nhi~m; co nhi~m
v~ tanh d<)ocae truang rieng bi~t; ben e<)nhco cae khoa, co ban giang hulln ph~ tao Them
vilU do, 1:0 HQi d6ng Giao d~c quyet dinh ehinh saeh va theo doi vi~e thl!e hi~n. D<)ihye
cilp phat cac van bling, tit mQt chUng chi rieng bi~t, den van bling etl' nhan, tien 51 sau cae
ky thi. Cae van bling nay la di~u ki~n quyet djnh M gia nh~p cae nganh ehuyen mon nhu
eong ehUe, giao d~e, y hye, lu~t v. v... T6 ehUe nay dil du<;1ecai tien qua thai gian va duy
trl dn hi~n t<)i.
N~n giao d~e qu6e gia Phap thanh hlnh la ket qua eua mQt eUQe tranh d1Iu lau dai eho
quy~n tl! do giao d~e. CUQetranh d1Iu nay dil phat triin n~n giao d~e trung hye hi~n d<)i
vOi cae mon hye khoa hyc, ky thu~t; thiet l~p cae truang tiiu hye tren toan qu6e. Truang
5u'ph<)m d~u lien du<;1cthanh I~p vao nam 1794, dU<;Jecai tien vao nam 1808 di dao t<)o
giao vien eho cae trlt(Jng trung hye fycee va tit nam 1833, mQt M th6ng cae truang su
ph<)mdil du<;1ethiet l~p kh~p noi. Vao d~u thai D~ Tam CQng Hoa (*), khi'ii 51! tit nam
(') De Tam Cong HiJa. Sau Cach 1I1{lngPhap 1789, ItJt dd che'dt} quan cM chuyen che' cda vua Louis XVI
(17~4-1793), nhii vua va hoang htJu hi xtl ttl hinh, De Nhdt Ct}ng HiJa dU(ICthiinh ItJp vao nam 1792. KMng
hao Lau, che' ,tt} qaan chd chuyen che' I~i
tai xual hien wJi hoang de' Napoleon (/769-1821) cai tri til niim
1804 ,ten nam 1814, tie'p theo La vua Loais XVIII (1755-1824), vaa Chades X (1757-1836), vua Louis Philippe
(1773-1850) va cut}c cach m~ng num 1848, ItJl ,1<1 triiu d~i vaa sau cLIng, Ihanh ItJp De Nhi GiJng H,)a. Mt}t
Ltln mla, Phap l~i chtlng kie'n cM d(i qaan chd cda hoang de' Napoleon III (1808-1873), chda cua Napoleon.
Num 1870, triiu d~i nay hi IrUalI'M va De Tam Ct}ng H,)a xutil hien. Sau 1M chie'n Ihlt II, De Ttl Cong H,)a
du(/e thimh lap wio num 1945. Til nam 1945 den nam 1958, nhiiu chinh phd PhdI' da ltin lu(1t ndm
quy~n nhung khtmg /(1n tgi aU(fC Lau Vt chfnh (hi di nghi danh cho qu/{c h(ii va thi; tlt<1ng qua nhi~u
quj'~n himh. u1n;: th(jng chi adng va; tnJ ut(lng trung. Qu(1c h(ii chOp thugn vi(c: sua a(1i hien phdp tang

206

. .. J'

.:;

.'."

Ciau dlfC tay phuung the' ky tM 19 - H~ thOng gido dlfc qw5c gia phdt triln
quyJn himh urn;.: th(1ng, gii1m quyJn lhil /lidng,Df

Ngii C()n): H(JU ra dili VelOnam 1958 va t6n

'i ((ii nay.

1870, lu4t cliang bach giao d\lC tu 6 Mn 13 tu6i dlic;Jcap d\lng tu nam 1882. Cuoi cling la
vii;c thanh 14p cac trliang cao d&ng chuyen nghii;p va cai tie'n cac trliang dlli hoc.
Dlioi triti dlli Napoleon, nhiu chlidng trinh cai Mn giao d\lC dlic;Jcthi hanh. Nhu'ng tu
nam 1814, dlioi triu dlli Louis XVIII (1755-1824), giao d\lc Illi dat dlioi quyn cua giao
hQi. Phai dlJi Mn nam 1833, dlioi triu dlli Louis Philippe (1773-1850); nha vua ban Mnh
lu4t diit nn mong cho chliang tdnh giao d\lc sa cilp, tu lOp ba tra xuong, bAt bUQc cac .
cQng deing dia phliong phai chiu trach nhii;m v t6 cht\'c, diu hanh va tra llidng cho giao
vien; lu4t ding d c4p Mn vii;c' thie't 14p hi; thong cac trliang sli phllm. Nam 1850, dlioi
thai Napoleon III (1808-1873), mQt dliO lu4t dlilJC ban hanh v vii;c t6 chtl'c cac trliang
Mu hoc (tu lOp ba tra len). Cac cai cach nay c6 sl! d6ng g6p quan trong cua nha giao d\lC,
BQ trliang Giao d\lc Victor Cousin (Xem them chtl thich trang 154). Chlidng trinh nay bi
nh6m bao thu va giao hQi Ky To Giao La Ma chong doi mllnh me. DliO lu4t tren ding
ph\lc heii quan dim giao d\lC nhiin van thai Ph\lC Hling; bAt bUQccac trliang nha tho, cac
trlii'1ng chung vii;n giang daY cac mon hoc khoa hoc, toan, nhiin van ngoai cae mon hoc
ton giao. Ngoili ra, dao lu4t nay con cho phep cac cQng deing dia phliong thie't 14p cac
1rliong rieng bii;t cho ncr sinh, lOp hoc cho nglioi IOn va cac trliong hoc ngh. Nam 1854,
hi; thong giao d\lc cua Phap dlic;Jcchia tMnh 16 khu. Moi khu c6 mQt trliang dlli hoc. Dung
dfru khu la giam doc, c6 trach nhii;m thanh 14p cac trliang hoc, b6 nhii;m giao vien, t6
chuc cac ky thi, thi Mnh tilt ca cac chi thi. chinh sach cua BQ Giao d\lc.
Khi Di; Tam CQng Hoa dlic;Jc(hanh 14p vao nam 1870, nn giao d\lc cua Phap c6 blioc
tien Ion voi lu4t wong bach giao d\lC a b4c tiu hoc, hoan toan mi~n phi va hoan toan the'
t\lc, c6 nghla la khong con chiu anh hliang Ky To Giao. Nam 1878, mQt dao lu4t dlic;Jcban
hanh, chi thi cac cQng deing dia phlidng c6 b6n ph4n cung cilp ngiin khoan M xiiy cilt cac
cd sa v4t chilt, tho a man nhu du giao d\lC do lu4t cliang bach giao d\lc dem Illi. Deing
thai, chinh quyn trung lidng chiu trach nhii;m v llidng b6ng cua toan th giao vien tren
toan quoc. Nam 1879, mQt dliO lu4t dlic;Jcban hanh chi thi vii;c cai Mn hi; thong cac
trliong sli phllm M dao tllo giao vien ca nam I~n ncrtren khAp cac khu giao d\lC. Lu4t nam
1881 huy bo tilt ca cac 10lli Ii; phi tlli cac trliong sli phllm M khuye'n khich thanh nien nam
ncr ghi ten theo hoc vinhu du giao vien moi ngay mQt tang sau khi lu4t cliang bach giao
d\lc ra doi. Lu4t nam 1882 Cliang bach sl! hii;n dii;n cua hoc sinh tlli trliong hoc. Cuoi
cling, lu4t nam 1886, khong cho phep cac tu sl giang dllY tai cac trliong cong 14p va mon
hQc giao 19 tai cac trlii'1ngnay cGng dlic;Jchuy boo Nhli v4y, mon hoc giao 19 chi con dlic;Jc
giang daY tai cac trliong nha tho va mon nay chi Iii mQt trang nhiu mon hoc bAt bUQcrna
cac trliang nha tho phili giang daY theo chi thi cua BQ Giao d\lc.
Hi; thong giao d\lc quoc gia a Phap di sau Dtl'c nhu'ng chinh quyn Phap da ban Mnh
nhiu lu4t phap rilt ti mi tu vii;c t6 chilc, chlidng trinh giang daY, vii;c dao tao giao vien,
207

Gido dl!c tay phuong the' ky thti 19 - H~ thrJng gido dl!c qur5C gia phdt tdin
'~

dn tinh caeh the t1,IC,lo~i anh hl10ng Ky To Giao ra khoi h~ th6ng giao dl)c qu6e gia.
2. Ciao dl.lC trung hQC va d:,i hQC
T~i cac nl1de Au Chau, ml)e dieh chinh ella n~n giao dl)C trung hQc la dao t~o sinh vien
cho cac trl1ang d~i hQc. T<)icac lOp trung hQc nay, hQc sinh dl1Qcgiang d<)ycae mon hQc
t6ng quat, trang d6 van h6a dan tQc dl1<;lC
nhan m<)nh. Cho Wi dfru the ky thU 20, h~ th6ng
giao dlJc trung hQCclla Phap dltQc coi la tieu biu nhat cho n~n giao dlJCAu CMu hon ca
n~il giao dlJc DU'c.
Vao the ky thu 19 t<)iPhap, mQt so' it hQe sinh tiu hQe c6 cO hQi theo hQc cac lOp trung
hoc. Mu6n theo hoc trung hoc, neu ho khong phai la con em giai cap guy tQc, thl1Qng111U
ho~c kinh doanh thanh thi, ho phai la nhung hQc sinh gioi, dl1Qccffp hoc b6ng sau khi thi
d~u ky thi kha gay go VIc6 nhi~u hoc sinh dtf thi va so' hoc b6ng I<)irat it. HQc sinh kha,
nhli'ng con nha ngheo cUng kh6 c6 co hQi hoc len eao. C6 hai lo<)i trl1ang trung hQc t~i
Phap, trl1ang trung hoc lycee va tnlC1ngtrung hoc co so. Trl1ang trung hoc Iycee do ehinh
quy~n trung l1ang t6 chuc, thu hoc phi va cffp phat nhi~u ho~ b6ng qua cae ky thi tuyn.
Lo<)i trl10ng nay n6i tie'ng, c6 nhi~u hoc sinh gioi VI phai qua ky thi tuyn kh6 khan.
Trl10ng nay d<)ycac mon nhl1 ngon ngu e6 din, La Tinh, Hy L<)p, ngon ngu va van hoc
Phap, d~o duc, lu~n Iy, toan, khoa hoc, Ijch su, dja Iy. Lo~i trl10ng thu hai, trl10ng trung
hQc co so, do chinh quy~n dja phl1ang, cac hi~p hQi ho~e tl1 nhan t6 chuc. Trl10ng thu hQc
phi, eUng c6 cap phat hoc b6ng va giang d~y cac mon tl10ng ttf nhl1 trl10ng trung hQe
ph6 thong nhl1ng khong c6 cae mon e6 ngu ho~e e6 nhl1ng'rat so d~ng. Ca hai lo~i trl10ng
tfen d~u m~ cae lOp tif khoi stf trung hoc cho den nam t6t nghi~p cap tu tai trong bffy nam
hoc. Bling cap tu tai t6t nghi~p trung hoc cho phep sinh vien ghi ten theo hoc t~i cac
trl1ang d~i hoc. Hoc sinh khong hoan tat chl10ng trlnh trung hoc ho~c thi hong nam t6t
nghi~p dl1<;lCdtf thi cac ky thi tuyn eong ehue nganh hanh chinh hay thi vao hoc cae
nganh huan luy~n eang chuc ehuyen nghi~p. Vao the ky thu 19, ky ngh~ va thl1ang m<;li
phat trin, can nhi~u nhan vien cap thifa hanh lam vi~c t<)icae van phong thl10ng m~i,
kinh daanh rna' cac trl1ang trung hQc ph6 thong eUng nhl1 co so khang th cung cap vi trinh
dQ kien thUc hQe sinh ella cac trttong nay eao hon. Vi v~y, BQ Giao dl)c Phap dii eho thanh
I~p cae Trttbng Cao D~ng Tiu Hoc Ecoles Prima ires Superieures hay Higher Primary
Schools. Cac trl1ang nay cao hon cae trttong tiu hoc nhttng khong th so sanh vdi cae
trttoflg trung hoc vI s6 nam hoc it' hon, chttong trlnh giang d~y don gian hon. Hoc sinh
thtt811gh9C t<;licactrtton'~ nay tdi 16 tu6i tuc la sau b6n nam h9c. Vdi trlnh dQ nay, ho c6
th thi h~nh cac chuc VIJnhtt thtt ky trong cac xi nghi~p, van phong. Stf phan bi~t cac 10<;li
trl10ng trung hoc eho thay stf phan chia giai cap r6 rang trong xii hQi Phap vao the ky thu
19. Cac trttong trung hoc lycee dl1<;lethanh I~p t<)ithll do ho~e cae thanh ph6lOn; hoc sinh
la cQn em giai cffp thl1<;lng1l1U,guy lQC,trf thuc, kinh doanh ho~c con nha thttong dan

208

..,

Ciao

d(Jc

tay phuong the' ky thU 19 - H~ tMng gido

d(JC

quae gia phdt

triln

nhl1ng hoc gioi. DI1Qchoc til-icac trl10ng nay la mQt danh dlf Ion lao; tilt nghic$p cac trl10ng .
nay, co th ghi ten theo hoc cac di)i hoc n6i tie'ng va tl10ng lai ngh~ nghic$p rilt hua h<::n.
Cac trl10ng trung' hQc co
dl1<;1C
thanh lij.p til-i cae tinh k ca thll do nhl1ng chi la mQt.
trl10ng cQng dong dia phl1ong, khong co tinh cach quilc gia, nen khong dl1Qcchl1 y nhi~u
nhl1 cac trl10ng Iycee. Cac trl10ng cao d~ng tiu hQc khong th~ so sanh voi cac trl10ng
trung hQc VIm\lc dich chi la chuffn bi, cung dip nhan vien van phong thlta hanh til-icac co
quan cong quy~n, cac xi nghic$p, cong ty. Nhan vien van phong cilp cao han do cac trl10ng

sa

trung hQc cung cilp.

Vic$c thanh Iij.p cac trl10ng trung hQc danh rieng cho ni1 sinh dliQc khai slf tit thai Dc$
Tam CQng Hoa Phap va la mQt dim son dang ki! nhilt clla chinh quy~n voi dil-oluij.t ngay
22-12-1880. Tuy nhien, chl10ng trlnh giang dil-Ykhac bic$tvoi cac trl1CJngnam sinh,khong
co cac man hoc c6 din, chl10ng trlnh toan don gian han. Cho Wi The' chie'n thu II (19391945), cac trl10ng nu trung hoc chi hQc co nam nam thay VIbffy nam nhl1 cac trl10ng nam

:11

sinh.
V~ cac trl10ng cao d~ng chuyen nghic$p va di)i hQC,chinh quy~n trung liang cung co
nhi1ng chliong trlnh ciii tie'n theo chi~u hliong moi trong the' ky thu 19. Nhi~u trliong dil-i
hoc moi dl1Qcthanh Iij.p, cac trl10ng dil-ihQc thanh Iij.ptit trl10c dl1Qccai tie'n va phat tri~n
them v~ cac nganh hoc. Dil-ihQc n6i tie'ng Paris van d~n d~u trong cac dil-i hQc Au Chau
va cung dliQc ciii tie'n nhl1 cac dil-ihoc hic$ndil-i DI1c.

III. H~ th6ng giao dvc qu6c gia tl}i Anh

Chiu anh hl1ang hQc thuye't (11do kinh doanh (laissez-faire) (*), chinh quy~n Anh dii
(1') ulis,H:,z-.fuire. M(Jf h(Jc thuye't kinh Ie' xuui hi~n r1 Phdp \'U() dJu the' ky thl1 lX cho ,linX chinh quy2n khlmg
nen cun thi?p vuo cue sinh hm}! kinh Ie: NhanJ.: nJ.:ui!iun;.: h~j h~){' thuyet nuy tin iU(lnK rling sang kien cd nhan
LiJdleu quun tr(mg nJzcit trong van de kinh uounh dt di den thimh d;ng va chinh qu)'en khrJng nen (il dt cac
hlrn phdp Midi hgn. Tu tlKil fren iii lienx Phdp ctJ nxhiu Iii kh/}nx cun th;~p rue liJ II! do kinh dounh.

do dl! trong nhieu nam trl10c khi can thic$p vao chl10ng trlnh giao d\lc. Cho toi d~u the' ky

\:

thu 19, chl10ng trlnh giao d\lc dl1Qccoi nhl1la di~u quan tam cua cac ton giao, cae t6 chuc
tit thi~n cung nhl1 cac t6 chuc tl1nhan, chfnh quyen khong cfrn bie't Mn va cung khong cfrn
kim soar. Day la dii!m khac bi~t Ion giUa nl10c Anh va cac quilc gia khac 0 Au Chau.
Trang khi do, giao hQi Anh Giao cung nhl1 cac giao phai Tin Lanh khac nhi~u l~n cil
grlng thie't l~p mQt h~ thilng giao d\lc tii!u hQc thilng nhilt tren toan qu6c do cac giao hQi
liinh dil-Ova k.i~m'soar. Tuy nhien, dii co bilt dong y kie'n gii1a hai nhom ton giao tren. V1
vij.y,.hai hc$thilng giao d\lc ti~u hoc dl1<;1C
thiinh Iij.p, mQt thuQc giao hQi Anh Giao, mQt
thuQc cac giao hQi Tin Lanh khac. Chl1ang tr1i1hgiao d\lc nay qua Ion, vl1Qtqua t~m tay
clla cac giao hQi, nhilt la v~ viln d~ tai chinh. Chfnh quy~n Anh nhij.n thily di~u nay, nen
VaGnam 1833, mQt ngan khoan xay cilt tit trung l1(lng dl1<;1c
glii de'n cac dja phl1ong. -Ngan
209

Gido d~c tay phuang thf

ky

thu 19 - H~ thOng gido d~c qUl5cgia phdt triln

khmln tiii tr<;lkhai dfru tuy be nho nhu'ng rna dfrUcho vi~c can thi~p cua chinh quy~n viio
cong cUQcgiao d\lc. Sau nam sau (1839), chltelng tdnh tr<;lcilp tiii chinh tra thiinh Ion lao
vii d~u d~n hiing nam nen HQi d6ng Hoiing gia thiinh I~p Uy ban Oiao d\lc M di~u hiinh
vii ki~m soat tl).ichi'>vi~c thlfc hi~n chltelng tdnh tren. Uy ban Oiao d\lc sau tra thiinh mQt
cel quan bi~t I~p HQi d6ng Oiao d\lc viio nam 1899 vii Iii BQ Oiao d\lc tltelng lai.

1. Luat. Giao Duc

. Tiiu HQc nam 1870

N~n giao dl)C Anh viln tie'p tl)Cdlt<;lCcac giao hQi vii cac co qmin tlnh nguy~n t6 chuc
qua nhi~u nam m~c dfrUchinh quy~n trung ltelng da cO nhii'ng-chltelng tdnh tiii tr<;lttt nam
1833. Tuy nhien, cUQccach ml).ng ky ngh~ khai slf Anh tU the' ky tM 18 dlta Mn vi~c
thiinh l~p nhi~u thiinh ph6 ky ngM moi voi dan s610n lao mii da s61ii dan lao dQng thfft
nghi~p va ngheo tung ttt cac vling than que len tIm vi~c liim. Them vao do, dan s6 nltdc
Anh tang nhi~u tU the' ky tM 18. Cac ye'u t6 tren dlta Mn vi~c dn phai t6 cht1'c mQt M
th6ng giao dl)c th6ng nhfft co tinh cach qu6c gia mii cac giaq.hQi vii cac t6 cht1'c tlt nhan
khong th~ thlfc hi~n dtt<;lc.Do do, qu6c hQi Anh dtta vffn d~ giao dl)c ti~u hQc ra biin cai.
Sau nhi~u nam biin thao trang nhi~u phien hQp vdi cac cUQctranh lu~n gay g~t vii soi n6i
giUa phecffp tie'n vii phe bao thU. Cu6i cling, viio nam. 1870, Lu~t Oiao Dl)c Ti~u HQc
dtt<;lCban hiinh, thie't I~p h~ th6ng giao dl)c qu6c gia Ifrn dfru tien tl).iAnh. Trang cac cUQc
tranh lu~n tl).iqu6c hQi, vi~c giang dl).ygiao Iy vii Ie nghi ton giao trang trttang hQc Iii vffn
d~ nan giai nhfft. Qu6c hQi, sau nhi~u phi~n hQp da chffp thu~n hai h~ th6ng giao dl)c ti~u
hQc, h~ th6ng trttang cong I~p do chinh quy~n t6 chuc, h~ th6ng trttang dan I~p do cac
giao hQi vii cac cel quan tU thi~n t6 chuc. Tl).icac trttang cong I~p ho~c cac trttang dan l~p
do ttt nhan hay cac t6 chuc ttt thi~n thanh I~p, vi~c hQc t~p giao Iy Iii tliy thuQc ph\l huynh,
con em hQ co quy~n ll!a chQn ho~c ttt ch6i vi~c hQc t~p man hQc nay. Nhtt v~y man giao
Iy chi Iii mQt man hQc nhi~m y rna thai; trang khi do, cac man hQc kie'n tht1'c Iii cac man
b~t bUQc. Tl).i cac trttang giao hQi, giao Iy cling chi Iii mQt man hQc nhi~m y; tuy nhien,
phl) huynh khi ghi ten cho con em thttang chffp nMn man hQc nay cling nhtt cho phepcon
e~ tham dl! nhung Ie nghi ton giao VI hfru he't hQc sinh theo hQc cac trttang giao hQi Iii
giao dan. Khong co cac Ie nghi ton giao t~i cac truang cong l~p. Lu~t Oiao D\lc Ti~u HQc
1870 diinh quy~n hl).n cttBng bach giao dl)c cho chinh quy~n dja phttelng. Toi nam 1880,
lu~t cttBng bach giao d\lc dU<;lcap dl)ng tren toiin qu6c. Tuy nhien, lu~t niiy con tiiy thuQc
kha nang ph at tri~n giao dl)c cua dia phttelng. Nam 1891, lu~t huy bo hQc phi tl).i cac
trUang tiu hQc dtt<;lcap d\lng trtt mQt s6 nhOcae trttang tiu hQc d~c bi~t.
. Thai gian trttdc vii trang khi thanh I~p n~n giao dl)c tiu hQc qu6c gia, co xufft hi~n nhii
giao d\lc Matthew Arnold (1822-1888). Ong dong gop cong Ion trang cong cUQcxay dl)'ng

210

Ciao dl,lc tay phU(Jngthe' ky thti19 - H? tM'nggiao dl,lc qu6c gia phdt triin
h~ thong giao dl)c, ap dl)ng kinh nghi~m hQc t~p va gi:hig d:;ty clla cac nttoc Au Chau.
Arnold la hi~u trttang trong nhieu nam va thanh tra giao dl)c trong 35 nam (1851-1886).<

'.
2. Giao dvc trung hQc, sit ph:;tm va d:;ti hQC
Nttoc Anh da co nen giao dl)c Mu hQc quoc gia ttt nam 1870. Nhttng chttdng trlnh giao
dl)c trung hQc phfrn IOn v~n do cac trttong giao hOi va ttt nhan t5 chuc. Tuy v~y, chinh
quyen cling quan tam va thanh I~p mOt so trttong cong l~p. Nha giao dl)c Arnold, nhtt da
de c~p a tn':n, n5i tie'ng nhit trang so cac nha giao dl)c dttdng thoi, co nhieu sang kie'n
trang vi~c t5 chUc va giang d:;tyt:;ticac trttong nay. Khi giu chUc hi~u trttang twong trung
hQc Rugby trong nhieu nam ciing nhtt khi nh~n chuc thanh tra, Arnold lanh d:;to vi~c
truyen ba tinh thfrn trach nhi~m, gia tri d:;to duc, kie'n thuc khoa hQc, nhan cach cao quy va
ho:;tt dOng clla ang c6anh httang Ion de'n M thong giao dl)C trung hQc cang I~p a Anh. H~
thong giao dl)c nay pMt trien m:;tnh me van cuoi the' ky thu 19. Thoi gian nay cling xuit
hi~n mOt so trttong nu trung hQc, ke cii cac trttong nOi tnl, chttdng trlnh giang d:;ty va ke't
qua hQCt~p co the so sanh dtt<;1cvoi cac trttong nam sinh. Nhttv~y, van cuoi the'ky thU 19,
nen giao dl)c trung hQCa Anh g6m co cac trttong cong I~p, cac trttong giao Mi, cac trttong
dan I~p. Cac trttong nay deu do BO Giao dvc kiem soa!. Cling nhtt t:;ticac trttong tieu hQc,
mon hQc giao Iy chi la mon hQc nhi~m y.
Trang the' ky thu 19, nhieu trttong d:;ti hQc cong I~p da xuit hi~n, nhieu trttong stt ph:;tm
dan l~p do cac t5 chuc ttt nhan thiinh l~p de thoa man nhu cfru giao vien cho cac twong
tieu va trung hQCm6i ngay mOt nhieu. Vao cuoi the' ky, nhieu twong d:;tihQc da thanh I~p
cac trttong stt ph:;tm, d6ng thoi voi vi~c thiinh l~p BO Giao dl)c M dieu hanh va giam sat
chttdng tdnh giao dl)c tren toan quoc.
IV. H~ thilng giao dve quile gia t:;ti Nga
Chiu anh httang ttt tttong dan Chll clla Cach m:;tng Ph:ip 1789, Nga da th1fChi~n chttdng
trlnh giai phong nang no (*) van nam 1861, co khuynh httong hi~n d:;ti hoa, ky
(*J Che'd(; n6nx n6 (serf). N6nx ddn va la di~n lam m; Ie cho cae d~i di~n chii dii Ihjnh hdnh it Nxa va cae
m((]c Au Chilu III th()i trung agi. H() Jam vi~cCIJC nh(Jc rna khiJng du ddng thue va cdn hj diri xit tan l~. Che dQ
nay ,Iii du(!c hiiy btl vao lhe' ky IhIll7 I~i Anh. sau Cach m~nx Phdp 1789 va vao niim 1861I~i Nga duiti Iri~u
tl~i Alexander 1/.

ngh~ hoa theo chieu httong cac nttoc Tay Au. ve phttdng di~n giao dl)c, Alexander I
(1777-1825) da co nhung bttoc canh tan vao dfru the' ky thU 19. Cac chi thi clla nha vua
van nhung nam 1803, 1804, tie'p theo cac ciii tie'n giao dl)C van the' ky thu 18 dttoi tri~u
d:;tiPeter the Great (1672-1725) va trieu d:;tiCatherine the Great (1729-1796), httdng giao
dl)c ve khoa hQCva the'tl)c. Cac cd so giao dl)C tU thoi d:;tiCatherine dtt<;1chi~n d:;tihoa va
nhi~u trttong moi dtt<;1cxay d1fng. Chttdng trlnh giao dl)c nay hoan toan mien phi va do
211

Ciao

dl:lc

tay phuong tM

ky

tM 19 - H~ th6ng giao

dl:lc

quoc gia phdt

triin

chfnh quyen t6 chuc, dieu hanh. T(li nong thon, hQc sinh dUl;lChQc hoi cac mon hQc dQc,
vie't, tfnh toan, cac kie'n thuc can ban ve nong nghi~p t(li cac truong dja phuong. HQc sinh
t(li cac thj triln va thanh ph6 dUl;lchQc hoi t(li cac truong tiu hQc va trung hQc co t6 chuc
holm bj han voi cac mon hQc t6ng quat va chuyen mon voi ml,!c dieh dao t(lO nMn vien
thuoc cac nganh lu~t, hanh chfnh, ky thu~t, thuong m(li cho cac van phong cong quyen.
Cac truong Mu hQc, trung hQCva d(li hQCdUl;lCt6 chUc co th6ng thuoc;
Duoi trieu d(li Nicholas 1 (1796-1855), ttt nam 1825, nha vua I(li co tu tuong pMn chia
giai cilp, phan bi~t cac truong hQc tuy theo cac thanh ph~n xa hOi khac nhau. Nam 1828,
Nicholas ra chl thi cac truong dja phuong danh cha con em giai cilp nong dan, cac truong
thi triln danh cho con em giai cilp kinh doanh va con em dun chung thanh thl. cac tntong
thanh ph6 danh cho con em giai cilp quy toc, thul;lng Ittu. Thanh ph~n lri thU'c Nga phan
d6i chfnh sach pMn chia giai cilp trang giao dl,!c; tranh d1lu manh me, doi hoi hily bo
chfnh sach ky thj tren va yeu cilu thie't I~p mot h~ Ih6ng giao dl,!c cong b~ng, dan chil voi
cae di tie'n ve chuang trlnh va phuong phap giang d(lY. D6ng .thoi vao giai dO(ln nay, n6i
d(lYphong trao giai phong nong no va quyen giao dl,!ccho phI,!nii'.
Alexander II (1818-1881) chilp chfnh vao nam 1855 da co nhii'ng tu tuang tie'n bo va
khoi sif nhieu chuang trlnh cai t6 ve nhieu phuong di~n. Che' dO no~g no dUl;lChily bO vao
nam 1861, xoa bo tren Iy thuye't nhii'ng ky thi va bilt cong xa hoi. D6ng thoi thie't I~p mot
nen hanh chfnh dja phuong tren toan qu6c, co trach nhi~m xay dl!ng cac co so giao dl,!C
mi~n phi eho con em nong dan. Chfnh quyen dia phtfong cung voi cac t6 chuc nong dan
vao giai dO(ln nay phat trin mot h~ th6ng giao dl,!c nong thon dang k. Nha vua cling ra
chl thj tMnh I~p cac truong ky thu~t va giao dl,!Cchuyen' nghi~p, khuye'n khieh chuong
trlnh giao dl,!c phI,! nii' va nhung kh6a hQc di\nh cho nu sinh vien t(li cac d(li hQc I~n d~u
tien dUl;lCthanh l~p. Nam 1870, nha vua ban hanh d(lo lu~t thie't I~p cac truong su ph(lm
M cung cilp giao vien cho cac truong lrung, tiu hQc. Tie'c thay, vao cu6i doi Alexander
II, VI phai b~n tam d6i pho voi cac phong trao cach m(lng ch6ng d6i che' do quan chil, nM
vua da lang quyen chuang trlnh giao dl,!c ciii tie'n dUl;lCthifc hi~n tu truoc va Mu qua la
Alexander II bj phong trao cach m(lng am sat che't vao nam 1881.
Tie'p theo cai che't cua Alexander II, che'dO quan chu chuyen che' n6i tie'p da lam gian
dO(ln chuang trlnh cai tie'n giao dl,!c. Nicholas III (1845-1894) len lam vua sau cai che't
cua Alexander II, huy bo tilt ca cac chuang trlnh ciii t6. Chfnh quyen. co y djnh tai thie't.
l~p h~ th6ng giao dl)c phan chia giai cilp thoi truoc. Giao Hoi Ky To Giao Chinh Th6ng
Nga mu6n thanh I~p mot h~ th6ng giao dl,!c dia phuong do cac tu si dieu khin. 51! thoai
hoa va ky thi da lam chuang trlnh giao dl,!c ngung ti'~. H~u qua la b6n ph~n nam tre em
hoan toan thilt hQC va theo th6ng ke nam 1897, 70% dan so' nam gioi va 90% dan sO'nii'
gioi mu chii', qua mra dan so' Nga s6ng t(li cac vung xa lhUnh ph6 holm toan mu chii'.
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Giao

dl:lc

tay phuong thi

ky

thU 19 - H? thOng giao

dl:lc

quae gia phtit

triln

V. H~ thilng giao d\lC quilc gia tl,li My

H~thong giao dl)c (j My dU<:Jcchinh quy~n dia phuong t6 chlic t'.li h~u he't cac tieu bang
sau thai gian tr(j thanh dQc l~p VllO nam 1787. Tuy nhien, vi~c t6 chilc nay chi la sang
kie'n clla dja phullng, rat khac bi~t giG'a cac tieu bang va chua co chinh sach chung cua
chinh phu lien bang. T'.Ii khu vlfc New England, cac truang ti8u hQc dUQcchinh quy~n dja
phuong tai trQ. V~ phi a nam, chinh quy~n thie't I~p mQt so truang ti8u hQc cho con em
nhung nguai ngheo, ngoai ra khong co mQt chuong trinh giao dl)c chung nao. T'.Ii cac tieu
bang mi~n trung, co mQt so truang ti8u hQc cong l~p, ph~n !dn cac truang ti8u hQc khac do
cac giao hQi va cac hQi tu thi~n t6 chuc. Rieng t'.li cac tieu bang mi~n dong, chinh quy~n
lien bang co chinh sach giao dl)c chung va d~u tien. D'.Io lu~t nam 1787, ngay sau khi dQc
I~p, danh mQt khu dilt t'.li mai thi tran, mai thllnh pho M xay dlfng cac co s(j giao dl)c. D'.Io
lu~t nay khong r1hung di;itn~n mong cho t6 chuc giao dl)c ti8u bang rna con tr(j thanh ti~n
l~ cho vi~c tai trQ giao d\,lc tu chinh quy~n lien bang cho cac tieu bang tren toan quoc.
MQt d'.lOlu~t van nam 1862 cho phep mai tieu bang su dl,lng 12.000 m~u tay (hectare) dilt
M xay dlfng trliang Cao Dng Nong Nghi~p. T6ng cQng 5 tri~u m~u tay dilt dii dliQc
c1lp phat de thanh l~p 70 truang cao dng nong nghi~p tren toan quoc trang thai gian
tie'p theo.
1. Thomas Jefferson va chu'dng trlnh giao d\,lc quilc gia
Trang lich sit giao d\,lc My, nhi~u trie't gia, nha giao d\,lc dii dong gop cong !dn cho vi~c
xiiy dlfng hi; thong giao dl)c quoc gia ngay tit the' ky thu 18, thai gian con la thuQc dja clla
Anh. Kh(ji d~u la Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826). Jefferson la lu~t gia, chinh tri gia, tac
gii biln tuyen ngon dQc I~p va cling la t6ng thong thu ba cua My (1801-1809). Ong co
gdng thuyet phl)c cac nha lam lu~t cac tieu bang ding n~n dan Chll thlfc slf chi co the thlfC
hi~n dUQc khi dan chung nhat la gioi thanh nien co trlnh dQ kien thUc toi thieu. Do do,
niim 1779, ong d~ trlnh truoc quoc hQi tieu bang Virginia mQt chuong trinh cai tien giao
d\,lc g6m co cac diem: cac truang tieu hQc t'.li cac dja phuong giilng d'.lYdQCviet, tinh toan
cho tat cii tre em; cac truang trung hQc don nh~n cac hQc sinh co khii nang M dao t'.l0
nhan vien cong quy6n; cifp hQc b6ng cho cac hQc sinh ngheo can cu van khii nang rna
khong phiii the IlfC,vay canh. D~ nghj nay bi cac nha laIl) lu~t dja phuong, phe biio thii va
cac giao hQi phiin doi m'.lnh me va quoc hQi dia phuong g'.lt boo Khi Jefferson lam t6ng
thong My trang hai nhi~m ky voi tam nam, ong cling khong thlfC hi~n dltQc cac tu tuClng
giao d\,lc c1lp tien tren VI nuoc My moi dUQc dQc I~p, nhi6u van d~ chinh tri, chien tranh
can phili quan tam den va bat cu chinh sach nao cling can phili dUQcquoc hQi thong qua.
Phiii dQi den nhii'ng nam sau khi Jefferson mat, cac nha giao dl)c ke tiep moi co co hQi
thlfC hi~n chuong trlnh ciii tien giao d\,lcco tinh cach quoc gia. Thanh cong !dn nhat ciia
213

Gido d{lc tay phuang the' ky thTi 19 - H? thOng gido d{lc qu(/c gia phdt triln
Jefferson v~ phudng dit$n giao d,!c la vit$c tMnh I~p D~i hQc Virginia University of
Virginia. Chinh ang chQn Il!a rna hlnh, gi<\m sat cang tdnh xay dl!ng, tuyn chQn giiing
vien, dong gop van vit$c ho~ch djnh chltdng tdnh giiing d~y va D~i hQc Virginia da chinh
thU'c khai giiing van nam 1825. Day la mot d~i hQc dan I~p hit$n d~i nhilt nuoc My v~
phudng dit$n t6 chU'c,chudng tdnh giiing d~y ciing nhu ke"tqua hQCt~p,
2. St! pill!t triin chtidng trinh giao d\lc quilc gia Nh3 giao dye Mann va Barnard
Sau khi Jefferson milt (1826), nuoc My dUng truoc mot ky nguyen moi voi nhi~u vin
iinh ciii tie'n. Trong 25 nam dffu cua the' ky thu 19, mloe'My phat ttin IOn lao v~ cii
phudng dit$n lanh th6 Hin dan s6. Hang trit$u di dan moi tit Anh va cac nuoc Au Chau tOi
voi nhi~u tili nang va long nhit$t tMnh xay dl!ng mi~n dilt tUdng lai. Cac thi triln nha be
ngay truoc nay tra thanh cac tMnh ph6lon, rilt nhi~u tMnh ph610n khac duqc xay dl!ng
d dap ung nhu du ky nght$, thudng m~i do cuoc cach m~ng ky nght$ khai sl! t~i Anh, Ian
"tran sang Au Chau va My Chau. Bay cUng la thai gian phanMn may tffu ch~y hdi nuoc,
cung cilp nhu du chuyen cha thl)'c phifm, gia suc, v~t lit$u IOn lao do sl! ph~t trin nang
nghit$p, xay dl!ng tit lanh th6 menh mang voi cae nang tr~i rong IOn. Ht$ th6ng duong. xe
lua khai sl! xay dl!ng. Tilt cii nhung ye'u t6 tren lam phat sinh mot quan dim moi v~ giao
d,!c khang nhITng tit cac nha giao d,!c, cac ph,! huynh rna quan tn;mg nhilt la da thUc dify
cac nha lam iu~t cua qu6c hoi lien bang My dua ra nhung chinh sach di tie'n giao d,!c hay
noi cach khac, thie't I~p mot ht$th6ng giao d,!c qu6c gia.
Voi hoan dnh thu~n Ic;litren, nhi~u truong tiu hQc duqc chinh quy~n thie't I~p, thu
nMn tilt cii mQi tre em va hoan toan mi~n phi. Cac truong xay dl!ng vao giai do~n nay
tren toan lanh th6 nuoc My da tra thanh khuan milu cho cac truong cang I~p hit$n t~i.
Thl!C hit$n mot n~n giao d,!c rong Ion nhu tren, hoan toan g~t ba nhung lien quan voi ton
giao, khang phai la khang co cae kho khan tra ng~i. Tra ng~i Ion nhilt la sl! ch6ng d6i cua
nhom bao thU cung voi cac giao hQi Tin Liinh cung mot quan dim r~ng ton giao dong vai
tro quan trQng trang giao d,!c. Kho khan tie'p theo Ia chudng tdnh giao d,!c rong IOn dn
phai co mot ngan khoan tltdng dltdng hang riam dai thQ, gay nen m6i quan tam phiii dong
them thue' v~ phia dan chUng. May thay, cac kho khan tren duqc giiii toa voi sl! ung hQ
cua nhi~u nM giao d,!c cilp tie'n, sl! nhit$t thanh dong gop van chudng trlnh giao d,!c rong
IOn cua nhi~u tiu bang. Di;ic bit$t, cac nha lam lu~t tiu bang Massachusetts da tMnh
cang trong vit$c thanh l~p HOi d6ng Giao d,!c (1837) sau nhi~u phien hQp va tranh Ill~n
gay g~t. Trang su m~ng quan trQng nay, chu tjch thuqng vit$n Horace Mann dong gop
cang dilu. HOi d6ng Giao d,!c co thifm quy~n fong r1iitrang vit$c thanh l~p ht$ th6ng giao
d,!c moi va tie'n bo. EJi;icbit$t hdn nua, qu6c hoi Masiachusetts
chQn nMgiao d,!c, chinh
khach n6i tie'ng dp tie'n, chu tjch thltc;lng vit$n Horace Mann lam t6ng thlt kyo Mann
,2.l4

Ciao d!~ctay phLtung tM

ky

tM 19 - Hf thOng giao dc qu(/c gia phdt triln

(1796-1859) Hi lu~t su, chinh trj gia, nha giao dl)C, da chUng kie'n n~n giao dl)C ngheo nan
trang thai gian theo hQc tu cac ca'p tu tiu hqc toi trung hQc r5i d~i hQc. T6t nghi~p E>~ih9C
Brawn r5i tra thanh lu~t su. )a tung la d'.li biu qu6c hi)i tiu bang Massachusetts (18271833), chu tich thuQng vi~n cung tit:u bang (1835-1837), ong rat quan tam Mn eac van d~
xa hi)i va giao dl)c. Chinh ong da thie't I~p mi)t b~nh vi~n tam thiln dilu tien t~i My.
Sau khi nh~n chuc Vl)t6ng thu ky, Mann thu tMp tat ca tai li~u v~ n~n gi,ao dl)C trl tr~
tiu bang, dl)'a van Phuong Phap Giao Dl)c Phl) Giao loi thai, d6ng thai dua ra chuong
trinh cai tie'n ri)ng Ion voi phuong phap "Giao Dl)c Tich Cl)'c" Progressive Education.
Phuclng phap nay huang giao dl)C vao tung ca nhan hQc sinh, thUc dily hQc sinh hQc t~p
mi)t cach hung thu bang each Mp xuc trl)'c tie'p voi cac sl)' vi~c. Giao dl)C day,khong
nhling
lop hQC ma con ngoai lOp hQc nlia nhl! phong d<;JCsach, phong thi nghi~m,
vl!ong cay, san v~n dong v.v .. Ong du hanh cac tiu bang.tren toan qu6c, dien thuye't, c6
vu chl!ong trinh cai tie'n giao duc. Chl!ong trinh Giao Dl)c Tich Cl)'Ccua Mann g6m sau
dim chinh. Mot Iii giao duc phai c6 tinh cach d'.li chung va hoan toan mien phi rna chinh
quy~n khong th lam ngo. Hai la giao dl)C phai do chinh quy~n dai thQ, di~u hanh va
kim soat. Ba la giao dl)C phai phl)c Vl)mi)t each c6 hi~u qua mQi t5ng lOp hQc sinh khong
phan bi~t giai cap xa hoi, khac bii;t ton giao, chung ti)c. B6n la giao dl)C phai d~t tren can
ban luan Iy d'.lo duc va khong bi mi)t hQc thuye't ton giao nao chi ph6i. Nam la giao dl)c
dn phai dl!CJcthl)'Chii;n voi phuong phap su ph'.lm thl)'c dl)ng, thuc My hQc sinh hQc t~p
lich cl)'c, quan tam de'n tung ca nhan hqc sinh, hqc t~p trang lOp hQCva ngoai lOp hQc, ap
dl)ng ky lu~t cua mot xa hoi dan chu. Sau la giao dl)C phai OttQcd6ng g6p voi thanh philn
giao vien chuyen nghi~p, nhi~t thanh, yeu ngh~, dl!QChuan luy~n chu dao. Ong x~at Mn
ban tuiln san "T'.lp Chi Giao Dl)c Phl; Th6ng" Common School Journal M ph6 bie'n quan
diEm giao dl)C moi ding nhl! nhling tin tuc v~ giao dl)C Mn cac giao vien va phl) huynh.
Ong dl!Qc d6n tie'p n5ng nhi!;t khftp m1i moi khi ong di qua vi uy tin va kha nang chuyen
mon. Tuy v~y, mot siS chinh tri gia cung ngiln ng'.li ung hi) chl!ong trlnl> giao dl)c nay VI
qua cap tie'n cung nhl! qua t6n kern. Sau 12 nam lanh d~o ngill1h giao dl)c Massachusetts;
ap dl)ng quan diEm gi~o dl)c cap tie'n; Mann da rat hanh di~n v~ thanh qua t6t d~p khong
ngo; nhi~u trl!ung tiEu hqc, trung hqc OttQc thanh l~p khftp noi, ba truong su ph~mduQc
thanh lilp va la nhling trl!ong sl! ph'.lm dilu tien
My; Il!ong b6ng giao vien tang nhi~u;
hieu qua giang day cao; h()i thao chuyen nghii;p, thanh tra giang d'.lYthuong xuyen; nien
hQc keo dai hon trl!dc; hqc sinh dap ung t6t voi 16i giang d'.lYmoi va cam thay hung thu
trung viec hoc t~p. CuiSi cung, h~ thong giao dl)c cong I~p do chinh quy~n tiu bang chiu
trach nhii;m, dUn diln tnJ thanh chinh thuc Ott(Jcquoc hoi va lu~t phap cong nh~n, m~c dilu
co nhi~u kho khan tro ng'.li. Ne'u Mann oa thanh c6ng trang su m'.lng ciii tie'n chuong trlnh
giao duC thi d6ng thtli phe bao thu, k do mot so nha giao dl)C, mi)t so chinh tri gia va cac

215

Gido df,tc tay phuang the' ky thu 19 - H~ thtfng gido df,tc

quae gia phdt triln

tu si vi quy~n Iqi rieng cua phe nh6m ho~c quan ni~m 16i thai van titp c116ngdili. Cac Iu
si bat miin v~ vi~c chinh quy~n chi quan tam v~ cac truong cong I~p, bo roi cac triJong ton
giau; cac nha giao dllc bao thi! chi trich rling Mann pha ho~i thfrm quy~n giao dliC vi dii lip
dllng m91 phuong pMp su ph~m mai, dan chu va huang v~ hQc sinh; cac chinh trj gia phan
d6i H9i d6ng Giao dliC dii vi ph~m thfrm quy~n giao dliC dia phuong; nhung cu6i cling
Mann dii thang the va duqc mQi nguoi ca tllng la "Cha de cua n~n giao dliC d~i chUng"
The father of common schools. Tuy nhien, sau 12 nam liinh d~o n~n giao dliC ti~u bang, dii
thanh cong JIong su m~ng cai titn giao dllC, ong til"chUc vao nam 1848 vi tin tuClng rling
nhung nguoi kt titp sl! nghi~p ong ch~c ch~n khong th~ dao nguqc n~n giao dliC do ong
dii xay dlfng, m9t n~n giao dliC dan chu, hqp Iy, titn b9 khong ai c6 th~ ch6i ciii va luc d6
phe dili I~p ch~c ch~n se thuc dnh va khong con Iy do M ch6ng dili nua.

tN,

Nhung gi Mann dii thanh cong t~i Massachusetts thi Henry Barnard cling dii thl!c hi~n
duqc t(li ti~u bang Connecticut va Rhode Island. Barnard (1811-1900) la nM giao dllC,
chinh trj gia, T6ng giam d6c Giao dliC d~u tien cua chinh phi! lien bang My. Ong la dan
bi~u ti~u bang Connecticut (1837-38) va v~n d9ng thitt l~p H9i d6ng Giao dllc. Cling nhtt
Mann, Barnard trCltMnh T6ng thu ky H9i d6ng nay (1838). Ong xuat ban "T~p Chi Giao
DIiC Ph6 Thong" Common School Journal vao nam 1838 va thanh I~p triJong su ph(lm d~u
tien cua tieu bang (1839). T~i Connecticut, Barnard cling thl!c hi~n nhung chuong trinh
. (;iii tien giao dliC tuling tl! nhu Mann t~i Massachusetts, tuy nhien c6 tMn trQng hon. Niim
1845, ong duqc moi den Rhode Island lam Giam dilc Giao dliC va thl!C hi~n nhi~u chuong
trinh nhu tang luong b6ng cho giao vien, cai tien phuong phap giao dllC, thitt I~p M th6ng
. liQithao; thanh tra va xay dl!ng nhi~u truong hQc mol. Nam .1851, ong trClv voi chUc VII
T6ng thu ky H9i d6ng Giao dliC Connecticut, tiep tllc cong tac gi<io dliC d6i mol. Nam
1855, vl.1y do suc khoe, ong phai xin v hl1u sam. Cling trang nam nay, ong thanh I~p
."Hi~p H9i Giao DIiC Cao f)~ng My" American Association for the Advancement of
Education va lam chu nhi~m "T~p San Giao DIiC MY" American Journal of Education.
n.p san nay ban lu~n va dang t<1ih~u het cac van d~ va tin tuc giao dliC tren kh~p nuoc
My. SaU khi xuat ban 30 so', gia tai ong tieu tan, m~c d~u ong sinh truang trang m9t gia
dinh giau' c6. Nam 1867, khi suc khOe dii kha quan, Barnard duqc b6 nhi~m chuc VIIT6ng
. giam d6c Giao dllc Lien bang, m9t chuc VIIHinh d~o nganh giao dl!c My. Voi chUc VI!moi
nay; ong du Mnh kh~p cac ti~u bang tren toan qu6c; titp xuc, thilo lu~n voi cac H9i d6ng
Giao dl!c dja phuong d~ cai tien h~ th6ng giao dl!c tren toan nuoc My; tMnh I~p cac
truClng su ph~m c6 linh each hQc hoi nghien cUo sau r9ng.

Tr

. T~i nhiu ti~u bang khac

My; cling c6 nhi1ng d6i mai v giao dl!c. tUllng tl! nhu
. Massachusetts, Connecticut va Rhode Island. T~i ti~u bang Pennsylvania, chuong trinh cai
tien dfru tien huang vaa cac truClngdanh cho con em cac gia dinh ngheo kh6; t~i Mu bang'
216

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New York, chlidng trlnh giao d\lc 10;1ibo cac phe phai va th\l'c hi.;\n n~n giao d\lc tieu
bang; t,!i cac ti8u bang mi~n dong chlidng trlnh ciii tie'n giao d\lc di6n ra rilt kha quan VI
khu vl!c nay co lu~t cilp phat dilt dai d8 xay cilt cac cd siLgiao d\lc tit niim 1787. T,!i
cac tieu bang phia tay, tli tliang bao thu rilt m,!nh cung voi phlidng pMp sli ph,!m I,!c
h~u cung phai nhliang ch6 cho chlidng trlnh giao d\lc moi, tranh lu~n va phan'd6i cai
cach giao d\lc xuilt hi.;\n khap ndi t,!i cac ti8u bang nay. Tuy nhien, qu6c hQi cac tieu
bang cu6i cung dli danh quy~n h,!n giao d\lc cho cac HOi d6ng Giao d\lC va chinh quy~n
ti8u bang co quy~n thu thue' chi phi rieng cho giao d\lc. Trong vi.;\c th\l'c hi.;\n chlidng
trlnh giao d\lc d6i moi t,!i cac tieu bang nay, D,!i hQc Michigan University of Michigan
dli dong gop cong IOn.
The' ky tM 19 chung kie'n sl! pMt trien m,!nh me v~ chlidng trlnh giao d\lc tieu hQC.
Trliangsa dli0C xay dl!ng khap ndi tren toan qu6c, cung cilp giao dl)c hoan toan mi8n phi
cho tilt cii tre em. Nhi~u tieu bang dli ban hanh lu~t cliong bach giao dl)c. Phlidng phap sli
ph,!m dli0C ciii tie'n voi sl! xuilt hi.;\n cua nhi~u trliang sli ph,!m moi. Vao thai ky nay, nha
giao dl)c Francis Parker (1837-1902) dong gop mOt cach thie't th\l'c vao phlidng pMp sli
ph,!m moi voi quan di.n "giao dl)c lily hQc sinh lam trung tam" student centred education
dli0c Rousseau (X em them chlidng 15, ml)c III, I) gioi thi.;\u va Pestalozzi (X em them
chlidng 17, ml)c II) pMt trip. Parker nh~n djnh dng lOP.hQc phai dli<;1C
t6 chuc linh dOng,
khac h~n voi cach t6 chuc cO'dinh cua giao d\lc c6 truy~n va hQc sinh nhilt la cilp tieu hQC
phai la trQng tam cua phlidng phap giang d~y.
3. Giao dl!c trung hQc
Chlidng trlnh giao dl)c tiuhQc pMt trien; gi:lng d,!y mi8n phi cho tilt d tre em dQc,
vie't, tinh toan a khap ndi; dii phat sinh lioc vQng cua mOt sO'phl) huynh mu6n con em dli0C
hoc hoi cao hdn. Diln diln, nguy.;\n vQng nay dli<;1cdap ung, mOt vai trliang trung hQc dli0C
thanh I~p va khai sl! chlidng trlnh giao dl)c trung hQCa My.
Trliang trung hQc dilu tien dli0c thanh I~p t,!i Boston vao niim 1821 theo khuon m~u cac
trliang trung hQc c6 din ben Anh, sau d6i thanh cac trliang trung hQc ph6 thong, thu nMn
con em giai cilp kinh doanh thanh thi va mOt sO'con em th0 thuy~n chuyen mon. Trliang
d,!y mi8n phi voi cac mon Anh ngil, toan, do d,!c, ngh~ hang hai, dja Iy, Ijch su, lu~n Iy
hQc, d,!o duc va cong dan giao dl)c. Niim 1825, thanh ph6New York rna trliang trung hQc.
Nam sau (1826), Boston m,!nh d,!n rna trliang trung hQCdanh rieng cho nil sinh nhu'ng chi
h,!~ che' t6i da la 130 ngliai. VI sO'nil sinh nOp ddn theo hQc qua nhi~u rna sO'ch6 co h,!n,
thilnh ph6 phai huy bo chlidng trlnh nay va nil sinh phai tra v~ trliang dja phlidng hQc
chung voi nam sinh.
Chlil.1ngtrlnh giao d\lc trung hQc chi phat trin rai rac t,!i mOt vai tieu bang; cho toi nam
217

Gido dlfc tay phll(/rlg the' ky tha19 - Hf thOng gido dlfC

quae gia phdt

triin

Ig27, (jUOC h(\i ti~u bang Massachusetts thong qua d~o lu~t chlthi cac thj triln co tit 500
gia dlnh tra len phai t6 chilc vi~c giang d~y cac man hQc lich sa My, d~i s6, hlnh hQc va
ke' toan s6 sach tie'p theo cac cilp Idp ti~u hQc; co nghIa la phai rna them cac lop trung
hQc. Them van do; d~o lu~t nay ciing chlthj cac thi triln co tit 4.000 gia dlnh tra len phai
d~y thern"h'aCmQn ht;lc khac la lich sU',lu~n 19, van hQc, La Tinh, Hy L~p ngoai cac man
.Iich sU'My, d~i siS, hlnh hQC,ke' toan nhu'da noi tren. Nhu' v~y, cac thi triln Idn hay cac
,thanh phiS co t6 chilc cac tru'Cingtrung hQc voi nhi~u man hQc hdn cac tru'Cingtrung hQc t~i
cac thi triln. Vi~c thie't I~p cac tru'Cingtrung hQc tren tuy du'<;Ic'lu~tphap quy dinh nhu'ng
v~n chu'a du'<;Icd~i chung ung h(l. Hdn nua d~o lu~t tren chi d6 c~p dn vi~c
them
tru'CingIdp; rna khang noi gl dn viln d~ tai chinh, m(lt viln d~ huye't m~ch. VI v~y, chinh
quy~n khang co Iy do M cilp philt ngan khoan chi phi. Phai d<Jidn nhung nam cua tMp
nien 1870, qu6c h(li m(\t s5 ti~u bang moi thao lu~n va chilp thu~n ngan khoan chi phi cho
cac tru'Cingtrung hQC va dfrn dfrn sau do chu'dng trinh giao d\!c trung Mc tra thanh chinh
sach chung cua cac ti~u bang cung voi viec thie't l~p va..vai tra quan trQng cua cac H(li
dang Giao d\!c t~i cac ti~u bang dIng nht! sl)' b6 nhi~in T6ng giam Mc Giao d\!c My nhtt

rna

uii trlnh bilya tren .

. 4, Gino d\!c ph\! nu
Chu'dng trinh giao d\!c ngay tit nhung nam dfru the' ky thil 19 dil khuye'n khleh ph\! nu
twng viec hQc t~p; m(\t s6 kha dong nu sinh theo hQc b~c ti~u hQc; nhu'ng s6 nu sinh thea
hQc t~i cac tru'Cing trung hQc, d~i hQc v~n con rilt it; gioi h~n twng s5 con em giai cilp
thu'<Jng1u'Uvoi chu'dng trlnh giao d\!c nhiln m~nh de'n cac man hQc nhan van, kinh te' gia
dlnh. Cho toi th~p nien 1840; khi nam cang dan co quy~n bo phie'u va m(\t s6 voi hQc Il)'c
kern da co quy~n lam vi~c t~i cac van phang; ph\! nu v~n can bi gioi h~n trong nhi~u IInh
vl)'c twng do co giao d\!c. Tuy nhien, sl)'phattri~n ky ngh~, thu'dng m~i tit dfru the' ky If!
cd h(li t5t cho gioi ph\! nu m6i ngay m(lt dong xuilt hi~n twng cac xu'ang th<Jcung nhu' t~i
cac van phang VI thie'u nhan Il)'c nam gioi va cung VI co nghi~u nganh ngh~ dn co sl!
kheo tay cua phI,!nG'.Do do, nhu du giao d\!c cho ph\! nu t~i cac tru'Cingtrung hQCva d~i
hQC tra thanh cilp thie'1. PhI,! nu da ghi ten theo hQc t~i cac tru'Cingtrung hQc tren toan
qu5c; nhi~u ph\! nu . dong vai Iro quan trQng twng cang cu(\c giao d\!c nay. Nam 1833;
Tru'CingCao dng Oberlin Oberlin College thu(\c ti~u bang Ohio, Ifrn dfru tien thu nMn nil
sinh vien; 20 nam sau do, Tru'CingCao dng Antioch Antioch College rung thu(\c ti~u bang
Ohio, tra thanh tru'Cingh6n h<;lpnam nu. Dang thCii, nhi~u d~i hQc moi
nhi~u ti~u
bang lali c~n \roi Ohio co thu nMn nu sinh vien. V~ phi a dong, D~i hQc Cornell Cornell
University Iii d~i hQc dfru tien thu nh~n nu sinh vien vao nam 1872.

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218

Gido

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tay phuang the' ky thU 19 - Hf thOng gido

dl:lc

quoc gia phdt

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5. Ciao dl}C dl,li hQc

Cae tn.tong eao d~ng va dl,li hge k6 ci\ eong I~p va dan I~p My pMt tri6n ml,lnh me
trong the' ky thu 19 khong nhung v~ s6 h.t<;Jngrna con v~ ehilt 1u'<;Jng.
l~c bi~t la nhiYngt6
. ehUl.'giao d\le nay hoan toan the' t\le, khong e6 lien quan gl de'n .ton giao. Cae tru'ong d\li hge
til' tru'oe eung du'<;Jeci\i tie'n eho phu h<;Jpvoi quan di6m va phudng phap giang d\lY moi,
ehju anh huang eanh tan eua cae d\li hge Elue. Truong Cao d~ng Bryn Mawr Bryn Mawr
College thuQe ti6u bang Pennsylvania du'<;Jethanh l~p van nam 1855, e6
cae ehu'dng
tdnh eao hge va tie'n S1. Truong El\li hge John Hopkins John Hopkins University thuQe ti6u
bang Baltimore, du'<;JctMnh I~p vao nam 1867, ehd tr9ng de'n cae ehu'dng trinh nghien coo
sau rQng cae b~e eao h9C va tie'n SI. Nam 1887, Truong l\li h9C Clark Clark University
thuQe ti6u bang Massachusetts du'<;Jcthanh I~p va cilp pMt cac van bling d\li h9C thuQc du
cae nganh. Nhi~u truong d\li h9C khae cling du'<;Jcthanh I~p van the' ky nay.
.
Cae tru'ong su' ph\lm du'<;Jcthie't I~p tu tru'oc voi m\lc dieh eung ling giao vien mQt cach cilp
thai eho vi~c rna inang cae truang ti6u h9C tren toan quO'e, nay tra thanh loi thai. Cac
tru'ang nay thuang tuy6n eh9n cac h9C sinh chi moi h9C xong b~e ti6uh9C; huiln luy~n h9
trong mQt hai nam voi cac mon d\lo due, toan h9C, so hge, lieh sU',tam Iy hge va phu'dng
phap su ph\lm rilt sd d~ng. Sau nam 1860, sang kie'n giao d\lc thl!c nghi~m cua Pestalozzi
(Xem ehudng 17, m\le II), Froebel (Xem chu'dng 18, m\le III), Herbart (Xem ehu'dng 17,
m\le IV) eung voi sl! bie'n ehuy6n eua hoan canh kinh te', xa hQi, chinh trj My dii e6 anh
huang Ion lao de'n ehudng trinh giao d\lc va viln d~ tam Iy su' ph\lm du'<;Jequan tam de'n
nhi~u. SI! thay d6i ro rang nhilt nh~n thily cae cilp lOp ti6u h9C va va long; voi sl! xuilt
hi~n 15.nd5.u tien cae vu'on tre va truang m~u giao voi phu'dng phap giao d\le tl! nhien vua
h9C, vua chdi, huang d~n tri 6c non nat tre em d5.n d5.n di vao cac cilp lOp ti6u h9C. (j day,
giao vien d6ng mQt vai tro rilt quan tr9ng vi\ ci\ vii;le giang d\ly, dao t\lO va tu nghi~p. Cac
giao vien the' h~ eu khong th6 hoan thanh cong tac nay vI h9 khong du'<;Jchuiln luy~n thieh
dang. VI v~y, cac truung su' ph\lm cli dU<;Je
cai tie'n, thu nhi).n sinh vien h9C he't chudng trlnh
trung h9C, du'<;Jchuiln luy~n cac mon h9C kie'n thue t6ng quat cling nhu ehuyen mon v~ tam
ly, phu'dng phap su' phl,lm thl!c d\lng, thai gian hge t~p liiu hdn, hai ho~c ba nam. Nhi~u
tru'ong su' ph~m du<;Jethanh l~p t\li cae d\li h9C Ion va rilt e6 uy tin. Cac 10l,litruang su' ph\lm
nay dng ngay dng phat tri6n, nhat la van nhung nam dllu the' ky tM 20 va tra thanh cae
trung tam dao t\lo giao vien quan tr9ng tren toan nu'oc My cho de'n hii;lnt\li.

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VI. H~ thO'ng giao d\le quO'c gia tl,li Canada

Ele' quoe Anh e6 nhi~u thuQe dja nlim nii rac khap the' gioi. Trong s6 cae thuQc dia nay,
Canada, Dc (Australia) va New Zealand la quan tr9ng hdn ca. Quan . tr9ng '{I dan s6 cac
thuQc dja nay hllu he't la nhiYng di dan tu Anh va cac nu'oc Au Chau, vI cac thUQCdja
219

Ciao dl}c tay phuang the' ky thU 19 - H~ thl/ng giao dl}c qu6c [Jiaphdt triin
nay tll khoi d~u dii co mQt n~n giao dl!C chiu anh hliong n~n giao dl!c Anh cung nhli n~n
giao dl!c cac nliac Au Chilu khac. Tuy la thuQc dia, nhling cac qu6c gia nay co quy~n II! tri
ra't sam va chinh quy~n thuQc dja co kha nhi~u thii'm quy~n nha't la v~ phlidng di~n giao
dl!c. Canada co quy~n Il! trj va co thll tliang ti:tn3m 1867, dQCI~p vao n3m 193 I. Uc dQc
l~p vao n3m 1901, nhling trliac do chinh quy~n thuQc dja dii co thii'm quy~n v~ giao dl!c.
New Zealanddl1<;1c Il! trj tll n3m 1852 va dQCI~p tll n3m 1907.
Vao d~u the ky thU 19, cho Wi khoang n3m 1840, n~n giao dl!c t<jiCanada ra't tlidng tif
nhlf n~n giao dl!c t<ji Anh. N~n giao dl!c nay do giao hQi Anh Glao, cac t6 chUc tll thi~n
dja phlidng t6 chUc va g6m co cac tn.tang nM tho clla Anh Giao, cac trliang cQng d6ng tll
thi~n, cac trli~ng Chll nh~t giang d<jy kinh thanh clla cac giao hQi, cac trltang phl! giao cho
con em cac gia dlnh ngheo. Cac trliang niiy d~u chju anh hdong ton giao va giao 19 Iii mQt
mon hqc cung vai cac mon dqc viet, tinh toan, thlfC hanh ddn gian v~ nong nghi~p .
.Giao dl!ctrung hqc ra't giai h<jn va danh cho con em giai ca'p thli<;1ng1u'U.Cae hqc sinh
nay dli<;1C
giang d<jy t<ji mQt s6trliang trung hqc c6 die'n. MQt sO'trliang diln I~p ding c6
xuilt hi~n vai chlidng trlnh giao dl!c tien bQ hdn. Giao dl!c cao ditng mai chi dap ling nhu
du con em giai ca'p thli<;1ng1u'U,tri thuc, kinh doanh thanh thi khong bi ton giao chi ph6i.
Giai dO<jnke tiep, chilm dth vao khoang trliac sau n3m 1870, h~ th6ng giao dl!C cong
I~p xua't hi~n va d~n d~n, cac trliang tie'u hqc dlt<;1cthanh l~p khap ndi, giao dl!c trung hqc
va cao ditng ding dli<;1C
quan Him tai. MQt diic die'm giao dl!c clla giai dO<jnnay la c6 slf
thoa thu~n giua chinh quy~n va giao hQi. T<ji tinh (tlidng dlidng vai mQt tie'u bang 0 My)
Newfounland, vao n3m 1836, chinh quy~n chip nh~n mQt h~ th6ng giao dl!c clla nhi~u
giao hQi khac nhau ben c<jnh M th6ng giao dl!c cong I~p. T<ji tinh British Columbia, chinh
quy~n thiet llip mqt h~ th6ng giao dl!c cong llip, khong lien quan gl den ton giao, hoan
toan mi~n phi, th6ng nhilt do chinh quy~n tinh kie'm soat. Nhi~u tinh khac c6 mQt chlidng
trlnh giao dl!cdung hoa giua chinh quy8n va ton giao. T<ji Nova Scotia - New Brunswick,
chinh quy8n thiel I~p h~ th6ng giao d~c cong I~p, nhling vfrn chilp nh~n giao dl!c Ky To
Giao n~m trang chlidng trlnh giao dl!c chung. Ontario diit chlidng trlnh giao dl!c Ky To
Giao trang h~ th6ng giao dl!c do chinh quy8n kie'm soat. Quebec chilp nh~n hai h~ th6ng
giao dl!c ton giao Tin Lanh va Ky To Giao ben c<jnh h~ th6ng giao dl!c cong I~p tit
nhung n3m clla tMp nien 1840 den nhung n3m clla th~p nien 1960. Manitoba chilp nh~n
h~ th6ng giao dl!c Quebec tll n3m 1871, nhling d6i sang h~ th6ng duy nh1lt cong I~p tll
n3m 1896.

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Vao giai dO<jncu6i, mQt d<jolu~t dli<;1cban hanh vao n3m 1867, cho phep Canada thiet
l~p h~ th6ng giao dl!Ccong I~p t<jicac tinh, ke' cii cac tinh mai thanh I~p t<jiphi a lily, d6ng
thai cung cho phep duy trl h~ th6ng giao dl!c cua cac giao hQi. Vai d<jOlu~t n3m 1880,
220

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Canada cla khai sl)' tie'n toi vi~c thilnh 14p mQt h~ th6ng giao dl)c qu6c gia. Vao hai th4p
nien cu6i cila the' ky, Canada phat tri~n nen giao dl)c cong 14p, dl)'a van tinh thiln cac clijo
lu4t nam 1867 va 1880, c(jng nhu tie'p wc chuong tdnh ciii tie'n van giai cloijn thu hai, dl)'a
van mo hlnh chuong tdnh giao dl)c tiji tinh Ontario, cl~c bi~t ap dl)ng van cac tinh moi
phia tay. Vao nhii'ng nam cu6i coa the' ky, chuong tdnh phat tri~n giao dl)cti~u hQc clu'lJC
thl)'Chi~n tren toan qu6c va lu41 cuong bach giao dl)c clulJCap dl)ng. Chuong tdnh. giao
dl)c trung hQc c(jng clulJcciii tie'n va chu'ong tdnh giang dijy giii'a trung va ti~u hQc da khac
bi~t ro rang t~i cae truong cong 14p. ve phuong di~n tai chinh, chinh quyen dia phuong
phai dai thQ vqi quyen thu them thue'd thanh toan cac chi phi ve giao dl)c, chinh quyen
dnh cl6ng g6p vao chuong tdnh giao dl)c clja phuong b~ng nhii'ng ngan khoan tai trlJ cl~c
bi~t. ve t6 chuc va phuong philp su ph~m; chinh quyen !lnh chiu trach nhi~m vdi vi~c
thie't 14p cac truong k~ cii truong su' ph~m; t6 chUc vi~c thanh tra, hQi thao, thi Cll; chinh
quyen trung uong chi ban hanh chinh sach va huang d~n t6ng quat.
Nhii'ng ciii tie'n ve cho dich va phuong phap su ph~m t~i cac nuoc tay phuong cteu c6
Imh huang Mn chuong trlnh giao dl)c t~i Canada, kie'n thuc dulJC truyen dijt qua phuong
phap su ph~m thl)'c dl)ng voi cac sinh ho~t thleh ung trang phuong phap giang d~y c(jng
nhl1 cae a~liii e6 lien yuan voi aoi s6ng thl)'e te' ngoai xa hQi, thay VI nhii'ng hili hQc kho
khan, thuiln tuy Iy thuye't. SI)' tie'n bQ ve khoa hQc, ky thu4t tay phuong c(jng dem liji sl)'
phat tri~)l chuong tdnh giao dl)c thl)'c dl)ng lien quan de'n sinh ho~t xa hQi. ve nghi~p Vl)
su' phijm, cac giao vien dUlJCclao tijOd truyen clijt kie'n thuc thl)'c te' d~t tren nen tang lien
quan hi} tuong giao vien - hQc sinh c(jng nhu lien quan hQc sinh - man hQc, c6 nghia la
hQc sinh c(jng nhu giao vien cleu cl6ng mQt vai tra sinh ho~t tich cl)'c trang vi~c hQc t~p,
thay vI lien h~ mQt chi~u ttt giao vien Mn hQc sinh va hQc sinh chi cl6ng vai tra thl) clQng.
VII. H~ thilng giao dl)c quilc gia t!,li Uc (Australia)
SI)' phat tri~n n~n giao dl)c t~i Dc hoan toan chiu anh huang chuong trlnh giao dl)C
Anh VIhoan canh thien nhien khiic nghi~t, klnh te' kh6 khan, lanh th6 bi~t I~p, dan so' it va
bao g6m mQt philn di dan, mQt philn tQi ph~m bj dily ai, hilu he't Mn ttt nudc Anh. Ngoai
nl1dc Anh, dan Dc khong bie't gl nhi~u ve cac nuoc tay phuong khac c(jng nhu sl)' tie'n bQ

ve mQi m~t coa cac qu5c gia nay.

.
Ttt nhii'ng ngay clilu, khi mQt so' di dan va tQi ph~m d6 bQ len clii'tUc vao nam 1788, cho
de'n hai ba th~p nien dilu coa the' ky thu 19, giao dl)c chi dUlJCphat trin rai rac va ng~u
nhien, tuy theo kha nang coa cac giao hQi. Chinh quyen thuQc dia m~c nhien cong nh~n
quyen giao due coa ton giao. Tuy v~y. c(jng c6 nhii'ng ngiin khoan tai trlJ giao dl)c nhi) be.
Giao hQi Anh Giao chi ph6i nen giao dl)C Dc vao giai clo~n clilu. Nam 1826, mQt Van
phang giao dl)c du'lJc thanh l~p d theo doi cac ho~t uQng giao dl)c coa cac giao hQi. Nhu
221

Ciao dlfc tay phl1dng the'1cYthU 19 - H~ thij'ng giao dlfC quae gia phdt triln
v~y, chinh quy~n ciing c6 bi~n phap kim soal n~n giao dt)c rna hQ chua c6 co hQi Ihlfc
hi~n. Vi~c bi~1 diii giao hQi Anh Giao gay nen vi~c ch6ng d6i m<).nhme cua giao hoi Ky
To Giao va Tin Liinh. Vao giai do<).nnay, ciing c6 dlf djnh Ihiel I~p n~n giao dt)c pht) giao
nhu a ben Anh nhltng chua c6 cd hOi thlfC hien.
Nam 1833, Ih6ng d6c tiu bang New South Wales ra chi thi thiet l~p hi; th6ng giao dt)c
cong I~p, trung d6 cat bot cac gio d<).ygiao Iy. Vi~c nay giup thiet l~p h~ th6ng giao dt)c
cong I~p tUdng lai.
VI c6 sl)' ch6ng dBi cua Tin Lanh va Ky To Giao nhu vua IrInh bay a !ren; nen nam
1848, chinh quy~n thuoc dia tren toan lanh thiS, cho thlfC hien song song hai he th6ng giao
dt)c voi hai Hoi dbng Giao dt)c; mot cong I~p va mOl dan I~p. Hoi dbng Giao dt)c dan I~p.
c6 ca tieng n6i cua ba ton giao IOn la Anh Giao, Tin Liinh va Ky To Giao. Toi giUa the
ky, chUdng Irlnh giao dt)c tUdng tlf dltt;!cap dt)ng t<).inhi~u khu vlfc khac cua thuoc dja. T<).i
New South Wales, khu vl)'c voi nhi~u dan cU va c6 n~n kinh te thjnh d<).1nhilt, d1\n diiu
!rong viec cai lien giao dt)c va niim 1866 ban hanh lu~t v~ Giao Dt)c Cong L~p, thiet I~p
HOi dbng Giao dt)c. Tuy nhien, viln d~ tai trt;!cho cac trUong ton giao van tiep di~n. Vi~c
nay con tbn t<).itoi ngay nay tren toan nUoc Dc.
Victoria tra thanh Hinh thiS rieng bi~t vao niim 1850, tach roi khoi New South Wales,
phai d6i ph6 voi nhi~u viln d~ kh6 khiin, nen dii kh6ng quan tam nhi~u den giao dt)c,
ngo<).itru viec tai trt;! them cho cac trltong ton giao. Miii toi nam I 862, lu~t Giao Dt)c
C6ng L~p moi ra doi, cho phep thanh I;%phe Ih6ng giao dt)c tUdng tlf nhu New South
Wales. Tiep li~n theo d6, Queensland va South Australia c6 lu~t tUdng tlf. Rieng t<).i
Western Australia, lu~t Giao Dt)c Tiu HQc mai toi nam 187 I moi xuilt hien, cong nh~n
d hai he th6ng giao dt)c c6ng I~p va dan I~p nganh tiu hQc.
Vi~c ung hO chUdng trlnh giao dt)c c6ng I~p v~ phia d<).ichung mlii ngay mot gia tiing til"
nhung nam 1860, 1870. Tuy nhien, khong khoi c6 nhung bilt blnh va ch6ng d6i. Cac giao
hoi Tin Liinh va Anh Giao mi~n cUong chilp nh~n he th6ng giao dt)c c6ng I~p, cac trUong
cua hai giao hOi nay tiep tt)c sinh ho~t voi tinh cach cac trUong dQc I~p rieng re rna kh6ng
phiii la rriQt he ih6r\g giao dt)c th6ng nhilt VI quan dim cua hai giao hoi khac biet. Di~u
nay ciing d~ hiu VITin Liinh c6 nhi~u nganh, Anh Giao kh6ng c6 dan so' IOn. Trong khi
do, giao hoi Ky T6 Giao voi so' trUong nhi~u hdn, voi dan so' d6ng hdn VI c6 rilt nhi~u di
dan ngUoi Ky T6 GiaongUoi Ireland nen ton giao nay van duy trl dUt;!che th6ng giao dt)c
rieng va th6ng nhilt dat dUoi quy~n kim soat c.ua Bo Giao dt)c tiu bang.
. Dt)ng y cua nha dm quy~n trung Udng la tit cii c6ng dan dn phiii duqc giao dt)c, he
th6ng giao dt)c c6ng l~p dn phili dltt;!c nang cao, he th6ng h6a n~n giao dt)c tren toan
qu6c rna trong hien t<).ivan chi dUt;!c thlfc hien mot cach rieng re t<).im6i tiu bang, tuy
theo sang kien dja phUdng. Cd hoi canh tan da toi voi slf gia tang dan so' dang k vao cu6i
222

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Ciao dl,tc tay phl1ang tM ky tM 19 - Hf thifng giao dl,tC

quae gia phdt

trie'n

the' ky thu 19, voi stf phat trin kinh te'VI mtOc Dc bao la voi ngu6n tai nguyen d6i dao,
d6ng thai voi vi~c nh~n dinh v~ thtfc tr~ng ngheo nan cua cac co sa giao d\lccUng nhu
phuong phap su ph~m. Vi~c canh tan chuong trlnh giao d\lC cong I~p .duQc qu5c hQi thuQc
dia thtfc hi~n voi nhi~u d~o lu~t ttt nam 1872 Mn nam 1895. Cac d~'o lu~t nay h~ th5ng
hoa chuong trlnh giao d\lc tren toan qu5c, rna mang nhi~u co sa giao d\lc mOi. di tie'n
phuong phap su ph~m, dl tie'n vi~c huiln luy~n giao vien. Tuy nhien. cac d~o lu~t nay
khong huy bil chuong tdnh giao d\lC ton giao. HQc sinh cac trliang cong I~p vlln dUQcphep
tham dtf nhung gia hQc ton giao ne'u dUQcph\l huynh cho phep. Cac d~o lu~t nay cUng tie'p .
t\lC tai trQ cac truang ton giao hay bilt cu cac truang dan I~p nao khac VIchinh quy~n nMn
dinh tilt d cac co sa giao d\lc d~u dong gop vao cong cUQc giao d\lc chung. Quan dim
nay cua chinh quy~n Dc ngay nay v~n t6n t~i.
Cac d~o lu~t giao dl,ic da rna duang cho vi~c thanh l~p M th5ng giao d\lC tlt tiu hQc, .
toi trung hQc, d~i hQc tren khap tanh th6 nuOc Uc. Cac truang tiu hQc phat trin m~nh
nhilt VIda co san mQt s5 truang dan I~p cua cac giao hQi va cac t6 chuc tu nhan thie't I~p
tu truOc, nay nhi~u truang cong I~p dUQc md mang khap noi. V~ phia cac truang trung
hQc, mQt s5 truang cua cac giao hQi da co san, nay mQt s5 truang cong I~p dUQcmd t~i cac
tiu bang. MQt s5 truang d~i hQc dUQc thie't l~p vao giai do~n nay. Truong D~i hQc
Sydney University of Sydney thuQc tiu bang New South Wales dUQcthanh ~p som nhilt
(1850), tie'p theo la D~i hQc Melbourne University of Melbourne thuQc tiu bang Victoria
(1853), D(li hQc Adelaide University of Adelaide thuQc tiu bang South Australia (1874),
D(li hqc Tasmania University of Tasmania thuQc tlu bang Tasmania (1890), D~i hQc
Queensland University of Queenland thuQc tiu bang Queensland (1909, D~i hQc Western
Australia University of Western Australia thuQc tiu bang Western Australia (1911).
Ngoai ra con co mQt s5 truang cao dAng nua. Trang s5 nay co cac truang su ph~m.
VIII. H~ thilng giao dl,ic quile gia t~i New Zealand
New Zealand vao thai ky thuQc dja, tu nam 1840 de'n nam 1852, giao dl,ic do cac giao
hQi va cac t6 chuc tu thi~n chi ph5i. Tuy nhien, chinh quy~n thuQc dia cUng mu5n giam
bot anh huang ton giao cang nhi~u va cang sOm cang t5t.
Khuynh huong giao dl,ic cong l~p, ch5ng I(li giao dl,ic ton giao, th hi~n r6 rang qua mQi
giOi. Do do, khi New Zealand dUQcttf tri vao nam 1852, sau tinh tren toan lanh th6 dUQC
giao phD cang tac giaD' d\lc. Mili dnh co quy~n hanh rieng bi~t nhUng d~u co khuynh
huong thie't I~p mQt n~n giao dl,ic truy~n th5ng voi anh huang cua sac dan chie'm da s5.
Trang 20 nam tie'p theo, cac tinh d~u thtfc hi~n dUQcmQt h~ th5ng glao dl,ic cong I~p. Vao
nam 1876, chinh quy~n dnh bi xoa bil va cac dja phuong trtfc thuQc chinh quy~n !rUng
uong. Tuong ttf, quy~n giao dl,iC hi~n t~i thuQc v~ chinh quy~n !rUng uong. Chinh sach
223

Gido dl,lc tay phuang the' ky thu 19 - H~ thlfng gido dl,lc qu6c gia phdt triin
giao dl)c cong I~p, khong chju anh hlfang ton giao viln tie'p tl)C, hOlln toan mien phi va
clfong bach a b~c ti~u hl)c.
D<)o lu~t can ban v~ giao dl)c dlfqc qu6c h(ji thong qua vao nam 1877, thie't I~p n~n
giao dl)c cong I~p, hoan toan mien phi toi nam 15 tu6i va citong bach toi nam I3 tu6i.
Lu~t clfong !;)ach giao d\lc khong thl)'Chit$n dlfqc mQt cach trl)n v~n VI nhung kho khan v~
kinh te'oTuy nhien, lu~t nay dlfqc'b6 ttic bling cac d<)olu~t vao cac nam 1885, 1898. Nha
do, so' hl)c sinh trung hqc dil tang nhanh. Luij.t Giao dl)c 1877 ciing thie't Iij.pcac t6 chuc
hanh chinh giao dl)c d~t dlfoi quy~n ki~m soat cua BQ Giao dl)c. Khai dh, BQ chi la mQt
van phong chju trach nhit$m tai trq giao dl)c cho cac dja phlfdng. Diln diln, dltqc chinh
quy~n trung lfdng uy tMc nhi~u quy~n h<)n, lay ttt quy~n hanh cua cac t6 chuc giao dl)c
dja phlfdng va tra thanh mQt cd quan t6i cao v~ giao d\lc tren toan qu6c. v oi quy~n h<)n
moi, BQ Giao d\lc thl)'Chit$n nhi~u cili tie'n v~ du ml)i phlfdng dit$n nhlf phat tri~n chlfdng
trlnh giang d<)y, canh tan phlfdng pMp slf ph<)m, ciing nhlf cac cong tac thanh tra, h(ji thao
va n~n giao d\lc New Zealand blfoc vao mQt giai do<)n moi. .',
Voi chlfdng trlnh cili tie'n giao dl)c vao cu6i the' ky thu 19, nhi~u trlfang ti~u hl)c dlfqc
thanh lij.pva tie'p theo la vit$c thanh l~p cac trlfang trung hl)c. MQt so' trlfang d<)ihl)c ciing
dlfqc thie't l~p vao giai do<)nnay.
, Chlfdng trlnh giao dl)c qu6c gia khai sl)' phat tri~n t<)iDuc voi sl)' dong gop cua nhi~u
nha giaa dl)c cap tie'n. Cac qu6c gia kMc 0 Au Chau nhlf Phap, Anh, Nga ... ciing co
nhii'ng chlfdng trinh tlfdng tl)', chju anh hlfang quan di~m thl)'c dl)ng cua Duc. Ngoai Au
Chau, nlfoe My, tuy la mQt qu6c gia tre trung, nhttng dil co chlfdng trlnh giao d\lc qu6c gia
kM m<)nhme nha vaa tai nguyen thien nien d6i dao, nhi~u nhan Il)'Cva ky nght$, thlfdng
m<)i pMt d<)t. Cac nlfoc khac nhlf Canada, Uc, New Zealand ciing co chlfdng trlnh giao
dl)c qu6c gia chju anh hlfang Au Chau. Cac qu6c gia tren tie'p tl)C pMt tri~n chlfdng trlnh
giao dl)C v~.rr;l)i linh vl)'c va hit$n t<)idimg dilu the' gioi v~ phlfdng dit$n nay.

Tiii lifu tham khdo:

"

-American
Multimediu
- American
- American
- American

Education in the 19th Century, Higher Education. Ti:t din b<1chkhoa The New Encyclopaedia,
Edition, 1998. ,
Education in the 19th Century, Education}IJr Females. Tiii li~u dii dim nhu tren.
Education in the 19th Century, Higher Education. Tiii li~u dii dan nhu tren.
Education in the 19th Cent~ry, The Educational Aw~kening. Tiii li~u dii dan nhu tren .
. Barnard, Henry. Till lieu iTii ddn nhll (ren.
- Enghish Education in the 19th Century, Elementary Education Act. Tiii li~u dii dan nhu tren.
- EnJ.:I;!ih Education in. ihe\j9th
~ Century, Sec:ondary and Hixher Education. Tilj lifU ,ta dan nhll (ren. .
~ France, Hi.~tory. Tllllien bach khoa The World Book Encyclopedia.
Multimedia Edition, 2001.
224

Gido dlfc tay phllClng the' ky thU 19 - H? tMng gido dlfC quae gia phdt triin
French Education

in the 19th Century. Development

of State Education.

Ti:I eti~n hUch khoa The New

Encyclopaedia Britannica. Multimedia Edition. 1998.

French Education in the 19th Century. Secondary and Higher Education. Tai Ii~u eta dan nhiltren.
German Educ'ution in the 19th Century, Development after 1815. TiJi li~u eta dan nhu tren.
Germam Education in the 19th Century. Girl's SchiJ()ls. Tiii Ii~u eta'dan nhu tren.
German Education in the 19th Century. Humholdt's R~t(Jrm. Tai Ii~u eta dan nhu tren.
Jefferson, Thomas. Tueti~n hUch khoa The World Book Encyclopedia. MultimediaEdition.
2001.
_ Mann. Horace. Ti:Ieti~n hUch khoa The New Encyclopaedia Britannic'a. MultImedia Edition, 1998.
o

_ Russian Education
Western Education
_ Western Educution
~ Western Education
o

in the 19th Century.

in the 19th Century.
in the 19th Century,
in the lYth Century.

Tai Ii~u eta dan nhu tren.

Australia. Tai Ii~u eta dan nhu tren.
Canada. T~i lifU {til cldn nhll tren.
New Zealand. Tili li~u dd ,!tin nhlliren.

225

Chlldng 19
Ngimh sllph{jm tUi euol thtky thu 19
I. Nhi1ng phlit triin dfiu tien Nganh sli phl,lm tl,li Duc
II. Nganh sli phl,lm tl,li Phap
III. Nganh sli phl,lm tl,li Anh, My - Phliong ph3p Giao Dl}c PhI} Giao
IV. Giao dl}c sli phl,lm tl,li cac dl,li hQc
V. Nganh sli phl,lm vao h~u ban the' ky thu 19
I.Nhi1ng ph3t triin dfiu tien. Nganh sli phl,lm tl,li Duc
Nhung phat tri~n dau tien vi, nganh su ph~m du<;1cgidi thi~u t~i nudc Duc vao dau the'
ky thu 18 bao g6m ca vi~c huan luy~n t~i cac truong su ph~m cilng nhu vi~c hoi thao tu
nghi~p trong khi giang d~y. Truong su ph~m dau tien du<;1cthanh I~p van nam 1706 t~i
D~i hqc Halle gqi la "Gymnasium" (nghla den la trung tam th~ dl,lc dii,n kinh). Sau con
gqi la Seminaire - Seminary hay Ecole Normale - Normal School. Truong nay danh cho
nam sinh da hoan tat b~c ti~u hqc ho~c cao diing Mu hQc (hai, ba nam hoc sau ti~u hQc).
Tai day. sinh vien du<;1choc hoi them vi, kie'n thuc t6ng quat, phuong phap sli ph~m. Tdi
cuoi the' ky thu 18, nudc Duc co khoang 30 truong su ph~m lo~i nay (Xem them chuang
15, ml,lCII, 1,3).
Vi~c rna mang cac truong su ph~m dua de'n vi~c xiiy dtfng nhii,u trliong ti~u hQc eilng
nhu trung hqc va cilng dua de'n vi~c theo di'ii, ki~m soat vi~c giang d~y ngi'i hau eong tac
giao dl,le du<;1cthtfc hi~n mot cach hau hi~u. Do do, chinh quyi,n co nhung chuong trlnh M
thong hoa vi~c cap phat b~ng cap giang d~y, thanh tra vi~e giang d~y, t6 chue nhung khoa
tu nghi~p, hOi thao M cac giao vien co co hOi trao d6i kinh nghi~m giang d~y cling nhu
hqc hoi them kie'n thue chuyen man. Cae khoa tu nghi~p, hoi thao du<;1ct6 ehue dinh ky tit
khu v,!c dia phuong, qu~n, tinh tai trung uong do cac giao vien co kinh nghi~m huang dan.
C6ng tac nay du<;1ctheo di'ii va ki~m tra thuong xuyen (Xem them chuong 15, m1,lcII, 3).
Trong the' ky tM 19, nganh su ph~m Due tie'p tl,lc tie'n m~nh vai s,! xuat hi~n eua cae
nha giao dl,le n6i tie'ng nhu Froebel, Herbart, Ziller, Fichte, Schleiermacher, Humboldt
(Xem them chuong 17, ml,lc III, IV, V) va tro thanh khuon mau cho cac quae gia khac d
Au Chiiu va the' gidi.

g
k
C

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tl
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226

Ngimh supht;lm toi cu6i tMky thL/19

n. Nganh su' ph~m t~i Phap

Nganh su ph'.lm t'.li Phap chju anh huang Duc. Thai Cach m'.lng PMp 1789, dii co nhung
no Il!c thiet I~p hi; thong cac truong su ph'.lm va Truong Su Ph'.lm Ecole Normale khai sl!
dut;Jcthanh l~p VaG nam 1794, 88 nam sau khi truong su ph'.lm d1lutien thanh I~p t'.li D'.li
hgc Halle a Duc. Y~ sau, Truong Su Ph'.lm Ecole Normale dUQc d6i thanh Truong Cao
Dilng Su Ph'.lm Ecole Normale Superieure. Duai thai hoang de Napoleon, VaGnam 1808,
truong dut;Jc cai tien de dao t'.lo giao vien cho cac truong trung hQc lycee. Trang khi do,
van c6 nhung truong su ph'.lm dao t'.l0 giao vien cho cac truong tieu hQc. Tu nam 1833,
mQt hi; thong truong su ph'.lm dong nhilt dUQcthiet I~p tren toan liinh th6 nuac Phap (Xem
them chUelng 18, m\)c II, I).

III. Nganh su' ph~m tl;liAnh, My - Phu'dng ph3p Giao Dl)c PhI) Giao
Trong khoang 30 nam d1lu ciia the ky tM 19; vii;c giang d'.lYt'.li Anh, My dii dl!a VaG
chuelng trlnh Giao D\)c Ph\) Giao dUQc Andrew Bell va Joseph Lancaster giai thii;u.
ChUljng trlnh nay rilt gian tii;n, giao vien huang dan mQt so hQc sinh kha truac, cac hQc
sinh nay tra thanh ph\) giao cho giao vien trang mQt lap hQCc6 qua dong hQc sinh. Cac
hQc sinh ph\) giao chju trach nhii;m mQt nhom rieng bii;t, giup dO giao vien trong mQi sinh
hO'.ltgiaD d\)c ldp hQc nhu phan phat bili
chi dan nhung kho khan, t~p dQc, chep bai
lea bang, chilm bai. Nguoi th1ly day khong the cang dang cong vii;c giang d'.lYtnfc tiep,
rna chi c6 the d6ng vai tra huang dan t6ng quat, giam sat cong vii;c ciia cac ph\) giao VI
ldp hQc c6 the co tai vai tram hQc sinh. Phuelng phap nay khong t6n kern, gian dj va dl!QC
coi Ia rat hiYuhii;u VIchinh quy~n khong-c6 kha nang tai chinh
dao t'.lOgiao vien cling
nhu xiiy dl!ng them lOp hQc trang thoi ky pMt trien v~ dan so t'.li Anh cling nhu My VaG
thOi gian nay. Phuelng phap nay xuat hien a Anh truac, sau ph6 bien sang My (Xem them

va,

De

chUelng 15, m\)c Y, 4).

Nhi~u nha giao d\)c da chi trich phUelng phap giaD d\)c tren; mQt phUelng pMp chi co the
giup hQc sinh dQc, viet, tinh toan deln gian nhu VaGgiai dO'.lnd1lu ciia the ky thu 18 acac
khu vl!c thon que; rna giai dO'.lnnay dii la the ky thu 19. Heln the nua; nhi~u qu6c gia khac
co hoan dnh kho khan heln Anh, My nhi~u; l'.li dii co nhiYngc6 g~ng dang ke v~ chuelng
trlnh giao d\)c va dem l'.li ket qua kha quan. Trang khi d6, Anh la qu6c gia ti~n phong
trong cUQc each m'.lng ky nghi;; Ie tat nhien, giao d\)c pMi co nhung cai tien song song;
nhung Anh da khong the thl!Chii;n duelc ho\}c khong quan tam den. Danh ding phuelng phap
nay chi co tinh cach giai dO'.ln, giup giai quyet van M thieu giao vien va thieu h\)t ngan
sach. Tuy nhien, cac nha chi trich khong phai khong co Iy do khi neu viln d~ nay len.
Phuelng phap giao d\)c nay van can thjnh hanh a Anh va My mai tai giii'a theky thu 19.
MQt trung s6 nhiYngnguoi chi trich phuelng phap Giao D\)c Ph\) Giao la David Stow, nha
227

N ganh sU ph(Jm

Mi CUDl tht

ky thIt

19

giao dl,lc Anh, I~n d~u lien thie't l~p Trltang Sit ph~rn Glasgow Glasgow Normal Schoof:
Nhii'ng sinh vien d~u tien t6t nghi~p t~i day dli tro tMnh giao vi en t~i Scotland va cac
thuQc dia Anh My Chau. T~i My, nha giao dl,lc Horace Mann (Xern them chltclng 18,
rn\lC V,I) thie't l~p ba trltang sit ph~rn t~i D~i hqc Massachusetts van th~p nien 1830 ci!a
the' ky thU 19, khoang 120 nam sau khi trltang sit ph~m d~u tien thie't I~p t~i Duc. Tie'1?
theo do, nhi~u trltang sit ph~m dltl/c thanh I~p t~i nhi~u tiu bang khac tren toan llinh th6
mi"c My. T~i nlt"c Anh, mac d~u chinh quy~n chlta co chinh sach qu6c gia v~ giao d\lC,
nhu'ng cac giaa hQi cling cac t6 chUc giao dl,lc !lnh nguy~n ciing thie't I~p tru'ang sit ph~m
d~u tien van giai do~n nay (Xem them chltclng 18, ml,lCIII, 2)-.

IV. Giao ql)c sit ph~rn t~i cac d~i hQc

CUQccach m~ng ky ngh~ khoi slf tit the' ky thu 18; xua't phat a Anh; Ian tran sang Au
Chau r6i My Chau; co anh hltong Wn de'n tit tltong, phltclng pMp, chinh sach giao dl,lCt~i
cac nlt"c Au My. Khi chltclng trlnh giao d\lc qu6c gia phat trin t~i cac nlt"c tan tie'n; cac
nM giao dl,lc dli d~ c~p de'n cac kie'n thuc m"i v~ khoa hqc, ky thu~t, nhan van, xli hQi
xuat hi~n tit cUQccach m~ng ky ngh~; dn dltl/c ph6 bie'n de'n mqi t~ng I"p hqc sinh. Tuy
nhien, di~u dang Mc la chinh cac giaa vien, nhii'ng ngltai co trach nhi~m giao dl)c t~i cac
tru'ang trung va tiu hqc dltclng thai chlta co di! cac kie'n thUc moi tren, noi gl de'n vi~c
giang d~y. Chltclng tdnh hqc t~i cac trltang sit ph~m tuy co kie'n thuc t6ng quat, nhu'ng ra't
gioi h~n; them van do, thai gian hqc ng~n, giao sinh la cac hqc sinh chi moi hqc xong tiu
hqc ho~c cao d~ng tiu hqc; dli khong di! dap ung nhu du giao d\lC moi. Do do, cac nM
giaod\lcca'p tie'n d~ c~p de'n chltclng trlnh giao d\lc sit ph~m co t~m muc d~i hqc; thu nMn
sinh vien da t6t nghi~p trung hqc; dltl/c giang d~y nhii'ng kie'n thuc moi; cQng them voi
phltclng pMp sit ph~m va chltang tdnh thlfc hanh; trang mQt thai gian dai ba, b6n nam;
tuclng dltclng voi cac van b~ng d~i hqc khac. Tit tltong ca'p tie'n nay khong dltl/c nh6m bao
thi! ling hQ. Hq la nhii'ng ngltai chi! trltclng giai ca'p khac bi~t
Anh; nhii'ng ngltai chi!
trltclng phltclng pMp giang d~y chi dn thlfc hanh, khong dn kie'n thUc sau rQng My;
nhii'ng ngltai 10 ng':\i tit tuong dan chll phat trin a Phap; nhii'ng ngltai chiu anh hltong
truy~n th6ng dan tQC NMt. Tuy g~p ch6ng d6i; cac nha giao d\lC ca'p tie'n dli co cong
Wn; tie'p tl,lc c6 vii, pMt trin nganh giao dl,lCsit ph~m d~i hQc. Trang sO'nhii'ng nha giao
dl,lc nay; phai k de'n Johann Herbart (Xem them chltclng 19, ml,lCIV, 1) Duc, Tuisca
Ziller (Xem them chltclng 17, ml,lc IV, 2) Duc, Horace Mann vi! Henry Barnard (Xem

them chuclng 18, m\lc V, 1) My, Derwent Coleridge va James Kay-Shuttleworth

Anh.
Coleridge la hi~u trltong trltang cao d~ng St. Mark
Luan Don, dlta ra sang kie'n v~
chltclng tdnh giao dl,lc sit ph~m d~i hQCvoi cac mon hQc t6ng quat sau rQng sau khi tham
dlf nhi~u cUQchQi thaa v~ sit ph~m t~i Duc cling v"i vi~c tham khao nQi dung chltclng

228

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trlnh giang day t;:li D;:Ii hQc Oxford vii D;:Ii hqc Cambridge i'J Anh. Kay-Shuttleworth
( I~04-1 877) lit bac Sl, kh6ng nhii'ng quan tam Mn suc khoe rna con cii giao d\lC clla nhUng
tn~ em con gia dlnh ngheo t;:licac thitnh ph6 ky ngh~ moi xay dl!ng. Trang c6ng tac nay,
6ng co nhan dinh dn phai thitt laP m(Jt h~ th6ng giao d\lC sl1ph;:lm d;:li hQC tren to~n qu6c
M dilll t~ll cac giao vien co kha nang sau r(Jng vf:-cac kitn thuc moi. Nam 1839, Kay
dl1<,lC
biS nhi~m Iilm thl1 ky Uy ban Giao dlJc voi trach nhi~m 'phan ph6i ngan khoan tai tr<,l
giao dlJCtn,n toan qu6c. Nam 1840, 6ng thanh laP Trl10ng SI1ph;:lm SI. John t;:liLondon.
Day Iii trl1ang sl1 ph;:lm dftu tien t;:liAnh. Chl10ng trlnh huffn luy~n giao vien i'JAnh di sau
Duc 134 nam.
V. Nganh sl1 phl,lm v1lOMu ban the' ky thu 19
Vall hau ban the' ky thu 19, nhi~u qu6c gia tay phl1,jng da ap dlJng sang kitn clla cac nha
giao dlJCcap tie'n, thanh laP nhi~u trl1ang sl1 pham. T;:IiNhat Ban, cho toi nam 1873, sau
trl1ang sl1 ph;:lm da dl1<,lC
thilnh laP, trong do co m(Jt trl1ang danh cho nii' sinh vien. Thai gian
hQc lit b6n nam dilnh cho sinh vien cii nam lfrn nii'da hoiln tfft chl1ang tdnh tam nam h9C.
Phrip, d~o IUat nam 1879 thitt laP cac trLfang sLfph~m danh Chll nii' sinh vien, Phap dii co
trl10ng sl1 ph~m cho nam sinh vien til trl1dc. Nga, Nga hoilng Alexander II (1818-1881)
ban hilnh d~o luat nam 1870 thitt la~ cac trl1ang sLfph;:lm va trang nam nam, so' trl1ang tang
len toi 34 voi so' sinh vien giln 2.000 ngl1oi. Nam 1872, nhil vua I~i ban hilnh them. m(Jt d~o
IUat thie't laP cac trLfang call dilng sLfph~m t~i cac thanh ph6 Wn M dito t;:logiao vien cac
trLfang trung hQc (Xem them chl1ang 18, m\lc IV).
Scotland, cac vi~n d;:lihQc Edinburgh,
SI. Andrews thitt laP trl1ang sl1 ph~m va biS nhi~m chuc giao sLf cho nganh nily vao nam
1876. My, nhi~u vii;n d~i hQC co trLfang sLfph~m vilo nam 1895, m(Jt vai d;:lih9C trong so'
nily co thift laP cac lop cao hqc sl1ph;:lm d~ sinh vien co th~ dong gop vilo cac chl10ng tdnh
nghien CUu giao dlJc co tinh cach sau r(Jng, mi'J dLfang cho vi~c cap phat van bang titn Sl
gi.ao dlJc. SI! phrit tri~n mau ch6ng h~ th6ng cac trLfang sLfph;:lm i'JMy Iii do c6ng clla Mann,
Barnard (Xem them chl1,jng 18, m\lc V,I) va sau nay Iii Nicholas Murray Butler. Butler
(1862- 1947) t6t nghii;p D~i I1qcColumbia voi van bang tie'n Sl nhan van, tro thilnh giao sl1
tritt hqc vii giao d\lc t~i day til nam 1885. Nam 1888; 6ng thanh laP Trl1ang SLfph~m New
York, sau tri'Jthanh d~i hQc giao dlJc dilu tien 0 My. D~i hQc nily dao t~o giao vien cho cac
trLfang til mau giao, ti~u hQc Mn trung hQc. Butler chi trich phl10ng phap giao dlJCcll va dLfa

ra m(Jt phl10ng phap giao dlJCmoi thl!c tt.

ChlJ',jng trlnh giao d\lC 511ph;:lm clla cac nl1dc tay phl10ng toi cu6i tht ky thu 19 dii co
nhi~u tifn b(J k~ cii v~ chat lLf<,lngIan s6111<,lng. A Chau; Nhat Ban cllng co nhii'ng ciii
tie'n tLfong tLfnha chinh sach mi'J cua don nhan, hQc hoi nhii'ng titn b(J v~ khoa hQc ky

thuiit clla tay phLfong.

229

N ganh

sU pht;lm

tai cu6i the' ky thU 19

Tili li~u tham khdo:

Teacher education, Tli ditn btich khoa The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, Multimedia Edition, 1998.
- Teaching.

Tu diln hach khoa The World Book Encyclopedia, Multimedia Edition. 2001.

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Chztdng 20
Giao d~c A Chau anh hztllng tay phztdng
tUi cuol thtkj thli 19
A'
Giao d~c An Df) va Nhljt Ban
,

I. Giao d\lc An DQ - Giao d\lC Anh

II. Giao d\lC Nh~t Ban - Giao d\lc qu6c gia dan tQc ph3t triin
1. Minh Trj voi quan diim giao d\lc moi - Giao d\lc anh hlidng
tay phlidng
2. St1 ph3t triin n~n giao d\lc qu6c gia
3. Phan dng ctla gioi b30 thtl
4. St1 phat triin chlidng trinh giao d\lc dan tQc
Cac qu6c gia A Chau co chuong trlnh giao dl!c kha quan truoc the ky thtl' 19 Iii An
Di), Nh~t Ban, Trung Hoa nhu da trlnh bay d chuong II. Tit d~u the ky thtl' 19 va tntoc do
nua, An Di) vii NMt Ban da co nhung"tiep xllc voi tay phuong. Hoang de' Minh Trj mo cU'a
tiep nh~n n~n van hoa, khoa hQc, ky thu~t, giao dl!c tay phuong va Nh~t Ird thanh mi)t
q!J6c gia tien bi) chltrong vang nU'a the kyo Khac voi Nh~t, An duoi quy~n th6ng tr! cua
Anh qua C6ng ty Dong An va cong ty nay, d<jidic$nchinh quy~n Anh ap d~t chuong tdnh
giao dl!c Anh tren dilt An. Trung Hoa khac h&n voi hai qu6c gia tren, tri~u mnh I<jCh~u
Man Thanh ap dl!ng chinh sach nghi ky ngo<ji bang, be quan toa cang, khong tiep nh~n
nhung tien bi) cua tay phuong, m~c d~u da CO rilt nhi~u tiep xllc voi cac qu6c gia nay. H~u
qua tai h<ji la tay phuong dung the hfc quan sl/ hUng m<jnh ep bUQCTrung Hoa ky nhung
tho a uoc nhuang cho hq nhi~u d~c quy~n kinh te. V~ giao dl!c, Trung Hoa co rilt it di
tien. Phai d<;lide'n sau Cach m<jng Tan H<;linam 1911, qu6c gia nay moi thac dnh va moi
co cac cai tien giao dl!c theo duang 16i cac nuoc tay phuong.
I. Giao d\lC An DQ - Giao d\lC Anh
Cac thuong gia nguai Anh de'n An rilt sam va ngay 31-12-1600 hQthanh lap ''Cong Ty
Dong An" East India Company co ml!c dich thu~n tlly thuong m<ji. Trong the ky thtl' 18,
cong ty cang ngay cang hO<jtdQng m<jnh, gay thanh the Ion. D6ng thai vao giai dO<jnnay,
de' qu6c Mughal cai tr! An Di) suy yeu. Them vao do, Anh chien th~ng Phap Irong chien

231

Giao

d(lC

An Dq

va Nhq.t Ban fIJi cu6i tMky thu 19

trij.n keo dai toi bay nam t(li khu vl!c nay. Nhu vij.y, the' II!CAnh g~nnhu tra thanh dQc
quyGn t(li day. Nam 1765, chinh quyGn thuQc dia An phili ky thoa uoc chf(p nhij.n thffm
quyGn Cong ty Dong An tren dilt An DQ. Nhu vij.y, Cong ty nay nay c6 d thffm quyGn vG
thudng m(li lfin chinh trj. G~n 30 nam th6ng trj lanh th6 A~ rQng lon, Cong ty khong hG c6
y dinh pMt tricSnhol).cci\i tie'n nGn giao dl)c dia phuong vfin chiu anh huang ghio dl)c H5i
Giao. Nam 1793, mQt so' nha ci\i tie'n giao dl)c Anh yeu cftu Cong ty thay d6i chinh sach,
gill cac giao vien Anh sang thuQc dia tham gia vao cong tac giao ?l)c. Cong ty ttt ch6i vi
khong mu6n chi phi cho cong tac nay. Du luij.n chung phan d6i Cong ty cang ngay cang
m(lnh. Tuy vij.y ciing phai d<;1ithem 20 nam nii'a, Cong ty moi thay d6i chinh sach. Nam
1813, Cong ty chi thi toan quyGn Anh tai tr<;1cho chudng tdnh giao dl)c thuQc dia hang
nam it nhf(t la 100.000 quan tiGn Anh.
Dii c6 ngan khoan tai tr<;1t6ithicSuhang nam, "Uy Ban Giao Dl)c Cong CQng" General
Committee of Public Instruction du<;1cthanh lij.p vao nam 1823 t(li Calcutta. Uy ban nay
g5m nhiGu thanh ph~n bao thu dii thi hanh chinh sach giao dl)c truyGn th6ng voi tie'ng An
DQ la ngon ngii' giang d(lY thay vi ap dl)ng chudng tdnh giao dl)c Anh. NhiGu tac phffm
Anh ngii' du<;1cdich sang tie'ng Sanskrit (tie'ng An, con gQi la tie'ng Ph(ln) va tie'ng Ba Tu.
Hai ngon ngii' giang d(lY(rang giao dl)c An qua nhiGu the' ky duai thai H5i Giao Mughal.
Tuy vij.y, m(lt so' sach Anh ngii' ciing du<;1cgioi thi~u vao chudng trinh giao dl)C thuQc dia.
Cung voi cac nha kinh doanh, mQt so' nha truyGn giao Ky To Giao dii toi miGn dilt An
ttt nam 1542 va khai d~u vi~c truyGn giao d5ng thai voi vi~c thie'tlij.p cac cd sO giao dl)c.
Cac co so giao dl)C nay du<;1cma rQng vi v~ng b6ng cac cO so giao dl)c cua chinh quyGn
thuQc dia. Rilt nhiGu truong ticSuhQc du<;1cthanh Iij.p,cilp lOp va cac mon hQc kie'n thuc tay
phuong du<;1cgiOi thii;u qua ngon ngii' dia phuong. Tuy vij.y, ton giao vfin la mQt mon hQc
quan trQng nhf(l. NhiGu sach giao khoa du<;1csO(ln thao voi tie'ng An va giup phong phil
h6a ngon ngii' nay. D5ng thai, sach giao khoa Anh ngii' ciing d~n d~n du<;1cdua vao chudng
trinh giang d(lY va vao giai dO(ln nay nGn giao dl)c An c6 thcScoi la khoi sl! chudng tdnh
giao dl)c Anh.
.
. Song song voi cac cO so giao dl)C truyGn giao, nhiGu nhan vij.tbao thu mu6n duy trl nGn
giao dl)c truyGn th6ng ben qnh vi~c tie'p nhij.n nhii'ng kie'n thUc van minh tay phudng qua
chudng tdnh giao dl)c Anh. Phong trao bao thu nay do nha ci\i cach An DQ Mohan Roy
(1773-1833) liinh d(lo, thie'tlij.p "Truong Cao D~ng An DQ Giao" t(li Calcutta va nhiGu cd
sO giao ctl)c khac du<;1cthanh Iij.pt(li nhiGu noi tren thuQc dia. Roy du<;1cxem la cha de cua
nGn giao dl)c truyGn th6ng An. Tuy v~y, nhu cftu hQc t~p giao dl)c Anh rilt cao.
Quan di8m mai trung Uy ban Giao dl)c CQng d5ng vao thai gian sau thay d6i vi c6
nhiGu hQi vien tre tu6i. Quan dicSm mai la chf(p nhij.n nGn giao dl)c Anh deSc6 thcStie'p
nhij.n kie'n thuc tay phUOng mQt each di\dang va nhanh ch6ng. Hai quan dicSmmoi cii dua
232

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. oen vi(:c bfft d6ng y kie'n trong Uy ban v~ vi~c philn pho'i ngan khoan tai tr(1cho chudng
tdnh giao d~c truy~n tho'ng hay chudng trlnh giao d~c moi. Cuo'i ciing, phu toan quy~n
phai can thi~p va quye't djnh chffp nh~n n~n giao d~c moi. Quye't dinh dU(1ccong bo' vao
ngay 3-7-1835. Sau quye't djnh nay, chudng tdnh djch thu~t cac sach tit tie'ng Anh sang
Mng An va tie'ng Ba Tu hOlm toan dlnh chi. Tuy nhien, phong trao hQc t~p truy~n tho'ng
vAn con t6n t(li trong mQt thai gian.
Sau quye't djnh tren, nhi~u chi thj ke'tie'p dlt(1cban hanh de cung co' vapMt tri~n chudng
trlnhgiao d~c Anh. Cilng nam nay (1835), mQt chi thi dU(1Cban hanh khuye'n khlch vi~c
xufft ban va pMt hanh cac sach giao khoa b~ng tie'ng Anh, ban gia ni cho hQc sinh. Hai nam
sau (1837) chi thj ban hanh huy bo vi(:c sit d~ng ngon ngii' Ba Tu trong giao d~c ciing trong
cac cd quan chinh quy~n va toa an. D~ thay the', tie'ng Anh se 11'1ngon ngii't(li cac toa an cao
cffp va Mng An DQ 11'1ng6n ngii' t(li cac toa an sd cffp. Nam 1844, toan quy~n Anh ra chi thi
vi~c tuy~n chQn nhiln vien cho cac cd quan c6ng quy~n danh ltu tien .cho nhii'ng nguai hi~u
bie't Anh ngii'. Vi~c nay md duang cho vi~c sii d~ng Mng Anh nhu 11'1 m(\t ng6n ngii' chinh
thUc va duy nhfft trong cac cd quan. Toi giai dO(ln nay, nhii'ng hy vQng kh6i ph~c n~n giao
d~c truy~n tho'ng voi tie'ng mt; de hoan toan tieu tan .
M(ic dilu giao d~c Anh dii d(it n~n m6ng t(li An, chinh quy~n thu(\c dia khong dt;p bo
hoan toan n~n giao d~c voi tie'ng mt; de. T(li Bombay, Madras va cac dnh phia tay Mc,
nhu du giao d~c Anh kh6ng cao va dan chUng dja phudng c6 khuynh huang duy trl tie'ng
mt; de. Bombay thl)'Chi~n va khuye'n khich chudng trlnh giao d~c tie'p nMn Ide'n thl1c tay
phudng qua tie'ng An. Chuong tdnh nay dU(1Cphu toan quy~n chffp nh~n. Nhl1ng d6ng
thai, chinh quy~n thu(\c dja cho thanh I~p cac cd sd giao d~c Anh t(li khilp cac dja phuong
thu(\e khu vl!c. Nhu v~y, hQc sinh c6 quy~n Il)'a chQn chudng tdnh giao d~c truy~n tho'ng
hoi;ic chudng trlnh moi. Le elI nhien, chudng tdnh moi cang ngay cang ph6 bie'n VI Anh
ngii'dii trd thanh ng6n ngii' chinh thl1c t(li An. Vi~c gioi thi~u hai chudng tdnh giao d~c voi
hai ng6n ngii' giang d(lY khac nhau gay tranh lu~n s6i n6i tit nam 1845 oen nam 1848. D~
giai quye't vffn d~, chinh quy~n thu(\c dja khuye'n cao chinh quy~n Bombay nen phat tri~n
chudng trlnh giao d~c moi nhu cac ndi kMc. Chinh quy~n dia phudng kh6ng th~ lam ngd
truoc khuye'n cao cua thu(1ng cffp va ke't qua 11'1chudng trlnh giao d~c truy~n tho'ng t(li day
diln diln suy giam r6i nhuang ch6 cho chudng trlnh giao d~c Anh. T(li Madras, chinh
quy~n dja phudng mi;ic nhien cong nh~n chudng tdnh giao d~c cua cac nha truy~n giao.
Nhu v~y, cae co sd giao d~e truy~n giao anh hudng giao d~c Anh, dU(1ctie'p t~c, m(ic dil
dan chung t(li khu vl)'c nay chua nMn bie't dU(1Cl(1ilch cua Ide'n thUc tay phudng ciing nhu
Anh ngii' va vAn c6 khuynh huang duy td n~n giao d~c truy~n tho'ng.
M(\t diem d(ic bi~t v~ n~n giao d~c t(li cac tinh phia tay bilc 11'1ph6 toan quy~n James
Thomason thl)'c hi~n y djnh thie't lap cac truang tieu hQc t(li khilp ndi trong khu vl)'cva
233

Giao dl;lc An DQ va NhtJt

Ban

toi cul1i the' ky thli 19

lang mii-Crna con em nhi1ng nguoi dan ngheo co th~ de'n hQc trong vong ba cay s6. Chinh
quyen dia phuong tai tr<;lmot ph~n cho chuang trlnh nay, mot ph~n do s,! dong gop clia
cac dien chu sa tii-ivdi khming 1% l<;litU'cruong dii't hang nam. Trong 10 nam vao gii1a the'
ky thtl' 19, Thomason thanh liip dU<;lC
897 truong ti~u hQc, thu nhiin 23.688 hQc sinh. Trong
cac trU'ong nay, Mng mt; de dU<;lC
duy trl va tie'ng Anh dU<;lC
d~n d~n gidi thi~u.
Chuang tnnh giao d\lc tii-iAn Do dudi thai cai trj cua nguoi Anh d~n d~n tra thanh nen
giao d\lC Anh, m~c d~u a mot vai khu v,!c chuang trlnh giao d\lC truyen th6ng con duqc
duy tri, giang dii-Yvdi tie'ng An. Nen giao d\lc Anh nay tie'p din cho Mn sau The' chie'n II,
~kDO~~~~c~.

.
J

II. Giao d\lc Nh~t Ban - Giao dl}c quilc gia dan tQc ph3t trilfn
1. Minh Trj vlJi quan diim giao dl}c mlJi - Giao dl}c anh hu'dng tay phu'dng
Nam 1867, che' dO stl' quan Tokugawa dU<;lC
thanh liip tit nam 1603, bi liit d6 va che'do
quan chu dU<;lcvan h6i. Nhiit hoang Minh Trj Mutsuhito hay Meiji (1852-1912) th,!c hi~n
nhi1ng di cach !dn lao ve mQi phuong di~n k~ cii giao d\lc va thie't liip mot che' dO chinh
trj vi1ng vang, qu6c gia Nhiit tra thanh mot nuoc tie'n bO. D~ dii-td!i<;lCke't qua t6t dt;p tren,
Nhiit nhanh chong tie'p nhiin nhi1ng kie'n thuc khoa hQc, ky thuiit cua nen giao dl}C tay
phuong. Tuy nhien, Nhiit da khong th~ co dU<;lCnhi1ng budc tie'n quan trQng ve du mQi
phuong di~n ne'u khong thlta huang nhung di san van hoa t6t dt;p tit thai cac su quan
Tokugawa vdi cac tu tuang truyen th6ng quy gia cua Kh6ng HQc, Kh6ng HQc Moi, Phiit
Giao. Vao thai dii-inay, cac hi~p SI samurai, gidi lanh dii-otuong lai hQc tiip cac tac phl1m
c6 di~n Kh6ng HQc tii-i cac HQc Vi~n Kh6ng Til' Hanko hay Domain School. Con em
thuong dan du'<;lChQc hoi tii-icac Truong Den Tho Terakoya hay Temple School. Nhieu
hi~p SI va sinh vien xufft s~c dl!<;lChQChoi them tii-icac Trung Tam Giao D\lc Dan Liip
Shijuku hay Private School ve cac mon y hQc, toan, ky thuiit, quan s,! va ngM thuiit. MQt
sO'cac trung tam tren da pMt tri~n mot chuang trlnh giang dii-Yve khoa hQc, ky thuiit tay
phuong kM cao vao cu6i thai Tokugawa. Nhung di san giao d\l~ nay giup Nhiit canh tan
nhanh ch6ng vao thai Minh Trj. Th,!c s,!, mot s6 kie'n thuc ve van hoa, ky thuiit tay
phuong da dU<;lctie'pnhiin tit trudc. Nguoi Ha Lan vao kinh doanh tii-iNhiit tit lau; van
hoa, giao d\lc~ ky thuiit, ngh~ thuiit tay phuong du<;lctruyen dii-tvao giai d0ii-nnay. Tit nam
1853, Nhiit lii-irna cua don nhiin cac nudc tay phuong khac. VI the', ngay tit nhung ngay
d~u tien cua thai Minh trj, sinh vien va dan chung Nhiit da co nhung udc mu6n hQc hoi ky "
thuiit va ngon ngi1 tay phuong. Mot dong l,!c cua canh tan va tie'n bo.
Dudi thai Minh Tri, van minh tay phuong, d~c bi~t la Anh ngu dU<;lCmQi gidi thi dua
hQc hoi. Cac kie'n thuc khoa hQc, ky thuiit tay phuong thuoc mQi lInh v,!c tran ngiip kh~p
noi. D5ng thai, vua Minh Tri gui nhieu phai doan thuong mii-idi quan sat hQc hoi a tay
234

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Gido

dl}C

An Df) va Nhq.t Ban

Mi cu6i the' ky thU 19

phuong, riit nhi6u sinh vien dUQcgui sang cac nUoc Au Chau va My hQCt~p. Phong trao
hQc t~p moi danh b\li quan ni~m b.ao thU mu6n Nh~t duy trl n6n giao dl)c truy6n th6ng.

'.

..

2. SI/ ph:it triin n@n giao dt.Jc qullc gia

Nam 1871, BQ Giao dl)c d~u tien dUQcthanh I~p. BQ truang Giao dl)c Oki Takato nh~n
djnh dUQc 51)' dn thie't thanh I~p mQt h~ th6ng giao dl)c qu6c gia M phat tri~n theo chi6u
huang cac nUoc tay phuong. 6ng dua ra nhG'ng ke' hO\lch tie'p nh~n giao dl)c tay phuong
hG'uhi~u nhfft. Cac nha giao dl)c ciip tie'n, trang do co nhi6u nguCii dii du hQc tay phuong,
dUlJCmCii tham dl)' cac iiy ban cai t6 giao dl)c. Chi mQt nam sau (1872), D\lo Lu~t, Giao
Dl)c Gakusei dUlJcban hanh. Day la mQt chuong trlnh cai t6 IOn lao chi ph6i cac sinh hO\lt
giao dl)c tren lOan qu6c voi 8 khu giao dl)c d\li hQc, 32 khu giao dl)c trung hQCva 210 khu
giao dl)c ti~u hQc. Khac h~n voi chuong trlnh giao dl)c thCiiTokugawa di;it tren can ban
phiin chia giai ciip; chuong trlnh giao dl)c Gakusei di;it tren can ban dan chii, blnh dhg.
Vi~c phan chi a khu giao dl)c chju anh huang giao dl)c Phap, nhung chuong trlnh giao dl)c
dUQctie'p nh~n tit nhi6u nuoc tay phuong va phuong phap giang d\lY chju anh huang My.
Ke' hO\lch giao dl)c Gakusei qua IOn lao, qua nhi~u tham vQng nen kh6ng thl)'Chi~n
du'lJCdily dii vi nhG'ng kho khan tra ng\li nhu thie'u ngan khoan tit trung uong, thie'u co
xay dl)'ng, thie'u tai li~u giang d\lY va quan trQng nhfft la thie'u giao vien co kha nang. Tuy
v~y, ke' hO\lch nay co tinh each Ijch su, iiln dilu tien thie't I~p dUlJCmQt h~ th6ng giao dl)c
qu6c gia th6ng nhfft tren toan qu6c. BQ Giao dl)c, cung voi chinh quy~n dja phuong, mi;ic
dilu gi;ip nhi@u kho khan, thanh I~p dUQc24.000 truCing ti~u hQc voi 45.000 giao vien va
1.928.000 hQc sinh tu 6 de'n 14 tu6i van nam 1875, chi ba nam sau khi lu~t giao dl)c dUQc
ban hanh. Cac truCing ti~u hQc tren bao g5m vi~c cai t6 cac truCing d6n thi'! thi'!i trttoc va
thanh l~p cac truCing moi. sO' hQc sinh giln 2 tri~u tren chie'm 35% sO' tre em de'n tu6i di
hQc. Day la mQt cO'g~ng kh6ng nho. Tuy nhien, v6 phuong di~n giao dl)c d\li hQc, chi co
mQt truCing d\li hQc dUlJCthanh I~p trang sO' 8 khu d\li hQc. Do la D\li hQc Tokyo dUQc
thanh l~p'vao nam 1873 va tra thanh d\li hQc n6i tie'ng nhfft ciia Nh~t.
Nam 1873, BQGiao dl)c mCiihainha giao dl)c My sang lam cO'vffn. David Murray lam
cO'vffn t\li BQ va Marion Scott lam cO'vffn cho truCing su ph\lm dilu tien dUQc thanh I~p
van nam nay. DuCing 16i dao t\lo giao vien cling nhu phUong phap giao dl)c, xay dl)'ng
chUong trlnh tu day chju anh huang n6n giao dl)c My. MQt nam sau (1784), Nh~t thanh
I~p them nam trUCingsu ph\lm. Trang sO'nay, co mQt truCing danh rieng cho nG'sinh vien.
Cac truCing sU ph\lm trl)'c thuQc BQ Giao dl)c va giao vien t6t nghi~p cac truCing nay dong
mQt vai tra quan trQng trong chuong trlnh phat tri~n giao dl)c. Cac truCing su ph~m kh6ng
nhii'ng co nhi~m Vl)dao t\lo giao vien, hQ can co lnich nhi~m hlJp tac voi cac khu gi<iodl)c

sa

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235

Gido

d(lC

An Dt} va Nh{j.t Ban

tai

CUDl

tMky

thu 19

thie't I~p chlfong trlnh giang d,!y, sOlIn thao sach giao khoa ciing nhlf ph5 bie'n phlfong
phap giang d,!y moi Mn cac khu giao dl}c tren to~m qu5c.
3. Ph3n ung cua gi8i biio thu
Nam 1877, mQt cUQcn5i d~y cua cac hi~p SI thoi su quan ngay trlfoc gQi la "CuQc N5i
D~y. Satsuma" Satsuma Rebellion ch5ng I,!i che'dQ moi va bi dt;p tan. M~c dilu thilt b,!i,
vi~c ch5ng d6i cua cac hi~p SI co anh hlfang Ion Mn dan chung thon que t,!i nhi6u'noi va
khong khi bilt man, ch5ng chinh quy6n trung lfong th hi~n ro rang voi ml}c dich dai hoi
quy6n Il;li'cong dan. Them vao do, tlf tlfang van minh tie'n bQ tay phlfong rilt soi n5i til'
trlfo~ nay phai nh,!t vi nglfoi dan thon que khong dlfl;lChuang thl} trl}'ctie'p nhung Il;liich do
:vi~c hQc hoi a tay phlfong dem lai. D6ng thoi, nglfoi dan nay v5n khong sung tuc, da phai
chjunhung ganh n~ng do D,!o Lu~t Giao Dl}c 1872 mang l,!i. HQ pMi dong gop nhUng chi
phi giao dl}c anh hlfang tay phlfong rna chinh quy6n dja phlfong khong th thanh toan.
Trang khi do, lfoc vQng giao dl}c cho con em hQ nhi6u Him ciing chi he't b~c tiu hQc. Voi
che'dQ cii, hQ khong phiii dong gop va con em v~n co th hoan tilt chuong trlnh tiu hQc
t,!i:cac trlfong d6n tho. Do do, nhung nglfoi dan NMt blnh thlfong co y muon khoi phl}c
n6n giao dl}c dan tQc. VI tlnh hlnh chinh trj bilt 5n dinh nay, chinh quy6n phai dlfa ra cac
chinh sach moi d doan ke't mQi til'ng lop dan chUng, 5n dinh (lnh hlnh chinh tri. Vao chinh
thoi gian nay, ThU tntang Giao dl}c Tanaka Fujimara di quan sat n6n giao dl}c My vll'a
moi tra v6. Gng tlfong trlnh len chinh phu chinh sach giao dl}c trung lfong tan quy6n ben
My. va khffn khoan de nghi ap dl}ng, nhilt li\ trlfoc tlnh hlnh chinh tri, xa hQi bilt 5n dinh
hi~il t,!i. Ke't qua la Lu~t Giao Dl}c 1879 Kyoikurei dlfl;lCban Mnh, thay the' 1u~t 1872,
giam quy6n hanp trung lfong, hai bo cae khu giao dl}c, danh mQt s5 quy6n h,!n giao ql}C
cho chinh quy6n dja phlfong. Lu~t moi co dl}ng y khuye'n khich sang kie'n dia phl10ng
ciing nhlf tranh nhung quye't dinh thie'u xac thvc, thie'u sang suot rna trung lfong khong
thily dlfqc, khong hiu dlfqc a dia phlfong. Bi~n pMp trung lfdng tan quy6n do 1u~t moi
mang I,!i ciing khang cUu van dlfqc tlnh tr,!ng suy thoai t,!i cac dia phlfdng. S5 hQc sinh ghi
ten theo hQc t,!i cac tntong tiu hQc giam sut cQng voi nhil'ng chi trich cua chinh quy6n dia
phlfdng VI hQ phai bo da chlfdng trlnh giao dl}c cua 1u~t 1872.
.. Nam sau (1880), ~Q Giao dl}c ra chi thi b5 tuc cho lu~t 1879 bling cach tang quy6n h,!n
cho BQ Giao dl}Cva d6ng thoi cung c5 quy6n h,!n, xac djnh vai tra cua cua cac t5 chuc
giao d(lc dia phlfdng. Chi thi nay co !l;lidim xac nh~n vai tra cua cac t5 chl1c giao dl}c til'
trung lfong xu5ng dia phlfong M dia phlfong co tie'ng noi trang cac viln de giao dl}Cva d~
dang hanh dQng. Tuy v~y, s5 hQc sinh ghi ten theo hQc chlfa tling va ciing VI n6n kinh te'
Nh~t vao giai do,!n nay bi nglfng tr~.
Quan dim giao dl}c truy6n thong Mt hai them thang Iqi khi d,!o lu~t "Nguyen Tac
236

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A~EJQ va Nhq.t Ban tai CUOl

tMky 1M 19

Can Ban Giao Dl)c" Kyogaku Seishi hay Great Principle of Education do "HQc Vi~n
Hoang Gia" d~ nghj va duqc chffp thu~n vao giai dOll-nnay. Do d6, Be) Giao dl)c da ap
dl)ng nhung tu tudng luan 19, dll-o dUc truy~n thong dan te)c pMt sinh tit tu tudng Kh6ng
HQC,Thfrn )(l0 Shinto (*), Ph~t Giao trang chuclng trinh giao dl)C.TII-icac truong ti~u hQc,
(J Nhqt, thb nhiPu than (kami) , nhu'n mt;mh vuo l~ nghi /(In gic10 va d{lo due.
Khl;n;: Kll/nl.: wn nhiBu tl)n gido khdc, Than Dgo khi')n;: dP ('qp d2n d(li .wi'ng sau khi chtt, .Cd khodng (ren 60
lri~u dan .Nh(rt theo Thdn D(jo Irong ((fng .'il/dan 120 Iriru. Tin d(1 Than Df:lo cdu nguy~ti va dang /2 v(il tn/oe
hun thil tC}i gia, mil!u (ren du()ng va lqi nhiPu din dill'lrJn luo,
(*) Than Do. T6n Klao elf nhiil

sach giao khoa v~ ")11-0)uc Giao Dl)c Quirc Gia" National Moral Educaion trd thanh
chuclng trlnh giao dl)c quan trQng nhffl. Be) Giao dl)c cung xufft b:ln nhung sach giao khoa
khac v~ luan 19, d(lo duc dlfa tn~n tu tudng Kh6ng HQC,Thfrn )11-0.

..

'.

.f

4. Slf pMt tfi~n chLidng tfinh glao dvc dan tQc

N~n giao dl)c Nh~ttie'p tl)Ctie'n be)dang k sau cac d(lo lu~t cai t6. Nam 1885, NMt sua
d6i hie'n phap, d~ ra ml)c tieu moi M hi~n dll-ih6a dfft nuac voi tham vQng til-a dlfng me)t
de' quoc. Do d6, chuclng trinh giao dl)c dn phai thay d6i cho phu hqp voi hoan canh moi.
Be) trudng Giao dl)c Mori Arinori hOll-tde)ng rao rie't M thie'tl~p va thlfc hi~n me)t chudng
trinh giao dl)c dan te)c, xet III-itoan be) n~n giao dl)c cu. )~t tren can ban giao dl)c truy~n
thong dan te)c va hi~n d(li h6a dfft nuoc, me)t 10ll-tchi thj duqc lien tie'p ban hanh. "Lu~t
)II-iHQc Hoang Gia "Imperial University Order ra doi nam 1886 vCiiml,lc dich dao tll-Osinh
vien trd thiinh cac c6ng chUc gUclng mau, cac lanh dll-ocao dp v~ mQi linh vlfC, tri~t M
trung thanh vCiihoang de'va que hUclng. Cac d(lo lu~t khac cung vao nam nay duqc ban
hanh lien quan de'n giao dl)S;ti~u hQc, tiung hQc va d~c bi~t nhfft la cho nganh stt phll-m.
C<ic truong su ph(lm duqc di t6 toan di~n. Truong duqc t6 chuc rfft cMt che voi de)i ngu
nhu trang quan de)i, khac h~n vCiicac t6 chuc giao dl)c khac, M dao til-a cac giao vien
trung thanh vCii hoang de' va dan te)c, trung thlfc, hi&! bie't va hiinh de)ng M duqc kfnh
trQng. Ke't qua cua n~n giao dl)c nay la vao nam 1900, so hQc sinh ti~u hQc hoan tfft bon
nam hQc thea lu~t cuong bach giao dl)c len Wi 81 %. Can so nay dUng vao hang dfru the'
giCii.
Nam 1893, Be) Giao dl)c nh~n thuc duqc ding n~n ky ngh~ hi~n d(li la me)t ye'u t6 quan
trQng trang vi~c phat iri~n cua NMt trang tUclng lai. Vi v~y, Be) d~t trQng tam vao vi~c
. phat trin ky ngh~ va dao t<)ocac chuyen vien ky thu~l. Nam 1894, "Lu~t Giao Dl)c Ky
Thu~t" Technical Education Act duqc ban hanh. Tie'p thea d6la cac chi thi v~ dao tll-O
giao vien ky thu~t va che'de) huffn nghi~p ra doi. Toan th~ h~ thong giao dl)c ky thu~t
duqc thlfc hi~n me)t cach c6 hi~u qua va cung dp nhan Ilfc quan trQng cho Nh~t Ban trang
~i~c pMt tri~n ky ngh~ vao dfru the' ky thU 20.
Chinh sach giao dl,lc dan tQc lam thoa man 9 nguy~n cua cac nh6m baa thu VI giao dl,lc
237

Gido df:lc In FJQva Nh{jt

Ban toi

cu6i tMkY tM 19

tie'p nh~n kie'n thUc tay phudng nhung d6ng thai ph\lC h6i cac gia trj va truyen th6ng dan
tQc. D6i vm nguai dan NMt blnh thuang, hQ llng hQ chudng trlnh giao d\lc dan tQc vi
ngl10i Nh~t c6 tinh th1ln qu6c gia cao dQ vi chl1dng trlnh nay duy trl dl1qc van h6a d~o duc
c6 truyiln ding nhl1 hQc hoi them kie'n thuc tie'n bQ.
'

Chi trong vang tren 30 nam, tit d1lu thoi Minh Trj nam 1868 cho tdi cu6i the' ky thU 19,
Nh~t dl1ai quyen liinh d~o clla hoang de' Minh Tri, chl1dng trlnh giao d\lc dl1qc ciii t6
nhieu 11ln,deSthich hqp vdi y nguy~n clla dan cling nhl1 dap ung dtfqc nhu c1lu hQc t~p cda
hQc sinh, sinh vien va dii bie'n Nh~t tit mQt che' dQ phong kie'n thai cac su quan thiinh mQt
qu6c gia tan tie'n.
Tid li~u tham khdo:
_ Education under the East India Company, Education of India in 19" century. Til di!!n bach khoa The New
Encyclopaedia Britannica, Multimedia Edition, 1998
.'
.
_ Establishment ofa national systam of education, Eelucation of Japan in the 19" century. Tili lifu dii dan nh"
tren
_ Establishment of a nationalistic eelucation system, Eelucation of Japan in the 19" century. Tili lifu dil Mn
nh" tlren
- Japan, an lllustrateel Encyclopeelia. Tokyo, Kodangha, 1993
_Leestma, Robert. Japanese Eelucation Toelay: A Report from the U.S. Study of Education in Japan, 1987.
_Lynn, Richarel. Eelucational Achievement in Japan: Lessonj"r the West, 1988.
11
_ Promotion (~f industrial education, Education (~t"Japan in the 19 century. Tet diln bdch khoa The New
Encyclopaeelia Britannica, Multimeelia Eelition, 1998
11
_ The conservative reaction, Education aj"Japan in the 19 century. Till lifU dii dan nhu tren
_ The Mei)i Restoration anel the assimilation (~f Western civilization. Eelucation of Japan in the 19" century.
Tili lifu dil elan nh" tren

238

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Phiin thu V
Giao dlJ,c hi~n d{li,the' ky thu 20 tai hi~n t{li

(Chlldllg

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21 de'll chlldllg 36)

Chlidng 21
Giao d(lc the' ky thl1 20
Cac quan dilm giao d(lc hi?n d(li
I. Hoan canh xa hQi va lich sa
II. Quan diim "giao dt.Jcbao tho ": cac nha giao dt.Jcbao tho va quan ni~m
biio tho coa giao hQi Ky To Giao
1. Cac nha giao dt.Jcbiio tho
2. Quan diim giao dt.Jcbao tho coa giao hQi Ky To Giao
III. Quan diim "tam Iy giao dt.Jc" v6'i Wundt, James, Thorndike, Freud, Jung,
Piaget va nganh tam Iy sit ph~ni
nganh tam Iy sit ph~m
I. Wilhelm Wundt va quan diim tam Iy gi~o dt.Jc
2. Nha tam Iy sit ph~m William James
3. Nha tam Iy sit ph~m Edward Lee Thorndike
,
4. Nha pMn tam hQc Sigmund Freud va quan diim lam Iy giao dt.Jc
5. Nha pMri tam hQc Carl Jung va quan diim tam Iy giao dt.Jc
6. Nhii tam Iy hQc Jean Piaget va quan diim tam Iy giao dt.Jc
7. Sif ph:it triin coa nganh hQc tam Iy sit ph~m
IV. Quan diim "giao dt.Jctich cifc" voi Jonh Dewey va anh hltdng
1. John Dewey va quan diim "giao dt.Jctich cifc"
2. Anh hltdng coa quan diim "giao d\lc lich cifc "
V. Quan diim "giao dt.JcIlly hQc sinh lam trung tam": Decroly va Montessori
239

1. Sl;ipMt trie'n cua quan die'm "giao dt.Jclily hQc sinh Him trung Him"
2. Ovide Decroly va quan die'm "giao dt.Jclily hQc sinh lam trung tam"
3. Maria Montessori va quan die'm "giao dt.Jclily hQc sinh lam trung
tam" trong giao dt.Jcvtf<tntrl~, mllu giao
VI. Quan die'm "giao dt.Jcthl;ic nghi~m " vOiClaparede, Pia get, Whitehead
1. Edouard Claparede va quan die'm "giao dt.Jcthl;ic nghi~m"
2. Jean Piaget va quan die'm "giao dt.Jcthl;ic nghi~m"
3. Alfred North Whitehead va quan die'm "giao dt.Jcthl;ic nghi~m "
VII. Quan die'm "giao dt.Jccai t~o xli hQi"

1. Chu nghia CQng san va quan die'm "giao dt.Jccai t~o xli hQi"
2. Do Thai va quan die'm "giao dt.Jccai t~o xli IiQi"
VIII. Nhung viln d~ kh6 khan trong giao dt.Jc- viln d~ xli hQi bitn d6i do
titn bQcua khoa hQc ky thu~t, viln d~ nhan dt.Jng,viln d~ giao dt.Jc
thich dang ...

I. Hoan canh xli hQi va Ijch sO'

The' ky thu 20 chung kie'n nhi~u dien bie'n. Nhi~u cUQc chie'n tranh qu6c te'trong vi/;c
tranh giimh thuQc dla dien ra kh~p ndi. Cac mtoc tan tie'n Au My trClthanh cac de' qu6c
voi nhi~u thuQc dja rili rac kh~p the' gioi. Nhi1ng ch6ng o6i va bat 6n nQi bQ clla nhi~u
qu6c gia v~ cac van d~ xa hQi, chllng tQC, 19 tuong. Stf tie'n bQ ky thu~t clla cae nuoe tay
phudng eflng voi cae tai nguyen khai tMe t(li cae thuQc dia dua h<;>len hang cae qu5c gia
giau co nhung d6ng thai cling t(la ra canh nghea tung cd elfe ella dan chUng cac nuoe bi
trio Khaang cach giau nghea giUa cae qu5c gia m6i ngay mQt rQng lOn, cae de' qu5c eang
ngay eang thi nhau boc IQt dan bi tri va nhung cUQc dan ap dam mau t(li thuQc dja ngay
eang tiing eha toi ngay cae qu6e gia nay gianh dlt<;1edQc I~p sau The' Chie'n Thu II (19391945). Dan so' the' gioi tang nhanh nhat Iii t(li cae qu6e gia bi trj nhung so' sinh t(li cae nuoe
tay phuong khClistf suy giam VI GhuOngtrlnh ke' ha(leh hoa gia dlnh. SIf ki/;n nay eang lam
eho eae nuO<.:ngheo tung them ngheo tung, cae nuac giau them giffu. T(li cae cuong qu5c
Au My. stf phat trilln caa dQ cae nganh ky ngh/; tfly thuQe vaa slf Mn bQ clla khoa hge, ky
thu~t. Stf tie'n bQ nay lam tiing them quy~n life ella cae t6 ehue dIng daan, cac t6 ehue
thudng m(li qu6e te', cae cd quan truy~n thong. Tat ca nhung ye'u to' nay co anh hUClngsau
xa Mn doi s6ng nguoi dan blnh thuong. Nhung thtl' thaeh v vi/;e chap nMn cac gia tri xii
hQi moi dua Mn vi/;c thay d6i cae m6i lien quan trang xii hQi, giua ea nhan voi ea nhan,
giua ea nhan voi xii hQi, giua can eMu va ang ba eha m~, giua ea nhan voi cae t6 chUe ton
giao. ehinh trio Vi/;e chap nh~n gia tri moi ella xii hQi eung dua Mn vi/;e phat sinh va chap
nh~n cae tu tuang tie'n bQ v~ nhan quy~n, blnh dfrng, dan ehll, ttf da va ke't qua la cae
eUQe tranh lu~n va xung dQt v~ ehinh kie'n thuong xffy ra. Vi/;e chap nh~n cae gia tri
tu tuang nay cling dong gop vaa eang eUQe giaa hoa cae dan tQe bj tri, giup hQ tranh aau
240

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Cdc quan dilm gido df!.chi~n d(li

Iii

"

".

giimh dQc I~p trang tuong lai.

Hai cUQc the" chie"n da tieu di~t the" h,ic quan sl! cua mQt s6 quflc gia nhUng d6ng thoi
ding t~o ra mQt s6 sieu cuong qu6c co quyen Il!c IClnlao chi ph6i sinh ho~t quan sl!, chinh
tri, kinh te"cLia ca the' gidi. Sau hai cUQcthe' chie"n, cac qu6c gia bi tri dftn dftn dltQc giai
phong. Cac qu6c gia mdi dUQcdQc I~p, tuy khong con Iii lanh th5 clla cac de"qu6c, nhUng
l~i tily thuQc vila cac de" qu6c cu ve phuong di~n kinh te'. Cac de"qu6c cu nay II! xUng Iii
cac quac gia tien tie'n ve phuong di~n tl! do dan chLl,nhUng viin tie"ptl,lClhl,l huClngcac d~c
quyen kinh te"t~i cac thuQc dia cu va cac nhil xa hQi hQc da m~nh danh cac d~c quyen nay
la "Chinh sach lhl!c dan mdi khong dn thuQc dja". D doiln ke"t vii lie'n bQ, cac tan qu6c
gia, hftu he"t la cac nudc A Phi, da thanh I~p mQt kh6i gQi la "The" Gidi Thu Ba" The Third
World M phan bi~l v& "The' Gidi Tu Ban" do My dm dftu va "The" Gidi CQng San" do
Lien XO lanh dw SI! thiinh I~p The' Gidi Thu Ba lam thay d5i nMn dinh cLia the' gidi ve
khai cac qu6c gia nily, cung t~o co hQi M khai ch~m lie'n pMt trin chuong trlnh giao dl,lc
vdi lruong hQc cac cap duc.Jclhanh I~p kh<1pnoi lren tanh lh5. PMllrin giao dl,lc cung co
nghla la pMl lMn luong lai ve cac phuong di~n khac.
SI! lhjnh vuc.Jngclla cac qu6c gia B<1cMy Chau vii Au Chau dem de"n cuQ.cs6ng sung
tile vi lQi lUe cao cLia giai cap lhuQng hill va lrung lltU. Nhii'ng gia dinh nay co kha nang
cung cilp cho hilu he'l con em hQ hoan la'l it nha't chuong trlnh giao dl,lc trung hQc. MQl sO'
kha ldn co lh hoan ta't chuong trinh d~i hQc. sO' cac truong cao d~ng va d~i hQCt~i cac
qu6c gia tren lang ga'p hai, ga'p ba til' nam 1950 de"n 1970 va sl! tang lruClng tie'p Il,lC.
SI! pilat trin ciing ngay clIng tang va cilng tily lhuQc vila cac sang kie'n mdi lrong khoa
hQc, ky thu~t. NhCi'ngmay moc mdi, phuong phap san xua'l mdi, ky thu~t mdi tie'p tl,lcdUQc
phat minh. Ra't nhieu xi nghi~p hi~n di).iduc.Jclhie't l~p, co th san xua't hang 10~1hang hoa
mQt cach nhanh chong. Nhieu hang hoa, va'n de tim Ide"m thi truong dn phai giai quye't.
SI! ki~n nay dua Mn vi~c thanh I~p cac cong ty qu6c Ie"bao trilm nhieu lanh th5 M Idm
soat va thao tung thi truong. Hang hoa cLia cac cong ty qu6c te' dUQc Quang cao rilm rQ
kh~p the" gidi, bop ngh~t san xuat dia phuong dil phfim cha't himg dia phuong co cao cung
kh0 <:,!nh[ranh. D6i klji <:<1<:
<:6ng ty nily <:onduc.JchuClng nhung d~c quyen ve thue'vt.! vi
dem I~i cong an vi~c Him cho dan ban xu dil vdi sO'luong boc IQt. Cong ty qu6c te' Iilm
giau cho cong ly, dI nhien vii cung lam giau cho cac phftn til' tham nhung ti).i "Cac Qu6c
Gia Dang Pilat Trin" Developing Countries, til' ngii' mdi chi cac nudc lrong "The' Gidi
Thu Ba" dang tren dil phat lrin.
Ky lhu~t mdi, xi nghi~p hi~n di).i dua de"n vi~c thanh I~p cac lrltong di).i hQCva cao
d~ng ky thu~t, dao ti).o chuyen vien, thQ chuyen mon cung U'ng cho nhu cilu ngay mQt
tang. Nhieu truong ky thu~t phai mClnhung khoa hQc ve ban dem d thoa man nhu duo
Nhieu chuong trlnh giao dl,lc hc.Jptac giii'a cac truong ky thu~t va cac xi nghi~p, sinh vien
241

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Cdc quan diim gido dl:lchi?n dgi

h9C Iy thuyet t~i tntong, thl!C hanh t~i cac xi nghi~p. Holm thanh kh6a h9C, sinh vien c6
nhieu co hQi nhan dt,mg trang xi nghi~p.
Ky thu~t khong nhung ap dl!ng t~i cac xi nghi~p thanh thi, con dUQcap dl!ng vao nong
nghi~p. Nhung phuong phap san xuilt moi voi may m6c tan ky khong do. nhieu nhan
"ung. Nguoi nung dan van lam thue t<)i nong thon nay thilt nghi~p. H9 d6 d6n len cac .'
lhitnh phu lim vi~". MOL su nong dan khong ,,6 kha nang, khong di,!Qchuiln luyi;ln chi c6
th~ lim di,!Qcnhung vii;lc lao dQng voi gia luong re m~l. Ph~n dong thilt nghii;lp, t<)ora
nhieu viln de phuc t~p cho chinh quyen. Thanh thi nay bao g6m du h~ng nguoi, de dang
dua den nhung ti;ldoan xii hQi nhi,! trQm dp, b~o dQng, ph~IlJ phap, bang dang, m~i .dam.
Tre em than que moi ra thanh thi bo ngo, khong du'Qc san s6c ve giao dl!c, de dang bi lQi
d\lng va bi 10i cu6n vao cac bang dang ph~m phap. Nhieu dnh gia dlnh tan vo do dnh
thilt nghii;lp gay ra. Tu tuang dan chil, tl! do qua chOn rna cac thanh thieu nien dUQchilp
thl! do anh huang van h6a tay phuong di nguQc I~i truyen th6ng d~o duc dan tQc nhieu
qu6c gia A Phi. SI! xung dQt gia dlnh xITyra giua phI! huynh va con em. H~u qua la nhieu
thanh thieu nien bo nha ra di lim "tl! do ", k~ d phai nu. Ph\l'huynh, chinh quyen danh bilt
ll!c. SI! xung dQt trang gia dlnh khong nhung xITyra giUa cha me::va con cai, ma con xITyra
giua vQ ch6ng. Nhieu c~p vQ ch6ng Iy than, ly di vll1nh vQ ch6ng khong con dUQcluan (y,
d~o dUc rang bUQcnhu xua. Con cai cac gia dlnh nay chiu anh huang Ion.
Voi nhung bien chuy~n .Ion lao ve du m9i phuong dii;ln vao the ky thu 20, cac nha giao
dl!c dii dua ra nhieu quail. di~m giao dl!c tien bQ ng5 h~u c6 th~ giao d\lc thanh thieu nien
trong ky nguyen moi, giup h9 Irau d6i kien thuc mQt cach c6 hii;lu qua, tim duc;1ccong
vii;l" lam hc;1pvoi khii nang va nhien h~u lam giam di nhung viln de xii hQi do tien bQ cua
khoa h9C ky thu~t dem I~i. C6 nhieu quan di~m cilp titn ve giao dl!c. Cling c6 mQt so' nha
giao d\l" duy lrl quail. di~m "li va nell. giao d\lC a the ky thU 20 du c6 Mil. bQ van c6 nhung
kh6 khan tra ng~i.
II. Quan diim "gilio dl!c bao tho ":cac nba giao d\lc bao tho va quan ni~m bao tho
coa giao hqi Ky To Giao
1. Cac nha giao d\lc bao tho
E>~ch6ng l~i hang lo~t nhung bien chuy~n Ion lao ve du m9i phuong di~n xITyra trang
the ky thu 20, cac nha giao d\lc bao thu dii len Mng keu g9i tra l~i voi cac truyen th6ng
cli. Cac 10i keu g9i nay dii rilt m~nh me vao cac th~p nien 1930, 1950 va 1980. Cac nha
giao d\lC nay tin tuang ding kinh nghii;lm s6ng hii;ln t~i hay qua khU deu rilt dn thitt cho
con nguoingay nay cling nhu bilt cu thai d<)inao. H9 keu g9i ap d\lng ky lu~t tinh th~n
trang giao dl!C. ve nQi dung va phuong phap, hQ mu6n d~t co' gil:ng tren sa thich, man h9C
quan tr9ng hon ho<)tdQng, kinh nghii;lm t~p th~ quan tr9ng hon kinh nghii;lm ca nhan, t6
242

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Cdc quan ddm gido d~c hi?n d{li

chUc hQp Iy quan tn;mg han Him Iy va sang kitn giao vien quan trQng han sang kie'n hQc
sinh.
Rat ggn voi quan nit;m bao thu la qulin nit;m cua cac hQc gia co khuynh huang til do
rna d~i dit;n la hai nM giao dl)c My: Robert M. Hutchins (1899-1977), vit;n truang Vit;n
D~i hQc Chicago trong nhi(ju nam va Mortimer J. Adler (1902:1986), giao su trie't hQc
cung truong. Adler d(j xuong vit;c khoi phl)c truy(jn th6ng giao dl)C c6 d~i Hy L~p
Aristotle vi cho ding dil khong co nhung thay d6i can ban qua thai gian va keu gQi tra I~i
voi giao dl)c co nQi dung va ml)C dich gioi h~n cua cac mon hQc. Hutchins phan dili m~nh
me chuang trinh giao dl)c ky thu~t, khoa hQc, huiln nght; t~i cac truong d~i hQC va cao
dAng My vi chuang trinh nay ch6ng I~i chuang trinh daD t~o cac hQc gia tri thuc. Dng
cho r~ng su phat trin cua giao dl)c ky thl1~t se bi co l~p va mai mQt. Dng va cac d6ng
nghit;p keu gQi d~i hQc tra I~i voi vai tro nguyen thuy la dao t~o cac hQc gia tri thuc.

2. Quan dilfm "glao dt.Jc bao thil " cila giao hQI Ky Til Glao
Ch6ng d6i m~nh me quan dim giao dl)C thl)'Cdl)ng tie'n bQJa tritt ly giao dl)c cua giao
hQi Ky To Giao La Mil. Dl)'a vao thgn hQC,cac hQc gia nay viln duy tri quan dii!m thuQng
de la ngu6n g6c cho tilt d cac hanh dQng, ki! d giao dl)C. HQ nhiln m~nh dng khong
chilp nh~n thuQng de, mQi hanh dQng trong cUQc s6ng d(ju khong co ml)C dich. Nhu v~y,
giao dl)C khong thu<;Jngde', cling khong con y nghIa va ml)c dich. HQ keu gQi mQi dij.c
dii!m cua giao dl)c nhu nQi dung chuang trinh, phuang pMp giang d~y, ky lu~t lop hQc d(ju
phai huang v(j tinh thgn ton giao M giao dl)C con nguoi. Cho de'n the' ky thu 20, cac nha
giao dl)c Ky To Giao viln duy tri quan oim giao dl)c thai c6 d~i, trung d~i, d nghin nam
v(j trudc. khong quan tam de'n kie'n thUc nhan lo~i dil tie'n trin nhu the' nao qua voi thCli
gian.
III. Quan dilfm "Him Iy giao dt.Jc" v81 Wundt, James, Thorndike,

Freud, Jung, Piaget

va nganh Him Iy su ph"m

.
Nhil'ng du dinh ap dl)ng phuang phap khoa hQc trang giao dl)C dil xufft hit;n voi tritt
gia, nha giao dl)c Duc Johann Friedrich Herbart (Xem them chuang 17, ml)c IV) vao dgu
the' ky thul9 va Herbart keu gQi ap dl)ng tam ly trang giao dl)c.
1. Wilhelm Wundt v8i quan dilfm "tam ly giao dt.Jc"
Tdi cu6i tht ky thu 19, khi nha tam Iy hQc Duc Wilhelm Wundt thie't I~p phong thi
nghit;m tam ly dgu tien t~i D~i hQc Leipzig vao nilm 1879, cae tritt gia moi nh~n dinh
du<;Jcsl)' kMc bit;t giua tam Iy va trie't hQC.Do do, tam Iy tra thanh mQt nganh hQc rieng
reo Wundt (1832-1920) du'<;Jccoi la "cha de cua nganh Him Iy hien d~i" va tac phffm n6i
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Cdc quan diem gido

dl;lC

hifn d(li

tieng "NhCi'ng Nguyen T~c Tam Sinh Hqc" Principles of Physiological Psychology xuilt
ban 'vao nam 1874 dii c6 anh hudng !dn lao den giao d~c vao the ky tM 20.
2. Nh3 tlim Iy sti ph~m William James
D5ng thai voi Wundt d Au ChlIu, William James dUQc coi nhu la "cha de cua nganh
tam Iy su ph,!m My". James (1842-1910) la triet gia c6 nhieu dQc gia nhilt duong thai,
cung voi John Dewey (Xem ph~n ke titp) Ianh d,!o phong trao :'Triet hqc thl)'c d~ng"
Pragmatism. Vao nam 1878, ong thiet I~p khoa hqc "tam 19" d~u tien t,!i My. Vao nam
1890, ong xuilt ban tac phli'm "Nhii'ng Nguyen T~c Cua Tam Ly Hqc" The Priciples of
Psychology. Trong tac phli'm nay, James nh~n dinh ding m~c dleh cua giao d~c la trau d5i
kien thuc M hqc sinh co thtS s6ng thleh nghi voi xii hQi va moi truong. Nhu v~y, sd thich
va hung tM hQc hOi phai dUQckhoi dQng va la khui ditSm cua giao d~c. Nam 1891, James
thiet I~p phong thi nghi~m tam sinh Iy hQc t,!i D,!i hQc Harvard. Voi tac phli'm "Noi
Chuy~n Voi Giao Vien ve Tam Ly" Talks to Teachers on Psychology, ong lo,!i bo quan
ni~m 16i thai cua tam Iy trang triet hqc va dua ra mQt nMn dinh moi me ve sl)' thiet thl)'C
cua tam tinh. Gng keu gqi giao vien nen giao d~c m6i ca nhlln hqc sinh M hq co thtS c6
nhCi'ngdl)'dinh cho tuong lai va c6 g~ng hO'!t dQng M thl)'c hi~n nhCi'ngdl)' djnh nay.
3. Nha tam Iy sti ph~m Edward Lee Thorndike
Edward Lee Thorndike, d~ III cua James, la nha tam Iy su ph,!m hi~n d,!i, dong g6p
nhieu trang vi~c nghien CUu hqc t~p, giang d,!y va tr~c nghi~m tam th~n. Thorndike
(1874-1949) phat minh ra mQt hQp nho dtS !lm hitSu nhii'ng con v~t nhu cho va mea lam
the nao M giai quyet nhCi'ngkho khan. Tu nhCi'ngthi nghi~m nay, ong nMn ra r~ng cac
con v~t co khuynh huang nh~c I,!i cac hO'!t dQng thich hQp va lo,!i bo nhCi'nghO'!t dQng
khong thleh hQp. Vi~c nay giup chung giai quyet dUQcviln de. Thorndike c(jng nghien cUu
v~ vi~c hqc t~p cua con nguoi, thl)'c hi~n nhieu tr~c nghi~m M kham pM ra ket qua hQc
t~p v~ cac mon hqc khac nhau. Gng la nha giao d~c d~u tien ap d~ng cac bai thi tr~c
nghi~m dtS danh gia kha nang hQc t~p va tien bQ cua hqc sinh. Thorndike xuilt ban tac
phli'm "Tam Ly Su Ph'!m" Educational Psychology vao nam 1903. Trang tac phli'm nay,
ong c6 g~ng tdnh bay cac phuong phap khoa hqc trang vi~c !lm hitSu tam Iy M ap d~ng
vao chuang tdnh giao d~c. NhCi'ngtac phli'm khac cua ong ve tam Iy giao d~c bao g5m
,'Do Luong Tam Ly Xii HQi" Mental and Social Measurement (1904), "Tu NgCi'Giang D,!y
Nha Giao" Teacher's Word Book, "Do Luong Tri Thong Minh" The Measurement of
Intelligence (1926), "Can Ban HQc T~p" Fundamental of Learning(l932), Tam Ly HQc
T~p" The Psychology of Learning (1941). Thorndike cung voi James va Dewey c6 nhieu
dong gop vao nhCi'ngnghien cUu lam sang to phat tritSn tam thiin tu luc so sinh den trudng
thanh.
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Cac quan dilm giao dl;lchi~n dCJi

Stf xuat hi~n cLlacac nha Him Iy hQc Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung va Jean Piaget vao the'
ky thu 20 con lam sang to hdn nita van d~ Him Iy va nh?n djnh v~ tam Iy trang giao dl)c
di1(jc mQi nguoi cang nh?n.
4. Nha phan tam hQc Sigmund Freud va quan di~m "tam If giao dve"
Freud (\ 856-1939) la bae si nguoi ;\0, chuyen nghien cUu v~ van d~ tam Iy hge va
phan tich tam Iy hay "phan tam hQc" psychoanalysis. Gng la nha phan tam hQc dilu tien
dua ra nhin dinh v~ "ti~m thuc" subconscious. Trudc d6 khDng mot nha tam Iy nao dii d~
c6 di1(jc y ni~m nay. Thea Freud, nhitng earn nghi ti~m ffn trang ti~m thuc va anh huong
Mn doi song tinh thiln can nguoi. Ne'u con nguoi chi c6 nhitng earn nghi, earn xuc t6t d<,:p,
con nguoi d6 co cuoc s6ng blnh than, h.~lOhphuc. Nhung c6 ai chi hOllOtoan co nhitng earn
nghi, earn xuc t6t d<,:p.Do do, Dng tin tuang r~ng !lnh tr')ng tam thiln bat 6n dinh do nhitng
am anh tu earn nghi, earn xuc bat h')nh trang ti~m thuc gay ra va co thS chita trj b~ng
phudng phap phan tam hQc. Cac nha phan tam hQc tim hiSu nhitng am anh cLlab~nh nhan,
giai thich r6 rang anh huong cLla cac am anh ti~m tang trang ti~m thUc, giup b~nh nhan
lam sang t6, nhiin lhuc ro rang nhitng am anh nay va k6t qua la bi;nh nhan se tra I')i vdi
!lnh tr')ng "tri thuc" conscious. Tri thuc co nghia la hiSu dU(jc mInh, co thS lo')i bo di1qc
nhitng am anh va co cuoc s6ng tam thiln blnh thuong. Freud cGng cho ding nhitng giac md
la dong Itfc gay ra am anh trang ti~m thuc va giac md la ke't qua cLla nhitng stf ki~n hiSn
nhien trang cu(\c s6ng dem I,!i. Lo,!i b6 dlfqc nhitng am anh trang ti~m thuc cGng co nghia
la lo,!i bo dU(jc cac giac md. Mu6n lo,!i bo di1qc cac giac md, nhat la cac cdn ac mong, can
nguoi dn co cuoc s6ng blnh than, 6n (!jnh. Freud M I,!i nlMu tac phffm v~ tam Iy, phan
tam hoc.
5. Nha phan tam hQe Carl Jung va quan di~m "tam If giao dve"
Carl Jung (1875-1961) la nha tam Iy h9C, phan tam hQc nguoi Thl)Y ST. Gng ap dl)ng
phudng phap philn tam hQcM nghien cUu v~ tri thuc va ti~m thuc. Jung chiu anh huong
quan diEm eLla Freud. Sau Dng pMt triSn quan diSm phan tam h9C rieng bi~t. Gng nghien
cUu cac van d~ tam Iy ca nhiln va xay dtfng quan diSm v~ "noi tam" introvert va "ngo'!i
thuc" extrovert. Noi tam la nhitng earn nghT, kie'n thuc, earn xuc xuat hi~n r6 rang trong
ky uc. Ngo')i thuc, ngude I,!i, khDng co dilu vet nao v~ earn nghi, ho~c c6 nhu'ng rat md h6.
6, Nha tam If hQe Jean Pia get va quan di~m "tam If giao dve"
Jean Pia get (1896-1980) la nha tam ly h9C Thl!Y ST.Gng tro thanh n6i tieng trang vi~c
nghien cUu stf tien triSn v~ phat triSn kien thuc tre em va c6 nhitng sang tac duqc xuat

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Cdc quan dilm gido d(lc hi?n d(li

ban tll' khi 10 tu6i. Ong va cac cQng slf vien dii xuilt ban 30 tac phffm v~ viln d~ nay.
Pia get tin tliClngr~ng tre em trai qua bo'n giai dOl).ntrang vi~c phat trin tri tu~. Giai dOl).n
mQt tll' 11k so sinh toi 2 tu6i, giai dOl).ndua tre hqc hoi vi~c nh~n bie't cac slf v~t qua cac
giac quan. Giai dOl).nhai tll' 2 toi 7 tu6i, dua tre hqc hoi v~ ngon ngu va hlnh ve. Giai dOl).n
ba tll' 7 de'n II tu6i, dua tre hqc t~p dqc vie't va suy nghi nhli xe'p d~t nhung kie'n thuc dii
hqc hoi dli<JC, tIm ra dli<Jc cac kho khan va co th co dli<Jc nhung y ni~m trlru tli<Jngdon
gian. Giai dOl).nbo'n tit II de'n 15 tu6i, dua tre khClislf Iy lu~n mQt cach thie'tthlfc v~ tliong
lai va co th hiu dli<Jc cac viln M trlru tli<Jng.
7. SI! ph:it triin ciia'nganh hQc "Him If gi:io dl)c" hay "Him If sli ph~m"
Anh hliClngcua Freud, lung va Piaget v~ viln d~ tam ly trong giao dl,lCrilt Ion ngay tit
th~p nien 1920 va nhi~u nha giao dl,lc dii cong nh~n. Tie'p do, cac nhi'! giao dl,lc co nhUng
. co' gAng ap dl,lng tam Iy vao chliong trlnh dao tl).Ogiao vien va vao phliong phap giang
dl).y vao cac th~p nien 1940, 1950. 51f vi~c nay mCld~u cho vi~c phat trin nganh tam Iy
sli ph')m, mQt nganh h9C quan trqng cua Iy thuye't giao dl,lc~Tit do, ~ac nha nghien cUu
thao luiln Wi cac linh vlfc v~ tr')ng thili bie'n d6i tri thuc, slf phat trin tli chilt va tinh th~n
tre em va dQng IIfCphat huy vi~c hqc t~p. Hq nghien cUu cac Iy thuye't v~ hqc t~p tit n~n
giao dl,lc c6 din de'n hi~n tl).i voi nhung thay d6i v~ khoa hqc, ky thu~t va xii hQi bie'n
chuyn. Them vao do, nhung ap dl,lng v~ do lliang slf hiu bie't, tli viln giao dl,lc, tam Iy
giao dl,lc'dii dong gop vao chliong trlnh giao dl,lc qua nhung h9C t~p v~ nMn thuc, tie'p
nMn kie'n thUc, ky thu~t giao dl,lc, phliong phap hqc t~p. Nho quan dim cua cac nha tam
Iy hqc, sau nhi~u tranh lu~n, cac nha nghien cUu hiu dli<Jc vai tra ca nhan trang di truy~n,
moi trliang, khoa hqc va giao dl,lc trang cong cUQcphilt trin va tie'n bQ.
51! lien quan giUa Iy thuye't giao dl,lCtrang do co Him Iy giao dl,lCva cac nganh hqc hoi
khac m6i ngay mQt g~n nhau han. Khoa hqc xii hQi co th ap dl,lng M hqc hoi v~ cac mo'i
lien quan vaphat trin ngon ngu trang lop hqc. Trie't Iy giup cac nha Iy thuye't giao dl,lc tIm
hiu 51ftie'n trin va bie'n hoa cua kie'n thuc. Xii h(li bie'n chuy~n, lam giau cho giai cilp tli
ban dlia de'n vi~c xufft ban cac tac phffm van hqc vao cac th~p nien 1960, 1970, chi trich
cac t6 chuc dliong thai dii co nhung hanh d(lng lam l<Jicho giai cilp co I1U quy~n. ea hai
nganh trie't Iy va xii hQi hqc tie'p tl,lClam sang to thai dQ thao tung va ap che' xii hQi. Trong
slf bie'n chuy~n cua xii hQi"va tlnh trl).ng tri thuc, viln M d')o duc dii dli<Jc d~t ra nhli vi~c
pha thai, thi nghi~m sinh hqc, quy~n h')n con ngliai. Nhung viln M tren d~t giao dl,lc vao
m(lt hoan canh moi dai hoi phliong phap giao dl,lc moi.
NQi chung, voi SIfdong gop cua cac nha tam Iy, cac nha giao dl,lc vao cuo'i the' ky thu
19 va the' ky thu 20 dii lam phat tri~n nganh hqc tam Iy sli phl).m, mQt nganh hqc quan
t[(,>figtrung c6ng cUQcgiau dl,lc. Nganh tam Iy sli phl).m tie'p tl,lCphat tri~n voi slf bie'n
246

.
;

Cdc quan diim gido dl,lchi~n dt;li

chuyn cua xa h1)itrang ca the' ky thu 20 .

IV. Quan diim "giao dl)c tich cvc" progressive education v8i Dewey va anh hu'dng
Quan dim "Ohio Dl,lc Tich ClfC" Iii m1)t philn cua phong trilo r1)ng IOn v6 cai cach xa
hQi, chinh tr! "Phong Trilo Tie'n 81)" Progressive Movement xuilt hi~n vilo nhUng th~p
nien cu6i cua the' ky tM 19 vii nhung tMp nien dilu cua the' ky ky thu 20. Vilo giai do~n
nily, n6n giao dl,lc tiu hQc phat trin khiip noi tren the' gioi tay phuong. M~c dilu co tie'n
bi), giao dl,lc da thilt b~i khi phai d6i pho voi cac bie'n chuyn nhanh chong cua xa hQi.
Chuong trinh giao dl,lc c6 din nhiln m')nh vilo cac mon hQc dQc, vie't, ngj1 phap, so' hQc,
Ijch SU,dja Iy. Oiao vien giiing giiii r6i dQCcho hQc sinh chep bili hQc vilo vd. HQc sinh v6
nhil hQc thu1)c long bili hQc. Ky lu~t lop hQc rilt ch(it che, hQc sinh khong d11;lC
hoi ne'u
khong co phep cua giao vien. Vi~c noi chuy~n trang lOp tuy~t d6i khong du;lcphep. HQc
sinh ph')m 16i se bi trung ph')t k ca trung ph')t th xac nhu ph')t quy hay danh don. HQc
sinh ng6i ngay ngiin, th~ng nguai, biln ghe' biit ch(it xu6ng n6n nhi!.

..

'.

1. John Dewey va quan diim "giao dl)c tich cvc"

Cac nhil giao dl,lc tich clfC thilt v(;mg voi duang 16i giao dl,lc c6 din vii dua ra nhung 9
kie'n canh tan. D')i di~n cho nhom nily Iii Horace Mann (Xem chuong 18, ml)c V,I) vii d~c
bi~t Iii John Dewey. Dewey (1859.1952) Iii trie't gia vii nhi! giao dl,lc My. V6 trie't hQc,
6Iig lanh d')o phong trilo "Trie't HQc ThlfC Dl,lng" Pragmatism. V6 giao dl,lc, ong chu
xuong phong trilo "Oiao Dl,lc Tich Clfc". Gng giang d')y t')i nhi6u d')i hQc. Cac nhil giao
dl,lc tren co' giing dua ra nhi6u phuongphap M canh tan n6n giao dl,lc c6 din. HQ cho
r1ing giao vien dn phai M 9 de'n ca nhan hQc sinh tuc Iii khong th coi cae hQc sinh nhu
nhau. HQ tin wdng r1ing hQc sinh se hQc hoi du;lcnhi6u khi cac em hQc nhung gi cac em
thily, cac em trlfc tie'p tie'p xuc, mil khong phai hQc thu1)c long cac slf ki~n, cac con so'
'khong co lien quan vii vo dl,lng. Nhu v~y, hQc duang khong phai chi bao g6m lOp hQc, mil
con d phong dQc sach, vuan cay, xudng th;l,phong khoa hQc, phong th dl)c. Cac ti~n nghi
giao dl,lc nily se phat ttin tilm hiu bie't hQc sinh v6 cac phuong di~n t6ng quat nhu xa
h1)i, th chilt, cam xuc ...Cac nhil giao dl,lc tie'n b1) ciing nhiln m~nh de'n cae sinh ho')t lOp
hQc. HQc sinh du;lcdi chuyn quanh lOp hQc, biln lu~n voi b')n be, d11;lc
phep d(it cau hoi
d giao vien giang giai them, biln ghe' trang lOp hQc co th di chuyn, giao vien co th
thay d6i cach xe'p d(it biln ghe' cho thich h;lpvoi phuong phap vii d6 tili giang d')y. V6 tili
li~u giang d')y, ngoili sach giao khoa, hQc sinh con dU;lCgiao vien huang diln tim toi
nhung tili li~u khac trang truang cling nhu trang gia dinh hay ngoili xa hQi. D cte dilng
tim kie'm nhung tili li~u vii biln lu~n dong gop y kie'n, hQc sinh nen Iilm vi~c theo nhom.
Trang lOp hQc, khong phai chi m1)t minh giao vien noi nhu trudc, mil phuong phap giao
247

Cdc quan diem gido dl;lchi~n dr;li

dl,lc day Iii biin lu~n do giao vien hltong dan, dilt cau hoi, h<;>csinh Ign lLtI;1t
phat biu y
kie'n. Ngoiii vi~c thao IUan, sinh ho~t lOp h<;>ccon co th Iii k truyc$n, dong kjch vii cac
ho~t dQng ngh~ thuat kMc. Giao vien so~n biii h<;>crieng re cho moi gio h<;>c.NhLtng
nhung biii h<;>crieng re dilu hltdng vil mi)t chll dim se dlt<;fCgiang d~y trong mQt thoi gian
nhlt b6n hay sau tugn l~. Cac chll dim d~u hltong viio ml,lCdich mon h<;>cqua sach giao
khoa. Phltdng pMp giao dl,lc tich cl!c phat trin m~nh t~i cac trltong tiu h<;>chdn Iii cac
trltC1ngtrung vii d~i h<;>c.
.

so

D thl!c hi~n>nhung Iy thuye't 'clla quan dim giao d,!c tich cl!c, mQt so' cac cd
giao
dl,lc dii dlt<;fCthiinh l~p viio cu6i the' ky thu 19 vii dgu the'kY'thI120. John Dewey thie't l~p
trltong ap d,!ng phltdng phap giao dl,lc tich cl!c dgu tien vilo nam 1896. Do lil TrltC1ngThl!c
Nghic$m t~i D~i h<;>cChicago University of ChicaKo Laboratory School. Tie'p theo do, mQt
so trltC1ngkMc dlt<;fcthiinh laP nhlt Trltong Francis W Parker t~i Chicago (190 I), TntC1ng
Giao D,!c Can Ban School of Organic Education t~i Alanta (1907), Trltong Tiu HQc
Thl!c Nghic$m Experimental Elementary School t~i D~i hQc Missouri (1904). Ml,lc dich
chung ella cae trltC1ngniiy Iii lo~i bi) 16i hQe cll din truyiln thong vii dlta viio chltdng trinh
giang d~y nhi~u mon h<;>cmdi co lien quan vdi nhau vii lien quan vdi thl!C te'. Moi trltC1ng
ap dl,lng mQt dltong loi sinh ho~t rieng re nhLtng tltdng tI! vii Mu hlidng vil khdi dQng kha
nang phat trin nang khie'u vii kie'n thuc h<;>csinh. Moi trltC1ngciing tin tliang viio vi~c tl!
do dong gop y kie'n clla h<;>csinh. Nhung bili giang vii nhUng tac phifm clla Dewey co anh
hltang ldn den cac nhii giao dl,lc tay phltdng vii d~t n~n mong cho vic$cpMt trin chlidng
trinh giao dl,lc tich cl!c, di).c bic$t Iii ngiinh tiu h<;>c.Cae tac phifm nily dil c~p de'n quan
dim trie't Iy giao d,!c tich cl!c vii bao gam "Giao Dl,lc vii Xii HQi" School and Society
(1.899); "H<;>cSinh vil Chliang TrInh Giao D'!c" The Child and the Curriculum, (1902);
"Dan Chll vii Giao D'!c" Democracy and Education", (1916). Theo Dewey, trie't h<;>cvii
giao d,!c co lien h~ ho tltdng. Giao d,!c Iii moi trliC1ngd thl!c nghic$m cac quan dim trie't
h<;>c.Xii hQi phai dlt<;fC
giai thich nhlt mQt trltong h<;>crQng Idn vii lOp h<;>clil mQt xii hQi nho
be clla tre em. Giao duc khong bao giC1chilm dUt, tie'p t'!c di~n tie'n d sau khi nglioi h<;>c
sinh dii trltang thiinh, hltdng dan h<;>trang doi song. Nhlt v~y, "giao dl,lc cho d dC1is6ng"
mii kh6ng phai chi Iii "giao d,!c chuifn bj eho doi s6ng".
2. Anh hu'dng quan diim "giao dl,lc tich cl!c"
Chltdng trlnh giao d,!c tich cl!c thl!c sl! phat trin rilt sdm 0 Au Chauwdi cac nhii giao
dl,lc ti~n phong nhlt Jean Jacques Rousseau qua tacphifm giao d\lC "Emile" xuilt ban nam
1762 (Xem them chltdng 15, ml,lc Ill, I), Johann Bernhard Basedow thie't laP Trung tam
giao d,!c tbl!C nghi~m "H<;>cVi~n Nhiin Van Xii HQi" Philanthropium t~i Dessau Duc viio
nam 1774 (Xem them chltang 15, m\lC III, 3.1), Friedrich Froebel thiinh l(\p vltC1ntre dgu
248

Cdc quan dilm gido d(lc hifn d(li

tien VilOnam 1837 (Xem them chudng 17, ml,lc Ill), Johann Pestalozzi thie't I~p cac tntang
ticiu hQc cho cac hQc sinh ngheo va'm5 coi (Xem them chl.(dng 17, ml,lc II). Tie'p theo,
Mann va Dewey moi phat tricin chudng trlnh giao dl,lC.ray t\li My. Sau nay, chinh cac nha
ciii tie'n giao dl,lc nhu Ovide Decroly (Xem philn ke' tie'p) va Maria Montessori (Xem philn
ke' tie'p) cung d6ng g6p cho chuclng trlnh giao dl,lc tich cl!c.
Anh hui'1ng cua quan dicim giao dl,lc tich cl!c dien tie'n mQt cach cMm ch\lp vao th~p
nien dilu cua the'ky thu 20. Tuy v~y, mQt s6 cac truang IO\li nay da dl!Qc thanh I~p t\li My
va Au Chau. Ttr th~p nien 1920, chuclng tclnh phat tricin m\lnh t\li nhi~u qu6c gia tay
phuclng. T\li My, "Hi~p HQi Giao Dl,lc Tich Cl)'c" Progressive Education Association dl!Qc
thanh l~p vao nam 1919. Hi~p hQi hO\lt dQng m\lnh me cho toi nam 1955. T\li Au Chau,
vao nam 1921, chuclng trlnh giao dl,lc tich cl)'c khi'1isl)'phat tricin va dua de'n vi~c thanh I~p
"Hi~p HQi Giao Dl,lc Moi" New Education Fellowship va sau dl!Qc d6i la "Hi~p HQi Giao
Dl,lc The' Gioi" World Education Fellowship khi chuclng tclnh nay tnli rQng ra kh~p the'
giOi. Cac quan dim cua giao dl,lc tich cl!c c6 anh hui'1ng m')nh me de'n h~ th6ng giao dl,lc
. cong I~p khap ncli voi cac chuclng tclnh sinb ho')t lop hQc, bai lam sang t')o, bai dQc thl)'c
te', chuclng trlnh sinh ho')t lien quan de'n xa hQi, t6 chuc lOp hQc linh dQng, hQc t~p qua
sinh hO\lt ngh~ thu~t, kham pha ra phuclng phap hQc t~p moi, hQc sinh tl! kicim tra danh gia
qua phe blnh nMn xet, nhi~u chudng tclnh phat tricin trach nhi~m cong dan dUQc thl)'c
hi~n.

Qua voi nam thang trang ci\ the' ky, chuclng trlnh giao dl,lc tich cl!c da philt tricin rQng
rai khiip ncli. V~ sau. chuclng trlnh nay hoa hQp voi cac chuclng trlnh canh tan khac va t\lO
dl)'ng chuclng trlnh giao dl,lc tan tie'n ngay nay.
.

V. Quan diim "giao dl.lc illY hQc sinh lam trung tam" student - centred education:

sl!

pMt triin va sl! dong gop ciia Decroly, Montessori

1. 51! pMt trlin quan diim "glao dl.lc lily hQc sinh lam trung !llm"
l6ng gop cua cac nha giao dl,lCvao quan dicim "giao dl,lc lily hQc sinh lam trung Him"
Mu dua ra nh~n djnh ding hQc duong phai dUQctrang bi M thich ung voi nhu ciiu ca nhan
hQc sinh rna khong phai hQc sinh phai sinh hO\lt M thich ung voi nhu du giao dl.lccua hQc
duong. Quan dim nay philt sinh ttr Au Chau, khi'1i sl! voi Rousseau trang tac phftm
"Emile" (1762) (Xem them chuclng 15, ml.lc III,), tie'p theo la Pestalozzi trang tac phffm
"Gertrude D')y Con The' Nao" How Gertrude Teaches Her Children (1801) (Xem them
chuclng 17, ml,lCI1). Quan dim nay dUQclam sang to them voi nhi! giao dl,lc My Francis
Parker. Parker (1837-1902) la giam d6c Khu Giao dl,lc Quincy thuQc ticiu bang
Milssachusetts ttr nam 1875. Gng chi trich duang 16i giao dl.lc c6 dicin b~t bUQc hQc sinh
phai thl!c hi~n nhung chi thi. huong dan cua giao vien voi ky luiil nghiem kh~c va dl!a ra
249

Cdc quan diEm gido dl:lchi~n dgi

dl10ng 16i giao dl,lc moi voi vi(:c tlm hiu ca nhiin, khuye'n khich 6c sang t'l-o, phattrin sl)'
hiu bie't va ca tinh hQc sinh, khuye'n khich sinh hO'l-tlinh dQng trong lOp hQc. Nam 1883,
Parker tro thanh hi(:u trl10ng Trl10ng SI1 ph'l-m Cook County t'l-i Chicago va da ap dl,lng
quan dim giao dl,lc Ia'y hQc sinh lam trung tam M dao t'l-o giao vien. Nam 1899, ong
thanh I~p HQc vi(:n Chicago, sau tro thanh Trl10ng D'l-i hQc SI1 ph'l-m trong D'l-i hQc
Chicago.
MQt so' nha giao dl,lc co thifm quy~n nhl1 Francis Parker da c6 th ap dl,lng quan dim
giao dl)c tie'n bQ Ia'y hQc sinh lam trung Him va vi(:c nay khuye'n khich cac nha giao dl)c
khac trong vi(:c ap dl)ng quan dim moi me nay. Tuy nhien, quan dim nay vfin chl1a
dl1<.1C
cha'p nh~n mi)t cach rQng rai. Vao cu6i the' ky thU 19 va khoi d~u the' ky thLi'20, mQt
s6 nha giao dl)c da ap dl)ng quan dim giao dl)c moi voi cac hQc sinh khuye't t~t vI hQ
nhan dinh cac hQc sinh nay chI co th tie'p nh~n kie'n thuc ne'u cac em c6 dl1<.1c
sl)' san s6c
ca nhan. Ke't qua ra'tthanh congo SI)'thanh cong nay d(\t ra va'n M la ne'u phl1dng phap moi
da thanh cong voi cac hQc sinh khuye'tt~tthl se phai thanh cong hdn voi cac hQc sinh binh
thl1ong.
Vao d~u the' ky thu 20, hai nha giao dl)c n6i tie'ng da d6ng g6p cong IOn cho trl10ng
trinh giao dl)c la'y hQc sinh lam trung tam. D6 la nha giao dl)c ngl10i BI Ovide Decroly va
nha giao dl,lc ngl10i Y Maria Montessori.
2. Ovide Decroly va quan diii'm "giao dQc Illy hQc sinh lam trung tam"
Ovide Decroly (1871-1932) la bac sl, ra't quan tam Mn tlnh tr'l-ng phat trin kie'n thuc
va th chilt clla cac tre em binh thl10ng ciing nhl1 cac tre em khuye't t~t. Tit d6, ong nhi(:t
thiinh voi vi(:c giao dl)c tre em. Nam 190 I, ong thie't I~p "Trung Tam Giao Dl,lc Tre Em
Khuye't T~t" Institute of Abnormal Children. T'l-i day, Decroly t6 chuc sinh hO'l-tlop hQc
nhl1 t'l-i gia dinh. Nho v~y, m(\c dli c6 kh6 khan v~ th cha't, cac em da hQc t~p vui ve,
hung th6 va ke't qua la cac em da thanh congo SI)'thanh c6ng nay can cao hdn 0 mQt s6 tre
em binh thl1ong. Ke't qua t6t dt<pnay gi6p 6ng thanh l~p mQttrl10ng hQc kMc danh cho tre
em binh thl1ong. Quan dim va phl1dng phap giao dQc clla Decroly la lOp hQc phai dl1<.1c
t6
chuc nhl1 mQt phong thl)'c t~p, mQt phong lam vi(:c workshop-classroom. Chl1dng trlnh
giang d'l-Ydl1<.1C d(\t tren can ban thl)'c te', phan tich nhu cilu hQc sinh va chia thanh b6n
10'l-i:thl)'Cphifm, gia cl1, hO'l-tdQng va phOng ngita. HQc sinh dl1<.1C khuye'n khich pMt trin
so thleh ca nhan ql;la cac hl10ng dfin va cac tro chdi giao dl,lc.
3. Maria Montessori va quan diii'm "giao dQc lilY hQc sinh lam trung tam" trong
giao dQc vuan tre, mdu giao
Maria Montessori (1870-1952) la nil' bac sl diiu tien 0 Y. T6t nghi~p y khoa D'l-i hQc
250

.,

Cac quan aiim giao dt,tchifn dt:.li

Rome, lam vi~c t'li khu nhi clClngb~nh vi~n tn.tc thu(lc d'li hQc nay. Chfnh t'li day, ba da to
ra (juan tam d~c bi~t den suc khoe cung nhu slf phat trii!n thi! chat va kien thuc cua tn!:
em. Tli do ba chuyen tam nghien cUu phudng phap su ph\lm ma ngay nay dut;jc goi la
"PhLlmzg Phdp Montessori" M giD.ngd'lY tn!: em. Phudng phap nay d~t can ban tren Slf tin
tl.lang vao kha nang sang t\lO cua tre em, thue My vi~c khuyen khich tre em hoc t~p va
nhln nh~n tre em phai dut;jc giao dl,lc voi tu cach la m(lt ca nhan. Phl1dng pMp Montessori
co ml,lc dich pMt trii!n thai d(l hQCt~p hung tM va thlfC hanh nhCi'ngth6i quen to't ap dl,lng
cho tre em tli 3 den 6 tu6i, lUa tu6i de dang giao dl,lc uO'nn~n nhar. Nhieu nha giao dl,lc tin
tuang ding phl1dng phap Montessori c6 thi! hl10ng dan tre em nh*n biet kha nang hQc t~p
va gay dl1t;jcMc tfnh tlf tin khi ap dl,lng nhCi'ngkha nang kien thUc. Tli nam 1900 den nam
1907, ba giang d\lY t'li Trl10ng Su ph'lm thuQc D\li hQc La Mil va tiep tl,lCnghien cUu ve
triet hoc, tam 19, giao dl,lc. Nam 1907, Montessori ma "Nha Tre" Children's House, giang
d'lY tre em Cal' gia dlnh ngheo t\li Rome va ap dl,lng phudng phap su ph'lm tan tien. Ba dil
rat tMnh congo Ba ma nhieu truong Montssori khac tren lilnh th6 nl10c Y. Trang 40 nam
ke tiep, Montessori du hanh Cal' nuoc Au Chau, My, An DQ, Tich Lan M dien thuyet, mi'1
lop hoc t~p voi cal' gi:1o vien, ph6 bien phl1dng ph:1p su ph\lm chu trQng denca nhan hQc
sinh.
Montessori phe blnh phuling pllap giao dl,lc c6 di6n Iii ap d~t, euong che hQc sinh hQc
t~p nhieu man hoe 19 thuyet, kh6ng lien h~ voi d nhan. Bil vi hQe sinh 0 day nhu nhCi'ng
eon budm bi ghim ehat vao cal' m~t biln eO'dinh. Bil (juan ni~m rhng hoc sinh phai dut;je
giang d~y cae bili hqe thlfe te, co lien (juan den eUQc sO'ng hilng ngily. D~ giang d~y eae
bili hoe thlfe te nily, ldp hQc phai dut;je t6 chue m(lt caeh linh d(lng va hQc sinh eo thi! di
dOng de dang trang vi~e 11mhi~u, hoc hoi. Montessori kham pha ra rhng eo nhieu tra ehdi
gi:1o dye khuyen khich slf hoe hoi eua hqe sinh ma trudc day nhieu nguoi dil khong tin.
NhITng tf() ehoi giao dl,le ddn gian nay co thi! Iii cae h~t cay kho, cae han bi, giup tre em
vua ehlii vua hoe hi',i deh dem va tinh toan sO'hoe. Cae eay (jue nhi\ eo cung m(lt ml,le
dich nhu tren. Cae khue gil nhi) voi hlnh dang khae I;Ihau giup cae em hQe hoi vi~e xay
dlfng cung nhl1 vi~e v*n dOng thi! xae. Cae mieng giay voi nhieu hlnh dang khae nhau,
giup eae em cat dan thanh cae hlnh thu thlfe te cae em muO'n thlfe hi~n. Cae chITn6i giup
cal' em xep thanh eae tli dil hoc ho~e nh~m m~t I\li eae em eo th6 tim dut;jc cae ehITtheo 9
muO'n va ding eo thi! s~p cae chITthanh nhITng tu khae nhau. Vi~e nay cung giup cae em
ve khii nang xue giac. Cae khuon hlnh nh6 trang ttf bhng vai, riem, euc giup cae em phat
tri~n khii nang sang tao ngh~ thu*t. Nhieu tra ehoi khae do sang kien eua giao vien co
Il1I,1C dich giup tu6i thl! ve nhieu phuong di~n khac nhu phat trii!n khn nang noi va viet
trong ngfm ngIT,khii nang tim hi~u khoa hQc, kha nang van ngh~, am nh\le ...Cae tra ehdi
giao dl,lc deu co myc dich phat trii!n kha nang hoe t~p va trau d6i kien thue ca nhan. Tuy
2S 1

Cdc quan dilm gido dt;c hifn dr;li

nhien, lop hQc ciing co th~ t6 chUc thanh nhom nho hai, ba em d~ cac em chia xe kinh
nghiem hQc ti/p. Tre em ti'r3 Mn 6 tu6i du<;1csinh hOl)t voi cac tro choi giao dl,lc ti'r 15 Mn
60 phut mai Ifrn. Quan sat Idp hQc sau thai gian sinh hOl)t, cac em kh6ng to ra co cam giac
met moi ho~c cMn min, trai Il)i cac em to ra thmii mai va thleh thu, m~c dfru co em phai
eel gang moi hoan tilt du<;1cbai ti/p. MOt s6 em nghjch pha trang Idp cling to ra hUng thu
trang viec hQc ti/p voi cac tro choi rna truoc day cac em da rilt kho chiu, bvc mlnh vi pMi
lam viec voi sach
va giily but mOt cach am thfrm suot bu6i hQc. Diu quan trQng cua
phuong pMp Montessori la viec phat tri~n va thai dO chu dOng, tVchu ca nhan. Giao vien
a day giang giai, huang dan ca nhan trang sinh hOl)t nhung kh6ng can thieP trVc Mp tri'r
truong h<;1phQc sinh thVc sV g~p kho khan. Cac nha giao dl)C ung hO phuong phap
Montessori tin tuang rling nhii'ng tro choi, nhii'ng tai lieu giao dl,lc dU(Jcca nhiin hQc sinh
sU"dl,lng duoi sV huang dan va giam sat cua cac giao vien du<;1c huiln luyen d~c biet M
pMt tri~n OCto mo, pMt tri~n tMi dO hanh dOng chinh xac, pMt tri~n nhii'ng thoi quen tot.
trang viec tie'p nhi/n klie'n thUc. Giao vien phuong pMp Mont~ssori phai hoan tilt mOt nam
hQc v giao dl,lc d~c biet Montessori sau khi t6t nghieP van bling dl)i hQc it nhilt co ba nam
hqc. Nhiu truong dl)i hQc co t6 chuc nganh su phl)m phuong phap Montessori. Phuong
phap. Montessori noi chung bao g6m tam Iy tu6i tho voi nhii'ng bai hQc thVc te', cOng voi
cac tro choi giao dl,lCco ml,lCdleh va phil h(Jp voi viec pMt tri~n th~ chilt va tam Iy ca
nhan hQc sinh. Truoc day, nha giao dl,lc Friedrich Fraebel co d ci/p de'n viec sU"dl,lng cac
tro choi giao dl)c nhung chuong trlnh cua Fraebel nhiln ml)nh vao tu6i tho vuon tre, kh6ng
phai lOp hQc (Xem them chuong 17, ml)C III).
day, Montessori nhiln ml)nh de'n giao dl,lc
trong ldp hqc. Montesori sang tac nhi~u tac phii'm giao dl)C d~ ph6 bie'n phuong pMp giao
dl,lc quan tam de'n ca nhan hQc sinh nhu "Phuong PMp Montessori" The Montessori
Methods (191 ;1), "Phuong Phap Montessori Tie'n BO" The Advanced Montessori Methods
(1917), "Bi Mi/t cua Tu6i Tho" The Secret of the 'Childwood (1936), "Giao Dl,Ic The' Gioi
Moi" Education for a New World (1946). Rilt nhiu truong Montessori du<;1c thanh Ii/p
khilp the' gioi. Vao thi/p nien 1930, phong trao hQc ti/p nay co chi~u suy giam voi Iy do la
thie'u. cac gia6 vien co kha nang chuyen m6n. Tl)i My, phong trao hQc ti/p phuong pMp
Montessori dU(Jckh6i phl,lc vao thi/p nien 1950 va so truong du<;1cthanh Ii/p la 600. Trang
hien tl)i, nhiu truong Montessori tie'p tl,lChOl)t dOng khilp the' giOi. Tuy nhien, phong trao
hQc.ti/p kh6ng s6i n6i nhu vao giai dOl)n dfru VI phuong phap giang dl)Y cua chuong trlnh
nay du<;1c cac truong kMc ap dl)ng. Nhu vi/y, ca hai phuong phap Montessori va Decroly
da trai rOng khap the' gioi va co anh huang rOng Ion vao chuong trlnh giao dl,lCtu6i tho.
Quan di~m giao dl,lc lily hQc sinh lam trung tam theo Pestalozzi con la viec khuye'n
khich hQc sinh hQc ti/p am nhl)c. Cac nha nghien cuu sau nay da chung minh dU(Jc
nhi/n dinh xac dang v anh huang am nhl)c trang viec phat triln kie'n thuc tu6i tho.

va

252

..

"'

Cac quan die'm giao dl,tc hi?n d(li

Quan dim giao d~c lay hQc sinh lam trung tam da dUQc cac nM giao d~c quan tam
ngay tu khi moi xuat hi~n thoi Rousseau. Quan dim nay dUQccac nha giao d~c khac lam
sang to va trang hi~n t(li tra thanh mQt phuong phap giang d(lYrat ph6 thong.

VI. Quan dil!m "giao d~c thtfc nghi~m" scielltific - realist educatioll v~i Claparede,
Piaget, Whitehead
1. Edouard Claparede va quandil!m "giao dl,lcthtfc nghi~m"
Quan dim giao d~c thl!c nghi~m khai sl! vao nam 1900 khi Edouard Claparede (18731940), mQt bac sTdang lam vi~c t(li Phang Thl nghi~m Tam Iy Psychological Laboratory
thuQc D(li hQc Geneva a Th~y ST,dap !Oi keu gQi cua ban giam d6c Truong Ch~m tie'n va
Khuye't t~t t(li Geneva, M tim hiu tam ly cung nhtf tim ra nhung phuong phap hau hi~u
trang vi~c giao d~c cac tre em d~c bi~t nay. Kinh nghi~m nghien cUu trang phang thl
nghi~m tam Iy giup Claparede nMn djnh dUQc ding chuong trlnh giao d~c phai dUQccai
tie'n, phiii dUQcthay d6i cho hQp voi kha nang hiu biet va nhung kh6 khan do khuye't
gay ra. Chuong trlnh giao d~c d~c bi~t nay rna Claparede gQi la "Truong HQc T~o Milu"
L' ecole sur mesure hay School made to measure, vi tri tu~ tre em, nhat la cac tre em bat
thuong dUQcvi nhu doi gi<iycac em di. Gi<iy c6 nhi~u hinh dang, nhi~u co IOnnho hQp voi
doi chan cua tung em. Giao d~c cung 'If!.y, dn phiii t~o ra mQt duong 16i hay "t~o milu"
thich hqp voi tung ca nhan. Cac t~o mau nay la nhung nguyen ~i\c v~ tam Iy thl!c nghi~m
ap d~ng vao giao d~c dUQcClaparede trlnh bay trang tac phiim " Su Ph~m Thl!c Nghi~m
va Tam Ly Tu6i Tho" Psychologie de [,Enfant et Pedagogie Experimentale - Experimental
Pedagogy and the Psychology of the Child, xuat ban vao nam 1909. Sau nay, Claparede
d6ng mQt vai tra quan trQng trang vi~c thiet l~p "HQc Vi~n 1.1. Rousseau" hay can gQi la
"HQc Vi~n Geneva" t~i Geneva vao nam 1912 va tra thanh giam d6c. HQc vi~n nay
chuyen nghien CUuv~ eac van d~ tam ly tre em cung nhu nhUng ap d~ng tam Iy vao giao
d~c, da thu hut nhi~u sinh vien, hQc gia tu khl\p noi tren the gioi den nghien cUu, hQc t~p.
Claparede hy vQng nhung nh~n djnh tam Iy c6 tinh each thl!C nghi~m cua ong se tra tMnh

nhung quan diGm din ban trang giao d~c"

2. Jean Piaget va quan dil!m "giao dl,lcthtfc nghi~m"

M~c dich cua 6ng ouqc nha tam ly hQc Th~y STJean Piaget (Xem them m~c III a tren)
tie'p t~c" Piaget nghien cUu v~ cac tr~ng thai tam Iy "trang vi~c phat trin kie'n thuc tre em.
Sau khi quan sat va nghien CUuty ml, ong nh~n ojnh r~ng sl! phat trin tri tu~ tre em trai
qua b6n giai oO(ln din ban tuong tl! a bat cu dja phuong naa. Tuy nhien, sl! phat trin co
khac bi~t v~ cac thoi ky phat triGn va tu6i phat trin tuy thuQc vaa van hoa khac bi~t.
Giai oo~n phat triGn thu nhat dicSnra vaa tu6i so sinh, tu khi moi sinh toi truoc khi bie't
253

Cdc quan dilm gido d~c hi~n dq.i

noi. Tre em van giai do,!-nnay co th thu nhat cac tro choi (cong I,!-i)va phan tan cac tro
chui nay (tru di), cac em ding co th bie't tim toi cac tro choi d dau do. Nhu v~y, cac em
co th sinh hO'!-tvoi than th, tay, chan, mat trong khi 11mtoi cac tro chdi, co nghTa la hQc
hoi voi cac giac quan. Giai do,!-nthu hai du<;1cSif tr<;1gil1p cua ngon ngG'va diln diln tre em
phat trin du<;1cSif nh~n bie't qua ngon ngG' va tri oc. Tuy nhien, tre em i'I day chua hiu
du<;1ccac y niem trltu tu<;1ng,chua 11mdu<;1cIy do va ke't qua cua 51!viec va khong th he
th6ng hoa nhii'ng 51!viec du ddn gian. Giai do,!-n nay khi'li 51!vao ,Juc 2 tu5i va chilm dm
vao fuc 7 tu5i. Giai do,!-nthu ba du<;1cgQi la giai do,!-nsinh hOZltCl,lth. Tre em phai dudng
dilu va khi'li 51!11mhiu cac viln d thuoc lTnh vl!c kie'n thUe. Do do cac em co th nh~n
djnh du<;1cmot sO'y niem trU'utu<;1ngnhu trach nhiem, cong bAng, tl! do. Tuy nhien, nhG'ng
y niem thuiln tuy trltu tu<;1ngt5ng quat nhu xa h(Ji hoa, quan blnh vfrn qua kho d6i voi cac
em. Giao dl,lc trong giai do,!-n nay phai rilt thl!c te' va linh dong. Giang d,!-y di~n giang
hoan toan, khong con thich h<;1p.Giai do,!-n nay khi'li 51!tu 7 tu5i va chilm dm vao JUc II
tu5i. Giai do,!-n cu6i ciing tU II Mn 15 tu5i. Giai do,!-n nay la thai ky cua tu5i d~y thl va
phat trin r6 rang ve d th chilt liin kie'n thuc. Tre em co du<;1ckha nang suy tui'lng do 51!
phat trin th chilt dem l,!-iva ding do 51!tie'p xuc voi ngo,!-i dnh, voi b,!-n be cung va
khac gioi tinh. Cac y niem trltu tu<;1ngt5ng quat du<;1ccac em 11mhiu va co th tie'p nMn.
Giao dl,lc trong giai do,!-n nay dn du<;1cgiai thich'can ke va huang dfrn chu dao ~ua giao
vien. Piaget [hay the' Claparede lam giam d6c HQc vien 1.1. Rousseau tu nam 1921 va giG'
chuc vl,l nay trong nhieu nam. Gng sang tac nhieu tac ph~m tam Iy M chung minh cho
cae (juan <.limtam ly va anh hui'lng cua tam Iy tren giao dl,lc. Ci1ng nhu Claparede, Pia get
dua ra nh~n djnh giao dl,lc [hl!Cnghiem, ap dl,lng tam Iy VaGgiao dl,lC.
3. Alfred North Whitehead va quan mim "giao dl,lc thl!c nghiem "
SI! phat trin v mQi phuong dien i'Itre em, dac biet la cac cam xuc noi tam va y niem
ve phat trin xa h(Ji la dieu quan tam cua nhiu nha cai tie'n giao dl,lc. Cac nha giao dl,lC
nay v,!-ch ra 51!sai lilm ve nMn djnh cua mot sO'nguai cho ding nhG'ng sang kie'n tn tUe
giG'a nguai IOn va thie'n nien nhu nhau. Nha giao dl,lc, trie't gia nguai Anh Alfred North
Whitehead (1861-1947) trong tac ph~m "Chu Ky Nh4n Djnh" Cycle of Interests, dua ra
Iy thuye't cung mot nh~n djnh voi cac nha cai tie'n giao dl,lc tren. Gng cho rAng I1nh cam,
51!nh~n djnh chinh xac, kha nang t5ng quat hoa 51!viec la nhG'ng giai do,!-n phat trin
kie'n thuc trong tie'n trlnh tie'p nh~n, hQc hoi cua tre em va thie'u nien. Nguai trui'lng thanh
co kinh nghiem s6ng, co th phan biet va tie'p nh~n d~ dang; tre em va tu5i tre dn phai
du<;1chuang dfrn voi nhG'ng chi tie't ti mi cua giao vien d cac em co th tie'p nh~n mot
cach co hieu qua. Whitehead nh~n djnh rling trong bilt cu nen giao dl,lCnao, hQc sinh dn
dudc khuye'n khich cung voi nhG'ng di?ng lifc thUc dffy [rong viec suy tui'lng. Ngay tu nhG'ng
254

Cdc quan difm gido

dlfC

hi~n d{li

ngay d~u tien di hQc, cac em phai nh~n duqc kinh nghii;m hUng thu trong vii;c hQc t~p tim
toi va kham pha.
N6i chung, cac nha tam Iy giao dlJc tit Claparecte, Piagt;t dtn Whitehead va cac d6ng
nghieP khac deu nhan m\lnh vao viec ap dlJng tam ly thl)'c'ngii;m M giup hQc sinh nMn
d,nh, phan doan, tiep nh~n kitn thuc voi sl)' huang dh chuyen mon va thich dang clla cac
giao vien.
VII. Quan diim "giao dl}c ciii t~o xii hl)i" social- reconstructionist education
1. Chi] nghia Cl)ng san va quan diim "giao dl}c ciii t~o xii hl)i"
Quan di6m giao dlJc cai 1\10 xii hi,Jid\1t can ban tren Iy thuytt cho rhng xii hi,Jidn phai
duqc xay dl)'ng I\li qua chuang trlnh giao dlJC do chinh quyen ki6m soat. MlJc dich cua
chuang trlnh giao dlJc nay la xii hi,Jimoi phai thich nghi voi cac Iy tuong clla cht dO chinh
tri, duy trl mi,Jtchinh quyen vung m\lnh va cling la M t\lo dl)'ng mi,Jtxii hi,Jit6t d~p.
Cae qu6c gia theo chu nghla ci,Jng san c6 nen giao dlJc cai t\lo xii hi,Ji tieu bi6u nhat.
Khoi d~u, nen giao dlJc nay d\1t can ban tren tritt Iy chinh tr, Karl Marx va duqc thl)'c hii;n
t\li Lien XO. D~n d~n, nen giao dlJc nily dao t\lO mi,Jts6 kha IOn thanh thitu nien tren tht
gioi t\li Lien XO cling nhu cae nuac khac cling cht di,Jxii hOi. Tit nam 1950, ben c\lnh cac
ly thuytt chinh tri, nen giao dlJC nay cM trQng d\1c biet van chu di6m "ky thu~t h6a da
d\lng" polytechnization. Con nguCli, khong chi dan gian la "cong dan khon ngoan" homo
sapiens rna la "cong dan da dlJng" homo faber. Cong dan trong cht di,Jchinh tr, nay duqc
giao dlJC M phat tri6n d~y du ve kitn thUc, tinh th~n, d\lo duc; ngo h~u c6 th6 d6ng g6p
vao viec cai titn xii hQi qua sl)' lien hi; voi mQi gioi, d\1c biet la hqp tac cac no Il)'cd6 san
xuat va sang t\lO cac san phffm ky nghi;, nghi; thu~t, van h6a va c6 th6 thl)'c hien nhung
mlJc tieu cao d~p cho ban than va xii hi,Ji. Nhu vaY, hQc dUClngphai chuffn bi sKn sang M
dao t\lO hQc sinh, sinh vien c6 kha nang thl)'c hien tat ca cac mlJc tieu tren qua chuang
trlnh hQc t~p vita ly thuyet t\li Wp hQc, vita chia se nhung cong tac thl)'c t~p xii hQi trong
cac hO\lt dOng thl)'Cti~n cua xii hi,Ji.
2. Do Thai va quan diem "giao dl}c cai t~o xii hl)i"
Mi,Jtquan di6m khac biet ve giao dlJc cai t\lo xii hi,Jithay duqc cac "nong truClngt~p
th6" kibbutzim hay collective farms
Do Thai (Israel). Di6m quan trQng nhat clla nen
giao dlJc nay la phlJ huynh nhuClng quyen san s6c va d\lY do con em, c6 khi ngay khi dUa
tre IQt long m~, cho cac nhi'! giao dlJc chuyen mon. TruClng hQc clla cac kibbutzim duqc
thanh I~p voi Iy do chinh tri, ton giao, kinh tt M thl)'c hii;n mQt chuang trlnh giao dl}Ccai
t\lo xii hQi theo quan diim va mlJCdich cua xii hOi Do Thai. Giao dlJc trong kibbutzim theo
quan diim hoan toan blnh d~ng nam nu; la dUClng16it6t d~p nhat M con tre trong tuang lai

255

Cdc quan dilm gido dl:lchi~n dqi

so'ng thich hQp voi xii hQi nong trt10ng t~p th~; giaa dl)c nay khaa hQc hon, hil.lu nghil.lm
hon, thich dang hon, da d~ng hon 1o'i giao dl)c gia dlnh, duoi sl)' san soc cua cac nha
chuyen mon nhu y ta cho eac tre so sinh, giaa vien trang mQt khung canh hoan toan tl)'do,
khong bj cac kho khan tra ng~i do sl)' lien hl.l khong to't dt;p co th~ xify ra trang gia d1nh;
giao dl)c nay dan chu hon giao dl)c c6 di~n va duy trl dl1Qc truyn tho'ng sinh ho~t trang
~ac nong tr~i t~p th~, phu hQp voi t6 ChllCxii hQi, ton giaa va hoan canh chinh trj d~c bil.lt
cua Do Thai.
Nn giao dl)c cai t~o xii hQi t~i Lien XO va eac nuoc xii hQi chu 'nghla dii co nhii'ng bie'n
d6i nhit dinh, nhit la sau ngay thay d6i v~ th~ che' chinh trj t~i Nga, ding nhu qua cong
cUQcd6i moi, cai cach t~i mQt so' quo'c gia khac. N~n giao dl)c cai t~o xii hQi t~i Do. Thai
rit thich hQp voi hoan canh chinh trj, kinh te', ton giao cua quo'c gia nay va chi thl)'c hil.ln
to't dt;p t~i day rna thoi. Co Ie khong mQt phl) huynh nao ngoai Do Thai muo'n xa cach can
em ngay tll' hie IQt long va pho m~ctu(jng lai can em cho chinh quy~n.
VIII. Nhii'ng vin d~ kh6 khan trong giao dt.Ic - Vin d~ x:l"hQi bie'n chuyin do tie'n b(l
cua khoa hQc ky thu~t, vin d~ nhan dt.Ing, vin d~ giao dt.Ic thfch dang ...
Y tl1ang giaa dl)c di t~O xii hQi dl1a ra nh~n dinh r~ng giaa dl)c co kha nang lam thay
d6i xii hQi. Vao nhii'ng th~p nien cuo'i cua the' ky thU 20, nhi~u nguoi to ra bi quan v~ nh~n
djnh tren. Tuy nhien, nguoi ta nhln nh~n quan di~m moi, ne'u giaa dl)c khong th~ cai t~a
xii hQi. no co anh huang Mn xii hQi va ca nhan. Quan di~m niiy dua Mn ket qua Iii sl)'pMt
tri~n !dn m~nh angiinh giaa dl)c caa dang vii d~i hQc voi nhii'ng khoa hQc moi v khoa
hQc, ky thu~t; voi th~ thUc quan trj, diu hanh moi; giao dl)c sinh vien blnh thuang cung
nhu" sinh vien bj thil.lt thoi t~i ca nhii'ng quo'c gia tin tie'n cung nhu quo'c gia dang rna
mango
.. Quan di~m moi v~ giao dl)c dua Mn sl)'quan tam cua ca the' gioi v~ vil.lc tai trQ cho cac
quo'c gia dang phat tri~n M thl)'c hil.ln ml)c tieu giao dl)c mol. Giaa dl)c phai dUQc cai Iii
mQt phuong til.ln can ban M xac nh~n va cung cilp kie'n thUc mQt cach blnh dang cho bit
Cll ai nhit Iii nhii'ng nguai bi thil.lt thoi VIkhac bil.lt gioi tinh, chung tQc, nguon go'c, tu6i tac
hay khuye't t~t. 51)' kil.ln niiy dua Mn nhu du cai tien vil.lc so~n thaa sach giaa khaa, nh~n
dinh moi v~ ngon ngii' giang d~y, thay d6i tieu chuifn nh~n sinh vien VaG cac ngiinh hQc
caa dang vii d~i hQc. Quan nil.lm blnh dang tren con dua Mn vil.lc dinh nghla nMn dinh
niiy mQt each [Qng riii hon. Blnh dang trang giao dl)C cung co nghla la blnh dang trang
vil.lc tlm kie'm vil.lc lam. Nhii'ng nguai khuye't t~t, tu6i tac, nii' gioi, chung tQc, nguon go'c
khac bil.lt phai <;0co hQi dong Mu trang nhan dl)ng nhu bit Cll ai .
. Sau The' chie'n thll II (1937-1945), sl)' t6n thit !dn lao. v~ nhan m~ng, da so'1a thanh
thie'lJnien l'li cUQc chie'n niiy, dua Mnnh~n djnh vai tro quan trQng cua gioi tre. Nh~n

.-

256

Cdc quan die'm gido

r.

dl;lC

hi~n d(li

>

,.

..

'.

dinh quan trQng v~ tu6i tre kern theo voi sl! lien quan clla gioi nay voi cac ngiinh phat
tri6n khac. 51! quan tam clla nhan lo~i v~ van M bao v~ moi truong dii tra thiinh d~ tiii
tmph lu~n soi n6i, nhan m~nh Mn anh huang clla moi truong tren doi s6ng tinh th~n va
xii hoi. Bao v~ moi truong c6 nghTa Iii h<;lptac xay dl!ng mii khong phai c~nh tranh tieu
di~t. Di~u quan trQng a day Iii phai co mot sl! lien quan thich dang giua h~ th6ng kinh tt:
vii sl! tit:n h6a chung, giua phat tri6n vii bao v~ trang pMt tri6n. Mot van d~ quan trQng
kMc nua Iii sl! pMt tri6n qua mau chong vii Ion m~nh clla ngiinh di~n til tin hQc, d~c bi~t
Iii vi~c ap dl,mg may di~n toan trang cac ngiinh giao d\)c, vu<;ltqua xa sl! tien doan v~ tit:n
bo ky thu~t niiy. Mot so' tu tuang gia nghT ding tit:n bO ky thu~t cao dO di ngU<;lCI~i sl!
quan tam v~ nhan sinh. Nhi~u nguoi khac nh~n dinh r~ng tin bO ky thu~t cao dO giup
ph6i h<;lpdi~u hiinh mot cach c6 hi~u qua trang vi~c ki6m soat dan so' nhan lo~i dii tang
qua nhanh vii co th6 xay dl!ng mot ht: th6ng suy tuang c6 hi~u qua.
Quan di6m rat ph6 thong v~ tin bO ky thu~t co anh huang rat Ion dt:n giao d\)c trang
vi~c quyt:t djnh vii xay dl!ng chinh sach. Them viio do, nhung kho khan v~ quan tIi mot
M th6ng giao d\)c mili ngiiy mot rong IOn va da d~ng, ciing nhu thoa miin nhu du hQc hoi
g~n nhu bat t~n, nhung kh6 khan khong co dU<;lcmot sl! tho a hi~p hoiin toiin v~ liinh d~o,
v~ quan tfi. t~o fa sl! phe blnh clla mQi giOi vii kt:t qua Iii khong c6 dU<;lcmot kt: ho~ch
giao d\)c lau diii thich dang. D giai quyt:t cac van d~ kh6 khan tren, gioi liinh d~o d~i hQc
vii chinh quy~n dii co' gang giai quyt:t voi cac giai pMp di tin ky thu~t, quan tfj hi~u qua
vii dap ung thoa miin Mn muc t6i da cac phe blnh chi trich clla cong lu~n. Do do, n~n giao
d\)c cong d6ng dja phl10ng dl1<;1C
h~ th6ng h6a, dU<;lCcM trQng d~c bi~t voi quy~n ki6m
soat vii tiii tr<;lclla trung uong; cac trung' tam giao d\)c cao d~ng moi thich h<;lplion dI!<;IC
thit:t I~p, dU<;lCph6i h<;lpcMt che voi cac trung tam giao d\)c cao dbg
vii d~i hQC IOn
khac. Dii c6 sl! quan tam d~c bi~t viio cac giai do~n chuy6n tit:p mii truoc kia h~u nhl1
liing quen: tU gia dinh toi hQc dl1ong, tll ti6u hQc len trung hQc, tll trung hQc len cao d~ng
vii d~i hQc, tll giao d\)c Mn nhan d\)ng. Cac tfl10ng cao dhg vii d~i hQCdU<;lCoMn djnh
nhl1 mot n~n giao d\)c t6ng h<;lp;vi~c ki6m tra danh gia tinh vi, thich dang han; gia tri van
b~ng dl1<;1C
phan bi~t khong nhung voi Mng cap cao d~ng, d~i hQC,cao hQCrna con qua
cac chung chi xac nh~n nam hQc. Phuong phap giang d~y di~n giang-thao lu~n-nghien
cUu vii chuang tdnh giang' d~y ciin ban dU<;lcap d\)ng. Giao d\)c t6ng quat tiu vii !rUng
hQc v~n khong c6 nhi~u cai tin viio ti~n ban tht: ky; nhUng viio h~u ban tht: ky, dii co
nhung thay d6i Ion voi cac mon hQc moi xuat hi~n nhl1 kt: toan, quan tfj kinh doanh, lu~t
pMp, truy~n thong, tin hQc ... Vi~c diio t~o giao vien dii co tit:n bo, h~u ht:t cac qu6c
gia ap d\)ng giao d\)c d~i hQc t~i cac trl10ng su ph~m M diio t~o giao vien. Giao vien
dl1<;1C
tin nhi~m trang vi~c giang d~y cac mon hQc nhung kit:n thUc t6ng quat v~n chua
dl1<;1C
sau fong M nam vung nhung thay d6i clla khoa hQc vii ky thu~t viio cu6i tht: kyo Vi
257

Cdc quan dilm gido dl:lchifn d{li

v~y, da c6 nhung keu gQi tai huiin luyc;:ngiao vien vi; cac tien bi) ky thu~t moi, rna nhiYng
hi)i thao thuang xuyen va djnh ky t~i cae ciip giao dl)C M cac giao vien traa d5i kinh
nghil$m, thl)'c hic;:n liln dilu tien trang lich str giao dl)C viec kil!m tra danh gia giao vien
hang nam do chinh giao vien tl)' kil!m tra va kil!m tra clla gioi lanh d~o giao dl)C dja
phl!dng.
Nhung ceSg~ng giln day VaGcueSithe ky t~p trung VaG giao dl)c t5ng quat va giao dl)c
huiin nghieP di! khuyen khich hQc sinh trong theo hQc cac trl!ang ,chuyen nghil$p, neu hQ
khang c6 kha nang hQc len cao, cung nhl! dap ung nhu cilu nhan dl)ng moi do hoan canh
xa hi)i t~o ra.
Nhl! v~y, voi nhii'ng ehinh sikh vi; cai tien giao dl)c, nhii;u chl!dng trlnh moi dl!<:Jcthl)'c
hien, ml)C dich giao dl)c dl!<:Jcrna ri)ng, cac cd so giao dl)c gia tang va trai ri)ng kh~p lanh
th5, hQc sinh cac ciip cae nganh gia tang. Ket qua la sau giao dl)C, riit nhii;u thanh nien c6
eang viee lam phu h<:Jpvoi kha nang. Tuy v~y, nhii;u thanh nien khac van khang tim ra
viec lam vi xii hi)i bien ehuyn, nhii'ng dl)' tinh giao dl)Cclla miiy nam vi; trl!oe nay da thay
d5i. Do d6, viin di; dat ra la nhiem Vl) thich dang ella cae cd sCIgiao dl)c di! dao t~o mi)t
each co hic;:uqua ngl!ai thanh nien tu nha trl!ang den nhan dl)ng bao dam cho ca dai seSng.
viin di; can ban nay cung voi cac viin d~ giao Ol)Ckhae la nhii'ng diu hoi va cung la nhung
kh6 khan rna cac nha giao dl)c phai dl!dng dfru trang tUdng lai.
Tiii liru tham khao:
_ Child - centred education. Tit ,tifn hach khoa The New Encyclpaedia Britannica. Multimedia Edition. 1998
- Claparede. Edouard. Tai /ifu dil "'In n/lu tren
- Decro/y, Ovide. TiJi liru dB c/tin nhil tren
. D~K'e)'.John. Tit dien huch khou The World Book Encyclopedia,

Multimedia

Edition, 2001

- Freud, Sif.:rnund. TiLi liru ,1ii dJn nhl1ntren

_ Influence ofpsycholoKY. Tit ,lifn hUch khoa The New Encyclopaedia Britannica. Multimedia Edition. 1998.
_JunK. Carl. Tit difn hUch khoa The World Book Encyclopedia. Multimedia Edition. 2001
- M~mte.'iSo,i, Maria. TiJi lifu dii dun nhLllren
_ More trends and prohlems. Til diin hach khou The New Encyclopaedia
Britannica, Multimedia

Edition,

1998

- Purter, Francis. Tuj li~u (Tildun nhu (ren

- PiaKet. Jean. Tit difn hach khoa The World Book Encyclopedia. Multimedia Edition. 2001
Pmgressil'f! education. Til dien huch kho(J The New Encyclopaedi(J Britannica, Multimedia Edition, /998

- ScientUic - realist education.

_ Sm,,'iul - reconstruciionisl
- Thorndike.

TiJi lifu (1ii dJn nhu lren

educution.

Tut' lifu (1ii diin nhu Iret'

Edv.'urd Lee. TJi lifu dil dan nhu Iren

TJi lifu (til ddn nhLllren

. Traditionul

movement.

- Whileheud,

AUred North. TiJi liru Jil ddn nhu tren

- William, james.

rui li(u l1ii lhin nhLllren

258

.Chlidng 22
Giao d(lc tht ky thrl 20 va tm hiin t(li
GiaQ d(lc t(li cac qu{fc gia phat triln
I. Cillo d\lc tl,li Pha p
1. Ciao d\lc qu{{c gia ph3t triin tiJ' thiii D~ 1Il Cqng bOa
2. Nhung cai tie'n sau The' chie'n thu II - Du'ong hu'dn'g giao d\lc mdi
2.1 Ciii tie'n chu'dng trinh tiiu hQc, trung hQc - Cilio d\lc tli'ng quat
va thtfc d\lng
2.2 Ciii tie'n chu'dng trlnh cao d:ing va dl,li hQc - Ciii tli' va sap nMp
II. Ciao d\lC tl,li Duc
1. Ciao dQC thoi quan chU - Ciao d\lc cli' diin
2. Ciao d\lC thoi Cqng hoa Weimar - Ciao d\lC cli' diin ciii tie'n
3. Ciao dQC thoi Duc Qu{{c xii - Ciao d\lc chung tqc
4. Cilio d\lc sau The' chie'n thu II - Ciao d\lC cai tie'n va thtfc d\lng
III. Ciao d\lC tl,li Anh
1. Ciao dQC tdi ddu the' ky thu 20 - Ciao dQC trung hQc ph3t triin
2. Lu~lt Ciao d\lC 1944 - Ciii tie'n toan bq giao d\lc tiiu hQc va trung hQc
3. Biii bO ky thi vao trung IiQc - Ciao d\lC thtfc dQng
4. Ciao dQC bli' tilc va giao dQc ky thu~t - Ciao d\lc chuy~n nghi~p
IV. Ciao d\lC tl,li My
1. Chinh phu Ii~n bang va iinh hu'dng tr~n chu'dng trinh giao d\lc
2. Chu'dng trinh giao dQc trung tiiu hQc md rqng
3. Ciii tie'n chu'dng trlnh giiing dl,lY- Ciao d\lC thtfc d\lng
4. cM tie'n'chu'dng trlnh giao dQc cao d:ing va dl,li hQC
5. Cac tli' chuc giao dQc chuy~n nghi~p
V. Ciao d\lC tl,li NM t
1. Ciao d\lC vao ddu the' ky thu 20 - Ciao d\lc cai tie'n va truy~n th{{ng
2. Ciao d\lC tdi nam 1940 - Ciao d\lC ciii tie'n va truy~n th6ng ph3t
triin ml,lnh
3. Ciao d\lC trong The' chie'n 11- Ciao d\lC ph\lc V\l chie'n tranh
4. Ciao d\lC sau The' chie'n II - Ciao d\lC truy~n th{{ng va thtfc d\lng
VI. Ciao dQC tl,li Canada
259

1. Quan trj va di~u hanh giao dl,lc - Trung u'dng tai trq
2. Giao dl,lc tiiu hqc va trung hqc - Cai titn va phat triin
3. Giao dl,lc cao d~ng va d~i hqc - PMt triin m~nh me
VII. Giao dl,lc t~i Uc (Australia)
1. Quan trj va di~u h3nh giao dl,lc- Trung u'dng tai trq va phlli hqp
2. Giao dl,lc tiiu hQCva trung hQC- Cai titn toan di~n va pMt triin
dilng nhat
3. Giao dl,lc cao d~ng va d~i hqc - Cai t6 toan di~n va thllng nhat
toan qullc
VIII. Giao dl,lc t~i New Zealand
IX. Giao dl,lc t~i Y (Italy)
X. Giao dl,lc t~i Thl,lYSi (Switzerland)
XI. Giao dl,lc t~i Thl,lYViin (Sweeden)
XII. Giao dl,lc t~i Ha Lan (Holland)
Cac nliac phat tri'::n oa c6 nhung bliac tien IOn lao v~ giao dl,lc tll' the ky thl1 19 vii
trliac nua v~ ou mQi phliang dii)n. Bliac vao the ky thl1 20. cac quoc gia nay tiep tl,lc cai
tien vai nhung sang kien mai. Sif tien bQ nay cQng vai kha nang khoa hQc, ky thu~t, ky
nghi), hQ oa che nglf v~ mQi IInh vlfc khong rieng gl giao dl,lc va gay anh hlidng IOn lao v~
van h6a, giao dl,lc, thliang m\li tren the giai. Cac nliac nay g6m mQt so quoc gia Au Chau;
My vii Canada d B~c My Chau; Uc, New Zealand va A Chau c6 slf 06ng g6p duy nhat la
Nh~t Ban.
I. Giao dl,lc t~i PM p
1. Giao dl,lc qullc gia phat triin tli thOi D~ tam CQng hoa
Vii)c thanh l~p Di) tam CQng hoa vao nam 1870 oem I\li slf cai t6 toan dii)n n~n giao
dl,lc Phap. Giao dl,lc bay gio la trach nhii)m cua quoc gia. Nam 1882, lu~t cliBng bach giao
dl,lc ra ooi ap dl,lng cho cac tre em tll' 6 oen 13 tu5i. Nam 1886, chinh quy~n ban hanh lu~t
earn cac tu 51 giang d\lY t\li cac trliong cong l~p va nam 1904, lu~t dm thiet l~p cac trliong
ton giao ra ooi. Nhli v~y, nliac Phap oa thiet l~p mQt n~n giao dl,lc quoc gia mien phi,
cliBng bach va hoan toan khong chju anh hlidng ton giao. The tl,lc h6a giao dl,lc la chinh
sach cua nha dm quy~n. Tuy nhien, trang thlfc te, cac trliang cUa giao hQi Ky To Giao
thanh l~p tll' trliac van Oli<;JC
phep tiep tl,lc hO\lt oQng. Han nua, Phap la quoc gia chiu anh
hlidng sau rQng Ky To Giao, nen so hQc sinh t\li cac trliong nay kha oong.
M~c d<1uvoi nhung co g~ng thiet l~p mQt hi) thong giao dl,lc thong nhat, do trung liang
kil!m soat, nhu'ng vI hoiin canh chinh trj va xa hQi, Phap phai thlfC hii)n hai hi) thong glao
dl,lc song song. MQt la hi) thong cac trliong dan l~p cua giao hQi va tli nhan thanh l~p. Hai
la hi) thong cong l~p IOn lao g6m cac trliong til!u hQc, cao dang ti'::u hQc, cac trliong trung
260

Giao d(lc the' ky thti 20 va tui hifn t(li t(li cac

quoc gia phdt

triin

hQc c6din (lycee) va cac truang trung h'.lCph6 thong. Cac truang trung h'.lCc6 din duy
trl quan e1imbao thu; chuang trlnh giang d'lY chu tr'.lng vao cac monh'.lc c6 e1inHy L'IP,
La MiL Ttli nam 1902, chuang tdnh nay moi du(Jc thay d6i, giam giO d'lY c6 e1in,them
giO d'lY cac man nhan van, ng0'li ngii', toan, khoa h'.lCva mai toi cac nam giii'a hai cUQc
the' chie'n, cac truang nay moi co slf chuyn huong voi chuang trlnh giao d\lc huong
nghie(:p.Cac truang trung hQc ph6 thong giang d'lY cae man hQc t6ng quat va khong co cac
man hQc c6 din.
Vie(:cquan tri va di~u hanh he(:th6ng giao dl;!Ca Phap v~n duy trl tlnh cach trung uang
taP quy~n. BQ Giao dl;!cban hanh chlnh sach, theo doi, kim soat v~ e1umQi phuong die(:n
nhu chuang trlnh giang d,!y, phuang phap su ph,!m, xuilt ban sach giao khoa, kim soat
kha nang giUng d,!y cua giao vien. Dung dfru BQ Giao dl;!c 1a bQ truang. BQ tntang co
nhi~u c6 viln va ca mQt he(:th6ng nhiin vien trl!c thuQc cac clip tu trung uang Mn dia
phuong. Nuoc Phap chia ra lilln 27 khu giao dl;!c.DUng dilu khu giao dl;!cla giam d6c, d,!i
die(:ncho bi), co nhie(:mvu thlfC hie(:nmQi chinh sach cua trung uang, b6 nhie(:mhie(:utruang
va giao vien cac truang. PhI;!ta giam d6c la cac nhan vien hanh chinh va quan trQng nhilt
la cac thanh tra giao duc, thanh tra dia phU(1ng va thanh tra trung uang. Hie(:utnlCJngcac
truang tiu hQc, trung hQc phai tuang trlnh mQi h0'lt dQng len khu giao dl;!c. Chinh sach va
chuang tdnh giao dl;!Ca Phap kh6ng co mily thay d6i cho toi sau The' chie'n thu II (19391945).
2. Nhi1ng cai tie'n sau The' chie'n thli' II (1939-1945) - Duling huang giao d\lt: mai
Tu nam 1946, chinh sach giao dl;!Ca Phap thay d6i va nam trang chuang tdnh cai t6
qu6c gia do HOi D6ng Ke' Ho,!ch Trung Vang Central Planning Commission hO'lch dinh.
Chinh quy~n co y dinh cai t6 nfn giao dl;!c Iili thai da xuilt hie(:ntren nua the ky truoc.
Them vao do, phong trao sinh vien biu t1nh phan d6i chinh sach giao dl;!cnhilt la van cae
nam cu6i cua thap nien 1960, dIT thuc dffy chinh quyfn thlfc hie(:nnhii'ng thay d6i. Nhii'ng
cai t6 nay bao g6m vie(:chii'll hie(:uhoa hi,\ th6ng hanh chinh giao dl;!c; huong giao dl;!Cv~
cac ml;!c tieu phat trin kinh te', tien trin ky thuilt; cai tie'n he(:th6ng kim tra danh gia;
thie't lilp cac trung tam giao dl;!c ci)ng e16ng cho ca thanh thie'u nien l~n nguai truang
thanh; thie't lilp cac trung tam huiln nghi~p giup hQc sinh khong co kha nang hQc len cao;
xoa bii nhii'ng "bilt blnh d&ng" trong giao dl;!c tu xua gay thie(:tthoi cho cac thanh phfrn
thieu s6, sftc ti)c, di dan, nii' gioi; thie't lilp cac truang diic bie(:tspecial school M giang d'lY
cac tf(~em khuyet tat v~ th xac va tam than.
Nam 1948, Hili d6ng Ke' ho,!ch Trung uang quyet dinh thi Mnh chuang trlnh cai t6
giao duc mi)t cach sau ri)ng. Giao dl;!ccuong bach tlt 6 toi 16 tu6i.

261

Gido dc tM

ky tM 20 va toi hi~n t{1it{li cdc qlioc gia phdt triin

2.1 Cai titn chlidng trinh tiiu hQc, trung

hQc - Giao dvc t6ng quat, tht!c dyng,

Illy

hQC sinh lam trung tam

H~ th5ng giao d\lc trung, ti~u h9C dl1<;1C
chia lam ba giai dO(ln. Giai dO(ln I tit 6 tai II tu6i,
giao d\lc

0 day c6 m\lc dich phat tri~n sV luCu bitt can ban va rilt t6ng quat. Giai dO(ln 2 tit II

tai 15 tu6i, thai ky hliang dfrn phat tri~n nang khitu. Giai dO(ln 3 tit 15 tai 18 tu6i, giao dvc mo
r(lng va chuyen bi~t. H~ th5ng giao d\lc nay phai dli<;1Cphat tri~n m(lt cach thich dang, dao ll).o
h9C sinh tit m(lt trliong ti~u h9C thong thliong d~ bliOc VaG m(lt giai dO(ln h9C ~p mai

0 trung

h9C. Chliang trlnh giao d\lc m6i giai dO(ln phai dli<;JcsO(ln thao d~ c6 th~ cung cilp nhii'ng kitn
thuc c6 gia IIi thvc tt, ngo hdu hliang dan h9C sinh !rong vi~c. chQn nganh h9C !ren d(li h9C
hoi).c huiln nghi~p !rong tliang lai.
TruOc giai dO(ln ti~u h9C, cac em nhi'> dliai 6 tu6i dli<;1Cgiao d\lc ll).i cac trliong mau giao

ecole matemalle va giai dO(ln giao d\lc nay khong Mt bu9c. Giai dO(ln cu'Ong bach giao d\lc tit
6 tai 16 tu6i, thay vi 13 tu6i nhli trliOc va hoan lOan mi~n phi. T(li trliong ti~u h9C, h9C sinh
hoan tilt chliang trlnh hQc !rong 5 nam. Tie'p theo la 4 nam trung hQCcllp I. Trang nhii'ng nam
nam h9C nay; m6i h9C sinh se dli<;lCm(lt giao vi en hliang dfrn th~o doi tit vi~c titp nh~n kitn
thuc, dtn so thich, tam

Iy

ca nhan voi m\lc dich 11m hi~u kha nang va khuynh hliong nghe

nghi~p tliang lai khi cac em blioc VaGnhii'ng nam cu5i cila truong trung h9C. Voi sV hliang dan
cila giao vien 0 nhii'ng nam trung h9C cllp I, hQc sinh tit 15 dtn 18 tu6i se chQn m(lt !rong hai
nganh hQc trang 3 nam t(li hai 10(li truong trung hQc cilp II. M(lt s5 se dli<;1CchQn theo h9C t(li
cae Truong Trung H9C Ph6 Thong va Ky Thu~t

Lycee d' enseignement general et technologique,

tliang tV nhli trliong !rung h9C ph6 thong thai trlioc. M(lt s5 khac dli<;lcchQn theo h9C t(li cac
Truong Trung HQc Huii'n Nghi~p

Lycee d' enseignement professionel, m(lt trung tam giao d\lc

moi bao g6m cac nganh hQc ky thu~t thVc d\lng. Nhli v~y, cac trliong trung hQc c6 di~n dii.
khong con t6n t(li nua.
T(li cac trliong trung hQc ph6 thong va ky thu~t, h9C sinh hQc cac man hQc t6ng quat !rong
nam thu nhii't tuc la lOp 10 voi nhU'ng man hQc bilt bu(lc va nhU'ng man hQc chQn Iva. Hai nam
h9C sau, voi sV hliong dan cila cae giao vien, hQc sinh chQn m(lt !rong nam nganh h9C sau day:
van h9C va tritt hQC, kinh te'va khoa hQc xii. h(li, toan va (y, khoa h9C dia du
khoa h9C vaky

y hQi

va sinh h9C,

thu~t ling d\lng. Ben c(lnh cac man h9C chinh thuc, c6 ffi(lt s5 man h9C nhi~ffi

sinh dli<;lctuy ti~n chQn Iva. Tilt ca cac man nay deu hliang ve nganh h9C chinh cila hQC

sinh. T(li lOp 12, h9C sinh chQn hQC nhU'ng man thich h<;lpvoi so thich ca nhiin va tliang It! vai
cac man hQc cila lOp 11. Cu5i nam lop 12, hQc sinh thi lily van bling til tiii

baccalaureat hay

van bling t5t nghi~p trung h9C. Ky thi nay bao g6m cii thi vii!t, thi viln dap va la kY thi kh6
nhilt so voi cac ky thi tliang tV cila ca tht gioi, trung blnh chi c6 khoang 70% hQc sinh thi d~u,
han m(lt nita la nu sinh. Trang khi d6, ty s5 d~u trung blnh t5t nghi~p trung h9C cila cac qu5c
gia khac vao khoang 90% dtn 95%. D~u ky thi nay, sinh vien h(li dil dieu ki~n ghi ten theo
h9C hoi).c thi VilOdl).ihQC. \
262

..

Gido d~c tM

ky

thi) 20

va ((Ji hi?n

((;Iitr;zicdc qu6c gia phdt triln

Tl)i tru'ang trung hQC hulln nghi~p, hQc sinh co nhi~u chQn h,ta h<1n.Co toi 30 khoa
hQc ou nganh ngh~ o thi Illy van b~ng tl1 tai ky thu~t. M6i khoa hQc keodai 3 nam. Thi
O~u van b~ng nay, hQc sinh CO th~ ghi ten ho(\c dl,f thi van cac,tntang ol)i hQc ky thu~t.
Ntu khong co y ojnh hQc len cao, hQc sinh co th theo hQc Illy "chling chi can sl,f ky
thu~t" brevet de technicien - technician diploma, "chung chi chuyen nghi~p" brevet
d' etudes professionelles - diploma of vocational studies ho(\c "chling chi nang khitu ngh~
nghi~p" certificat (j' aptitude professionelle - certificate of vocational aptitude. HQ~ sinh co
th chihQc mQt nam hQC chuyen man nhu'ng khong co chung chi t6t nghi~p. HQc sinh
ding co th vita hQc Iy thuytt tl)i tru'ang vita hQc thl,fCt~p tl)i cac xi nghi~p M tra tMnh
cac th<;lchuyen man.
V~ phu'<1ngdi~n giang dl)Y, giao vien t6t nghi~p cac tru'ang su' phl)m ou'<;lc
oanh gia qua
cac ky thi cu6i khoa va con tuy thuQc van thai gian va 10l)i van b~ng theo hQc. Co hai
ngl)ch giao vien ti~u hQc maitre cho nganh s<1cilp va nganh tiu hQc,hai ngl)ch giao f!
trung hQc professeur cho trung hQc cilp I va trung hQCcilp II, cao nhllt la ngl)ch giao su'
thl)c si agrege M dl)Y nam cu6i cung b~c trung hQc cilp II va cac Wong su' phl)m. Vao
nam 1990, Phap co 2.535.995 hQc sinh hQc Idp m~u giao, trem 7 tri~u hQc sinh tiu hQc,
5.614.894 hQc sinh trung hQc ph6 thong, 1.325.008 hQc sinh trung hQc ky thu~t.

'.

2.2 Cai tie'n chu'ling tflnh cao d~ng va dl,li hQC- Cai t6 va sap nh~p
Giao d~c cao ohg ou'<;lCgiang dl)Y tl)i cac tru'cing ol)i hQc, cac hQc vi~n thuQc cac ol)i
hQc, ho(\c cac "Trung Tlim Giao D~c Ma RQng" Grandes Ecoles - TruiJng Un. Cac
tru'ang ol)i hQC rna cac kh6a hQc t6ng qmit OUcac nganh. Cac hQc vi~n rna cac nganh hQc
co tlnh cach ky thu~t. Cac trung l1imgiao d~c rna rQng hulln luy~n cac Iiganh ngh~ chuyen
man nhu' bu'U oi~n, vi{;n thong, hang hai, Mnh chinh ...Sinh vien theo hQc 2 nam tl)i cac
Trung Tlim Giao D~c Ma RQng d thi Illy "van b~ng t6t nghi~p" diploma cua nhi~u nganh
hQc. Sinh vien thea hQc tit 3 oen 4 nam M thi Illy b~ng Cll nhiin tl)i cac 10l)i tru'ang, tuy
thea nganh tiQc; ho(\c b~ng ell nhiin giao d~c tit 4 Mn 5 nam hQCtl)i cac Tru'ang Su' Phl)m
d giang dl)Y tl)i cac tru'ang ti1!u, trung hQc. Sinh vien xullt s~c, o~u ky thi o(\c bi~t v~ giao
d~c, ou'<;lCcilp ph:!t van b~ng thl)c si M giang dl)Y tl)i tru'ang tru'ang su' phl)m. Ngoai ra,
cac tru'ang ol)i hQc va hQc vi~n con clip pMt cac van b~ng thl)c si va titn s1
Cac tru'ang ol)i hQC PMp trai qua mQt thai gian bl)O oQng vaa nhung nam cu6i cua
th~p nien 1960. Sinh vien biu tinh tren toan qu6c phan d6i chinh sach can thi~p cua
chinh quy~n, phan d6i c<1cilu t6 chuc qua cMt che, ciing nhu' thitu nhung man hQc mdi
thleh ung vdi ky thu~t hi~n ol)i. Nhi~u ciii cach van th~p nien 1970 ail ou'<;Icthl,fChi~n,
gianh them nhi~u quy~n quytt ojnh cho cac ol)i hQc, sat nMp nhi~u ol)i hQc oQc I~p thanh
mQt vi~n ol)i hQc!dn d giam chi phi hanh chlnh, thitt l~p cac nganh hQc mdi, ciii titn

263

Giao dt,tc the'leY thU 20 va Mi hi~n tf;li tf;li cac

quae gia

phdt td!n

phuong phap kim tra danh gia cli VId~t n~ng V?IOthi cli' cu6i nam. M~c dfru c6 cac chinh
sach cai tie'n, so' sinh vien bo hQc sau nam thu hai vlln con cao, c6 nghla la sinh vien vlln
chua tim ra du<;1cnhii'ng kh6a hQc thich dang cling nhu chua bang long voi nhii'ng ci\i tie'n.
Cho Mn nhii'ng tMp nien cu6i cua the' ky tM 20, ng?mh d,!i hQc va cao dftng a Phap du<;1c
d.i t6 dfrn dfrn,them nii'a va duy trl cho Mn hi~n t,!i.Vao nam 1990, Phap voi 59 tri~u dan,
c6 1.840.307 sinh vien d,!i hQc, 1.246.989 sinh vien cac hQc vien va truong cao dftng. Vao
nam 1999, Phap c6 48 d,!i hQc, 71 hQc vi~n va tru'ong cao dftng cac lo",i, giao hQi Ky To
Giao c6 6 d,!i hQc va m(lt so' nho truong cao dftng. D,!i hQc Paris 'thanh I~p nam 1170 la
d,!i hQc Ian nhilt cua Phap va cua the' giai voi 320.000 sinh vien, trang d6 c6 khoang
50.000 sinh vien ngo,!i qu6c. Qu6c gia nay c6 so' dan bie't dQc vie't la 99%.
5au nhi~" cai tie'n, nhilt Ia vao the' ky tM 20, n~n giao dl,lc Phap vlln du<;1ccoi la m(lt
n~n giao dl,lc thien v~ c6 din, d~t n~ng chuang tdnh giao dl,lc cac mon hQc c6 tinh cach
t>ghien cUu sau r(lng, m~c dfru da c6 nhii'ng chuang trlnh huang v~ thI!C dl)ng phil h<;1pvoi
sI! phat trin v~ kinh te', ky thu~t, tin hQc. Dirn n6i b~t nhilt cua n~n giao dl,lc Phap la
chuang tdnh thi tu tai sau b~c trung hQc, m(lt van bang vai ky thi kh6 nhung rilt c6 gia trio
II. Giao dl,lc tlJi Duc
1. GiaodQc thOi quan chU (1871.1918) - Giao dQc c6 diin
5I! thanh l~p De' Qu6c Duc German Empire vao nam 1871 danh dilu nhii'ng phat trin
IOn , nhung cai tie'n v~ mQi phuong di~n, d~c bi~t la giao dl,lc voi chinh sach trung uong
t~p quy~n. M~c dfru nhii'ng tu tuang tI! do, tu tuang xa h(li du<;1cdua ra ban cai va ngay ca
nhii'ng phuong phap giao dl,lc thI!C dl,lng cilp Mn do cac nha giao dl,lc tie'n b(l M c~p Mn
vao the' ky tM 19 (Xem them chuang 18, m\lc I), nhung n~n giao dl,lc Duc vlln con d~t can
ban tren n~ngiao dl,lc phan chia giai cilp tit the' ky thu 18. Giao dt)c d,!i chung chi chu
trQng vao vi~c dQc, vie't, tinh toan, d,!O dU'cva cac mon hQc khoa hQc vlln chi rilt don gian.
M(lt thiu""s6 hQc sinh, sinh vien thu(lc giai cilp quy t(lc, thu<;1nglu'u huang u'u quy~n v~
giao dl,lc va chie'm da so' t,!i cac truong d,!i hQc. Nhii'ng cai tie'n r(lng IOn vaocu6i the' ky
thu 19, vai chinh sach giao dl,lc qu6c gia, n~n giao d\lc Duc c6 nhii'ng Mn b(l IOn va dlln
dfru the' gioi v~ phuong di~n nay. Tuy v~y, vlln chua x6a bo du'<;1cu'u quy~n giao dl,lc cua
m(lt thiu so'.
Vao giaido,!n nay, cac truong tiu hQc Volksschulen giang d,!y mic3n phi va cuong
bach. !=huong tdnh giao dl)c can ban Ia cac man dQc, vie't, tinh toan, khoa hQc.t6ng quat
cung voi th dl,lc th thao va ton giao. Trai gai hQCtruong rieng bi~t, trit truong h<;1pVI Iy
dothieu truong lop, nam nu mai ~Qc chung. Nam sinh du<;1chuang dlln v~ vi~c hQc t~p
Wong lai vdi' cac, ngh~ nghi~p tay chan, nii' sinh du<;1chuang dlln cac ngh~ nghi~p c6 tinh
each gia dlnh. 5au tiu hQc, ~am sinh tily theo sa thich va kha nang c6 th xin hQc m(lt

" .~

,,
I
4

~
",'1,

264

...

Ciao d(lc tM

ky

thu 20 va toi hi~n tt;litt;licac qu6c gia phdt triln

trang cac trliang sau day. Thu nhilt la trliang c6 dien Gymnasium, hQc t~p cac man hQc Hy
L~p va La MiL ThU hai la troang trung hQCc6 dien thl{Cdl)ng Realgymnasium, giam giO
hQc Hy L~p, La Mil va them vao cac man nhan van, toan va khoa hQc. Thu ba la trltang
trung hQc hi~n d~i Oberrealschulen, khong co man Hy L~p, La Ma va nhiln m~nh vao cac
man toan, khoa hQc, ngo~i ngIT. Dlidi triu d~i Wilhelm II (1859-1941), vao nam 1890,
nhi! vua ra chi thj ung hi) m~nh me chliang tdnh giao dl)c t,!i cac trliang trung hQc hi~n
d,!i. Du v~y, cac trliang trung hQc c6 dien v~n thu hut nhiu hQc sinh han cho tdi sau The
chien thl1 II.
Giao dl)c nITsinh dliQc cong nh~n t,!i Duc vao nam 1872, cai tien vao nam 1894 va m(lt
Ifrn nITa vao nam 1908. NITsinh dliQc hQc t,!i cac trliang tieu hQc rieng bi~t nhli da trlnh
bay
tren, r5i hQC tiep len trung hQc nhli nam sinh. Vi~c hQc t~p clla nITsinh vao giai
do,!n nay v~n can rilt gidi h,!n. Ngoai ra, nITsinh can dltQC theo hQc t,!i cac troang trung
lieu hQc dilc bit;t Lyzeum co thu hQc phi va nhlt v~y, giao dl)c nay chi danh rieng cho thieu
sO'nITsinh con nha quy t(lc, thliQng 111U, kinh doanh thanh thj. Chltang tdnh giao dl)C nay
keo dai 10 nam tu 6 Mn 16 tu6i. Ba nam dfru cua chliang tdnh la giai do,!n tieu hQc. Sau
do, nITsinh chQn hai nganh: m(lt la hQc hai nam r5i tie'p t\lC chliang tdnh trung hQc nhli
nam sinh; hai la hQc b6n nam chuffn bj sli ph,!m, tie'p theo do hQc them t,!i trltang sli ph,!m
de tra thanh giao vien.
Ngoai chliang trlnh giao dl)c trung hQc, con em cac gia d1nh lao d(lng dltQc theo hQc
cac khoa thl{c t~p t,!i xi nghi~p c(lng them m(lt phfrn Iy thuye't t,!i cac trltang huiln nghi~p
Berufsschulen. Chliang trlnh nay pMt trin m,!nh me tlt nam 1919 den nam 1938 va cac
trliang huiln nghi~p nay thu nh~n rilt nhiu hQc sinh Wi 18 tu6i khong co kha nang hQc t~p
len cao. ChlilJng trlnh nay thanh cong t5t d<;p va t5n t<)iMn ngay nay.

2. Ciao d\lc thb'i CQng hoa Weimar (1918.1933) - Ciao dl}Ccil diin cai titn
Giao dl)C thai C(lng Hoa Weimar Weimar Republic, tiep tl)Cchltang tdnh giao dl)Ccanh
tan thai quan chu. Tuy nhien,da c6mQt sO'cai tie'n. HfrUhet cac trltang tieu hQc vao giai
do,!n nay thl{c hi~n chli51ng trlnh giang d,!y 7 nam danh cho hQc sinh tu 6 den 13 tu6i,
wang bach va mien phi, thay VI 3 nam tlt 6 Mn 9 tu6i nhli trlidc. Vdi 4 nam hQc cu5i mdi
them vao b~c lieu hQc, m(lt s5 hQc sinh dltQc hQc cac man t6ng quat nhli cac lOp dlidi,
cQng them vdi cac man hQc co Hnh cach thl{Cdl)ng nhlt ve, am nh<)c, the d\lC th thao va
cae man ngh nghit;p thong dl)ng. HQc sinh hoan tilt chliang tdnh nay se dliQc theo hQc
cac man khoa hQc, ky thu~t t~i cac trliang trung hQc. HQc sinh khong hQc chliang trlnh
thl{c dl)ng, tiep tl)c hQc chliang trlnh t6ng quat, se theo hQc cac man toan, khoa hQc, nhan
van, ngo<)i ngITt<)icac trliang trung hQc. Man hQc giao ly viin can t5n t,!l nhu'ng khong bilt
bUQcv d phia hQc sinh I~n giao vien. HQc sinh co quyn tu ch5i hQc mon nay, giao vien
cang c6 quy~n tlt ch6i d<)ymon hoc nay.

'.

265

Gido dc the' ky thti 20 va tai hifn t(Ii t(Ii cdc

quae gia phdt

triin

vG cac lntong uung hQC,chinh quyGn duy trl cae truong uung hQChi~n hii'll, co nghIa la
hQCsinh tuy theo sd thich va kha nang theo hQClntong trung hQCc5 di~n, c5 di~n tlllic d~ng
hay trung hQChi~n d(li nhu thai lntac. vG phia nu sinh, co sl! thay d5i la co ba 10(li lntong
uung hQCtuang tl! nhu nam sinh va nii' sinh co quy~n ch,m Il!a theo hQC,tha y VIgiOi h(ln nhu
lnt&. Thai gian theo hQc t(li cae tntong trung hQc la 7 nam, Wc la hQCsinh hoan tat chuang
trlnh nay vao tu5i 20. Ngoai ra, chinh quy~n duejng thai con cho thiet I~p mQt 10(li lntong
uung hQCdac bi~t vai 9 nam hQC,nhan m(lnh vao cac man van hoa dan tQc, ngo(li ngu cung
vai cae man t6ng quat khac.
.
Chuang trlnh giang d(lYIy thuyet t(li cac tntung huan nghi~p, thl!c ~p t(li cac xi nghi~p tiep
t~c hOi,ltdQng va la mQtchuang trlnh dao ti,lOth<;ichuyen mem rat thanh congo
3. Giao di.Jcthoi Duc Quoc xa (1933-1945) - Giao dl.lc chUng tt)c
Khi Adolf Hitler thl!c sl! nilm.quy&n d Duc vao nam 1933, chinh sach chung cua Duc Qu6c
Xa Nazi vGmQi phuong di~n da du<;icthl!c hil)n, khong rieng gl giao d\lc, M cai t(lOtoan di~n
xa hQi va ni\m quyGn ki~m soat chat che di,lichung. Tat ca mQi t6 chuc, mQi co sd dGu dI1<;1C
hQc hoi va thl!C hi~n chinh sach do qu6c tntdng Hitler hO(lch djnh. Cac chuc V\l diGu h~nh
chinh quy~n Mu do cac dang vien QuOc xa ni\m giii'. Giao d\lc cling khong nlim ngoai chinh
sach chung tren. Trang t~p "Cuang Unh Dang" Mein Kampf, Hitler da nhi\c den ke hOi,lch
rQng IOnvGgiao d\lc cua dang. Vil)c ki~m soat toan di~n chuang trlnh giao d\lc du<;1C
thl!c hi~n
ngay tit ngay khdi sl! che dQ vao nam 1933 voi chi thj d~u tien nhan m(lnh vao vi~c duy trl
truyGn thong dar tQCtrong giao d\lc. Tnttjng hQCcac cap cung vai cac nganh sinh hOi,ltngh~
thu~t, bolochi, ton giao, truyGn thanh, truyGn hinh dGu co nhi~m V\lxay d\fl1g, phat tri~n, banh
truang va tl! ton dan tQcDuc.
Vai chinh sach tren, d\lng <; cua chinh quy~n la ki~m soM tu tuong giOi thanh thieu nien,
vai bat cu phuong til)n nao, trong do chuang trlnh giao d\lc la can ban. Chinh sach giao d\lc d~
cao chUng tQCDuc kh6ng nhilng trong cac chutjng trlnh van hQc, xa hQi, rna con qua chuang
trlnh giao d\lc. Do do, vil)c huan luy~n th~ xac cuung trang la mQt dac di~m va la man hQCbilt
buQc ti,licac cap lOp cQng yoi chuang trlnh lao dong thl!c te t(li cae nang tntong hay xi nghiep.
Man hQc dia 19 tn) thanh dia Iy chinh tIi vai viec hoc t~p t6 quoc rQng mo va hUng m(lnh.
Ngoai vil)c hQCt~p chinh sach, duong loi dang cling nhu nhung dac di~m cua chuang trinh eftn
du<;icnhiln mi,lnh,chuang trlnh giao d\lc t6ng quat van dU(jCduy tri.
4. Giao d~c Duc sau The' chie'n thu II - Giao d~c cai tie'n, thlfc d~ng, Illy hQc sinh lam
trung tam.
Ngay sau khi The chien thu II (1939-1945) chllm dUt, cac qu6c gia chiem d,sng, Phap,
Anh, My ti,li Tay Duc, Lien XO ti,li Dong Due, da 10i,libo anh huong cac crunh sach Duc
266

Giao dl:lcthe' ky tM 20 va tdi hi~n t(li t(li cac qu6c gia phat trin
Quoc xa trong giau dl,lc va thiet I~p mQt chuang trlnh giao dl,lc mai chiu anh hudng chinh
sach giao dl)c cac nuac chiem d6ng. Chinh sach nay vi!: sau trd thanh chinh sach giao dl,lc
cua hai nude I)uc.
I)~o lu~t can ban vc3giao dl,lc cua chinh phu CQng haa Lien bang I)uc hay Tiiy I)uc
duc;5Cban hanh V110 thang 5 nam 1949, gianh quyi!:n giao dl,lc cho cac tiu bang. Hai vlln
di!:da chia re cac tiu bang bao thu va Cal' tiu bang ca'p tien la vlln di!:giao dl,lc mon ton
giao va phan chia giao dl,lc trung hoc thanh ba nganh. Sau tren hai muai nam d.i tien va
thuang luc;5nggiua cac ti~u bang cling nhu st! can thi~p cua lien bang, quyet dinh cuoi
cilng da nghieng vi!: phia cac tiu bang bao thu vao th~p nien 1970. Tuy nhien, giao dl,lC
ton giao d day c6 tinh cach md rQng chu tat cii cal' ton giao cQng vai giao dl)c d~o duc n6i
chung. Vi~c thay dili nay duc;5Cst! ung hQ cua mQt so s~c dan khac khong phai s~c tQc I)uc,
c6 ni!:n van h6a, tin nguang khac bi~t. vi!: vlln di!: truong trung hoc, m~c d~u c6 khuynh
huang thanh I~p mQt truong trung hoc duy nhat gQi la "Truong T6ng H<Jp" Gesamtschulen
_ Comprehensive School, nhttng cuoi cilng khuynh huang duy tr1 ba loai truong trung hoc
da th~ng the vai it nhii!:u ciii tien vi!:cii ten truong cling nhu nQi dung chuang trlnh giang
d~y va chi a ra lam trung hoc cap I va cap II.
Giao duc cuang bach til' 6 tai n; tu6i. HQc sinh hQc 4 nam tiu hoc, 6 nam tai mQt
truong trung hQCcap I va 2 nam cuoi tai mQt truong trung hQc cap II. Hai nam d~u tai
truong trung hoc ca'p 11a giai dOan huang dan; giao vien se giup hQc sinh chQn nganh hoc
tily theo kha nang va S(j thich cho 4 nam hQc sau. Nhung mon hQc tieng I)uc, toan, ngo(li
ngu la nhung man hQc quan trqng va bilt bUQc,cQng them vai cac mon chQn It!a khac. St!
chQn It!a nay tuy thuQc vao hqc sinh cling nhu phl,l huynh cilng voi st! huang dfrn cua giao
vien.
Voi trung hQc cap I, c6 khoang 25% hQc sinh theo hQc tai cac truong c6 din
Gymnasium, nhan manh vao cac mon hQc Hy Lap, La Ma; c6 khoang 40% hQc sinh theo
hoc tai cac truong huan nghi~p Hauptschulen, giang daY nhung mon t6ng quat tOi lop 9,
tiep theo la thai ky tht!c t~p tai cac xi nghi~p cilng vai vi~c hQc t~p 19 thuyet nghi!:
nghi~p tai truong ; c6 khoiing 25% hQc sinh theo hQc tai cac truong trung hQc tht!c dl,lng
Realschulen, giang daY cac mon t6ng quat va cac mon chuyen mon, ky thu~t, huang d1in
hoc sinh theo hoc cal' nganh kinh doanh, hanh chinh, ky thu*t...Hoc xong trung hQc ca'p
I, hQc sinh cac truong c6 di~n va thl!c dl,lng tiep tl,lCtheo hQc cac truong trung hoc ca'p II
tuang tt!. Tai cac truong huan nghi~p, nhii!:u hQc sinh trd thanh th<Jchuyen mon va di
lam, mQt so it hQc sinh khac dU<Jcchuy~n sang hoc truong thl!C dt,mg. Van di!: huan
nghiep, giao dl)c ky thu~t la dii!:u quan tam cua chinh quyi!:n cling nhu giai kinh doanh,
xi nghiep va chUlJng trlnh giiing daY co tinh cach rQng IOn vai st! h<Jp tac ch~t che giua

267

Giao d(lc the' ky tha 20 va tdi hi~n t(li t(li cac

quae gia phdt

triin

cacxi nghi~p, ca so kinh doanh cung hQc duong. HQc sinh hoan tii't khoa hQc, lam vi~c t~i
xi nghi~p, ca so kinh doanh mt)t thai gian, co th6 tro l~i truong theo hQc nhG'ng khoa hQc
cao han co tilm muc d~i hQc. Chuang trlnh hQc t~p 19 thuye't va thtfc t~p thanh cong thai
truoc nay n~m trang chuang trlnh hQc t~p t~i cac tr!fong huii'n nghi~p Hauptschulen.
Mi;ic dfiu moi ti6u bang co trach nhi~m rieng v~ giao d\lc, chuang trlnh giao d\lc tren
t6ng quat rii't tuang ttf. Bt) Giao d\lc lien bang dUng ra di~u hanh vi~c thi hanh ehinh sach
chung nhung khang can thi~p. Nam 1973, mQt cut)c cai tien quan tn;>ng!rong vi~c t6 chUc
cac tru:ong trung hQc ca'plI. Di~u quan l1im cua chinh quy~n a day la t~o ca ht)i d6ng d~u
eho tii't d hQc sinh trong giao d\lC. Th6 thU'c ki6m tra danh gia duqe cai tien voi cach tinh
di6m eua lUng giai do~n hQc t~p, et)ng voi di6m thi cu6i nam. Chinh saeh nay co anh
huang IOn den chuang trlnh giao d\le t~i cac truong c6 di6n Gymnasium .. Cac man hQc v~
ngo~i ngG', khoa hQc, nhan van duqc nhii'n m~nh van cae tr!fong nay M ehuii'n bj eho hQc
sinh ghi ten vao cae dai hQe. Ket qua giao d\lc cua cac tnrong trung hQC e6 din eii'p II vao
giai doan nay rii't thanh cang vI co nhi~u man hQc d6 hQc sinn chQn Itfa ngoai man c6 ngu
Hy LaP, La Tinh, t~o duqc stf hQc hoi kien thuc sau r(lng, th hi~n di;ic dim cua n~n giao
d\lc v6n tien bt) eua DU'c.Voi cac tr!fong trung hQc thtfc dl!ng ca'p II, chuang trlnh giao d\le
t6ng quat va ky thu~t ehuyen man duqc tiep t\lc M dao t~o sinh vien cho cac !ruong d~i
hQc va cao dng ky thu~t ehuyen nghi~p. Rieng voi cac tntong !rung hQc eii'p I huii'n
nghi~p; da s6 hQc sinh se 11mduqc vi~c lam sau thai gian thtfc t~p t~i cae xi nghi~p va hQc
19 thuyet t'.li truong; m(lt thiu s6 co kha nang kien thuc se duqe ehuytSn sang tr!fong trung
hQc thtfc d\lng ca'p II va sau do theo hQc t'.li cac truong d~i hQC va cao dAng chuyen
nghi~p. Vao nam 1990, nuoc Duc th6ng nhilt co 82 tri~u dan, co 2.503.134 hQc sinh man
giao, tren 10 tri~u hQc sinh tiu hQc, 7.384.973 hQc sinh trung hQc ph6 thong, 2.330.219
hQc sinh trunghQc trung hQc ky thu~t.

..

Nganh d'.li hQC a Duc da co nhi~u tien b(l ttt tr!foc, tiep t\lC phat trin m~nh vao the ky
thu 20 voi cae man hQe moi phu hqp voi cae phat minh va tien bt) eua nganh ky thu~t,
di~n tiI va tin hQc. Hi~n t~i, Duc Ia qu6c gia dung hang dilu the gioi v~ cac ch!fang trlnh
giao dl!e di~n tii', ky thu~t va tin hQc cung voi Nh~t va My.
Qua voi thai gian, chuang trlnh giaD d\lC cua Duc co nhi~u cai lien, nhLtng nhG'ng diie
ditSmtruy~n th6ng van duqc duy trl ben c'.lnh nhilng chuang trlnh tien bt) v~ khoa hQe ky
thiJiit. Chinh nhilng diic ditSm v~ duy trl truy~n th6ng van hoa, Duc dii thich nghi hoa
chuang chlnh giao d\lc voi cac thay d6i ehinh trj, cilng nh!f dong gop vao chuang trlnh
pMI tri6n chung cua qu6c gia.

, Chuang trlnh giaD d\lC cua Ct)ng hoa Dan ehu Duc hay Dong Due tuang tt! nhu
chuang trlnh giao d\lc Lien XO (Xem chuang ke tiep). Khi nuoc Duc th6ng nhii't VaDnam

268

I:

Giao dl;/c the' ky thtl 20 va teli hifn tl,li tl,li cac quo~gia phdt triln
1990, n~n giao dl!c cua D6ng Due Iii n~n giao dl!C cua Tay Duc hay Iii nuoc Duc th6ng
nhat.
Vilo nam 1990, Duc co 2.238.324 sinh vien d(li hqc, 1.734.888 sinh vien t(li cac hqc
vien va truang cao d&ng. Vao nam 1999, Duc c6 80 d(li hqc, 57 truang cao d&ng va hqc
vien. D(li hqc Heildelberg c6 nhat voi 34.800 sinh vien, thanh I~p vao nam 1386. Lon
nhat la D(li hqc Munchen voi 58.663 sinh vien, thanh I~p vao nam 1472. Duc c6 so' dan
biet dqc viet la 99%.
III. Ciao

t;.IiAnh
l. Ciao dl}C toi d:1u the' ky thli' 20 - Ciao dl}C trung hQc pMt tri~n
Giao dl!c t(li Anh kh6ng co ttnh cach qu6c gia mai cho Wi g~n cuoi the ky thu 19. Giao
dl!c thai ky nay la trach nhiem ciia cac giao hQi, cac co quan ttt thien, cac t6 chuc tu nhan.
Nhiem Vl! cua chinh quy~n chi la viec cap phat nhung ngan khoan tai tn,1Mng nam M
xay cat cac co sd v~t chat. Day la mQt dim khac biet kha IOn giua Anh va cac qu6c gia
tai Il!c dia Au Chau. Miii cho toi nam 1870, mQt d(lo lu~t v~ giao ul!C ti6u hqc moi dul,1C
ban hanh, quy oinh n~n giao ul!c ti6u hqc la trach nhiem cua chlnh quytln. Tuy v~y, 0(10
lu~t nily kh6ng gioi h(ln, kh6ng cham dUt viec thiet I~p va banh truong he th6ng giao dl!C
dan l~p cua cac giao hQi, cac t6 chuc tU thien va tu nhan. D(lo lu~t nay cling kh6ng nhac
den viec thiet I~p n~n giao dl!c trung hqc. Cac truang trung hqc cho toi giai dO(ln nay da
sf}do cac giao hQi va cac ti5chuc ttt thien t6 chuc dUl,1cgqi la cac truang Grammar co thu
hoc phi. MQt thi6u so' rat nh<l la truang trung hqc nQi tru thu hqc phi rat cao. Ca hai 10(li
truang tren la cac truang ci5 oi6n danh cha can em cac nha quy tQc, giai cap thU<;lngluu.
Ml!c oich cua cac truang nay la dao tao cac c6ng chuc cao cap trang chinh quy~n, cac
lanh tl! tuong lai vtl mqi phutJng dien. Ngoai ra, mQt sf}truang trung hqc c6ng I~p cling dii
OUllcthanh liip vao cuoi the ky thu 19, trong d6 co cii truang danh cho nu sinh. Vao nam
1900, c6 khoiing m(it trong so 70 hqc sinh hoc het ban ti6u hqc thea hqc t(li cac truang
trung hqc.
dl}C

Nam 1899, chinh quy~n thanh I~p :'H(ii D6ng Giao Dl!c" d trung uang, voi ml!c dich
thiet I~p mQt he thong giao dl!c quoc gia bao g6m cii ti6u hqc Hln trung hqc. Lu~t Glao
Dl!c 1902 thiet liip he th6ng giao dl!C dia phuong co trach nhiem cii v~ ti6u hqc Ian trung
hoc do trung liang giam sat. Ket qua cua 0(10 luiit nay la he thong cac trliang trung hqc va
k)i thuilt c6ng lilp tren toan quoc dli<;1C
phat tri6n. Luilt Giao dl!c 1918 c6 ml!C dich thiet
liip m(it he thong giao dl!c c6ng lilp tren toan quoc M thtla man nhu du hqc tilp cho mqi
c6ng dan. Chinh quy~n dja phliong ou<;1cchi thi sO(ln thao ke hO(lch pilat trin giao dl!C.
Giao dl!c cuong bach va holill toiln mien phi toi tu6i 14. Tui5i nay co th tang len 15 tily
kh<lnang cua dia phlillng.
269

Gido d~c the' ky thr120 va tai hifn tgi tgi cdc qu{fc gia phdt triin
2. Lu(lt Giao d\lc 1944 - Cai titn toan b(l giao d\lc tiiu hQC va trung hQc
Lu~t Giao dl,lc 1944 dua de'n vi~c d.i t6 toan di~n n~n giao dl,lCtren toan qu6c. HQi
d6ng Giao dl)c tra thanh BQ Giao dl,lc do mQt bQ trtfang lanh d<)o. BQ Giao dl,lc tnfc tie'p
di~u hanh va thanh tra giao dl,lCv~ mQi phuong di~n tren toan qu6c. Cac khu giao dl,lCdia
phuong phai d~ trlnh len bQ tilt d. cac ke' ho<)ch phat triin giao dl,lCcac cilp tii' tiiu hQc,
de'n trung hQCva d~c bi~t la cilp "giao dl,lc b6 tuc" further education, nganh giao dl,lCsau
trung hQc danh cho cac hQc sinh khong co kha nang va di~u ki~n theo hQc d<)ihQCva ciing
danh cho nhung nguoi IOn co co hQi tra I<)idi hQc. T6ng sO'khu glao dl,lc Anh vao giai
do<)n nay la 146. Ben c<)nh BQ Giao dl,lc, co HQi d6ng Tu v[(n g6m cac chuyen gia giao
dl,lc, voi nhi~m VI,I nghien cUu v'a gop 9 kie'n v~ mQi vlln d~ lien quan dtn giao d\lc.
Di6m ph11ct<)pcila n~n giao dl,lc Anh Mt ngu6ntii' nhung ngay khai d~u voi sl! dong
gop IOn lao cila cac t6 chuc tii' thi~n cung nhu cac giao hQi trong vi~c thie't I~p cac cd
giao dl,lc. Lu~t Giao dl,lC1944, cung nhu cac d<)olu~t tnioc, xac nh~n vai tra nay cila cac
t6 chuc tren va viin tie'p t\lC cong nh~n chuong tdnh giang d~y giao 19 cung nhu cac sinh
ho<)tton giao t<)icac truong nha tho. Tuy nhien, vi~c giang d<)ygiao 19 dUQc rna rQng cho
tllt d. cac ton giao khong rieng gl cac giao phai Tin Lanh. T<)i Anh vao thai ky nay, co
nhi~u di dan tii' cac nuoc co ton giao khac voi tOn giao tay phudng nhu nguoi An voi tin
nguong An DQ Giaci, nguoi H6i voi tin nguong H6i Giao. Giao 19 cac ton giao nay cung
dUQcgiang d<)yne'u COnhu du.'
" Di6m d~c bi~t cila Lu~t Giao dl,lc 1944 la cung cilp giao d\lc mi~n phi cho tllt d thanh
nien nam nu. Diim nay doi hoi cac khu giao dl,lCdja phuong phai thie't I~p cac co
giao
dl,lc d~ thoa mannhu du hQc t~p cila bllt cu ai. Noi rQng ra, nM truong cac cilp khong co
quy~n tU ch6i giao dl,lc cho cac hQc sinh dja phudng. Di thich nghi voi hoan d.nh moi, BQ
Giao dl,lc d.i t6 n~n giao dl,lc d<)ichung va phan chia nganh giao d\lc nay tMnh tiiu hQc,
trung hQc'va giao dl,lc b6 tuc. Cllp tiiu hQc khong co nhi~u thay d6i. Cllp trung hQc co thay
d6i: lOn, Di co th6 giao dl,lc mQt cach thich dang tily thuQc vao tu6i tac, hoan canh, trf
thong minh cila hQc sinh, cac truong trung hQc cong I~p dUQcchi a lam ba lo<)i: trtfong c6
diin grammar,truong hi~n d<)iva truong ky thu~t. Trong truong hQp d~c bi~t, mQt truong
trung hQo t6ng hQp voi sO'hQc sinh dong dao, co thi giang d<)ycac mon hQc cila d. ba lo<)i
trtfong tren: HQc sinh pMi dUQcit nhilt II tu6i moi dUQcghi ten theo hQc cac trtfong trung
hQc. D6i voi hQc sinh cao tu6i hon,viln d~ tu6i tac khong co gioi h<)n,nhilt la d6i voi cac
hQc"inh thon que vi h04n dnh gia dlnh khong dUQc di hQc dung luc. Thong !huang, cac
hQc sinh cao tu6i nay xin hQc t<)icac truong ky thu~t. Di co thi nMn hQc sinh vao hQc ba
truong trung hQc khac bi~t, mQt ky thi tr~c nghi~m dUQct6 chuc vao d~u nam hQC va cac
khu giao dl,lCphan ph6i hQc sinh tily theo kha nang va so thich ca nhan dtn cac truong.

so

so

270

.'

Giao df:lc tM

ky

tht:t 20 va tiJi hi~n tt;li tt;licac

quae gia phdt

triin

Ht$ th6ng ba trliong trung hqc phat trin m(\t cach t6t d~p va B(\ Giao D\fc khong co y
uinh giui h~n bao nhieu pho1ntram hqc sinh vao hqc m(\t trang ba trliong tren. Ke't qua la
co khoang 5% hQc sinh theo hqc trliong ky thu~t, 25% theo hqc trliong c6 din v~ 70%
hQc sinh theo hqc cac trliong hit$n d\li. Vdi trliong c6 din, hqc sinh chu trqng vao cac mon
hqc Hy LaP, La Mii; hqc he't chliong trlnh nay, hq se theo hqc cac mon hqc c6 din va
nhiin van t\li d~i hQc. Vdi trliong hit$n d\li, hQc sinh hqc cac mon lOan, khoa hqc, ky thu~t,
nhiin van va khong co mon c6 din; hQc xong chliong tr1nh nay, hq se theo hQc rilt nhit:u
nganh W nhan van Mn khoa hQc ky thu~t t\li cac dai hqc. Voi tntong ky thu~t, hqc sinh
hQc cac mon toan, khoa hqc, ky thu~t k cii thifc hanh, m(\t it nhan viin, khong co mon c6
din va hQc sinh theo hQc cac nganh khoa hqc, ky thu~t a d\li hQC sau khi hqc he't trung
hQc.
Cilp giao d\fc b6 tuc se dli<jc ban Mn

,
.\,
~';

..
'.'C

a pho1n4 tie'p theo.

3. Biii bo ky thi vao trung hQc - Giao dl)c thifc dl,mg, lily hQc sinh lam trung tam
Vit$c thi tuyn vao cac trliong trung hqc vao tu6i II dlia Mn nhit:u tranh lu~n vi cac Iy
do: hqc sinh cac trliong trung hqc hit$n d~i rilt thanh cong trang cac ky thi; hqc sinh t\li cac
trliong c6 din khong d\lt dli<jc ke't qua nhli y m~c do1udii dliqc tuyn chqn rilt ky; theo
tliong trlnh cua cac nha tam Iy, cac bai thi tdc nghit$m khong do lliong dung muc kha
nang thifc sif cua hQc sinh vao tu6i II. Viln M d~t ra vao cac tMp nien 1950 va 1960 la co
nen duy trl vit$c thi tuyn hqc sinh vao cac trliong trung hQc vao tu6i II nua hay kh6ng.
Nhung nglioi ung h(\ quan dim duy trl vit$c thi tuyn cho ding dn phiii ton trqng y mu6n
cua ph\f huynh va vUn con rilt nhi6u phl,l huynh mong mu6n con em theo hqc cac trliong
c6 din. M(\t so' khac cho rhng, theo truyt:n th6ng, vUn nen duy tr1 vit$c tuyn chqn. Tuy
nhien, tren thifc te', s6 trliong t6ng h<Jp,d~y du cac mon, cang ngay cang tra thanh ph6 c~p
vaWn manh. Vit$c thi vao cac trliong nay dii khong con la vitn M nua vi trliong t6ng hqp
dliqc thanh I~p kh5p noi, thoa miin nhu co1uhl,lc t~p cho hqc sinh.
Dang Lao d(\ng trang cu(\c v~n d(\ng tranh cll vao niim 1964 hua se biii bi) ky thi tuyn
hqc sinh vao trliong trung hqc va phat trin them vit$c thie't I~p cac trliong t6ng h<jp. Sau
khi thAng cll, thay vi lam lu~t thifc hit$n vit$c slla d6i, chinh phu Lao d(\ng ra chi thi cho
cac dia phliong khuye'n khich vit$c biii bi) ky thi tuyn hqc sinh vao trung hQc nhttng ding
chitp thu~n sang kie'n dia phliong trang vitn dt: huy bi) hay duy trl. Vit$c nay gay mau
thuiin giua trung liang va dia phliong t~i m(\t s6 khu vifc. Nam 1970, chinh phil Bao thu
th5ng cll, tuyen b6 danh toan qUYt:nquye't djnh cho dia phliong trang vit$c tuyn chqn hQc
sinh vao cac trliong trung hQc. Vit$c phat trin cac trliong t6ng hqp viin tie'p t\fCva hh he't
cac dia phliong dii khong con ap d\fng vit$c thi tuyn. Tuy nhien, m(\t thiu so' rilt nhi)
khoang 6% hl,lc sinh tie'p th\fc theo hQc t\li cac trliong c6 din. s6 hqc sinh nay dliqc tuy6n
chQn rilt ky va phai dong hqc phi cao.
271

Giao dt,tc the' ky thlt 20 va toi hi~n t(li t(li cac

quoe

gia phdt triln

MQt s6 cac ci\i Mn khac cung dU<;lCthl)'c hi~n. Truong tiu h9C khai sl)' vao Wc 5 tu6i
va chilm dUt vao II tu6L Hai nam dilu la so cilp hay giai do<)n tu6i tho, ba nam sau la tiu
h9C. Giai do<)ntu6i tho chU tr9ng nhiilu vao cac sinh ho<)tcua h9C sinh. Cac sinh ho<)tnay
cung vai cac tro choi giao dvc giup h9C sinh phat trin kien thuc mQt cach tl)' nhien. Vai
tro cua giao vien day la t6 chuc moi truong h9C tiip thuiin ti~n vai khung ciinh, thai gian,
dvng cv, tro choi co mvc dfch thUc My, huang d1\n, khuyen khfch ngo hilu giup h9C sinh
h9C hoi, pMt trin trach nhi~m ca nhan, pMt trin tinh cach dQc liip tl)'tin trang m9i hanh
uQng. Chuong trlnh giao dvc day rilt linh dQng, thl)'Cdvng, h9C si~h de nhiin biet va tiep
nhiin. Chuong trlnh giao dvc Won tre hay milm non hay milu'giao danh quylln quyet djnh
cho cac sang kien cua dja phuong.
Vi~c t6 chac va dillu hanh giao dvc cung du<;lCdanh cho sang kien dja phuong. Dja
phuong chju trach nhi~m vll cac sinh ho<)tcan ban cua giao dvc. Ban giam hi~u cung vai
ban giang huiln chju trach nhi~m vll cac vlln dll chuyen mon nghi~p vv. Ngoai ra con co
Uy ban Giao dvc Truong bao g6m it nhllt hai phV huynh h9C ,sinh, hai d<)idi~n giao chac,
d~i dien cQng d6ng dia phuong. Uy ban nay co nhi~m vv tu vlln, theo doi, kim soat, chllp
thu~n mQt 56 vlln dll lien quan Jen sinh hOllt cua truong. V II vlln oil tai chinh, cae truong
nh~n dl!<jctai tr<;lcua chinh quylln trung uong va thue dja phuong. Thffm quylln giao dvc
trung uong n~m trang tay BQ Giao dvc do mQt bQ truang Hinh d~o. BQ ban hanh cac chi thj
giao dl,lc Wi cac dia phuong, chinh sach cua BQ du<;lCcac thanh tra giao dvc dia phuong
cung nhu thanh tra trung uong theo doi. Cac thanh tra nay con dong vai tro c6 viln giao
dvc cho cac dja phuong qua cac bu6i hQi thao, tu nghi~p thuong xuyen .
. Vao cac thilp nien 1970 va 1980, m~c du thl)'Chien chinh sach trung u'ong tan quylln;
trung uong van quan tam vao vlln dll huang dan vi~c dillu hiinh, th6ng nhllt 'hoa, tieu
chuffn hoa chuting trlnh giao dvc; don gian hoa, h<;lply hoa h~ th6ng kim tra danh gia.
Tht:o truy~n thOng, t6 chac giao dl)c du<jc tan quylln vll cac dia phuong mQt caeh t6i da
Anh. T6 chac giao dl)c Ia quyet djnh cua cac khu giao dl)c dia phuong va du<;lcth6ng nhllt
hoa qua'vi~c huan IUYengiao vien, qua vi~c cac chuong trlnh giang d<!y du<;lccong b6
rQng riii Mtiep nhilny kien xay dl)'ng, qua viec ap dVng saeh giao khoa tren toan qu6c va
chuong trlnh thi cii' hang nam, duai sl)' huang dan cua BQ Giao dvc. Ket qua la dii co mQt
nMn djnh va thl)'Chien mQt cach ~M d6ng nhllt vll chuong trlnh giao dvc ttt tiu h9C tai
het bilc trung h9C cilp I vll cii nhG'ng mon h9C bilt bUQc,:ii cac mon h<;lcch9n Il)'a. Rieng t<)i
de trl!ong 1;6din, co mQt vai khac bi!;t vll viec ch9n Il)'a cac mon h9C. T~i truong trung
hqc cap II, hai nam cu6i cung cua biic trung h9C, vi!;c ch9n Il)'a cac mon h9C rQng riii hon
vi h9csinh ch9n ban chuyen bi!;t.
-"Cac tMp nien 1970 va 1980 cung cho thily vi~c thuc dffy ttt trung uong vll chuong trlnh
giang d<!yhuang vll khoa h9C thl)'c dVng, ky thuilt, tin h9C, huan nghi~p va sl)' lien h~ giG'a

272

"

Giao d(Jc tM

ky tM

20 va ((Jihi?n t{li t{li cac

quae gia phdt

triln

giao d\lc voi cu(\c s6ng kinh te' thl!C sl!. Do d6, c6 khuynh huang tieu chuii'n h6a chudng
trlnh giao d\lC tren toiln qu6c M moi dja phudng dilu c6 cd h(\i thl!c hi~n vi~c canh tan
giao duc theo nhu du kinh'te', ky thu~t moi.
Til 51!quan tam cua nhiIng nhil giao d\lC vil viln dil lien quan gj[j'a giao d\lc voi kinh te',
voi ky ngh~, voi nhiln d\lng dii tra thilnh viln dil thai sl! cilp thie't vii ke't qua Iii m9i nguoi
dii d6ng y phai c6 m(\t chuang trlnh giao d\lc thich ang c6 tinh cach ky thu~t thlfc d\lng, co
t[nh cach huiln nghi~p, sau trung h9C, thu nh~n nhiIng h9C sinh dii h9C he't b~c trung h9C,
nhiIng h9C sinh chi moi h9C xong trung h9C cilp I, nguoi Ion dii bii h9C vii hi~n khong tIm
ra vi~c Iilm VI khong c6 m(\t kha nang chuyen man nilo. Do d6, cac Truong Cao D~ng
Giao D\lc B6 Tuc College of Further Education, cac Truong Cao D~ng Ky Thui)t
Technical College dil du<;1cthilnh l~p vii pMt tri~n M dap U'ngnhu du giao d\lC tren. viln
dil nily du<;1ctrlnh bily tie'p theo day.
Vilo nam 1990, Anh Qu6c voi 59 tri~u dan, co 792.700 h9C sinh mfru giao, tren 5 tri~u
C
h9 sinh ti~u h9C, 4.335.600 hQc sinh trung h9C ph6 thong vii 480.400 h9C sinh trung h9C
ky thu~t.
4. Giao dl)c bii' tuc va giao dl)c ky thu~t - Giao dl)c chuyen nghi~p
Giao d\lc b6 Wcfurther education c6 nghia Iii niln giao d\lc sau trung h9C, baD g6m cac
ngilnh hQc co tinh cach chuyen man huiln nghi~p ho(ic cac ngilnh h9c van h6a t6ng quat
dilnh cho cac thanh thie'u nien khong h9C he't b~c trung h9C, h9C he't b~c trung h9C nhu'ng
khong c6 diilu ki~n hQc len d<)i h9c vii d(ic bi~t Iii dilnh cho nguoi Ion dii bii h9C, nay
mu6n tra I<)idi h9C. Day Iii m(\t ngilnh giao d\lC du<;1crilt nhiilu gioi quan tiim VIngilnh nily
cung ang nhu du giao d\lc cilng ngily cilng dong cho cac thanh thie'u nien til 17, 18 bii h9C
do dang. Nhiilu Truong Cao DAng Giao D\lc B6 Tuc College of Further Education du<;1c
thilnh li)p M thoa miin nhu du h9C t~p vii cung ang cho thj truong rilt nhiilu can 51!ky
thu~t cac ngilnh, cac nhan vien chuyen man cac ngilnh nhu vien thong, hilnh chinh, tilc
ky, tin h9C, bu'u di~n ...Thong thu(Jng, sinh vien h9C hai nam M lily van b~ng chuyen
nghi~p nay. H9C sinh kha c6 th~ h9C tie'p M lily van b~ng d<)ih9C. Nhiilu truong cao dhg
giao d\lC b6 Wc Iii truong d(\c I~p, nhiilu truong khac Iii m(\t truong cua cac d<)ih9C.
M(\t lo<)itruong khac co gia trj vii y nghia tuang tlf voi truong' caD dAng giao d\lc b5 ttlc
Iii Truong Cao D~ng Ky Thu~t Technical College du<;1cthie't I~p vilo d~u the' ky tha 20.
Luiit Giao d\lc 191S chi thj chinh quyiln dja phuong c6 quyiln thu m(\t khoan thue' d(ic bi~t
M thie't I~p cac truong nily. M(it kMc, cac truong d<)ih9C ciing nh~n du<;1cali tr<;1tit chinh
quyiln trung udng M thie't I~p cac truong tuang tl! do chi thi vilo cac nam 1911 vii 1920.
Cac truang cao d~ng ky thu~t dilo t<)o cac nhan vien ky thu~t chuyen nghi~p, cac th<;1
chuyen man vila h9c Iy thuye't t<)itruong vila h9c thlfc hilnh t<)icac xi nghi~p. Cac truong
tren du<;1cphat tri~n m<)nh me vilo giai do<)nnily va ke'tie'p.
273

Ciao

d~IC

the' ky thli 20 va tdi hifn t(li t(li cae

qUC)C'

gia phdt tri~n

M(lt lo,!i truang ky thu~t nua du'(}Cthanh I~p vao th~p nien 1960, c6 tinh cach chuyen
biet va cao han dU9C gQi la HQc Vien Bach Khoa Polytechnic Institute. Hqc vien mil
nhung kh6a hoc chuyen mon v~ ky thu~t, khoa hqc, nghe thuat co tinh cach d,!i hqc va
cap phat cac van blng tuang tl! nhu cac van blng d,!i hqc. Cac hqc vien nay phat trien
manh me van nhung th~p nicn cuai cua the ky thu 20.
Nhu v~y, n~n giao dl!c sau trung hqc il Anh bao g6m: truang cao d&ng giao dl!c b6 ttic,
trullng cao d&ng ky thu~t, hqc vien bach khoa va cac d,!i hqc. qc truang cao dang mil
nhUng kh6a hqc toan thai gian hoi).cban thai gian sau gia lam viec M nguai JOnc6 the ghi
ten theo hqc. Hqc vien va d,!i hqc mil nhung khoa hqc co trlnh d(l van h6a cao han cling
voi nhung nghien cU'u rQng rai. Ngoai ra, Anh elm co ehudng trlnh giao dl!c D,!i Hqc Mil
Open Uni\'ersity dU9Ckhili sl! tit nam 1969. DI~u kien ghi ten tai d,!i hqc md c6 tinh each
linh dQng, nguai trudng thanh khCmgcUn dieu kien hqc het b~c trung hqc, du<}cchap nh~n
theo hqc sau mQt cUQcphong van. Sinh vien c6 the hoc toan thai gian, ban thai gian, hqc
ham thl! voi bai hqc va bai lam qua bu'u dien, hqc qua chuang trlnh truycn hlnh. Chuang
trlnh nay rat ph6 bien, kh6ng nhung d Anh rna can du<.1cthl!c hien khdp ndi trcn the' gioi.
Vao nam 1990, Anh Quac c61.258.188 sinh vien dai hqc, 428.858 sinh vien hqc vien va
truang cao dang. Vao nam 1999, Anh c6 96 d,!i hqc, 58 hqc vien va truang cao d&ng. D,!i
hqc Oxford va Cambridge viin la hai dai hqc n6i tieng nhat d Anh. D',Ii hqc Oxford c6
17.425 sinh vien, thanh I~p vao nam 1214. D,!i hqc Cambridge co 14.500 sinh vien, thilnh
I~p van nam 1284. Lon nhat la D,!i hqc London vdi 117.890 sinh vien, thanh l~p VilOnam
1836. Dai hqc Mil vdi 210.000 sinh vien, thanh I~p nam 1969. Nuoc Anh c6 s6 dan biet
dqc viet la 99%.

N~n giao duc Anh du~lCdi tie'n theo thai gian nhat la vao h~u ban the' ky thu 20. Tuy
co thay d6i, n~n giao dl!c nay viin c6 tinh cach c6 dien va di).c thli, lien quan den ljch sU'
phat trien. N~n giao dl!c nay du(}c mil rQng Mn mqi giOi va chap nh~n van h6a cua cac
.nh6m thieu s5 di dan. Nen giao dl!c nay cling thich ung voi sl! phat trien ky thu~t va dien
tit va" cuai the ky thu 20.
IV. Gino dl;JCtlli My
Nudc My [rudc khi buuc va" the' ky thu 20 dil co mQt nen giao dl;Jcqu6c gia. Ncn giao
duc nay do chinh quyen tieu bang thanh l~p va quan tri, Giao dl!c nay mien phi, cuong
bach, thufrn nhat tu miiu giao tdi d,!i hqc. Tuy nhien, giao dl!c mien phi va cuong bach tliy
theo hoan ciinh eua moi tieu bang. Chinh sach giao dl!C quae gia kh6ng c6 nghia bJt bUQC
tat cii hQe sinh phiii theo hqc cac trullng eong lap. Cac truang dan I~p thu hqc phi do cac
giao hQi, cac co quan tu thien, cac to chuc tu nhan thiep liip tu trude viin tiep tuc duy trl va
phat tri0n. PhI! huynh neu co khii nang tai chinh, tiep tl!Cghi ten eho can em theo hqc t,!i
cae tnlling na y.
274

Ciao

d(IC

the' ky thtt 20 va t(Ji hi~n t(li t(li cac

quae gia phdt

trin

I. Chinh quy~n lien bang va anh hu'iing tren chu'dng tranh gi30 dt.Jc
M~c l!iiu hifn phap My uilllh quyen giao u,!c cho cae ti~u bang va cac ti~u bang uy
quyen dieu hanh sinh ho~t hang ngay eho cac khu giao d,!c dia phuong. Tuy v~y, chinh
quyen lien balig cung co nhung chinh sach dong gop VaGnen giao d,!C dia phuong. Ngay
tir niim 17'1',7,chinh quy~n trung U(Jngdii co sang kien chi thi cho dia phuong cung cffp dilt
xay dllng cac C(1sil giao d,!c. Hang nghin mau tay dilt dai duc;JCcac ti~u bang xii d,!ng
vao c6ng t~ic nay. Vao niim IX67, Henry Barnard duc;Jcb6 nhi~m giu chuc V,!T6ng giam
delc Hoc V,! de theo doi, hudng dan cac sinh hoat giao d,!e tren toan qu6c. (Xem them
chU(1ng IX, m,!c V,2). Vao dilu the ky thu 20, Viin phOng Giao d\!c Lien bang tl1)'cthui)c
BO NOi V\!de theo doi cac sinh hoat giao u,!c tai cac ti~u bang, cung nhu ban hanh nhung
chinh saeh chung v~ giao duc. Niim 1953, Viin phung Giao d,!c trlfc thui)c Bi) Giao d,!c, Y
te va Xii hl)i. Nhu v~y, vai tril giao d\!e trang chinh quy~n lien bang dii trd thanh quan
trt)ng htln. Niim 19XO. B6 Giao dUC trd thanh ml)t bi) bi~t I~p. Voi cudng vi nay, chinh
quyt'n lien bang d6ng ml)t vai tril quan Irqng trong c6ng cui)c nghien CUuva thi hanh cac
ehinh sach c6 linh cach Itli ich quelc gia, gay unh hudng IOn den chuang trinh giao d,!c cae
tieu bang va vi"'e ap uung cae ehinh sach nay I,!; cac khu giao d,!C dia phudng.
ve van de lal chinh, dc truang nh~n du,1e tai tn) tir chinh quy~n dia phuong, ti~u bang
va lien bang. Tir nam 1914, quelc hl)i lien bang ban ~anh lu~t phat tri~n giao d,!c huan
nghii;p I~i cae trul1ng trung hqc. Niirn 1944, lu~t tai tn) giao d,!c cho cac clfU chien binh co

oe

..i

the ghi ten theo hl.>Ct~i de trul1ng trung hqc va cao d5ng.
Vao th~p nien 1960; cae nha giao d,!c nh~n ra du(iC nhung kho khan v~ vi~c hqc t~p va
pMt trien eua cac tre em thul)e cac gia dinh co hoan dnh bat thu~n l<;Iinhu cha mt; ly di.
Iy thilll; Ihulk nht\m thieu sel; nh6m ui dan. 1)0' giup cae hqc sinh nay co cd hi)i hqc t~p
thich dang, chinh quy~n lien bang dii thi hanh chinh sach tai tr<;l,cung cap giao d,!c d~c
bi"'!. I)i\ng th(li cung c6 chinh sach xii hl)i ue giup dB cac gia dinh tren ciii tien doi s6ng.
Lu~t Giao Duc Khai Tam Head Slart ra d(li van nam 1964. Lu~t nay co m,!c dich giup cac
Ire em noi chung va cac tre em gaP kho khiin noi rieng ue hqc t~p co ket qua I~i cac
Iruang eC>ngl~p. Giat] due khai tam khClI1gnhung quan tam den giao d,!C, rna con cung
cap cho cae hqe sinh nghco vc san s6c y te, vc san s6c nha khoa, v~ dinh duBng voi bua
an Irua mien phi, vc lam Iy, ve xii h()i vtli chuyen chil oi hqc mien phi. Chudng trinh giao
uue khai tam phal trien m~nh me vdi ket qua my miin va cung la di)ng Ilfc thuc My cac
chul1ng trinh giao u,!e khae. Vao th~p nien 1970, mOt sel ehudng trinh giao d,!C kMc cua
ehinh quycn lien bang OU,1Cthue hii;n. 1)0 la vii;c thanh l~p cac Trung Tam Phat Tri~n
TUlll Thtl Child lJel'elopmeni Centre hay cae nha tre uanh cho tre em uudi 4 tu6i, giup cae
em vira hoc vira ehdi trudc khi budc vao ldp mau giao; mi) rOng chuang lrinh giao u,!e ti'::u
hqc Idi cac trul1ng mau giao, cae nha tre, cac trung tam phat Irien tu6i tho; chu y den van
275

Ciao dc the' ky thU 20 va toi hifn t{1it{li cae

quae gia phdt

trie'n

d~ khac bi~t chUng tQc; quan tam nhi~u de'n viln d~ tn~ em co dm xuc bilt thu'oog, tn:! em
khuye't t~t voi chu'ong trlnh Giao D\lc D(ic Bi~t Special Education va giao vien ph\l tfilch
dLtc;1c
hu5n luy~n them M cong tac giang d~y cac tre em nay du'c;1ctMnh congo Ph\l huynh
vao giai do~n nay co tie'ng noi trang vi~c thie't I~p chu'ong tnnh giang d~y. Ph\l huynh
dLtc;1c
moi ding nhLt tlf nguy~n tham gia va dong gop 9 kie'n trong cac bu6i hQi thao v~
chLtong trlnh.
Cilc chfnh sach giao d\lc cua chfnh phu lien bang khong nhung co tfnh cach th6ng nhilt
va d6ng d~u cho tat ca cac ti~u bang, rna can dem I~i l<;Ii1ch chung cho cac hQc sinh, d(ic
bi~t la cac hQc sinh co hoan canh kho khan.
2. Chu'dng trlnh giao dt.Jc trung tiiu hQc mb rQng v~ mQi ITnh vrfc
ChLtong tnnh giao d\lc t~i My du'c;1C
m<'lrQng d6ng thai voi cac chu'ong tnnh phat tri~n
khac VI liinh th6 My IOn lao, tai nguyen thien nhien cling nhu' nh~n hfc d6i dao. Cac
trLtong nha tho tru'oc kia gay nhi~u tranh lu~n VI chi chu trQng vao ton giao, nay tie'p t\lc
pMt tri~n VIton giao chi la mQt mon hoc chon Il!a, trang khi do cac mon hoc khac du'<;Ic
giang d<;tytu'ong tl! nhu' cac trLtong cong I~p. Cac tru'ong ton giao ngay nay do cac giao hQi
thanh I~p ne'u co di~u ki~n rna khong phai chi la cac tru'ong nha tho cua giao phai Tin
Lanh tru'oc kia. Ngoai ra, cac tru'ong tu' khac do cac t6 chuc tu' nhan thanh l~p cling du'<;Ic
khuye'n khich. sO' hQc sinh ghi ten theo hQc t~i cac tru'ong dan I~p bao g6m tru'ong ton
giao va trLtong tu' nhan t6 chl1c rat dang k6.
Viln d~ blnh dng hay co hQi d6ng d~u dLtc;1c
dinh nghia mQt cach rQng riii nhu' trong
vi~c kinh doanh M lam gi~u, v~ ton giao, v~ kho khan th~ ch5t cling nhu' tinh th~n, v~
chung IQC, v~ gioi tfnh, v~ tu6i tac, v~ ngu6n g6c han la don thu~n blnh dng trang
chu'tlng trlnh giao d\lc. VI v~y, cac phu'ong ti~n M thl!C hi~n blnh dng trang giao d\lc tr<'l
lhanh phuc t~p hon. Ngay ttt tMp nien 1950, nhung bi~n phap m<'lrQng chu'ong trlnh giao
d\lc thich dang toi cac cilp lOp cho thanh philn hQc sinh thi~u s6dil tie'n bQ nhanh v~ t6
chl1c clingnhLt v~ nh~n dinh. T6 chuc m6i ngay mQt rQng lon, ttt nh~n djnh tieu cl!c toi
hiinh dQng tich cl!c. Voi chinh sach nay, sO'hoc sinh hoan tilt chu'dng trlnh trung hoc va
vi~c ghi ten theo hoc t~i cac trLtong cao dng cua cac hQc sinh da den va cac nhom hQc
sinh thi~u s6di dan khac dii gia tang dang k~ va tie'p t\lC gia tang vao th~p nien 1970, ke't
qua hoc t~p qua cac th~ thuc ki~m tra danh gia cling rilt kha quan. M(ic d~u BQ Giao d\lc
lien bang dii co nhung chinh sach va bi~n phap t<;tocd hQi d6ng d~u hay blnh dng trong
giao d\lc de'n mQi khu vl!c, nhat la nhung noi ngh~o tung, ngo hilu giup cac thanh philn bi
lhi~t thai hoc hoi M tie'n bQ; nhu'ng nhung kho khan cua hoc sinh t~i mQt sO'khu vl!c viin
t6n t<;ti,nhut la t~i cac khu lao dQng trang cac thanh ph6 IOn voi da sO'hQc sinh da den
hu(ic thuQc thanh ph5n nhom thi~u sO'.Tru'ong hQc t<;ticac khu vl!c nay th~ hi~n tr~ng
276

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Gido d(lc the' ky thU 20

va tcJihi~n

tlJi tlJi cdc

quae gia phdt

triin

tMi cl)'c do an voi cac viln de nghi~n hut, thieu nien ph\lm phap, b~nh hO\ln, tr6n hQc, bang
dang, thai nghen ngoai y mu6n, tl)'tii'. Cac viln d~ tren cang ngay cang tri'f nen phuc t\lP va
kh6 nhlin di~n. I)~ c6 th~ giai quyet viln d~ phuc t\lP tren tit ml)t dan so' dong duc voi
nhi~u chung tl)c, ngon ngu, van h6a kMc bi~t; chinh quy~n da co' gilng tim hi~u va nillin
di~n cac kh6 khan cua cac nh6m thi~u so' bi thi~t thoi. Voi tai trq cua lien bang, chinh
quy~n Mu bang c6 thii'm quyen thiet lijp cac chltong trlnh giao dl,!Cda van h6a cho giao
chuc truoc va sau d6 cho hQc sinh. Khu giao dl,!Ct6 chuc giang d\lY chltong tdnh song ngu:
ngon ngu my de va tieng Anh. Tieng Anh i'f day la ml)t ngon ngu thu hai English as a
Second Language: ESL, don gian va thl)'Cdl,!ng. Sach giao khoa duqc SO\lnthao cho phil
h!;1pvoi trlnh dl) cua dan so' voi nhi~u silc dan. I)ia vi cua phI,!nu cUng dltqc chu y; nhilt la
cac phI,! nu thi~u so', di dan qua cac mon hQc v~ nu gidi; qua cac nang do v~ cac chuong
trlnh giall dl,!c da van h6a, song ngu; qua cac di~u ki~n tien bl) ghi ten nhlip hQc t\li cac
trulJng call d5ng va d\li hQc; qua cac linh vl)'c hQc hoi ngay truoc gtln nhu dl)c quy~n cua
nam gioi nhu nganh ky su, toan, di~n tii'; qua vi~c cai tien cac tai li~u giang d\lY c6 tinh
cach ky thi nu gioi. Nha vijy, trang hi~n t\li, so' nu sinh vien t\li cac truang cao d~ng va d\li
hQC0 My call hon nam sinh vien.
Quan di~m dan chu, blnh d~ng v~ giao dl,!Ct\li cac ca'p titiu hQc va trung hQc con c6
tinh cach san bang nhung thi~t thoi giua ngung nguai blnh thltang va nhung nguai g~p kh6
khiln v~ th~ chilt cUng nhu tinh thtln. Htlu het cac titiu bang c6 chuong tdnh giao dl,!cd~c
bi~t special education rieng re cho gioi hQc sinh khuyet tlit. Nhltng VI tlnh tr\lng tai chinh
ell hyp, chuung trlnh nay da khong phat tri~n m\lnh me. Nam 1958,qu6c hl)i lien bang
chilp thuiin ngiin khoan d~c bi~t M dao t\lO giao vien chuyen mon giang d\lY cac tre em
khuyet tlit va tam thtln bilt 6n dinh. Nam 1975, Luijt Giao dl,!c B~c bi~t ra dai, chinh
quy~n lien bang tai trq cho tilt ca cac titiu bang M thl)'c hi~n chltong trlnh giao dl,!c d~c
bi~t v~ dil mQi linh vl)'c nhu co so xay dl)'ng, tai li~u giang d\ly, phat tri~n chltong trlnh
giang d\lY, phuong tii;n chuyen chi'f hQc sinh ...Nha vijy, chuong trlnh giao dl,!cd~c bi~t pMt
tri6n m\lnh me. Chuung trlrth nay kh6ng nI1ung giang d\lY hQc sinh t\li cac trltang d~c bi~t;
con co' gilng thfch nghi h6a vi~c hQc tlip cua cac hQc sinh nay t\li cac trltang blnh thuang;
neu C(lthE, dE cUCem c6 cu hl)i hQc tlip va tien bl) nhu nhung hQc sinh khac. co' gilng nay
cUng giup cuc hQc sinh khuyet tiit th~ chilt ciing nhu tinh thtln c6 thti c6 cul)c s6ng tl)' lijp

"

voi ngh~ nghi~p 6n djnh trang tltong lai.

Ngay vilo dtlu the ky, hQc sinh My hQc 8 nam titiu hQc va tiep theo lil4 nam trung hQc.
H~ th6ng nily chi t6n t\li c6 10 nam t\li nhi~u titiu bang.Vilo nam 1910, chuong tdnh giao
dl,!c ti~u hQc, trung hQCduqc chia thilnh 6 nilm ti~u hQc, 3 nilm trung hQc ca'p I va 3 nam
trung hQC ca'p II. T'i-i truang trung hQc ca'p I, hQc sinh hQc cac mon hQc t6ng quat; t\li
truang cilp II, hQc sinh hQc cac mon chuyen bii;t, huang dan chQn ngilnh hQc 0 d\li hQc. Ca
277

Giao dl}c the' key tM 20 va uJi hi~n tl..Jitl..Jicac

quoc'

gia phat trifn

hai he th6ng du(.!cap dl,lllg song song va ddn do1nh.;\th6ng 6-3-3 tn) thanh ph6 thong, du<;lc
ap dl,!ng rOng rai t:,licac tieSubang cho Wi ngay nay, V5n de giao dl,!CtuC,itho ciing dU<;lc
chtl y voi cac tru(Jng milm non, vdi Chu(lng trlnh dao t:,lOgiao vien, chu5n bi cho tu6i tho
vao truang mau giao, Chuang tdnh giao dl,!c tu6i tho hilu het do cac truang dan I~p t6
chelc.
Vao nam 1900, chi co khoang 500.000 hqc sinh ghi ten theo hqc t:,li cac trliang trung
hoc. Trong s6nay, co khoang ba phdn tu hoc xong nam cu6i cimg trung hqc. Ty so' nay dii
dao ngu,.!c vao 50 nam sau, voi s6 hoc sinh theo hqc t:,licac truang'trung hoc tang.g5p 10
100n,nhung s6 hoc sinh ghi ten vao d:,li h()Cchi co 25% VI so' ch6 gioi h:,ln. Toi nam 1980,
co khoiing 75% hoc sinh hoc xong bac trung hoc va co khoang 50% S(' hoc sinh nay ghi
len theo hoc d:,li hoc. Vao nam 1990, My voi 270 tri.;\u dan, co 6.745.146 hoc sinh mau
giao, 28.973.069 hoc sinh tieSuhoc va 23.000.000 hqc sinh trung hoc,
3. Cai tien chlidng trtnh giang dl1Y- Giao dl.Jc thl/c dl.Jng, lay hQc sinh lam trung
tam.
Vao cac thaP nien 1910, 1920, 1930; co xuilt hi.;\n cac chuang trlnh giiing d:,ly moi me
. nhu giiing day thuc dung va giiing day tich cl!c (Xem them chu(lng 21, muc IV), quan tam
den ca nhan hoc sinh. Tit thai gian nay, chuong trlnh giiing d:,ly cling nhu vi.;\c dao t:,lO
giao vicn co tinh cach linh dong, vdi sl! ph6i h(Jp cua nhi~u phl1(lng phap va truong hqc
dul.lc coi nhl1 la 1110tcOng d6ng deShoc hCli.Co gilng dl1a nhan dinh, kinh nghi.;\m cua hoc
sinh va hoan ciinh hii;n t~i cua xii hOi lam trung tam can ban cua hoc taP dii xuilt hi.;\n va
t6n tai lilu dai sau chl1(.!ngtrlnh giao dl,!ctich cl!c.
Vao thap nien 1950, vi.;\c giang d:,ly va chtl trong d~c bi.;\t van cac mi\n khoa hqc, ky
thuat trong hi; th6ng giao dl,!CLien XO dii gay tranh lu~n rong riii trong gidi tiinh d<j.ogiao
dl,!ccling nhu.chinh tri t:,liMy, Tuy v~y, chinh sach giao dl,!CMy van t6n t<j.ivoi ml,!Cdich
chu5n bi gidi tre bl10c vao dai song thl!c tai. Mot so' sinh vien co khii nang hoc len cao,
theo hoc t<j.icac d:,li hoc ho~c hoc vi.;\n ky thuat. MOl so' khac theo hoc cac khoa hqc ky
thual chuycn nghi.;\p t:,li cac Truong Cao D5ng Cong D6ng Community College ho~c cac
trl1llng huan nghii;p t:,li m6i dia phuong va trd thanh cac can sl! chuycn mCm v~ du nganh
ngh~ co lien hi; voi doi s6ng thl!c lai. Ben c<j.nhChu(1ng trlnh giiing d:,ly thl!c dl,!ng nay,
mQt s6 de tai 1110iphat sinh tit sl! bien chuyeSn xii hoi cling duqc giang d:,lY.Do la chuang
trlnh giao duc lieu thl,!hay kinh te ling dl,!ng cua xii hQi moi; Chu(lng trlnh giao dl!c da van
h6a hay giao duc silc toc, thich h\lp voi xii hOi My voi nhieu chung toc sinh s6ng; giao dl,!c
1116itrl1llng; giao duc gia dlnh va tlnh dl!c, mOt d~ tai moi me, rat dn thiet cho gioi tre,
nhl1ng gay nhieu tranh 1uan, hoc sinh phiii duoc phep cua phl,! huynh moi co quyen theo
hoc va" lh(li ky ddu, sau trd thanh phO IhC>ngva du,JC moi 'ngl1iJihoan nghenh; giao dl!c
278

.,

Gido d!lc tM

ky

thu 20

va t6'i hi?n t(li t(li cdc quae gia phdt

triin

phong ch6ng tt; n<)nnghit;n hUt, mQt de tai thai sl)' dUQCmqi gidi quan tam. SI)' quan tam
cua mqi gidi cung nhu thanh thie'u nien trang chudng trlnh giao dl)c ky thu~t vahulln
nghit;p dii thuc d5y vit;c rna r,Qngva phat tri~n m<)nh me ht; th6ng cac truang hulln nghit;p
va ky thulit t~i khap cac dia 'phudng. Them vilO d6 chinh quyen thie't llip cac trung tam
thong tin nghe nghit;p.; ph6i hQp hqc tlip ly thuye't t<)icac truang ky thu~t va hulln nghit;p
vOi chudng trlnh thl)'Ctlip t<)icac XInghit;p; si't dl)ng trit;t M cac ngu6n thong tin cQng d6ng
d~ nhu cfru nhan dl)ng thj trt!ang dUQccac t6 chtl'c giao dl)c dap ung kip thai va dung muc

cung ung cac nhan vien chuyen nghit;p thich dang.

Ht; th6ng giao dl)c phat tri~n tren toan nudc My; chi phi giao dl)c Wn lao; nhieu Mu
bang mong mu6n hqc sinh tie'p tl)c theo hqc de'n nam cu6i cung trung hqc; tuc la it nhllt tdi
16, 17 tu6i. Nhung tlnh tr<)ng kinh te'My cung c6 nhii'ng giai do<)n kh6 khan; vit;c di~u
hanh cac truang cung g~p tra ng<)i VIvlln M xung dQt chung tQc tll xii hQi Ian tran tdi h9C
dUong, de dqa sinh m<)ng hqc sinh cung nht! giao vien; sl)' kit;n nay c6 anh huang Wn tdi
vit;c khuyen khich hqc sinh hqc tdi num cu6i trung hqc, VInhieu hqc sinh da den cam thlly
bi ky thi: chan nan vit;c h9C hanh, nhieu hqc sinh khac bi loi cu6n vao cUQcxung dQt, gay
kh6 khan cho vit;c hqc tlip.
Chudng trlnh giao dl)c cung g~p nhieu chi trich VIcac de tai hqc tlip du c6 tie'n bQ cung
khong dap ung dUQcvdi thl)'c tr<)ng xii hQi My bie'n chuy~n qua mau ch6ng, s6 hqc sinh bO
hqc ngang van con cao. s6 hqc sinh nay khong co kha nang chuyen man, khong tIm dUQc
vit;c lam, h,Jp thanh nhii'ng bang dang, gay xao trQn, lam mllt trlit tl)', de bi lili cu6n vao
cac hanh dQng ph<)m phap, tra thanh nghit;n hut...Nhii'ng hit;n tUQng.tren dii Him suy giam
gia tri cua giao dl)c, lam thllt vqng nhieu phl) huynh cung nhu hqc sinh. Nhieu nha giao
dl)c keu goi tn) l<)iv(ji cht!dng trlnh giang d~y bao thu, vdi chudng trlnh dii dUQcthl)'Chit;n
hii'u hit;u tit truac. Thai ky nay cung cho thffy sl)' sa sut vf: ket qua hqc tap. Cac bai thi trac
nghit;m vf: tri thong minh va nang khieu cho thffy r6 sl/ sa sut nay vao thai gian tll nam
1963 Mn n5m 1982 qua ban tt!ang trlnh "Qu6c Gia Trang Cdn Nguy" A Nation at Risk
cua 0y Ban Hnh Gia Ket Qua Giao Dl)c Toan Qu6c The National Commission on
Exellence in EducationNao nam 1983. Tiep theo ban tuang trlnh nay lalien tie'p cac cUQc
hQi thii~, nghien cUu tll cffp dia pht!dng, Mn ti~u bang, lien bang M di Mn cht!dng tr1nh
giao dl)C. Ke't qua la chudng trlnh giao dl)c mdi di).ttr9ng tam vao pht!dng phap su ph~m,
kha nang dieu hanh cua nha trt!ang va sl)' lien ht; giii'a giao dl)c vdi nghe nghit;p. Cac vlln
de quan tam hit;n t~i la M tai giang d~y, th~ thl1c ki~m tra danh gia tieu chu5n, chung chi
hqc taP, vit;c chu5n bi bai d<)yva khii nang giang d<)ycua giao vien. D~ lam sang to dieu
mong mu6n (1 giao vien va h9C sinh, chinh quyf:n giao dl)c ti~u bang dii so<)nthao cht!dng
trlnh giang d~y vdi nhieu chi Mt, di).ttieu chu5n giang d<)yva hqc taP, thie't laP tieu chu5n
cho viec ki~m tra danh gia, nang cao gia tri bftng t6t nghit;p trung hqc vdi d5.y dti chi
279

Giao dt,lc the' ky thU 20 va to'i hi?n t{}i t{}i cac qu6c gia phdt triln
tie't v~ ke't qua h9C t~p cho mbi man h9C. Chuong trlnh giang d\lY nay nhiln m\lnh vao cac
man h9c can ban, dijc bi~t Ia toan, khoa h9C, ngo\li ngu va tin h9C. Tin h9C khong nhung
Ia mol man hoc rna con Ia phuong ti~n d giang d\lY. Giao vien su dl)ng di~n toan d
chuffn bi bai d\lY, d su'u t~m tai Ii~u. H9C sinh tit nhUng lop d~u cua cilp tiu h9C dii dU<;lc
h9C v~ su dl)l1g may di~n toan. Tin h9C dU<;lCsu dl)ng hang ngay nhu Ia mot phuong ti~n
hQc t~p .thl!C te' va hi~u nghi~m cho ca nhan h9c sinh cung nhu cho ca lop h9c. NhUng
phuongti~n hQc t~p c6 tinh cach ky thu~t moi nhu h9C t~p qua truy~n hlnh, phim anh cung
dU<;lC
a p dl)ng.
'

-' Nhung ban tuong trlnh cua cac tiu bang v~ giao dl)c cung khong quen quan Him de'n
nhung h9c sinh thongminh rna g~n nhu da bi cac nM giao dl)c dja phuong lang quen. Khi
cae nha tam 19, cac nha giao dl)c, cac nha xa hOi ap dl)ng phuong phap khoa h9C d kham
pha kha nang dijc bi~t cua cac h9C sinh nay; cac nha giao dl)c dja phuong c6 dua ra nhung
duong 16i giao dl)c dijc bi~t M thuc dffy vi~e h9C Hlp. Nhung cac bi~n phap nay chua
thich dang, xuilt hi~n Ie te t\li mot so dja phuong, chua giup gl nhi~u cho Mn th~p nien
1970. Trang nhUng nam nay, chinh quy~n giao dl)c ttt lien bang, de'n tiu bang qua nhung
hoi thao, nghien CUll,da dl1a ra chinh sach chung, t~p trung nhung h9C sinh thong minh
vao mot so' truong voi thanh ph~n h9C sinh kha, voi chuong trlnh giang d\lY tich cl!c, giup
cac hoc sinh nay c6 co hOi phattrin khanang h9c t~p Wi muc t6i da.

..-.

. 4. Cai titn chu'dng trinh giao dl)e eao d~ng va d\li hQe v~ quan t~i va di~u hanh
I.
Quan dim su ph\lm thl!c dl)ng, tich cl!c da tMnh cong t\li cae truong tiu h9C ttt nhung
th~p nien d~u cua the' kyo Quan dim nay kern thanh cong hon t\li cae Wong trung h9$: va
rilt it thanh cong t\li b~c cao dilng va d\li hoc. Chuong trlnh giang d\lY thl!c d\lng, tfch cl!c
dU<;lcthl!c sl! ap dl)ng t\li Truong Cao dilng Antioch thuoc tiu bang Ohio vao nam 1921.
Truong doi hoi sinh vien tr!!,ctitp tham dl! cac sinh hO\ltthl!c te' ben c\lnh nhung man h9C
t6ng qual. M6i 'chu ky 5 tu~n It'!,sinh vien dU<;lCgui Mn cac xi nghi~p thl!c t~p cac eong
tac c6 lien quan Mn man h9c trang mot thai gian. Nam 1932, Truong Cao dilng
Benningtqn danh rieng cho phl) nu thuoc Mu bang Vermont cung thl!e hi~n mot chuong
trlnh giao dl)c tl1dng tl!. Dijt trang tam vao thl!c dl)ng voi sang kien va tfnh cach doc I~p
cua<~inh vien; truong Bennington c6 mot ban giang huiln voi ~hi~u kinh nghi~m ngh~
n'ghi~p bao g6m cac ngh~ Sl, cac hoc gia, cac nM van, cac tiu thuyet gia, cac nh\lc Sl va
cac nM. giao dl)c thl!c dl)ng khac;ma kh6ng phiii Ia cac nM giao c6 van bAng tie'n s1
Truong cung cho phepsinh vien d6ng g6p 9 kie'n van vi~c thie't I~p chuong trlnh giang
d\ly, ,Tieptheo hai truong cao d!lng tren, mot so' cac truong khac cung e6 nhung chuong
trlnh giaodl)c tuong tl!. Chuong trlnh giao dl)C tich cl!c nay bj nha giao dl)c bao thu Robert
M, Hutchins (Xem them chuong 21, ml)C II), vi~n truong D\li hoc Chicago ttt nam 1929
280

1 ._

Ciao

d(IC

the' key thU 20 va t<Jihifn tQi tQi cae

quae gia phdt

trin

Mn nam 1951, chi trich kjch lii;t. Hutchins d~ nghi mQt chuang trlnh giang dl)Y c6 di~n
g6m n\ ngu phap, van hQc, lu~n'ly hQc, toan hQc va sieu hlnh hQc Aristotle. >6ng thai ong
cling dua ra mQt danh sach g6m 100 cu6n sach tham khao rna ong tin tuang la bilt ca ai,
bat ca a dau cling dn phai dQc. Quan di~m cua Hutchins du'<.JcmQt so' truong dl)i hQc
huang ang nhu'ng khong hoan toan d6ng y voi Hutchins v~ d~ tai mon dl)Y. Cung quan
di~m voi Hutchins, >l)ihQc Harvard trang ban tuang trlnh "Giao Dl)c T6ng Quat Trang
Xa Hoi Tif Do" General Education in a Free Society VaGnam 1945 da hac bi) quan di~m
thifc dl)ng, tfeh cifc hii;n dang du<.Jcthifc hii;n tl)i cac truong trung hQCva keu gQi ap dl)ng
mQt chuang tdnh giao dl)C t6ng quat bao g6m tieng Anh, toan, khoa hQC va khoa hQc xa
hoi. >ay la mQt chuang trlnh hoan toan Iy thuyet, cling nhu chuang tdnh cua Hutchins,
khong M c~p Mn mQt may may v~ ky thu~t va thifc dl)ng m~c dfru da vao giO'a the' ky tha
20. Quan di6m nay thie'u thifC te nen khong du'<.Jcph6 c~p.
Tit nam 1955 Mn nam 1975 la giai dOl)n phat tri~n cifc ml)nh cua cac tru'ong cao dhg,
dl)i hQCdua t6ng so' cac truong nay len himg nghln. Nhi.su truong IOn co Mn mily chl)c
nghln sinh vien; nhung nhi~u truang nhc' khac chi co vai tram sinh vien; nhi~u tru'ong moi
thanh I~p vao giai dOi)n nay voi nhi~u sang kien v~ chuang tdnh giang dl)Y cung voi cac
du'ang 16i quan tri di~u hanh khac bii;t, gay hoang mang cho sinh vien tuang lai va nguoi
nuoc ngoai mucln co mQt cai nhln t6ng quat v~ n.sn giao dl)C My. Chuang tdnh giang dl)Y
n6i chung, cling tuang tif nhu duang 16i cai tien a b~c trung hQC,da du<.Jcthay d6i cho phu
h<.Jpvoi hoan dnh xa hQi cling nhu nguy~n vQng cua sinh vien. Nho v~y, nhi~u trucing dl)i
hQc van duy trl du<.Jctruy~n th6ng gia tri giao duc voi cac chuang tdnh tai thifm djnh
thuang xuyen lien quan Mn d~ tai giang dl)Y nhat la a cap van bang cU'nhlin. MQt di~m
nua, nhi.su nha phe blnh da co nhiin dinh rang c6 qua nhi~u mon hQc, mQt so' co tinh cach
trung h,lP, gay kh6 khan cho sinh vien trang vi~c lifa chQn nganh hQc. Nhi~u tru'ong g~p
kho khan trong van d~ tai chinh, phan ang bat thu~n I,li v~ phia cac nha giao dl)c bio thu,
nen da phai d~t trQng tam vao viln d~ quan tri di&u himh, cat giam chi phi M duy trl
chuong trlnh giao dl)c kha quan.
Mot bien chuy~n IOn va co y nghTa nhat trang n~n giao dl)c cao dgng va dl)i hQc la sif
thanh liip va phat tri6n cac Truong >i)iCuang Junior College, chiu trach nhii;m giang dl)Y
hai nam dau trang b6n nam dl)i hQC. Y kien nay khi'li dau voi William Rainey Harper,
vii;n truang >i)ihQc Chicago, vao dau the ky. Truong di)i cuang giang dl)Y cac mon hQc
t5ng quat thuoc tUng nganh, giup sinh vien kien thUe can ban truoc khi buoc vao hai nam
cu6i co tinh each chuyen bii;t. Sau do, quan di~m truang dl)i cuang du<.Jcphat tri~n them
va du'a Mn vi~c thanh liip cac Truong Cao >gng CQng >6ng Community College a kh~p
eac dia phudng tren toan qu6c. Truang nay la truang huan nghi~p, dao tlio can sif cac
nganh ve cii ky thu~t Ian hanh chfnh chn cac van phong chfnh quy~n cling nhu cac xi
nghiep viI van phimg tu' nhan. Hi) th6ng cac truiJng can d:lng cQng d0ng co lien quan miit
281

Giao dl:lc ihe' ky thU 20 va teJi hi~n tc;Litc;Licac qw5c gia phtit trin
thiet voi cac t6 chtl'c cong d6ng trong vii;c huffn luyi;n Iy thuyet tl).itruong va thl!C t~p tl).i
cae xi nghii;p hoi;ic van phong cong ciing nhu tu. Cac can sl! hqc t~p hai nam. Mot s6 khoa
hQc doi hoi sinh vien thai gian hQCt~p dili hon M lily van b~ng cil' nhan. Cac truong nay
khong giang dl).y cac van b~ng cao hQc va tien si. Trong hii;n tl).i, My co khoang 15 trii;u
sinh vien dl).i hQc. Trong s6 nay, co khoang 9 trii;u sinh vien theo hQc tl).i gan 1.000 dl).i
hQc co 4 nam hQc tra len, khoang 6 trii;u sinh vien thea hqc tl).itren 800 truong cao d~ng
cQng d0ng vili 2 nam hqc. Dl).i hqc Harvard c6 nhfft, co 17.425 sinh vien, thilnh I~p vao
nam 1638; IOn nhilt la Dl).i hQc California, co nhi~u co sa n~m rai rac tl).i ti~u bang nay,
vui 147.331 sinh vien, thilnh lijp vao nam 1868; D~i hqc Pennsylvania thuoc ti~u bang
Pennsylvania, co 21.643 sinh vien, thilOh I~p vao nam 1740; D~i hQc Minnesota thuoc
tiu bang Minnesota voi 45.410 sinh vien, thilnh I~p vao nam 1851; D~i hqc Arizona
thuoc ti~u bang Arizona, co 44.255 sinh vien, thilnh l~p vilo nam 1851. My co s6 dan biet
dQc viet Ia 97%.
5, Cac t6 chuc giao dt.Ic chuyen nghii;p
Cae nhil giao dl,lc My da co t6 chtl'c chuyen nghii;p ngay tu narn 1743, khi t6 chU'c Hii;p
HOi Triet Hqc My American Philosophical Society duc;icthilnh l~p. Tiep theo lil mot s6 cac
hii;p hOi co Hnh cach chuyen bii;t duc;ic thilnh I~p nhu Hii;p HOi Sil' HQc My American
Historical Society, Hii;p HOi Ngol).i Ngu My The Modern Language Associatfon of
America, Hii;p HOi Kinh Te Gia E>1nhMy American Home Economics Association. Hii;p
hOi gino dl,lcdilu tien duc;icthanh I~p lil Hii;p Hoi Gino Dl,lc Qu6c Gia National Education
Association duc;icthanh l~p vao nam 1857. T6 chtl'c nily rilt quan tam den viln d~ ciii .tien
ngh~ nghii;p, phat tri~n IOn ml).nh sau nam 1870, co tfl,l sa chinh thii do Hoa Thjnh D6n
(Washington D.C.), co slf lien hi; c~i;it chi5 voi cac t6 chtl'c gino dl,lc dia phuong tren toiln
t[UClC.Tn~ trung htlll lil Cong Doan Gino Vien My American Federation of Teachers duc;ic
thilnh I~p' VilOnam 1916. Cong doiln dITtranh dilu rao riet, thl!C hii;n duc;icnhi~u quy~n Ic;ii
cho ooill1 vien nhu tang luong, hlfUli~m, ngily nghi bi;nh, tl! do giao dl,lc vil cac quy~n Ic;ii
kh5c. T~i cap d(ii hQc, cOng co nhung t6 chtl'c chuyen nghii;p vua co tinh cach phat tri~n
ngh~ nghil$p chuyen man vua doi hoi quy~n lc;iicho doiln vien. Cnc t6 chtl'c nay tieu bi~u
lil Hii;p Hoi Giang Vien Cnc Truong Cao D&ng My American Association of College
Teachi?l"s vil Hii;p Hoi' Giao Su Dl).i Hqc My American AssociatiOn of University
Professors.
.

k~

N~n gino dl,lCMy vao the ky thtl' 20 co nhung buck tien dang
v~ mqi phuong dii;n.
Chinh t[uy~n gino dl,lc lien bang tuy khong trl!c tiep quan tr! chuong tdnh giao dl,lc; nhu'ng
aa dtl'ng ra lilm cong tnc ph6i hc;ip,nghien cU'u,ban hanh cac chinh saeh t6ng quat va quan
trqng rihflt lil dU phan ph6i nhung ngan khoan tili trc;iIOn lao den cac dja phuong; M thl!C
282

..

Giao dl:lc the' ky tM 20 va tdi hif!n t(,li t(,li cac

quoc'

gia phdt tritn

hien cac chu'ling trlnh giao dlJc di;ic bi~t phat sinh van the ky thu 20. Tuy c6 tien b(\ IOn
lao, nhu'ng nt?n giao dlJCMy van c6 nhit?u van M kh6 khan rat kh6 giai quyet nhu' van dt?
xung d(lt da mau, van M [hieu nien bo hqc ngang, van dt? t(\i phlim va bliO d(\ng trong
tru'ong, van dt? nghi~n hut va buon ban thu6c. VI cac tlnh lrling tren; ban giam hi~u clla
m('jt so' tru'ong trung hqc dii khong thi! kii!m soat du'Qc hQc sinh va phai nho oen nhan vien
canh sat can thieP, kham xet vii khi tren ngu'oi cac hQc sinh tru'oc khi vao hQc; m(\t s6
tru'ong khac phai thue nhan vien bao ve tuan tieu chung quanh tru'ong M ngan chi;in
nhii'ng hanh d('jng bliO d('jng hoi;ic pha hOlii. Vdi cac sl! kien nay, giao dlJc da khong cony
nghia. Them vao d6, mi;ic dfiu dii chi phi m('jt ngan khoan IOn lao cho giao dIJC, nhit?u
tru'ong hqc thu(\c cac thanh pholdn llii cac khu vl!c lao d('jng xu6ng cap te hlii, thieu ngan
khoan tu b6, tao mC,itru'ong hqc t~p kh6 khan va lam nan long cac giao vien c6 thi~n chI.
Nhii'ng kho khan nay c~a nt?n giao dlJc My ciing la nhii'ng kh6 khan chung clla cac nu'dc
tay phu'dng voi cd cau t6 cht1c clla xii h(\i tu' ban.
V. Giao dvc t<)i Nhijt
NGn giao duc tien bl} cua Nh~t la yeu to quan tn;lIlg nhat M Nh~t di vao hang ngii cac
qUcic gia ky nghe. H9C sinh, sinh vien NMt nh~n dinh giao dlJC nhu' la m('jt phu'dng ti~n
duy nhat M dlit thanh cang trong cu(\c s6ng. Tlii Nh~t, vi~c theo hQc tlii cac tru'ang n6i
tieng chung ti) dia vi xii h(\i clla hQc sinh, sinh vien va gia dlnh. Do d6, thi d~u van cac
tru'ong dlii Iwc n6i tieng nhu' ll!i hQc Tokyo (long Kinh) hay llii hQc Kyoto (Tay Kinh)
la dit?u vinh dl! IOn lao va tu'dng lai nght? nghi~p tcit deP gan nhu' dlf(Jc bao dam. Nhit?u
h9C sinh thi hong, danh ca nam luyen thi M thi vao nam sau. Neu ket qua khang may
miin, ho se di hQC nu'dc ngoai cht1 khang hqc m('jt tru'ong nao khac trang nu'dc. M(\t so'

il hQc sinh khac thi hong nhit?u lfin, that V9ng va tlf til.
1. Giao dl}c van dltu the' ky lht120 - Giao dvc cai tie'n va giao dvc lruy~n lh6ng
Tit nam 1894 oen nam 1905, Nh~t thl!c hi en hai chien thiing IOn: danh blii Trung Hoa
va Nga. Hai chien thi'iilg nay la m(\t nit?m hiinh di~n Ion cho dan t(\c Nh~t va la cd h(\i d~
Nh~t tien them tren con du'ong canh tan h6a va ky ngh~ hoa. li! c6 vii cho chu'dng trlnh
canh tan ciing nhu' chinh sach phat trii!n truyt?n th6ng dan t('jc, nGn giao dlJc Nh~t dn phai
du'dc di tien. He th6ng.giao dlJc NMt dlf,JCthl!c hien dl!a theo sl! phat tri~n giao dlJc,cac
mrdc tay phu'lJng. Tuy v~y, quan dii!m 1'1 tu'ang vt? truyGn thcing dan t('jc dii du'lJCthi! hi~n
qua Lu~t Giao dlJc nam 1890 Kyoiku Chokugo.
Tit nam 1900, nt?n giao dlJc tii!u hqc gl\m c6 4 nam hoc va cu'ung bach. Chinh quyt?n
lrung u'dng tai WJ M cac dia phu'dng thi hanh chinh sach cu'ung bach giao dlJc. Nam 1907,
lU~1cu'ung bach giao dlJc tang tit 4 nam len 6 nam. Vao giai dOlin nay, ml(c scing clla dan
2X3

. Ciao dl;lcthe' ky thli 20 va teii hi~n t(li t(li cac

quae gia phdt trie'n

Nh~t tang nen vi~c canh tan giao dl,lc cung phat tri~n tuang tl! va s6 tre em di hQc tang rat
nhanh. TY s6 hQc sinh ti~u hQc di hQc vao nam 1890 la 49%, da tang Hln Mn 98% vao
nam 1910. HQc sinh nam nu hQc chung, nhung kMc lop. Tai truong !rung hQc, nguqc lai,
nam nu hQc rieng. Nam sinh hQc trliong chugakko va nu sinh hQc trliong jogakko. Ca hai
truong co chuang trlnh giang daY t6ng quat huang dan vao dai hQc. Ngoai ra, con co
truong jitsugyogakko hay truong huan nghi~p, giang day chuang trlnh ky thu~t va huang
dan ngh~ nghi~p cho cii nam va nu sinh. HQc sinh phili hoan tat chll'ang trlnh ti~u hQc mai
du(,1C thi vao hQc cac trliong trung hQc.
V~ chliang trlnh giang daY, ngoai cac man hQc t6ng quat, Lu~t Giao dl,lc 1890 chi thi ra
la luan 19 dao dU'ctruy~n th6ng dan ti?c vai quan di~m cua Kh6ng Til' phai du(,1C duy trl va
pMt tri~n. Chi !hi v~ luan 19 dao duc nay dliqc thJ!c hi~n vai man hQc Mt bui?c "giao dl,lc
dao dUc qu6c gia" shushin. Nam 1903, mi?t h~ th6ng sach giao khoa cac cap dliqc Hi?
Giao dl,lc sOan thao va xuat ban, phil hqp vai luan 19, dao duc cung nhu tlnh hlnh chfnh tIi
duang thai.
,',
D~ co th~ thoa man nhu du hQc t~p, mi?t M th6ng dao tao giao vien ri?ng rai vai Lu~t
Thie't l~p truong sli pham vao nam 1886. ThJ!c sI!, Nh~t da co cac truong sli pham tir nam
. 1873. Vai lu~t mai, nhieu truong su pham dli<;lCthanh I~p tai cac dia phuong. Tat ca deu
do chfnh quyen quan tri, Nhu v~y, khong co tWang sli pham dan I~p. Ve vi~c dao tao giao
vien ti~u hQc; luc d~u, hQc sinh hQc he't chuang trlnh ti~u hQc du<;lctheo hQc; sau do, hQc
sinh hQc he't trung hQc mai dli<;lCthu nh~n. V~ vi~c dao tao giao vien trung hQc, mi?t s6
trliong cao dang sli pham dli<;lCthanh I~p M huan luy~n cac giao vien nay. Ngoai ra, con
co tWang Sli pham dao tao giao vien cac truong ky thu~t va huan nghi~p. Tat cii la truong
cong I~p. Cac trliong sli pham dli<;lct6 chuc rat ch(it che, ky lu~t nghiem minh, nga h~u
dao tao mi?t the' h~ giao vien mai, trung thanh vai hoang M, t~n tl,ly vai nghe nghi~p,
huang dan hQc sinh trang cong tac giao dl,lCM cao truyen th6ng dao dUc dan ti?c.
V~ giao dl,lc cao d&ng, da co nhung HQc vi~n Kh6ng Til' Hanko va cac Trung tam
Giao dl,lc Dan I~p Shijuku ngay tir cu6i thai cac su quan. Dai hQc dung nghla theo tay
phuong chi xuat hi~n tai Nh~t vao nam 1873. Trliong Dai hQc Tokyo dli<;lcthanh I~p van
nam nay va g6m co b6n khoa: lu~t, toan va khoa hQc, van hQc, y khoa. Vao nhung nam
d~u. thanh l~p; giang vien h~u he't la nguoi nuac ngoai va ngon ngu giang daY cung la
ngoai nguvl thie'u giang vien ban xu. Mon y khoa dU<;lcgiang day b~ng tie'ng Duc va
giang vien qglioi Duc. Cac man kMc giang day b~ng tie'ng Anh va cac giang vien la
nguoi Anh ho(ic My. Nam 1886, Dai hQc Tokyo du<;lcciii danh Ja Dai hQc Hoang gia
Tokyo va tra thanh mi?t dai hQc quac gia, Dai hQc nay dli<;lctrao trQng trach nghien cUu,
ph<it tri~n chliang trlnh giang day theo cac dai hQc tie'n bi? a Duc. Nhieu man hQc toan,
khoa hQc, ky thu~t dli<;lcgiai thi~u, d6ng thai nhung man nhan van cung dli<;lCgiang day
284

..

Gido

dl;lC

the

ky

tha 20

va tiJi hi~n t(li t(li cdc quae gia phdt

triin

va truy~n th6ng-c6 truy~n dan t9c cung dU<;Jcduy trIo day, tuong tl)'nhu 0 cac truang trung
hQc, Dai hqc Hoang gia Tokyo tro thanh khuan mau cho vi~c thanh laP cac d"i h9C kQ;ic (}
Nhat.
"
Dii c6 m9t so' truang cao dAng dan laP dU<;Jethanh laP vao thai cac su quan'. D6 la cae
H9C vi~n Kh6ng Tii' va cae Trung tam Giao dl.Jc Dan lap rilt n6i tie'ng nhu vlta d~ CaP 0
tren, NhG'ng tru'ang nay khang du'QCchinh quy~n ehu y va bi coi nhu' la cac tru'ang thu ye'u
so vdi cae tru'ang eang lap. LUat Truong eao dAng nam 1903 cang nhan cae tru'ang nay va
dUQcso sanh ngang hang voi eac [rUang eang lap, Cae truang eao dAng dan laP c6 co h9i
phat tri~n va m9t so' truang dii [ro thanh dc dai hqe dan lap n6i tie'ng 0 Nhat trang tu'ong
lai,
2. Giao dt.Jc tal nam 1940 - Giao dt.Jc cal tie'n va truyt'n thilng phat triin mllnh
The ehie'n thu 1(1914-1918) c6 anh huong IOn tdi xii h9i Nhat. Nhat thily dU<;Jesl)' tan
pha va noi thilt vong eua nhi~u qu6e gia tren the' gidi. Them vao d6 la nhG'ng phong trao
chong d6i chinh quy~n cua cae Il)'e lu'<;Jngxii h9i va tran d9ng Mt khung khie'p vao nam
1\123 t;,ti Tokyo - Y()kohama lam 14VW7 ngu'ai thi~t m"ng, cang lam nguai dan Nhat
hoang mang, 10 ng;,ti. Tuy vaY, Nhat dii vU<;Jtra khi\i cae kh6 khan tren nha dan tr! cao,
nha chuong trlnh giao dl.Jcphat tri~n r9ng riii. Thai ky nay eung chUng kie'n sl)'tie'n b9 eua
Nhal v~ phuong di~n kinh te', oem I"i ke't qua to't d~p duong nhien eua giao dl.Jcva nguai
dan Nhat rilt hiinh di~n v~ di~m nay. Nha vaY, tinh thiln ton tn;mg truy~n th6ng dan t9c
cung nang cao,
B9 Giao dl.Jcthie't laP H9i D6ng Dile Bi~t Giao Dl.JcSpecial Council for Education vaa
nam 1917 d~ nghien cUu cac viln d~ giaa dl.Jc va lam tu vfrn cha B9 trang vi~e phat tri~n
chuung tdnh giao dl.Jc truy~n th6ng dan tge cho phu h(Jp voi t1nh hlnh chinh trj va phat
tri~n kinh te'o Y kien tu viln cua H9i d6ng ta ciii tien ehuong trlnh giao dl.Jchi~n Mnh ma
khang thie't laP m9t h~ th6ng moi, Vi~c cai lie'n chu trqng dilc bi~t vao n~n giao dl.Jccao
dilng va d;,ti hqc. N~n giao dl.Jctrung hQe tie'p tl.JCtie'n b9 dang k~, N~n giao dl.Jcti~u h9C
du,JC ciii tien v~ n9i dung cac mon h9C, v~ phuong phap giang d"y cung nhu thie't laP
ngan sach cho chu'ong trlnh cuBng bach giao dl.Jc.
Sau The' chie'n thU I, phu'ong phap giao dl.Jc thl)'Cdl.Jng, tfeh cl)'e tro thanh ph6 thong
t;,tidc quo'c gia Au Chau. Phu'on-g phap nay dU(Jc gidi thi~u vaa Nhat. Nhi~u tru'ang dan
lap dii 010 duang voi phu'ong phap nay. Tie'p thea, nhi~u tru'ang eang laP cung thay d6i
chuang chlnh va phu'(1ng phap giang d"y thea chi~u hudng moi. Diln diln, sach giao
khoa moi vdi phu'ong pMp giao dl.Jc thl)'c dl.Jng, tfeh cl)'c da dU<;JeB9 Giao dl.Jcchilp nhan
va xufrt ban. Vao thai gian nay, liln dilu tien, chu(Jng trlnh m5.u giao dUQc gioi thi~u vaa
chu(Jng trlnh giao duc. Chu'ong trlnh vuan tre du',Jc chinh thuc eang nhan qua LUat Giao
285

Gido dl,lc tM

ky

thu 20

va tui hi~n t(,lit(,licac quae gia phdt

triln

d\!c Vuon tre vao nam 1926. Thl)'c sl)', chuang trlnh nay do chinh quy~n bao tro da duc;Jc
thiel I~p bin dilu tien vao nam 1876 va dijt duoi quy~n di6u hanh cua Truong Nii' Su ph')m
Tokyo. Tiep theo la viecthanh I~p nhi~u vuon tre khac cong l~p ding nhu dan I~p.
Viec tai In;l cua chinh quy~n trung uang cho chinh sach cuang bach gi<lo d\!c tren toan
quOc da diln diln Ol1c;JC
thl)'c hien voi viec trung uang dai thq 50% luang b6ng gi:lo vien va
diil phu(lng dai thq 50%. Giao d\!c ti~u hqc pMt tri~n m')nh me. Trang khoang 30 nam til'
19 I0 Mn 1940, s6 giao vien va hQc sinh Mu hQc tang gllp doi. Tinh Mn cu6i nam 1940,
s6giao vien la 287.000 va s6hqc sinh la 12.335.000. Muoi hai trieu hqcsinh ti~u hqcqua
la mOt can so kh6ng 16 voi dan so thea thong ke vao nam'1976 la 112 trieu; phong tinh
ngul;lc I')i, dan s6 NhGt vao nam 1940 phong chUng 60 trieu.
Giao d\Jc trung hQc tiep t\Jc pMt tri~n voi cac truong trung hqc cho nam sinh, truong
trung hQc cho nii' sinh va truong trung hQc hulln nghieP cho ca nam va nil SI)' phat tri~n
nay ro rang nhat sau The chie'n thil I v~ ca ca so Ifin s6 hqc sinh ghi ten thea hqc, bi~u
hien 1'0 rang nhu cilu giao d\!c. Ngay trudc, hilu he't hqc sinh thon que nghi hqc sau khi
hoan tat b~c Mu hqc. Sau d6, truong trung hqc duc;Jcthiet I~p t')i khap nai, t')o ca hQi cho
cae hQc sinh ke cii hqc sinh thon que tiep t\Jc viec hQc t~p. Nhu v~y, truong trung hqc vao
giai do')n nay tra thanh ca sa giao d\!c ph6 thang va hqc sinh thuOc du thanh philn til'thanh
tbj den thQn que, til' gioi quy tQc thuQng 1l1UMn gioi nang dan lao dOng, mQt di~m khac
biel 1'6rang voi thoi Minh Tri, giao d\!c trung hqc giln nhula dOc quy~n cua can em gioi
Hinh d,!o, Til' nam 193 I, hai chuang trlnh dul;lc thiet I~p. MOt danh cho nhii'ng hqc sinh
mu6n hQc len d')i hqc, mOt danh cho nhii'ng hqc sinh muon hQc ngh~. Thea thong ke, vao
narn 1910, so hqc ,sinh thea hqc t')i cac truong nam !rung hqc la 122.000, nii' trung hqc la
56.200 va, hulln nghieP la 64.700. Vao nam 1940, s6 h9C sinh nay tang them theo thil tl)'la
432.000, 555.000 va 625.000. Voi thong ke nay, trang 30 nam, s6 h9C sinh trung h9C dli
tang .giln 71iln, til' can so 242.900 tang len 1.612.000, so voi tieu hqc chi tang gftp dol. Tuy
v~y, so' hQc sinh trung hQc (1.612.000) so voi s6 hqc sinh tieu hqc (12.335.000) vfin con

..

kern X'I .
.. f)i~m quan tr9ng nhllt cua n~n giao d\!c Nh~t vao giai do')n nay la viec cai tie'n giao
d\JC b~c d')i hqc voi Lu~t f)')i h9C va Trung h9C vao nam 1918 do d~ nghj cua HOi d6ng
f)ijc biet Gia.o.d\!c. Trudc thoi gian nay, chi c6 nhii'ng d')i hQc cang I~p. Lu~t moi cho
phep [hanh l~p cacd')i hQc dan I~p. Cactru'ong cao dang dan I~p dITdul;lc cang nh~n
vao. nam 1903. C)1inh.cac truong cao dilng nay, 1110ts6 rat n6i tieng til' thai cac sil quan,
ngay nay co ca hOi (ril thanh cac d')i hqc, thu hut mOt so dang dao sinh vien. Hai truong
d!!i hp~.dftn l~p n6Ltieng ttt giai do')n nay la Keio va Waseda. Ngoai cac truong d')i
hQc, nhi6u truong cao dilng quoc gia khUc dU(Jc thanh l~p nhu truong ,thu(jng l11')i,truong
y khoa, truong.canh n6ng, truong ky nghe ...Vao nam 1930, Nh~t co 46 truong cao dilng
286

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ky thU 20 va tcJihifn tgi tgi cdc quae gia phdt triin

va d<)i hQe ehia ra 17 truang d<)ihQe qu6c gia, 5 truang d<)ihQe va eao d~ng eong I~p, 24
truong d<)ihQe va eao d~ng dan I~p. Lu~t Trung hQe eho phep thie't I~p cae truang dlf bj
d<)ihQe va cae truang trung hQe dU<;Jecai t6 theo nhu cae truang Gymnasium eua Due va
Lycee cua Phap voi 7 nam hQe.
Vi~c pMt tri~n IOn m<)nh vC::giao d\!e a NMt ttt ti~u hQe, de'n trung' hQe va d<)i hQe
vITnchua thila man nhu du giao d\!c. So ddn xin theo hQc va so hQc sinh dU<;Jcchfip nh~n
then hQc t~i cac truang trung hQc c6 ty I~ 4.3 vao nam 1910; c6 nghla la 4.3 hQc sinh ghi
ten, chi co mQt hQe sinh dtr<;Jcvao hQe; ty I~ nay tang len 6.9 vao nam 1920 va 10.5 vao
nam 1926. VI so hQc sinh ti6u hQc du<;Jcnh~n vao truang trung hQe va ttt trung hQe len d<)i
hQe qua it, nha truang dii phai rna nhung kh6a thi nh~p hQe va vi~c qnh tranh qua la gay
go voi so ddn xinhQc cang ngay cang nhiC::u.Th6 thuc thi nMp hQe nay dii khai slf ttt thai
Minh Tri va BQ Giao d\!e dii co nhiC::uco gl\ng cai tie'n, ddn gian hoa, dU<;Jetie'p t\!C de'n

..

'.

ngay nay.
Sau The' chie'n tM 1(1914-1918), mQt ehudng tdnh giao khac dU<;Jcgioi thi~u. Do la
chlMng trlnh giao d\!c xii hQi hay giao d\!c ngoai hQc duong, rfit dtr<;Jchoan nghenh va tra
thanh ph6 bie'n. Th\!'c ra, chudng tdnh nay dii dU<;Jckhai slf ttt thai Minh Trj, co m\!e dich
khuye'n khich hQc sinh di hQe. Nam 1890, eGng duoi thai Minh Trj, chudng trlnh nay dtr<;Jc
rna rQng voi vi~c khuye'n khich nguai IOn tham dlf nhung bu6i hQe t~p van hoa b6 tuc va
hQe t~p qua cae tai li~u do cae thu vi~n dia phudng eung cfip. Toi nam 1929, ehudng trlnh
giao d\!c xii hQi tra thanh quan trQng khi BQ Giao d\!c t6 ehU'c cae ehudng tdnh giao d\!e
tu6i tn';, giao d\!c b6 tue hufin nghi~p, giao d\!c nguai IOn. Chudng tdnh giao d\!c nguai IOn
dii phat tri6n m<)nh me, giup nhiC::unguai IOn va sinh vien vtta di lam vtta di hQc. Toi nam
1930, so nguoi IOn va sinh vien ghi ten theo hQc ban thai gian len toi 1.277.000 nguaL
Nam 1935, nhiC::utrung Him giao d\!c tu6i tre dU<;Jcthie't I~p, bao g6m d ehudng tdnh b6
tuc hufin nghi~p, giang d<)ythem van hoa va them man hufin luy~n quan slf ehu1i'nbi eho
chinh sach phieu Itru quan slf va banh truong de' quae cua Nh~t.
3. Giao d\!c trong The' chie'n thli' II - Giao dl,lc phl,lc Vl,lchie'n tranh
Vi~c NMt tfin eong Man Chau vao nam 1931 dii dua de'n chie'n tranh Trung - Nh~t
khai s\!' ttt nam 1937.Doi song toan dan bj lai cuon vao ehinh saeh banh truong the'llfe
cua chinh quyC::nquan slf Nh~t. Voi chinh sach moi D<)iDong A. do NMt lam ba ehu, nt:n
giao d\!c phiii dU<;Jcthay d6i cho phu h<;Jpvoi tham v<,Jngcua nha dm quyt:n va ehu1i'n bi
cho cUQc chie'n tranh IOn lao Nh~t se pMi dUdng d~u. Giao d\!c nay tra thanh giao d\!c
tinh th~!1 quae gia dan tQc dQc ton va qua khieh tUdng tlf nhu chinh saeh giao d\!c d6ng
thai cua Duc. Khi NMt th\!'e Slf tham chie'n vao The' ehie'n tM II (1939-1945) voi eUQe
tfin eang bfit nga I\!'e IU<;JngMy t<)iPearl Harbor a Hawaii vao euoi nam 1941, thl ehinh
287

Gido d{lc tM ky tM 20

va trJihifn

t(li t(li cdc qu6c gia phdt triin

sach giao dl,lc Nh~t holm toan thay d6i M phl,lC vl,l chie'n tranh vai Lu~t Giao Dl,lc 1941.
Lu~t nay cong b6 tinh thiln giao dl,lc qu6c gia dan tOc la t6i tht!<;1ng.NOi dung cht!dng trinh'
va pht!dng phap giang d(lY cling vi do rna thay d6i. Cac trt!ong ti~u hQc tren toan qu6c
dt!<;1cqu6c hi1u hoa, tra thanh trung tam giao dl,lc qu5c gia, vai ml,lc dich ren luye;:nthanh
thie'u nien tu thai tre trung nh[t d~ phl,lc vl,lchinh thl V ai Lu~t Giao dl,lc Trung hQc 1943,
cac trt!ong trung hQc dil 10(li cling tra tMnh cac trung tam giao dl,lc qu6c gia duy nhilt,
kPong philn bie;:tky thu~t, hi;lc nghe hay ph6 thong. Cht!dng trlnh giao dl,lc a day bao g&m
cii van hoa I~n chinh trj va quan st!. Thai gian hQCt~p rut xu6ng 4 ihay vi 7 nam nht! trt!ac .
kia. p&ng thai, cac trt!ong st! ph(lm nay dt!<;1cnang Jen cilp d(li hQc. Khi tlnh tr(lng chie'n
tranh gia tang; NMt t6n thilt n~ng ne ve nhan m(lng; hQc xong 4 nam trung hQc; philn IOn
[Jam sinh dt!<;1cdt!a ra chie'n trt!ong; philn dong nil' sinh va mOt philn nam sinh dt!<;1cdOng
vien vao cong tac t(li cac xi nghie;:pche' t(lOvli khi hay cac xi nghie;:p, nong trltong san xu[t
tht!c phil'in phl,lc vl,l cho chie'n tranh. Giln de'n cu6i chie'n tranh, hilu nht! tilt cii cac trt!ong
cao d~ng va d(li hQc deu dong clia vi khong co hQc sinh i'1 tnHJg hQc di len va so' sinh vien
d(li hQc da ra trt!ong di phl,lc Vl,la cac chie'n trt!ong.

4. Giao d\lc sau The' chitn thti' II - Giao d\lc truy~n tMng va tht!c d\lng
. NgayI4.8.1945,
Nh~t dilu hang vo dieu kie;:nva quan dOi d&ng minh d(li die;:nla quan
dOi My chie'mdong Nh~t. Chinh sach giao dl,lc quan st! va qu6c gia qua khich chilm ddt,
nht!ong ch6 cho cht!dng trlnh giao dl,lc van hoa thuiln tuy chju anti ht!ang giao dl,lc tay
pht!dng nht! trliackia. HOi D&ng Qu6c Gia Cai Tie'n Giao Dl,lc The National Education
ReformCommitttee dl1<;1c
thanh I~p va d~ nghj cac cai Mn len thil tt!ang. Qu5c hQi Nh~t
da chilp thu~n Lu~t Giao dl,lc vao nam 1947 va lu~t thie't I~p HOi D&ng Giao Dl,lc Board of
Education t(li m6i trt!ong vao nam 1948. Lu~t mai chia cilp ti~u va trung hQCra lam ba: 6- .
3-3 hay la 6 nam ti6u hQc, 3 nam trung hQc cilp I va 3 nam trung hQc cilp II. Giao dl,lc d(li
hQc
4 nam
M lily van bAng cli nhiln. He;:th6ng phan chia nay chju anh hliang giao dl,lc
.
.
My. Thoi gian cliong bach giao dl,lc nay la 9 nam, tuc la tai tu6i 15. Giao dl,lc h6n h<;1p
nam nil' khi'1ist!, d&ng thoi vai cac chlidng trlnh khac nhli giao d\lc khuye't t~t, giao dl,lc ky
t.hu~t, giao dl,lc huiln nghie;:p. HQc sinh NMt hQc t~p su6t ngay, nhilt la tU trung hQc cilp 1.
Ngoai vie;:chQc hai bu6i i'1 truong, da so' con hQc them t(li cac trung tam dan I~p hay ngay
t(li.trliong sa t(li; sau gio hQc bu6i chieu M chuil'n bj cho nhil'ng ky thi a tlidng lai. Them
vao do, ngOn ngil' Nh~t kho, hQc sinh t6n nhieu thl gio cho tie'ng my de so vai cacngon

ngil' khac. Cang len cao, vie;:chQc t~p cang co' tinh cach c(lnh tranh hdn. Tlnh tr(lng nay
v~n tie'p di&n ttong hie;:nt(li.
Chinh sach,giao dl,lccling thay d6i vai vie;:cgiam bOt quyen hanh cila trung lidng; them
quyen h(ln cho cac khu giao dl,lc M khuye'n khich sang kie'n va tOn trQng nguye;:n vQng cila
288

Ciao dlfc tM

;'1_

ky

thlt 20 va tdi hi~n tl;litl,licac

quoc gia phdt

triln

dja phl1ong. y~ phl10ng di~n sach giao khoa, sach voj dl1ang 16i co tinh cach cl10ng bach
cua chinh quy~n dl1<;Jchuy bo va thay the' bling sach khoa moi. Mot di~m d~c bi~t d day,
chiu anh hl1dng n~n giao dl,lc My, I~n d~u tien co sd giao dl,lc co Uy Ban Oiao Dl,lc Board
of Education ki~m soat, tranh vi~c I')m quy~n cua hi~u trl1dng. Uy Ban nay bao g6m
nhi~u thanh ph~n: d')i di~n phl,l huynh hQc sinh, d')i di~n giao vien, d')i di~n chinh quyn
va d')i di~n cong d6ng dia phl1ong. Mon hQc luan Iy d')o duc c6 truyn sau trd thanh mon
hQc chinh trj co tinh cach tuyen truyn chii nghia qu6c gia qua khich dl1<;Jchiiy bo va thay
vao Ill.mon cong dan giao dl,lc, mot mon hQc huii'n luy~n hQc sinh trd thanh mot cong dan
t6t. Lu~t moi cling co nhung di~m cai tie'n nn giao dl,lc d~i hQc, t')o co hQi d6ng du cho
mQi cong dan trang vi~c theo hQc nganh hQc nay. Cac trl1ang d')i hQC va cao dAng nay
dl1<;Jct6 chUc mot cach th6ng nhii't voi 4 nam hQc. Cac trl1ang sl1 ph')m nlim trang t6 chuc
d')i hQc. Vi~c cai tie'n nay co anh hl1dng m')nh me de'n vi~c phat tri~n nganh hQc nay VI
nganh d')i hQc trl1ac day d Nh~t rii't bilo thi! va co tinh cach gioi h')n; nay md ra cho bii't cu
ai co kha nang va thi dliu.
Nhlit ky Thoa Voc Hoa Blnh Peace Treaty vao nam 1952 voi d6ng minh, chii'm dill
vi~c chie'm dong ciia quan dOi My tren dll't Nhlit. Thoa 110cnay cling chUng kie'n quyn
h')n cua Nhlit v~ vii'n d giao dl,lc, thoat ra khoi anh hl1dng ciia My, dl1a ra nhung cai tie'n
cho phil h<;Jpvoi van hoa d')o dl1c cling nhl1 hoan dnh chinh trj, khong chju anh hl1dng the'
lIfCnao. Chinh sach nay dl1a de'n vi~c gia tang quyn h')n ciia trung l10ng v cac phl1ang
di~n hanh chinh, chl1ang trlnh giang d')y, sach giao khoa va kha nang chuyen nghi~p ciia
giao vien vdi mot lo')t cac chi thi vao thlip nien 1950. Them vao do, ho')t dong m')nh me
ciia nghi~p doan giao chuc chju anh hl1dng quan di~m xii hoi cling lam tang them gia trj
d')o dl1c luan ly va chl1ang trlnh truyn th6ng nay trd thanh mon hQc bilt buoc t')i cac Idp
ti~u hQc va trung hQc ca'p I, thay the' cho chl1ang trlnh cong dan giao dl,lc. Tuy nhien, tren
t6ng qua.t, chl1ang trinh cai tie'n giao dl,lc sau The' chie'n thu II viln dI1<;Jcduy tri va phat
tri~n m')nh me, giup Nhlit khong nhUng vl1<;Jt
qua cac kho khan do chie'n tranh tan pha voj
nen kinh te' ki~t qu~, trd tMnh mot qu6c gia co nen kinh te' phat tri~n vao blic nhii't tren
the' gioi co th~ so sanh ngang hang voi nen kinh te'My, Anh, Phap, Duc.
H~ th6ng t6 chuc va dieu hanh giao dl,lc Nhlit dl1<;Jc
chia thanh ba ca'p: dja phl1ong, dnh
va trung l10ng dl10i quyen ki~m soat, hl10ng diln ciia Bo Oiao dl,lc. Bo co thli'm quyen dang
k~ ve so')n thao chl1ang trlnh, sach giao khoa, tai chinh. Yoi tl1 cach hl10ng diln va ki~m
soat, Bo Oiao dl,lc dii thanh cong trong vi~c thie't llip va phat tri~n mot nen giao dl,lc binh
dAng va hii'u hi~u sau chie'n tranh.
Chl1ang trinh giao dl,lc thl)'Cdl,lng, tich cl)'c chju anh hl1dng My ap dl,lng vao cac trl1ang
Nhlit ngay sau chie'n tranh khong dem I')i ke't qua mong mu6n v phl1ang di~n tham dl)'
vao cac sinh ho')t Idp hQCva ke't qua hQCtlip vi hQc sinh Nhlit cling nhl1 ph~n dong hQc
289

Ciao dl:lc the' ky thU 20 va fIJi hifn t{li t{li cdc

quae gia phdt

triin

sinh A Chau, khac hQc sinh My cling nhli hQc sinh Au Chau. HQc sinh tay phliong hie'u
dOng, hQc sinh dong phliong l~ng Ie. VI v~y, vao cac nam tu 1961 Mn 1963, BO Giao Dl.Ic
cai t6 chliong trlnh giang d~y hliong vilO phliong phap hliong dftn cua giao vien d b~c ti~u
hQc va trung hQc cilp I, voi ml.lCdfch lam tang them sl! tiep nh~n kien thuc clla hQc sinh
d~c bi~t trong cac man hQc luan Iy d~o duc, khoa hQc, ky thu~t va hulln nghi~p. Vi~c cai
tien phliong phap giang d~y cling nhli man hQc d6u hliong v6 nhu du xa h<)iva kinh te'o
Th~p nien j 960 la nhii'ng niim tien bO IOn lao clla NMt v6 ca giao dl)c Iftn kinh te'. SI!
phat trii!n kinh te nay tang l<;Iituc ca nhan. Nha l<;Iituc ca nhan hay l<;Iituc gia dlnh tang,
vi~c ghi ten theo hQc t~i cac trliang trung hQCva d~i hQc tang. Vao nam 1960, c6 57.7%
hoc sinh hQc het tieu hQCtheo hQc t~i cac trliang trung hQCva c6 10.3% so hQc sinh hQc
het trung hQc theo hQc d~i hQc. To! nam 1975, ty so nay tang len toi 91.9% va 37.8%. RlIt
nhi~u sinh vien kh6ng thi d~u vao cac trliang cao d5ng va d~i hQCc6ng l~p, da phai ghi
ten theo hqc t~i cac trliang cao d5ng va d~i hQc dan I~p. Nhi6u trliang lo~i sau nay VItai
chfnh eo h~p, tu vi~c t6 chuc Mn di6u hanh va giang d~y can ngheo nan nen da lam giiim
gia tri gian dl)c d~i hQc a Nh~t mOt phdn nao. Vao nam 1990, Nh~t voi 125 tri~u dan, c6
1.977.611 hqc sinh ;nau giao, gdn 13 tri<;u hQc sinh tieu hQC, 11.143.730 hQc sinh trung
hQc ph6 th6ng, 1.450.704 hQc sinh trung hQc ky thu~t, 2.887.160 sinh vien d~i hQc,
2.304.150 sinh vi~n hQc vi~n va trliang cao d5ng. Vao nam 1999, Nh~t c6 76 d~i hQc c6ng
I~p va 73 d~i hQc dan I~p; c6 khoang mlly tram hQc vi~n, trliang cao d5ng dll lo~i c6ng I~p
va dan l~p. So sinh vien t~i cac trliung can d5ng va d~i hQc dan I~p kh6ng kem so sinh
vien t~i cac trliang cong I~p. Nhi6u trliang d~i hQc dan I~p n6i tieng nhli cac d~i hQc c6ng
I~p. D~i hQc Dan I~p Ryukoku c6 nh5t voi 20.398 sinh vien, nguyen la HQc vi~n Kh6ng
Til' Hanko, thanh I~p vao nam 1639. D~i hQc Dan I~p Keio va Wascda n6i tie'ng nh5t; d~i
hQc .trlioc voi 46.145 sinh vien, nguyen la HQc vi~n Kh6ng Til' Hanko thanh I~p vao nam
1858; d~i hQc sau voi 42.794 sinh vien, nguyen la Trung tam Giao dl)c Dan I~p Shijuku,
thanh l~p vao nam 1882. D~i hQc Dan I~p Nihon IOn nhllt toan qu6c voi 87.157 sinh vien, .
thanh I~p nam 1903.V6 phla cac d~i hQc c6ng I~p; D~i hQe Tokyo n6i tieng nh:1t nlioe, c6
27.536 sinh vien, thanh I~p VilOnam 1873, la trliang d~i hQe ddu tien thiet I~p theo tieu
chuffn cac d~i hQc tay phlilJng; D~i hQc The Air IOn nh5t trang so' cac d~i hQe c6ng I~p, voi
66.730 sinh vien, thanh I~p vao nam 1988. Nh~t c6 so' dan bie't dQe viet la 99%.
Nh~t cling g~p kh6 khan d cilp trung hQe e5p II VIehliong trlnh giiing d~y day r:1t go
b6; trang khi d6 hQc sinh NMt da e6 nhii'ng so thleh va khuynh hliong hQc hoi rOng rai

han la chuang trlnh giao dl)e c6 dien. SI! kien giao dl.lc kh6ng t~o co hOi thleh ung d~
thoa man nhu du giao dl.le ella hQe sinh da tro thanh moi quan tain IOn eho mQi gioi. Do
d6, HOi d6ng Quoc gia Cai tien Giao dl.lc c6 dl! djnh di t6 chliang trlnh giiing d~y cac

290

.'

Ciao dl:lc the' ky thU 20 va tui hifn t(,li t(,li cac

lruang cap II van nam
hii:\n va IU nam 1987,
hqc, khuyen khich hqc
day, ngb hilu giup hqc

quae gia phdt

trie'n

1971 M giai quyel cac viln d~ ln~n. Mi)l so cai lien da du<;lClhl!c
chudng lrlnh nay da du'Qc nhiln mqnh vao vii:\c rna ri)ng cac man
sinh lrang vii:\c chqn IUflcac mon hQc, cai lien phuong phap giang
sinh nhi~u cd hi)i hqc ii)p d bi)c dqi hqc phu hQp voi
lhich va

sa

ngh~ nghii;p luOng lai.

Mot diem cI~e bii;l cua n~n giao d\!c Nhi)l la ph\! nu khong c6 nhung lham vqng cao
nhu nam gidi. Cac nam sinh vien lhuang co gilng lhi di)u vilO cac lruang dqi hqc n6i lieng
va 'hqe ti)p it nhat xong van b~ng Cll nhan. Trang khi d6, nu sinh vien b~ng long voi bill cu
dqi hQc nilO va nhi~u ph\! nu chi hoan lill chudng lrlnh giao d\!c lqi cac lruang cao d~ng
huan nghii:\p.
N~n giao d\!c Nhi)l sau nhling cai tien vilO lhi)p nien 1960 cho loi IMp nien 1980, da
tao elJ hi)i cho Nhi)l phal lrien v~ mqi phUlJng dii;n khong rieng gl giao d\!c. 51! lien bi)
nay clla Nhi)t cia lam ngqc nhien the gioi va Nhi)l duy lrl Sl! lien bo hanh dii:\ri nay lrang
suclt the ky thu 20. Tuy nhien, n~n giao d\!c cua Nhi)l dUQc coi la mi)t n~n giao d\!c c6
clien, n~ng v~ ly lhuyel, thieu lhl!c d\!ng m!ic dilu Nhi)l la mi)l quoc gia c6 n~n khoa hQc,
ky thuilt vall bilc nhat tren the gioi. Vicc lrung phql the xac van con nhi~u it ap d\!ng ki!
cii lrung ph~t the xae nu sinh cac lOp lrung hQc, mi)l hill1h di)ng phan Iqi phuong phap su
ph~m, lam suy gium kha nang va sang kien hqc li)p, c6 anh huang khong 101 dt;:p va lau
dai trang ky ue hoc sinh.Viec lrung phql the xac hqc sinh lqi cac nuoc lay phuong va
nhi~u nuoe khac lren the gioi da huy bo b~ng IUal phap lu lau. Vii;c lhi Cll vao cac lruang
trung hoc va cI~i hqc nhilt la cae lruang n6i lieng cang ngay cilng kh6 khan, lam ph\!
huynh va cac nha giaD due rill quan lam. 5aeh giao khoa do Bi) Giao d\!c xuill ban; n!ing
tinh thiln 4uik gia du phui xuyen lqc Sl! lhi)l; chung co la cac sach giao khoa v~ nhung
ciinh tim pM, ehem giet, ham hiep nguoi dan lanh Trung Quoe trong The chien lhu 11
du(,lCgiui lhich sai lac va vii;c nay bi chinh phu Trung Quac phiin doi. Hdn the nua, hqc
sinh, sinh vien Nhilt hoc hanh 4Ua val va so voi vii;c hQc li)p cua cac hQc sinh, sinh vien
tay phudng.
';

VI. Giao dc tlli Canada

Theo hien phap. cae tinh, lLJ'lJngII! nhu tieu bang cua cac 4uclc gia khac, chiu traeh
nhicfll v~ giao due. Chinh 4uy~n lrung lflJng chi e6 trach nhii;m giao d\!c doi voi con em
binh sT, cae tnlilng eao dllng giao due 4uan cll)i, giao d\!e lqi mot so khu vl!c phia bilc,
kh6ng thuoc tanh thel cae tinh. Ngoai ra, trung udng con lai lr(,lcho chudng lrlnh giao d\!c
huan nghii;p eua nguai'lOn va lai IrQ giao d\!c cac truang cao dllng cGng nhu dqi hqc l~i
cae tinh.
Moi llnh lrong muoi linh c6 chuOng lrlnh giao d\!c rieng va c6 khac bii;t nhi~u illUy
291

Gido dl,tc tM leY thu 20 va tai hifn tgi tgi cdc

quae gia phdt

triin

theo hoan canh va tlnh tr:;mg xa hQi, chinh trj. M6i tlnh co B6 Giao d\lc rieng. Rieng tlnh
Ontario con co B6 D~i hQCva Cao dhg. Hau het cac tlnh ap dl,mg he thO"nggiao d\lc voi
m6t nam milu giao tntoc khi vao cap ti~u hQc voi 8 nam hQc tU 6 tu6i toi 14 tu6i. Sau ti~u
hQc la 4 nam trung hQc.

1. Quan tri va di~u Mnh giao d\lc - Trung u'dng tili trl/
Van d~ quan trj va di~u Mnh giao d\lc la thii'm quy~n cua cac tlnh. Moi dnh co cd cau t6
chl1crieng nhu'ng cling co nhi1ng di~m tltdng d6ng. Tlnh uy quy~n giao d\lc cho cac khu giao
d\lc va ki~m soat t6ng qual. M6i dnh co B6 Giao d\lc do b6 trltong tanh d~o. Ben c~nh B6,
co tlnh I\li co them H6i d6ng Giao d\lc M cO"van. B6 Giao d\lc bao g6m cac cd quan chuyen
mon nhl1 chltdng trlnh giao d\lc, ki~m tra danh gia, huan nghiep, cao d~ng, d':li hQc, dao t':lO
giao vien, giao d\lc ngltoi lOn, Mnh chinh nhan vien. DU'ng dau cac cd quan nay 11'1
giam
Mc. Vao nhi1ng tMp nien sau cua ti~n ban the ky, ba sl,!kien da di~n ra, lam tang them
quy~n h~n cua cac khu giao d\lc dja phltdng: thl1 nhat 11'1
nhi~l!.cd so giao d\lc dlt\!c thietl~p
t':licac khu vl,!cthon que 0 cac dnh phia tay do cac khu giao d\lc dja phltdng thl,!c hien; thu
hai 11'1
chinh quy~n giao d\lc cac tlnh Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick thl,!c hien chltdng
trlnh trung Itdng tan quy~n cho cac khu giao d\lc dia phltdng; cuO"icung 11'1
cac Wong t~i cac
thanh phO"Ion phattri~n m':lnh VI dan sO"tang nhanh va khu giao d\lc da danh cho m6i Wong
m6t sO"quy~n tl,!trj. M~c dau v~y, giao d\lc dnh viln dong vai tro chinh yeu trong t6 chuc thi
cu,. ki~in tra danh gia, thO"ngnhat hoa Chl1dngtrlnh giang d~y.
. Hien phap khong danh cho chinh quy~n lien bang thii'm quy~n giao d\lc nen khong co t6
chl1c giao d\lc quan trQng 0 trung Itdng. Sinh hOl,ltgiao d\lC 6 !rUng Itdng dlt\!c th~ hien 0 m6t
sO"Iinh vl,!c va n~m trang thii'm quy~n cua B6 Ngol,li giao. Cd quan to"icao cua giao d\lc
Canada 11'1
H6i d6ng Cac B6 Wong Giao d\lc cac tlnh. Cd quan nay hQi hQp d~ giai quyen
nhi1ng van d~ chuyen man, ngo hau thO"ngnhat hoa cae chltdng trlnh giao d\lc. Chinh quy~n
trung Itdng khong co thii'm quy~n nao trang H6i d6ng tren. M6t sO"Iinh vl,!c thuQc thii'm
'quy~n van phong giao d\lc lien bang 11'1
thl,!chien chltdng trlnh giao d\lc t':li m6t vai khu vl,!c
nho phia b~c khong thU6Ctlnh nao, chltdng tnnh giao d\lc cua cac th6 dan da do va th6 dan
Eskimo, chl1dng trlnh giao d\lc cua quan d6i.
Tlr nam 19I3 den 19I9, chinh quy~n lien bang tai tr\! cho cac tlnh chltdng tnnh giao d\lc
v~ nong nghiep va ky thu~t dltoi hlnh thuc giao d\lc huan nghiep. Chltdng trlnh nay
dltqi: tri~n hl,ln tOi tMp nien 1930, 40 trang thai ky khung hoang kinh te cua the giOi
rna Canada cling chju anh hltang n~ng n~ va tiep theo 11'1nhung nam kho khan cua The
chien thl1 II (1939- I945). Toi nam I960, Lu~t Ky thu~t va Huan nghiep.ra doi thuc My
ml,lnh me chltdng trlnh huan nghieP tren toan quO"c,thiet I~p nhi~u cd
gino d\lc ky thu~t,
huan nghieP, dao t':lo cae nhan vien chuyen mon va gino vien. Ngoai ra, chinh quy~n lien

so

292

..

Gido d/:lc the' ky tM 20

va tlJi hifn

t(li t(li cdc qUl5cgia phdt triln

bang con tai tr<;lchuang tflnh nghien cUu M phat tri~n dp giao d~c dl)i hQc v~ cac van d~
khoa hQc, ky thu~t, nhan van, y hQc va ngh~ thu~t. Nhii'ng th6ng ke duang thoi v~ giao
d~c va xa hoi ciing giup chinh quy~n trung uang quan tam va tai tr<;lthem cho ghio d~c.
Mot d<;lcdi~m nua c6. anh hUdng gian tiep vao chuang tflnh giao d~c la chinh quy~n trung
uang thiet I~p trung tam truy~n thong, trung tam phim anh qu6c gia, mot ngu6n tai Ii~u
thiet thlfC trang cong tac giang dl)Y. Tat eli nhung hOl)t dong v~ giao d~c clla chinh quyen
lien bang, tuy khong trlfc tie'p di~u hanh, nhu'ng da c6 anh hUdng Ion de'n chuang trlnh
giao d~c dia phuong.

"

2. Giao dl)c tiiu hQc va trung hQc - Cai tie'n va phat triin
Nhung thay d6i IOn da dien ra tl)i cac tru'ong trung hQc va nhling thay d6i naY'khong
d6ng nhat giG'a cac tlnh vao the' ky thu 20, Tl)i mot vai dnh, chuang trlnh ti~u hQc 8 nam
dU<;lckeo dai them, chu:fn bi cho hQc sinh bu(k vao nganh trung hQc, dua Mn tlnh trl)ng
trung h<;lpgiua nhung nam cu6i ti~u hQC va dilu trung hQc. Mot vai dnh kMc thie't I~p
truong trung hQc cap I rieng bi~t. Mot vai tlnh khae nua phan chia chuang trlnh giao tl~c
trung hQc thanh truong dp I va truong dp II. Tl)i dnh Quebec va mot vai tlnh phia ~ay Il)i
phat tri~n chuang tflnh giao d~c kMc bi~t. Tl)i Quebec n6i Mng Phap, nganh trung hQc
chia Him hai: mot la h~ th6ng cac tru'ong dan I~p c6 di~n thi lay b~ng tu tai baccalaureat,
hai la h~ th6ng cac truong ph6 thong cong I~p hQc cae man t6ng quat cung thi van b~ng
tren. Tlnh tr~ng nay keo dai cho toi nam 1956, cac truong trung hQc dU<;lC
th6ng nhat h6a
va giang d~y nhi~u man hQc khac nhau, chuang tflnh giao dl)C c6 di~n suy giam diln. Toi
nam 1964, h~ th6ng giao d~c Quebec hoan toan th6ng nhat duoi quyen di~u hanh clla BQ
Giao d~c voi Uy ban Giao d~c m6i truong. Cac truong clla giao hOi Ky To Giao va Tin
Lanh cung n~m trang h~ th6ng giao d~c tlnh. Cac truong c6 di~n da khong con t6n tl)i va
chi mQt vai man hQc nhu c6 ngu Hy Ll)p va La Tinh dU<;lC
duy trl. Tl)i dnh Alberta d phia
tay, chuang trlnh giao dl)c t6ng h<;lpgiang dl)Y cac man t6ng quat va cac man c6 ngu Hy
L~p, La Tinh t~i cac truong trung hQc IOn d day, Tl)i dnh British Columbia cung (j phia
tay; dp trung hQc du<;lcchia thanh nam nganh hQc khac nhau, trang d6 c6 mot nganh ky
thu~t. Nhu v~y, cac truong trung hQc phat tri~n ml)nh nhung khac bi~t, dua Mn vi~c
khong d6ng nhat v~ chuang trlnh giang dl)Y, phuong phap giang dl)Y va vl v~y ke't qua
giao dl)c cung khac bi~t. Do d6, da c6 quye't dinh clla cac tinh v~ vi~c thie't I~p cac tieu
chu:fn chung d~ duy t{l gia trj giao d~c,
f)~thoa man nhu cilu hQc t~p rQng rai tit giua the' ky tM 20; d~c bi~t cho cac thanh
philn bi thi~t thoi nhu ph~ nu, th6 dan, di dan va nhung nguoi c6 l<;Iituc kern; giao d~c
trung hQc dU<;lcelii tie'n v~ t6 chuc lOp hQc, sU'a d6i chuang tflnh va phuong phap giang
dl)Ytit th~p nien 1960. Cai tie'n dilu tien la vi~c md rong chuang trlnh giang dl)Yvoi mot
293

Ciao dl,lc the' ky thU 20 va tui hi~n t(,lit(,licac qu6c gia phdt triin
so man hQc mai M cac thiinh ph~n bi thi~t thai tren co th ghi ten theo hQc cac mon hc;1P
vai kha nang; phuang phap giang d~y duc;1cgian dj hoa va co tinh cach thl)'c d~ng; md
them cac truCing trung hQc t6ng hc;1p,giang d,!y nhi~u mon hQc, vai nhil'ng man b~t buoc
va nhil'ng man nhi~m 9, k ca nhil'ng mon thich hc;1pvai tlnh tr,!ng xii hoi va kinh te duang
thCii,giup hQc sinh dli mQi thanh ph~n de dang chQn mon. Tit cuoi th~p nien 1970; cai tien
I,!i duc;1cnhan m~nh VilO cac mon hQc can ban toan, khoa hQc, ky thu~t, ngo,!i ngil' vita co
linh c,kh l0ng quat vita co tinh cach huang nghi~p; di tien vi~c quan tri va di~u hanh
giao d~c; cai tien chuang trlnh kim tra danh gia; ng6 h~u nang cao kha nang hQc t~p clia
hQc sinh.
Vao th~p nien 1980, cac ban tuCing trlnh thii'm djnh gia trj giao d,!c cua cac tlnh dua
den quyet dinh v~ giao d,!c nhan m~nh mot I~n nil'a vao cac mon hQc can ban nhu toan,
khoa hQc, ky thu~t, ngo~i ngil' va cung nhan m,!nh den sl)' lien quan giil'a giao d~c vai
ngh~ nghi~p tuang lai M thoa miin nhu du hQc t~p ca nh,an trang xii hoi moL Quyet djnh
nay dua den vi~c hQc t~p cac chuang trlnh huang dan ngh~ .1Ighi~p tuang lai, vita hQc 19
thuyet t,!i truCing vita thl)'Chanh t,!i cac xi nghi~p; cung nhu hQc t~p cac mon hQc t6ng quat
chuiln bj cho chuang trlnh d,!i hQc.
Vao nhil'ng tMp nien cuoi the ky; I,!i co nhil'ng di tien dang k khac v~ chuang trlnh
giao d,!C vu('1n tre, mau giao; cai tien chuang trlnh giang d,!y cap Mu hQc, nhat la
nhil'ng cap lOp d~u tien M huang dan hQc sinh hQc t~p co ket qua tot vao cac cap lOp cuoi.
ThCii ky nay cung cht1ng kien vi~c phi1t trin clia cac truCing dan I~p va chinh quy~n cap
tinh cung co chuang trlnh tai trc;1cho cac truCing nay. Cac truCing dan I~p tuy co phat trin
nhltng so hQc sinh chI chiem 5%.

Canada la mot quoc gia co nhi~u chung toc sinh song; nen chuang trlnh giao d~c co
linh each ua van h6a va chuang trlnh giang d,!y song ngil' dii duc;1cap d,!ng. Chuang trlnh
giang d~y song ngil' Anh-Phap la dim n6i b~t nhat. Tieng Phap duc;1cgiang d~y nhu la
tieng mt; ue va cung la mot ngon ngil' tht1 hai; khong nhil'ng t~i nhil'ng khu vl)'c co nhi~u cu
dan n6i tieng Phap rna can nhil'ng khu vl)'c co nhi~u cu dan noi tieng Anh. Trang khi do,
t,!i tinh Quebec (*), mot tinh noi tieng Phap, tieng Anh duc;1cgiang d~y nhu ngon ngil'
(*) Quehec ,1ii C(} f d;nh til li1u thiinh l(ip m(il qu(/c Kia rieng, tach ra kh(Ji Canada, mJi 'jenX PluJp, dnh hudng
I'iin h()u PheJp. Qua hal, ha tdn trung cdu dan y. y djnh nay k~(;nK Ihunh cl;n;.: va IS' ,'If)chl/nK thu4n rut XJn.
Trong tWin;: lui, .'Ie It:li c6 m(J( cu(k trun;.: ('au dan y mla dt quyet iI;nh (Uon!: lai chfnh Ir; eua tlnh nay. Nhilng

;1

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.i~
'.'i

~~

,:~

ngwJi "/in X(:;(' PhJp flli dily cutlnK quyet th;tc hifn S' lljnh thdnh hJp qu/fc Kia rienK, cho den khi niw h(J
fhunh

.;'\

;i

ccJng.

thll' hai M dan cu nai day co ca hoi duy trl nguyen v~n van hoa Phap. V~ van d~ giang
d,!Y giao 19 ton giao t,!i cac truCing Mu hQc, toa an dii quyet dinh cho phep h9C sinh tlly y
tham dl)'cae giCih9c giao 19 cua bat cll' ton giao nao bang bat cll' ngon ngil' nao: tie-ng Anh
ho~c tieng Phap. Tren thl)'c te, vi~c hQc t~p mon hQc ton giao chI can xuat hi~n tiii cac

,~
-1}
\~.

'J

.~

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294

'1

Ciao d(lc the' ky tht120 va tiJi hifn tt;litt;licdc

quae

gia phdt triin

tn1(Jng ton giao; tai cac trLtang cang I~p, h~u nhLtkhang co hqc sinh nao chqn hqc man hqc.
nay. Vao nam 1990, Canada voi 30 trii;u dan, co 485.000 hqc sinh m~u giao, 2.371.558
hqe sinh ti6u h~e, 2.292.753 hqc sinh trung hqc. Nll'oe nay co so dan bi6t dqc vie't la 97%.
3. Giao dvc cao diing va dl)i hQC- Phat tril!n ml)nh me
Vao d~u the' ky thu 20, tll nam 190 I ctn nam 1908, mQt so trLtongd"i hqc va cao d~ng
dll'<,Jcthie't I~p t"i cac tinh phia tay va nhll' v~y, tilt d cac tinh tren toan quoc da co thie't
I~p ehLt(jng trlnh giao dl,le nay. Cac trll'ang d"i hqc (j Canada dLtQct6 chuc dl!a van rna
hlnh cac a"i hqc Phap, Anh, My. Tll cac th~p nien 1950 va 1960, t6 chuc d"i hqc va cao
dang dll'<,Jcphat tri6n m"nh va dll'a ctn sl! kii;n chinh quy~n lien bang ding nhLt chinh
ljuy~n tinh danh cho nganh giao dl,lc nay them nhi~u quy~n tl! trioVao cac th~p nien 1970
va 1980, au loai trll'ang cao clang va hqc vii;n chuyen nghii;p dll'<,ic thanh I~p va phat triin
khiip neJi. Da so cae trLtang nay tnfe thuQc eac d"i hqc dia phLtdng, mQt so la cac trll'ang
cao dang bii;t I~p. Cac trll'ang cao dang nay tll'dng tl! nhLtcac trll'ang cao d~ng cQng d6ng
My v~ cae trll'ang cao dang ky thu~t (j Anh; co ml,lCdich dao t"o can sl! cac nganh cho van
phong ehinh quy~n ciing nhLtcac xi nghii;p va cd sii tll'nhan.
Trang hii;n t"i, co khoiing 60% sinh theo hqc tai cac trLtang dai hqc, con lai 40% theo
hoc tai cae trll'ang eao dang nhll' Trll'ang Cao Dang Dia PhLtdng Regional College t"i tinh
British of Columbia, Hge Vii;n Ky Thu~t institute of Technology tai Alberta, Hqc Vii;n
My Nghi; va Khoa Hqc institute of Applied Arts and Sciences tai Saskatchewan, Trll'ang
Cao Dang My Nghi; va Ky Thu~t College of Applied Arts and Technology tai Ontario va
TrLt(JngCao Dang Giao Duc Bil Tuc va Chuyen Nghii;p College d' Enseignement General
et Pmfessionel tai Quebec. Thai gian hqc t~p t:)i cac trll'ang cao dang la tll hai de'n ba
nam d lily van b~ng tot nghii;p nhll'ng kh6ng phiii la van b~ng clf nhan. Sinh vien co th6
hoc them len d,li hoc hoae hqc vii;n M lily van b~ng sau nay.
Vao nam 1990, Canada co 1.942.810 sinh vien dai hqc, 867.350 sinh vien hqc vii;n va
cao clang. Vao nam 1999, Canada co 70 d;ti hQc cilp phat cac van b~ng clf nhan, cao hqc
va tie'n Sl. Co d"i hqc nho chi co mQt vai khoa voi vai tram sinh vien. Co dai hqc Ion voi
40.000,50.000 sinh vien bao g6m nhi~u khoa nhLt Dai hqc Quebec, IOn nhilt voi 75.718
sinh vien' D;ti hqc Montreal co 44.991 sinh vicn; Dai hqc Columbia co 31.331 sinh vien.
Ngoai ra, Canada can co hang tram trll'(lng cao clang du lo"i. So di co tlnh trang nay vi
Canada la mQt quoc gia co dii;n tich rQng lOn, dan so thLta that, nhi~u vung xa dan so [t
viin co cae hQc vii;n hay a:)i hqc. Vao th~p nien 1960, mQt s6 hqc vii;n va d"i hqc c1Lt<;Jc
Ihie't Ii)p them, trang so nay co Dai hoc Waterloo, mot a;ti hqc h(jp tac voi cac xi nghii;p,
triJ thanh neli tie'ng lju6c te', trang vai tra aao t:)o chuyen vien ky thu~t c1u10,,1 cung nhLt

.-L

295

Ciao d(tc the' ky thU 20

va tai hifn

!(Jitqi cac qu6c gia phdt triln

cac nganh hqc toan, tin hqc. Da sO'cac d<).!hqc Canada giang d<).yMng Anh ngu, mQt sO'
h~ng Phap ngu.
Yao nhii'ng thij.p nien cu6i ciia the' ky, van d~ giao dl,lc nguoi !dn cung du\!c quan tam,
giup hq co hQi thang tie'n ngh~ nghi~p voi nhii'ng khoa hqc ban thoi gian vao bu6i t6i, vita
di hqc vita di lam, t<).icac tntClng cao d~ng chuyen nghi~p. Nhi~u nguClitruang thanh khac
khong c6 ngh~ nghi~p chuyen mon, nen da khong tIm ra vi~c lam, mij.c d~u hq co kie'n
thuc t6ng quat kha quan. Nhii'ng nguoi nay dUlJChuan luy~n voi ngh~ nghi~p thich h\!p t<).i
nhung truang cao d~ng va ca t<).icac d<).ihqc voi vi~c gian di hoa di~u ki~n ghi ten nhu
khong dn b~ng t6t nghi~p trung hqc hoi).c du\!c hqc sau mQt'cUQcphong van. D.:)dap ung
nhu diu giao dl,lCrat ph6 thong nay, cac truong cao d~ng dii lo<).ida du\!c cai tie'n va phat
tri~n them.
Giao d\lC Canada tren t6ng quat co nhung buoc tie'n bQ va ciii tie'n tuang tt! nhu cac
n~n giaodl,lc tay phuong khac. V~ vi~c t6 chuc va phuong phap giang d<).y,n~n giao dl,lc
nay chiu anh huang giao dl,lc Phap, Anh va My.

VII, Giao dl,lc t<).iUc (Australia)

1. Quan trj va di~u hanh giao dl,lc - Trung u'dng tai trQ va phol hQp
Giao d\lc uc tie'p tl,lCchiu anh huang giao dl,lc Anh trang the' ky thu 20 va dij.t duoi
quy~n quan tri ciia cac ti.:)u bang. Mili ti.:)u bang, dii la ti.:)u bang nho nhu Tasmania voi
ntl'a tri~u dan, cung co BQ Giao dl,lc do bQ truang lanh d<).o.Duoi quy~n bQ tntang co t6ng
giam d6c hqc Vl,l,di~u khi.:)n cac nganh ho~t dQng nhu chuang trlnh giang d~y, giao vien,
tai chinh, ki.:)m tra danh gia, thi cit. DUng d~u cac nganh nay la giam d6c.
Tit sau The' chie'n thu II (1939-1945), chinh phii lien bang thie't I~p Van phong Giao
d\lc Lien bang (1946) va la ti~n than ciia BQ Giao dl,lc Lien bang sau nay. BQ Giao dl,lc
dong mQt vai tra quan trqng trang cong tac giao d\lc ciia cac ti.:)u bang nhu tai tr\! hang
nam, ph6i h\!p chuang trlnh giao dl,lc giua cac ti.:)u bang, cung cap va th6ng ke cac sinh
ho~t giao dl,lc tren toan qu6c . Qua cac ban tUClngtdnh ciia cac Uy ban Chuyen mon v~
Giao d\lc vao cac nam 1951, 1957, 1964, 1973, chinh quy~n lien bang dii tht!c hi~n mQt sO'
chinh sach chung. Voi cap ti.:)u va trung hqc, trung uang ban hanh nhi~u huang dfrn, chi
thj dt th6ng nhat hoa chuang trlnh giang d<).y,ciii tie'n phuong phap giang d~y. Chinh
quy~n lien bang cung tang cuang tai trlJ M ti.:)u bang tht!c hi~n cac chuang trlnh giao dl,lc
moi do nhu eftu tht!c te' doi hoi nhu giao dl,lc th6 dan, gillo dl,lc phl,l nu, giao dl,lc di dan,
gia6' d\lcda van hoa, giao dl,lc dij.c bi~t cho cac thanh ph~n khuy~t t~t, tr\! cap giao dl,lc
cho cac gia dlnh co l\!i tuc thap, tr\! cap giao dl,lc cho nguoi !dn tra I~i di hqc .
. Vao th~p nien 1980, mQt ciii tie'n Ion danh kha nhi~u quy~n cho cac khu giao dl,lCva
cae truong. Cac truong, dii la mQttruong ti.:)uhqc nho nai xa xoi heo lanh, voi hai ba ch\lC

296

Gido dlJc the' ky thU 20 va tai hi~n t{1it{li cdc

quae gia phdt

h9c sinh cling c6 thii'm quy~n tl! tri, c6 nghia la chinh quy~n tiu bang tai tr<;1mQt ngan
khoan nhat dinh'tuy theo so h9C sinh cua truong, cQng voi mQt tai khoan can ban, d tranh
thi~t thOi cho cac truong nho. Hi~u truang truong cQ toan quy~n chi tieu theo ke' h0i!ch da
du<;1chOi!ch dinh. Ben ci!nh hi~u trU'ang, cac truong c6 Dy ban Nhii truong, voi nhi~m VI)
h<;1pta~, thong qua va theo doi cac chuang trlnh chi tieu M tranh Ii!m dl)ng. Ngoai ra, BQ
Giao dl)c con c6 bi~n pMp "kim tra ke' toan" thuong xuyen hang nam ti!i ta't ca cac
truong. Cong tac nay hl.c d~u danh cho cac thanh tra tai chinh cua bQ, v~ sau do cac co'
quan tai chinh ke' toan tu nhan dam nhi~m M du<;1ccong bling va vo tu. Ban ke'toan cua
truong hoac hi~u truang pMi cung ca'p d~y du cac chUng tii'chi tieu va tra loi cac nghi va'n
cua ban thanh tra, cac giao vien cling c6 th du<;1cmoi M lam sang to va'n d~. BQ Giao
dl,lc tra chi phi cho cac cong ty tai chinh tu. C,H tie'n giao dl,lc tren cua chinh quy~n giao
dl)c tiu bang cung vOi huang d~n chi thj cua lien bang truoc day da thUc My vi~c hi?u
hi~u hoa chuang trlnh va phuang pMp giang d~y.

Vao nam 1988, chinh quy~n lien bang thl!c hi~n mQt chuang trlnh cai tie'n rQng Ion
nganh cao dAng va di!i h9c. Cho cte'n thai giad nay, ra't nhi~u truong di!i h9C Uc la cac
trullng dQc I~p, voi so sinh vien khong nhi~u va giang di!Y mQt it mon h9C, c6 truong chi
di!Y mQt mon nhu nganh su phi!m. Chinh quy~n lien bang ra chi thj cac truong sat nh~p
tMnh mQt d~i h9C Idn, giang di!Y h~u he't cac nganh h9c, M tranh ton kern hanh chinh va
cling d dap Ung nhu du giao dl)c mQt cach thich dang han. Cac truong di!i h9C dQc I~p
phan dOi manh li~t voi kie'n nghj va biu tlnh r~m rQ. Giao dl)c lien bang giu vung I~p
truong: khong sat nh~p, khong tai tr<;1.Cuoi cung, cac di!i h9C dQc I~p pMi sat nh~p voi
cac cac h9C Idn Ian c~n. Vi~c sat nh~p nay con c6 y nghia cai tie'n vi~c t6 chU'c va di~u
Mnh, thong nhat h6a cac kh6a h9C cac di!i h9C tren toan quoc, phat trin chuang trlnh
giang di!Y cho phu h<;1pvoi sl! pMt tMn xa hQi va kinh te' vao hai th~p nien cuoi cua the'
ky thu 20. Ngoai chuang trlnh sat nMp cac di!i h9C, BQ Giao dl)c Lien bang cling thl!c
hi~n chuang trlnh tai tr<;1cho cac Truong Cao D~ng Ky Thu~t Va Giao Dl,Ic B6 Tl1c
College of Technology and Further Education hay TAFE College tren toan quoc. Cac
truong cao dAng nay cupg cap tat c:i nhan vien trung cap m9i nganh va ra't tMnh congo
Ngoai vi~c tai tr<;1cho chuang trlnh giao dl)c cong I~p, BQ Giao dl)c Lien bang tie'p tl)c
tai tr<;1cho cac co'
giao dl)c dan l~p cua Ky To Giao, Anh Giao hay bat cu ton giao nao
khac va tu nhiln nhu truoc kia. Cac truong dan I~p n6i tie'ng grammar schools du<;1chuang
nhung ngan khoan tai tr<;1Ionlao hang tri~u Uc kim voi nguyen tifc trU'ong gay quy mQt,
chinh quy~n tai' tn;! mQl. Tinh trung blnh v~ ngan sach giao dl)c hang nam cho cac truong
c6ng I~p va cac truong dan I~p, m6i d~u h9c sinh dan I~p du<;1chuang nhi~u ti~n tai tr<;1
han m6i d~u h9C sinh cong I~p. Vi~c tai tr<;1cho cac truong giau tren la de tai tranh lu~n
s6i n6i giua m9i gioi va nhi~u nguoi da dua ra nh~n dinh rling dan ngheo di lam d6ng

so

",

triin

297

Gido dl;lc the' ky thU 20 va tai hi?n tqi tqi cdc quf/c gia pMt trifn
,

thue'M nuoi con nha giau di hQc. Vii;c nay gay chia re va ky thi giau ngheo trong xii hQi

Uc.
2. Gilio dt,Jc tiiu hQCva trung hQc - Cai titn toan dil;n, phlit triin

d6ng nh3't, lip

dt,Jng toi da phu'dng ph3p giang d~y Illy hQc sinh lam trung Him
Hi; th6ng giao dl)c ti~u hQC Uc pMt tri~n vao cu6i the' ky thu 19, bao g6m cac truong
cong I~p va cac truong giao hQi dan I~p. Hi; th6ng giao dl)c nay tie'p tl)C rna rQrig va dua
den vii;c thanh I~p mQt each rQng rai hi; th6ng cac trueing trung hQc'vao dilu the' ky thu 20.
Truac giaido(ln nay, s6 truong trung hQc con it, t~p trung vao'cac thanh ph6 va thi triln va
philn nhi~u Ia cac truong dan l~p cua cac giao hQi. Trang hii;n t(li, co khoiing 75% hQc
sinh theo hQc t(li cac truong cong I~p va 25% hQc sinh theo hQc t(li cac truong dan I~p cii

dp ti~u hQCva trung hQc.

Giao d\!c ti~u hQc g6m co 6 nam, ttt lOp I tai lOp 6. MQt vai ti~u bang duy tri 7 nam
ti~u hQc. Nam mau giao danh cho hQc sinh 5 tu6i dUQc them vao dp ti~u hQc sau nay.
Trang hii;n t,!i, tilt cii cac truong ti~u hQC Uc giiing d,!y ttt lOp va long tai lOp 6 g6m 7
nam hQc. Chuong trlnh vuon tre, mau giao danh cho tre em ttt 3 de'n 5 tu6i do chinh quy~n
dia phuong ho~c tu nhan t6 chuc va khong cuong bach. Cuong bach giao d\!c ttt 6 tulli Mn
15 tU6i, trtt ti~u ~ang Tasmania tai 16 tulli. Tren thlfc te', tilt cii hQc sinh 5 tu6i Mu di hQc
va dia phudng nao cung rna lop nay. Vil$c len lop hang nam a cilp ti~u hQc giln nhu tlf
dQng, trtt mQt vai hQc sinh luoi bie'ng va ch~m ch(lp, giao vien co thong bao cho phI)
huynh, co chudng trlnh giang d(lY them trang nam, van khong titn bQ, giao vien khuye'n
cao ph\! huynh M hQc sinh nay hQc l(li. Trang truong hQp ph\! huynh mu6n con em len lop
va hy vQng hoan ciinh mai se khuye'n khich vii;c hQc t~p, nha truong ciing chilp nh~n y

dinh cua phI) huynh.

Chu(jng trlnh va phu(jng phap giiing d,!y t,!i eac truong ti~u hQC Uc rilt tie'n hQ, phii
hQp vai duang 16i chung cua cac nuac tay phudng. Uc con co IQi di~m dans6 it, tai
nguyen thien nhien phong phu, kinh te' phat tri~n, chinh quy~n gianh mQt ngan khoa kha
Ion cho giao d\!c, nen de dang thuc dily vii;c pMt tri~n giao dl)C v6 cii mQi m~t. Phudng
phap su ph,!m diiy co tfnh each thlfC dl)ng, lify hQc sinh lam trung tam. HQc sinh tich clfc
tham gia vao eac sinh hO'!t lOp hQc. Them vao do, si so lOp hQc cilp ti~u hQc t6i da la 28
hQc sinh nen rift de dang cho vii;c giiing d(lY. Trong thlfc te', t(li cac truong.cang I~p, si s6
nay. chi co khoang 25 hay it hdn. Si s610p hQc t,!i cac truong dan I~p co cao hdn, nhung t6i
aa van kh(lIlg qua 30 hQc sinh. MQt di~m d~c bii;t chi thily Uc vI Uc la mQt qu6c gia co
dii;n tich !dn lao, dan so thua that, co nhi6u khu vlfc xa xai vai dan s6 it, nhung van co
truang Mu hQc. Bilt cu khu vlfc nao co 7 tre em ghi ten di hQc 11'1 co quy6n dUQCrna
truong. Cori so' nay co luc tang len 12 d~ ciit giiim ngan sach va da hi diin chung dia

..

298

.,
j
I

Ciuo due the' ky thu 20

phu(jng philn d6i m~nh me

va t(Jihi~n t(li t(li cac

que)(. gia phd! triln

VI hl) se phili lai xe vai muai cay so dem con di hQC a khu vl)'c

Ian ciln. Tren lanh th6 Dc, c6 rat nhi&u truang nh6 be 7, 8 hl)c sinh vdi mOt giao vien d~y
du cap /dp. Giao vien nay cling la hi~u truang, cling la nguai chiu trach nhi~m v& v~ sinh,
[U b6 truang oc. Thong thuang, cac cong tac sau nay dU<JCphy huynh giup dil.
Vi~c huan luy~n giao vien tiC<:uhQc c6 nhi&u ciii tien. Viw dau the ky, hQ hoilll tat
chuang

trJnh Wp 10 r6i theo hQc hai hoilc ba nam su ph~m dtj' tra thanh giao vien. Vao

giii'a the ky, hQ phili hoan tat chuang

trJnh I(~p 12 va theo hQc ba su ph~m.

Tit thilp nien

1970, tat cii giao vien tit cap vuan tre, mau giao den tii!u hQc, trung hl)c phili hQc xong Wp
12 trung hoc cOng vdi it nhat 4 nam su ph~m hoac phili c6 van bhng Clr nhan vdi ba hoilc
bcin nam Mc cOng them mOt hay hai nam su pham. Giao vien tii\'u hQc la nhii'ng nguai yeu
ngh&, lai OUlic huan luy~n chu dao nen kha nang va ket quil giilng d<)y kha cao. Them vao
d6 hQc sinh tii\'u hQc con nh6; tu6i cao nhat l~ Wp 6 la II, 12; de d~y va de vang lai. Cac
hoc sinh tho dan aboriliines duac chu trQng ditc bi~t tai trUl)ng hl)c chung cling nhu mQt so'
truang rieng biet tai cac cOng d6ng th6 dan.
Chuang

trlnh giilng day t6ng quat bao giim ngon ngii', toan, khoa h9C, k)i thuilt sa dftng,

tin hoc, nghe thuilt, th6 duc thi\' thao.

trien chuong

Tit thilp nien 1980, BO Giao dyc Lien bang phat

trlnh giao duc da van ht)a song ngii' va ngoai ngii', nen mOt so' ngoai ngii'dil

duCic giilng d,!y, Trong hi~n tai, tat cii cac trUl)ng ti6u hoc tren toan qu6c d&u c6 d,!y ngo~i
ngii'. C,ic ngo<)i ngii' nay bao g6m: tieng Phap, tieng
Duong.

Nhi&u ngon ngii'

Y,

tieng Hoa, tieng Nhilt, tieng Nam

Chau dUlJC giilng d<)y VI cac nha lanh d,!o Dc nhiln dinh Uc

nhm trang kllU vl)'c gan cac nudc

Chau nen ciin hii\'u r6 ngon ngii' va van h6a cac qu6c

gia nay qua vi~c hoc tilp ngon ngii', Them vao dl), truong Mu h9C nao co mQt so' hQc sinh
mot sac tQC, ngon ngii' cua sac tQCd6 se dU<Jcgiilng d~y it nhllt cho hQc sinh sac tQCnay
ho c6 Cli h(\i duy \rl va phat tri6n van hoa nguyen

thuy mitc dau s6ng (I nudc ngoai. Ngon

ngii' nay Cll the tri\ thanh ngon ngii' giiing d,!y cho tat cii hqc sinh trang truang,
ton giao van tiep tyc duy trl tai cac truang

nha tho; t,!i cac truang

Mon hQc

c6ng lilp, hau nhu tit

ngay thanh liip h~ thong giao dyc quclc gia vao cucli the ky thll 19, da khong c6 h9C sinh
ghi ten.
Giao duc tai cac cQng d6ng nh6 be va bi.;:t lap nhm riii rac tren lanh thtl Dc rQng Wn
bao la Oili hiii sl)' LJuan tam dilc bi.;:t. Chinh LJuycn giao d\!c tii\'u bang Victoria
Truong

Ham Thy Correspondence

da thanh lilp

School dau tien vao nam 1914 giup hQc sinh tiC<:uhQc

11(lixa x6i heo lanh kh6ng c6 trullng, cling nhu giup h9C sinh trung hqc co thi! theo hQc cac
m(lI1

ma nha tntdng sd tai kh6ng mo VI chi c6 mOt hai hoc sinh ghi ten. ChuCing trlnh giilng

U,!y va bai tilp du'<Jc phat thanh tren cac dai truy&n thanh dia phuCing, sau d6 con dutJc glri
den tiln tay hoc sinh, hqc sinh hoan tat bai tilp va glri v& M giao vien cham, Giao vien
ph\! trach It nhat den gitp hQc sinh mot hqc ky mQt Ian. Tie'p theo Victoria, cac tit:u bang
299

Gido dc tM

ky thU 20 va tdi hi~n t(li t(li cdc qutfc gia phdt

tdln

khac c.iing rna trtrang ham thl) va toi nam 1922, tilt ca cac tiGu bang deu c6 trtrang nay va
tip tl)ChUat d(lng Mn ngay nay.
Sau khi chtrdng trlnh giao dl)c qu6c gia fa dai vao cu6i the' ky thU' 19, m(lt s6 trtrang
trung hQc cpng I~p va dan I~p cua cac giao h(li dtr<;1cthie't I~p t(li cac thanh ph6 va thi triln
Ion. Chtrdng trlnh giao dl)c qu6c gia thuc My vi,;:c thanh I~p M th6ng giao dl)c tiGu hQc ra
khap ndi tren toan qu6c. Lien sau d6, nhu du giao dl)c trung hQc gia tang do vi,;:c m(lt s6
dong hQc sinh hQc he't ban tiGu hQG.VI v~y, h,;: th6ng giao dl)c trung hQc cong I~p dtr<;1crna
r(lng khap.ndi. B6ng thai, cac trtrang trung hQc dan I~p ciing phat toGn vI ton giao, nhilt la
Ky To Giao v~n .c6 anh htrang trong giao dl)c .
. Cac trtrang trung hQc vao giai doan dilu. tit dilu the' ky cho tOi sau The' chie'n thU' II
(1939-1945) c6 tinh cach c6 diGn va bao g6m da s6trtrang cong I~p va m(lt s6 trtrang dan
I~p cua cac giao h(lL Cac trtrang cong I~p daY cac man t6ng quat nhtr tie'ng Anh, toan,
khoa hQc, ky thu~t, nhan van, thl dl)c thG thao, ngoai ngu voi tie'ng Phap, tie'ng Y, tie'ng
Due, tie'ng Hy LaP hi,;:n daL Cac trtrang cua giao h9i Ky To Qiao ciing daY cac man ttrdng
Ill' va man .ton giao. M(lt s6 trtrang cua giao h9i Anh Giao Grammar School. c6 tinh cach
bao thtl hdn, daY in(lt vai man kMc nhtr c6 ngu Hy LaP va La Tinh. KMc voi ntroc Anh,
Uc khong c6 trtrang hoan toan c6 diGn chi daY nhung man hQc cua c6 d(li Hy LaP, La Mii.
Man hQc ky thu~t VilO giai doan nay c6 tinh cach sd d~ng. Tuy v~y, m(lt s6 lrtrang da c6
nhung khu hqc t~p can ban kythu~t nhtr xtrang m(lc, khu ri'm han, khu nilu ntrong, lop hQC
va may theudan: M(lt dilm d(ic bi,;:t day Ia tilt d hQc sinh nam ciing nhtr nu deu co thl
chQn cac man ky thu~t nhtr nhau. Be'n gia hQc nilu an, nam sinh phai theo hQc va thl)'c t~p;
Mn gia hQc nghe m(lc, nghe ri'm, nu sinh ciing phai tham gia. Tuy nhien, toi gia va may,
nam sinh co thG chQn man hQc ky thu~t khac. Trang gia nilu ntrong, thong thtrang hQc sinh
dong gop m(lt s6 tien nho M tra cac chi phi v~t li,;:u va san phifm lam ra nhtr banh kyO,
hQcsinh dem ve nha. Tai cac thanh ph6 lOn, co m(lt vai lrtrang nu rieng bi,;:!. Tai cac
trU'ang khac, nam nu hQc chung. Vao giai doali nay, co xuilt hi,;:n cac trtrang trung hQc ky
thu~t. TnJang nay daY cac man hQc t6ng quat m(lt cach sd Itr<;1cva nhiln manh vao cac
man ky thu~t. Cac man ky thu~t day dtr<;1cpMt triln r(lng rai hdn, voi nhieu gia hQc co
thG htrong diin hQc sinh di vao cac nganh ky thu~t chuyen man
cilp cao dAng. Thong
thtrang, hQc sinh thie'u kha nang van hoa call ban dtr<;1cphiln pMi theo hQc cac lrtrang
trung hQc ky,.thu~t. Tai cac trtrang trung hQc ph6 thong ciing nhtr ky thu~t, hQc sinh hQc
cac mo.n t6ng quat trang b6n nam dilu, hai nam sau chQn m(lt s6 nganh hQc chuyen bi~!.
Cu6i niim lOp 12, [jam hQccu6i cung trung hQc, hQc sinh thi lily b~ng t6t nghi~p !rung hQc,
ph6't/:16ng ho(ic ky thu~t.

..

Oiai doan hai tU nam 1945 Mn th~p nien 1970, h~ th6ng giao dl)c !rung hQc pMt triln
manh me, tlJ' thanh thi Mn than que heo Ianh. Oiai doan nay ciing la giai doan Uc tie'p
300

,
j

'I

'I

Ciao df:/c tM

y thU 20 va toi hifn

tt;li tt;licdc

quae gia phdt

triin

nh~n nhiu nh6m di dan tU Au Chau va dan s6 Uc gia tang nhanh. Hai Io~i tntang trung
hQc ph6 thong va ky thu~t tiep t~c phat trin. NQi dung man hQc c6 thay d6i, mQt s6 man
hQc moi da dU<;lcgiOi thi~u nhu man danh may, ke toan, lu~t phap. Phuong phap giang
d~y dU<;lCciii tien va huang v hQc sinh, sinh ho~t lOp hQc tic'Jthanh quan trQng thay the
cho phuong phap philn bang va nhii'ng lai giang cua giao vien cung sach giao khoa. Kha
nang chuyen man cua giao vien dU<;IcI}ang cao voi cac kh6a tu nghi~p, hQi thao thuang
xuyen t~i truang ci1ng nhu t~i khu vlfc. Cac phong thi nghi~m du<;lChoan bi hon, c6 d~y du
d~ng C\l cho hQc sinh thi nghi~m v cae man h6a, Iy, sinh hQc. H~ th6ng thu vi~n hQc
duang phat trin kh1\p cac truang trung hQc voi co sc'Jxay dlfngkhang trang, ho;ic it nhilt
la hai ba lOp hQc h<;lplai, gitip hQc sinh tai Ii~u hQc t~p tham khao va giao vien dii t~n
d\lng thu vi~n dem cii lOp aen hQc hOi nhii'ng man hQc ngon ngii', nhiin van. HQc sinh tiep
. t\lChQc b6n nam t6ng quat va hai nam sau chuyen bi~t. Vi~c thi Cll'vao giai do~n nay v~n
tuong tlf nhu giai do~n truoc va ty s6 thi d~u lOp 12 khoang 70%. MQI s6 truang lrung hQc
nho c'Jkhu vlfc xa, ciing c6 lh giang d~y nhiu man hQc khong kern gl cac lruang IOn.
Neu c6 7 hQc sinh ghi ten theo hQc mQt man hQc, hay it hon, neu c6 du giao vien, lruang
c6 quyn mc'Jrn6n hQc nay. Neu chi c6 mQt hai hQc sinh ghi len, hQc sinh lheo hQc truang
ham thu.
Giai do~n ba Itt d~u lh~p nien 1980 cho aen cu6i the ky; h~ Ih6ng truang trung hQc c6
thay d6i Ion sau nhiu luang lrlnh cua cac uy ban ciii lien giao d\lC va hQi hQp nghien CUu
kh1\p noi. Thay d6i nay bao g6m vi~c huy bo cac truang trung hQc ky lhu~t; mc'Jlhem
nhiu man hQc moi phii h<;lpvoi tlnh hlnh bien chuyn xii hQi v phuong di~n kinh Ie, ky
thu~t nhilt la ky thu~t di~n toan, tin hQc; ciii tien rQng riii vi~c hQc, vi~c thi; ciii lien
phuong phap giang d~y; niingcao ben lhuc chuyen man cua giao vien. T~i cac lruang
!rung hQc ph6 thong, hQc sinh khong c6 kha niing hQc tiep van h6a sau lOp 10, du<;lc
chuyn sang hQc l~i Truang Cao dang Ky lhu~t va B6 ttic van h6a se du<;lcd c~p VilO
ph~n ke tiep. Cac truang trung h<:Jcph6 th6ng tiep t~c mc'Jcac lOp ky lhu~t can ban v mQi
ngill1h tuy lheo kha nang giao vien va tili chinh. Nhiu m6n hQc moi phii h<;lpvoi hoan
canh xii hQi moi du<;lcgjang d~y nhu tin hQc, lin hQc lhlfc hiinh, lruyn thong, phim anh,
!riel hQC, xii hQi hQc, lam Iy hQC, toan hQc thuong m~i, loan hQC16ng quat, toan hQc cao
cilp, moi truang moi sinh, quan lrj kinh doanh, nhiu ngo~i ngii'...T6ng cQng c6 tOi lren 100
man hQc c'Jcilp lop II, 12; lrang s6 nay, ngon ngii' s1\c tQc c6 loi vai ch\lc man VI Uc Ia
qu6c gia da van h6a, chilp nMn cac man hQc nay du chi c6 mQt hai hQc sinh ghi len. MQI
so mon hQc nay du<;lcgiang d~y khc'Jis\f ttt lOp 10. s6 cac man hQc lie'p l\lc tang tiiy lheo
Sang ben cua dja phuong. Nhu v~y c6 nghia Ia Ban Chuang lrlnh m6i trttang VI nhu
c~u hQc l~p cua hQc sinh c6 lh d nghj mQI mon hQc moi. D nghj nay se du<;lcBQ Giao
d~c CUuxet va chilp thu~n. Vi~c h9C nhiln m~nh vao slf d6ng g6p cua hQc sinh, giao vien
30l

Gido dlfc the' ky thlt 20 va tal hi~n t(li t(li cdc

quoc gia phdt

tri!n

dong vai tra hliong dfrn. Che'dQ thi cU'thay d6i hoan toan. Voi che' dQ thi cu, hQc sinh chi
cham chu bai va vao cu6i nam g~n ngay thi. Voi che'dQ moi, nhi~u bai lam co tinh cach
nghien CUurna hQc sinh Wp II va 12 phai hoan tilt sau mili chu di~m hQc t~p. Cac bai nay
dli<;1C
tinh di~m chung voi ke't qua hQC t~p cu6i nam 12. T<)i lop 12, JIlQt vai bai thi vao
cu6i hQc ky 2, 3 co tinh di~m chung cUQc. Them vao do hQc sinh phai thi mQt so' bai thi
cu6i nam lOp 12. Nhli v~y, M d<)tke't qua t6t ky thi t6t nghii)p trung hQC, hQc sinh phai
hoan thanh mQt so' bai va a ca lop II va 12, thi mQt so' mQt so' bai giil'a Wp 12 va thi mQt
so' bai vao cu6i lop 12. Che'dQ nay co l<;1idi~m khong d6n ep bai thi vao cu6i nam lOp 12,
hQc sinh hQc cham chi dhai nam hQc II, 12 se d<)tdli<;1C
ke'l qua 161va vii)c danh gia hQc
t~p cua hQc sinh da xac thlfc hdn. Ke't qua ky thi t6t nghit$p trung hQc cua che' dQ moi la ttt
90 de'n 95% hQc sinh thi d~u va co mQt so' dong hQc sinh dii d<)ldli<;1C
ke't qua 99%, co hQc
sinh d<)tdli<;1C
ke't qua 100%. Kha nang kie'n thU'ccua giao vien dli<;1C
nang cao VIgiao vien
phai co it nh1lt Ia b6n nam, co khi toi nam, sau nam hQC d<)ihQc k~ ca man hQc chuyen
bii)t voi man d<)yva nhil'ng man sli ph<)m. Ngoai ~a, hang nam tilt ca giao vien phai tham
dlf nhil'ng khoa hQi thilo, tu nghii)p t<)itrliang cung nhli t<)ikhu vlfc. Giao dl,lc dli<;1ccai tie'n
v~ mQi miit, nhl1ng khong phili la n~n giao dl,lc nay khong co nhil'ng kho khan tro ng'.li.
Cung nhli hii)n tr<)ng giao dl,lc My, di~u dang quan tam nh1lt a day la tMi dQ hQc t~p cua
m!)t so' kh.a IOn hQc sinh: lliai bie'ng, tr6n hQc, bo nha di bl,li dai, vo trach nhii)m, bai va
thie'u sot k~ cii hQc sinh lOp II, 12; them vao do ti) n'.ln xii hQi nhli nghii)n hut, bang dang,
cung xuilt hii)n trong cac trliang trung hQc vao cac th~p nien cu6i ciia the' ky; nhi~u hQc
sinh 13, 14 tu6i dii bAt d~u nghii)n hUt, mQt so' hQc sinh can ban thu6c trong trliang M lily
ti~n tho a miin nhu cau nghii)n hut; cang len cac Wp cao, tinh tr<)ng nghii)n hut cang tr~m
trQng hdn. Tuy nhien, trliang hQc Dc chlia co nhil'ng dnh b<)odQng, chem gie't, bAn sung
rihli ben My. Vii)c nay lam nan long cac giao vien Ihii)n chi, yeu ngh~ va mQt s6dii biS
trliang di tim vii)c lam kMc.
HQc sinh th6 dan aborigines cung nhli cac sAc dan thi~u so' khac dli<;1cchu y diic bii)t
voi man Anh van. Cac hQc sinh nay dli<;1chQc mon tie'ng Anh nhli mQt ngon ngu thu hai
English as a Second Language - ESL, bai hQc d~ hdn va bai thi cling d~ hdn. Cac hQc sinh
di dan con dli<;1C
hliong di8m thi ngon ngil' sAc tQc, cQng chung voi di~m cac mon thi khac.
Nien hQc cac trliang trung, ti~u hQCa Dc khoi slf vao cu6i thang mQt dlidng ljch va chilm
dl1t vao khoang 20 thang 12. Nien hQc chia lam 4 hQc ky, mili hQc ky keo dai 10 hoiic 11
tu~n l~, giil'a hai hQc ky hQc sinh nghi hQc 2 tu~n I~. Ky nghi he dai cu6i nam keo dai
khoang 5 tu~n. Ngoai ra, trl1ang hQc a Dc co mQt so' ngay I~ nghi ky nii)~ hang nam. Mili
ng~y hQc tra bAt dau hQc vao luc 9 gia sang va chilm dl1t vao luc 3 gia chieu, voi 20 phut ra
choi bu6i sang va 50 de'n 60 phUt nghi an trl1a. Vao nam 1990, Uc voi 17 trii)u dan, co
180.809 hQc sinh mau giao, 1.605.720 hQc sinh ti~u hQc, 1.288.691 hQc sinh trung hQc.
302

..

Gido dl,tc the' ky thil20

va tdi hifn t(li t(li cdc quae gia phdt triln

3, Ciao dl)c cao d~ng va d~i hQC- Cai t6 toan hI>va th6ng nhilt toan qu6c

..

-,

Mi,Jts6 d~i hQc 0 Dc duqc thanh l~p vao cu6i the' ky thu19 va dilu the' ky thu 20. Khi
chuang trlnh giao dl)c trung hQCmo ri,Jng veli nhiu hQc sinh t6t nghi~p hiing nam thl VI

nhu Gilugiao dl)c, nhiu truang d~i hQc khac duqc thanh I~p t~i tflt ca cae titiu bang. 'Frang
s6 cac truang niiy, co truang d~i h9c di,Jc I~p vii cac truang su ph~m duqc chti y nhiu
nhflt. Vao cac th~p nien 1960, 1970, t6 chuc d~i h9C ct!c thjnh veli nhiu truang meli duqc
thanh I~p, cac truang cO phat tritin ri,JngIClnthem. VI tlnh tr~ng pMt tritin nhanh chong va
d~i h9C c6 tinh cach tt! trj nen vi~c t6 chuc va diu hanh cOng nhu vi~c giang d~y c6 philn
trilng hqp va thie'u hqp 1y nen c6 nhung Hing phi. V vfln d tai chinh, chinh phii lien bang
diii th9 tflt d cac chi phi vii chinh phii mu6n chuang trlnh giao dl)C d~i h9C phai duqc th~m
djnh va t6 chuc I~i. Nhiu ban tuang trlnh cila cac uy ban chuyen mon cOng neu ra vfln d
nay. VI v~y, giao dl)c d~i h9C 0 Dedii c6 nhiu thay d6i viio th~p nien 1980. Bi,JGiao dl)c
Lien bang ra chi thj yeu Gilu cac d~i h9c tren toan qu6c nghien CUuva sat nh~p thanh mi,Jt
d~i h9C leln c6 kha nang giang d~y hilu he't cae mon h9C va cOng Iii uti titt giam chi phi
hanh chinh. Han nua, cac d~i h9C IClnse c6 tie'ng n6i m~nh han trang vi~c cai tie'n vii
th6ng nhflt chuang trlnh va phuong pMp giang d~y tren toan qu6c. Cho Mn cu6i th~p
nien 1980, tflt d cac d~i h9c 0 Dc dii tht!c hi~n xong chuang trlnh sat nh~p sau mi,Jtthai
gian ch6ng d6i. Di;lc bi~t, mi,Jts6 truang d~i hQc su ph~m dii tranh dflu miinh li~t uti t6n t~i
di,JcI~p VIcac truang nay n6i tie'ng, I~i da thanh I~p cii triim nam, til' ngay c6 chuang trlnh
giao dl)c qu6c gia tit cu6i the' ky thl119. Nhu v~y, Dc khong con mi,Jttruang cao d~ng hay
d~i h9C di,JcI~p chi giang d~y mi,Jtvai mon hQc nhu truelc kia, trlt mi,Jtviii truang cao d~ng
di;lc bi~t v hang hai vii ngh~ thu~t. Day cOng la mi,Jt di;lc ditim ciia nn giao dl)c Dc.
Trang hi~n t~i; Dc c6 38 d~i h9C, nhiu d~i h9c Wn veli s6 sinh vien 30, 40 nghln; nhiu
d~i h9C c6 t6 chuc kh6a h9C ham thl) hay d~i hQc mo. Trang s6 cac d~i h9c nay, c6 n1i,Jt
d~i h9C dan l~p va hai d~i h9C Ky To Giao. Cac d~i h9C 0 Dc c6 t6 chuc hqp Iy veli ban
giang hufln kinh nghi~m va c6 kha nang. Cac truang nay thu hut mi,Jts6 kha IClnsinh vien
nuClcngoai tit cac nuelc A Chilu. MQt vai d~i h9C c6 chi nMnh 0 nuelc ngoai. Vao dilu th~p
nien 1990, liln dilu tien cac d~i h9C Dc thu h9C phi. Tily theo mon h9C, h9C phi thflp nhflt
khoang 3.000 Dc kim mi,Jt nam cho mon h9c nhan van, cao nhflt Wi khoang 8.000 cho
ngiinh h9C y khoa. H9C sinh ngo~i qu6c d6ng hQc phi cao gflp 4, 5 liln. Con nha ngheo
khOng c6 tin tra, duqc ky gifly nq, tra diln sau khi h9C xong c6 vi~c lam voi liii xuflt thflp.
Con nha giau d6ng h9C phi khi nh~p h9C duqc glUm 10%. Ngoai ra, cac sinh vien ngheo
con duqc Duong huong tin phI) cflp giao dl)c trong khi theo h9C. Diu ki~n nh~p h9c cac
truang d~i h9C la t6t nghi~p trung hQc. Tily theo ditim cao thflp, tily theo nganh xin h9C,
mQt co quan di;lcbi~t t~i m6i titiu bang se phan ph6i sinh vien vao cac kh6a hQc cI1a nhiu
truang d~i h9C khac nhau. Giln nhu 100% h9C sinh hoan tflt Wp 12 du dU<;lCnh~n vao
303

Gido

dl;lC

tM kj thT120

va toi hi?n t{li t{li cdc quae gia phdt

triln

cac kh6a hqc CId\li hqc. >6i voi mQt so' hqc sinh dim thilp ho~c thi hong, hq ding dlfqc
phan ph5i theo hqc t\li cac Trlfang Cao dng Ky thu~t va Giao dl!c b6 tdc (Xem ben dlfoi).
>6ng thai, mQt s5 hqc sinh sau khi t5t nghii;p trung hqc, tIm dlfqc vi~c lam, gidp vii;c
phan ph6i sinh vien vao d\li hoc de dang hon. M8i d\li hqc c6 danh mQt so' ch6 cho nglfai
IOn tren 21 tu6i. Hq dlfqc nMp hqc qua mQt cUQc phung v1ln cQng voi kinh nghii;m lam
vii;c ma kh6ng d6i hoi b~ng t6t nghii;p trung hqc. Tilt en cac d\li hqc d~u c6 giang d\lY
kh6a hqc ban thai gian van bu6i t5i, giup nglfai IOn de dang theo hqc.
Ben c\lnh cac d<.lihqc la hi; th5ng giao dl!c cao dng. Hilu het cac trliang cao dhg nay
tnfc thuQc cac d\li hqc, mQt so' la cac trlfang dQc I~p. >6Ja cac Trlfang Cao >ng Ky
Thu~t va Giao Dl!c B6 Tdc College of Technology and Further Education hay TAFE
College. Hi; th6ng cac trlfang cao dng nay thay the cac trlfang cao dng dti IO\licu va cac
trlfang trung hqc ky thu~t cu. Cac trlfang nay dlfqc thanh I~p khilp noi tren toan qu6c voi
vii;c t6 chuc va di~u hanh th5ng nhat. V~ phlfong dii;n tai chinh, chinh quy~n lien bang
d6ng g6p mQt philn va chinh quy~n tiu bang d6ng g6p mQt philn. Sinh vien cac tru'ang
cao dilng hay TAFE kh6ng phai d6ng hqc phi. Cac trlfang'TAFE giang d\lY nhi~u kh6a
hqc. Thu nhilt la cac kh6a hqc ngh~ chuyen man danh cho hqc sinh hqc het lop 10. Hqc
sinh vua hqc 19 thuyet t\li tru'ang vua hqc thifc hanh t\li cac xlfClngthq, cac xi nghii;p trang
4 nam. Hoan thanh kh6a hqc, hqc sinh dlfqc cilp chung chi chuyen man. Trang khi thifc
t~p t\li cac xi nghii;p, sinh vien dlfqc hlfClng Ilfong thifc t~p. Thu hai la cac kh6a hqc
chuyen nghii;p technology dti nganh v~ ky thu~t, ky nght;, xay difng, tin hqc ...Sinh vien
phai hqc xong lop 12, hqc hai nam ho~c nhi~u hon neu c6 thifc t~p. Hoan tat kh6a hqc se
dlfqc cilp phat van b~ng t5t nghii;p cao dng va trClthanh cac can sif chuyen man. Thu ba
la cac kh6a hqc van h6a b6 tuc further education c6 tinh cach chuyen man nhlf va ban
chuyen man thuQc cac lTnh vifc hanh chinh, ke toan, ngan hang, tiep tan, du Ijch...Sinh
yien da hqc qua lOp 12, hqc hai nam va dlfqc cilp phat van b~ng t5t nghii;p cao dng. Cac
trlfang TAFE khong giang d\lY van b~ng Ctf nhan. Sinh vien pbai hqc tiep len d\li hqc d
lily van b~ng nay. Hi; th5ng giao dl!c TAFE thanh cong tren toan qu6c, cung ung cho nhu
duhang
nghln can sif va nhan vien chuyen mon hang nam. C6 nhi~u trlfang TAFE Ion
voi 20, 30.000 sinh vien. Sinh vien t\li cac trlfang TAFE la cac hqc sinh tu dlfoi trung hQc
len; la nhi~u nglfai IOn khong d6i hoi hqc lifc lOp 12, vua di lam vua di hqc d nang cao
ngh~ nghii;p. Ngoai ra, Uc c6 mQt so' nho trlfang cao dUng d~c bii;t giang d\lY cac nganh
am nh\lc, nght; thu~t cilp pMt van b~ng Ctfnhan sau 4 ho~c 5 nam hqc t~p. Vao nam 1990,
Uc c6 534.530 sil';h vien d\li hqc, 534.000 sinh vien cao dilng. Vao nam 1999, Uc c6 38
d\li hqc, 40 trliang cao dilng, nhi~u trliang cao dilng trifc thuQc d\li hqc ke c~n. >\lihqc c6
nh1lt la>\li hqcSydney, c6 35.721 sinh vien, thiinh I~p nain 1850; >\lihqc Melbourne

.,

304

..

Cido d!lc tM

ky thu 20 va tiJi hifn t(li t(li cac

quae gia phdt

triin

c6 33.716 sinh vien, tMnh I~p nam 1853; IOn nhat la I)<).ihoc RMIT t<).iMelbourne, c6
42.044 sinh vien, thanh I~p vao nam 1887. Qu6c gia nay c6 so' dan bie't doc vie't la tren
99%.
H~ th6ng giao dl,lc Uc c6 tie'n b(l dang k~ vao the' ky tha 20. H~ th6ng nay thoa man
dliQc nhu du hoc t~p cua hoc sinh, sinh vien, cling nhli dao t<).odliQc chuyen vien cac
nganh thich hQp voi nhu du xii h(li moi. So voi cac nlioc ti~n tie'n khac, Uc c6 IQi di~m la
da't r(lng, nhi~u tai nguyen, dan so' it va chinh phu dii dfiu tli kha IOncho chliong trlnh giao
dl,lc. Tuy v~y, cling nhli cac nlioc tay phliong khac, Uc cling c6 nhG'ngvan M kh6 khan v~
giao dl,lc. VI v~y, chliang trlnh giao dl,lchi~n Mnh dliQc tai thilm djnh va cai tie'n dinh kyo
VIII. Ghio dl}c tl,li New Zealand
Giao dl,lc t<).iNew Zealand la m(lt n~n giao dl,lc the' tl,lc,mi~n phi va cliBng bach ttt 5
toi 15 tueli. Nhi~u hoc sinh da di hoc vao Wc 3, 4 tueli. Tuy v~y, New Zealand cling c6
khoang 100 trliang ti~u hoc va !rUng hoc dan I~p, da so' thu(lc giao h(li Ky To Giao, cac
trliang khac thu(lc cac giao h(li kh:ic. Trliang dan I~p c6 th~ nh~n tai trQ cua chinh quy~n
ne'u h(li du m(lt so' di~u ki~n.
tiu hoc, nam nG'hoc chung; trung hoc c6 m(lt s6trliang
danh rieng cho nG'sinh.

C~~cao~q~~cac~w~~ck~cw~qn~~~
va cac d<).ihoc la cac co sa giao dl,lc sau trung hoc. Mu6n theo hoc cac trliang d<).ihoc, hoc
sinh phai hoc xong lOp 12. 1)6i voi nhG'ng ngliai qua 21 tueli, vi~c nh~p hoc dliQCd8 diii
han. 1)6i voi cac trliang cao dng, di~u ki~n nh~p hoc tuy theo kh6a hoc cling nhli gia trj
van b~ng t6t nghi~p.
New Zealand con c6 trliang ham thl,l M f;iang dl,ly hoc sinh t<).inhii'ng khu v,!c xa xoi
heo lanh, c6 cac trung tam giao dl,lc bel tuc cho ngliai IOn. Ngay tU ngay d(lc I~p, New
Zealand dii chu trong d~c bi~t v~ giao dl,lc. VI v~y, vao the' ky tha 20, hfiu nhli tat cii dan
so' nlioc nay d~u c6 trlnh d(l hoc van it nhi~u.
Vao cu6i the' ky tM 19, khi chliang trlnh giao dl,lc qu6c gia kMi s,!, New Zealand dii
th,!c hi~n m(lt n~n giao,dl,lc hoan toan the' tl,lc. Lu~t Giao dl,lc 1914 nhan m<).nhthem chinh
sach giao dl,lc nay. Niim 1934, chang chi nghi hoc lOp mliai dliQc th,!c hi~n, giup cac hoc
sinh nay di hoc ngh~chuyen mon t<).icac xi nghi~p ho~c xin nhii'ng vi~c lam van phong
khong doi hoi van h6a cao cling nhli theo hoc t<).im(lt so' trliang cao dng.
Hoc sinh di hoc vao hie 5 (ueli va theo hoc b~c ti~u hoc trong 8 nam. Sau b~c ti~u hQc,
hQc sinh theo hQc m(lt trong ba trliang sau day: trliang co
trliang nay chi bao g6m 4
nam hQc cu6i b~c ti~u hoc; trliang trung hQc nam nG' hQc rieng voi 5 nam hQc; trliang
trung hQc ky thu~t xuilt hi~n ttt nam 1908 cling c6 5 nam hQc. Trliang trung hQc giang d<).y
cac mon telng qual: tie'ng Anh, toan, khoa hQc, nhan van, th~ dl,lc th thao, ngh~ thu~t, my

sa,

305

Gido

dl;lC

thi

ky thTi20

va trJihi?n t(li t(li cdc quae gia phdt

triin

(hu~(; cac (ntang (rung hQc ky (hu~( nhiln m(lnh vao cae man ky (hu~( (h\fc dl)ng va cling
d(lY cac man van h6a (6ng quat. Cac (ru'ang cd so la cac (ru'ang khu V\fC,nam (rang h~
(h6ng cac (ru'ang (ieu hQc. HQc xong a day, hQc sinh c6 (he (heo hQc (ru'ang trung hQc hoi;ic
(rung hQc ky (hu~t.
Cu6i lOp II, hQc sinh (rung hQc (ham dl)' mQ( ky (hi. D~u ky (hi nay, hQc sinh du'<;Jc(heo
hQc lOp 12 va 13 M chuffn bi van d(li hQc, (ru'ang su' ph(lm hoi;ic mQ( so' (ru'ang cao d~ng de
lily van bang cil' nhiin. so' ch6 (heo hQc (Ii cac (ru'ang d(li hQc con gioi h(ln nen kha<ing
mQ( nil'a so' hQc sinh chuyen sang (heo hQc cac kh6a hQc (Ii cac' (ru'ang cao d~ng. Cac
(ru'ang cao d~ng phat (rien m(lnh me (u (h~p nien 1970 M (hoa man nhu du hQc (~p cua
sinh vien. Rieng cac (ru'ang su' ph(lm, so' ch6 hQc giOi h(ln vi s6 hQc sinh c6 khuynh hu'ong
suy giam.
Mi;ic d~u c6 chu'dng (rlnh giao dl)c qu6c gia hoan (oan (he' (l)C, cac (ru'ang dan l~p v~n
sinh (6n, nhil( la cac (ru'ang (huQc giao hQi Ky
Giao va nMn (ai (r<;Jcua chinh quy~n (u
nam 1970. Toi nam 1975, (iI( ca cac (ru'ang dan I~p du'<;Jcsa(..nMp voi h~ (h6ng giao dl)c
cang I~p va (ai chinh do chinh quy~n dai (hQ.
Giao dl)c nang (han va khu vl)'c cang ngay cang (ra (hanh quan (rQng vi dan so' New
Zealand chi c6 3 (ri~u ru'Bi. s6ng rai rac (ren mQ( so dao IOn. Chinh quy~n dai (hQ chi phi
chuyen cha cho hQc sinh cac khu vl)'c nay. Nhi~u (ru'ang cao d~ng c~ng d6ng vua la (ru'ang
(6ng quat vua la (ru'ang nang nghi~p du'<;Jc(hi~( I~p (Ii day. Voi nhung khu V\fc xa xai heo
hinh, chinh quy~n (hie'( I~p (ru'ang ham (hl).
Cling nhu' (Ii Uc. New Zealand c6 (h6 dan Maori, du'<;Jcchinh quy~n chl1 y di;ic bi~( M
nh6m (hieu so' nay duy (ri ngan ngu va van h6a ben qnh van h6a ngu'ai da (r1lng.
Vao nam 1990, New Zealand voi 3.5 (ri~u dan, c6 72.025 hQc sinh m~u giao, 354.487
hQc sinh (ieti hQc, 335.456 hQc sinh (rung hQc ph6 (hang, 5.690 hQc sinh (rung hQc ky
(hu~(, 128.070 sinh vien d(li hQc, 72.380 sinh vien hQc vi~n va (ru'ang cao d~ng. Vao nam
1999. nu'oc nay c6 7 (ru'ang d(li hQc; D(li hQc Otago c6 nhil(, c6 17.222 sinh vien, (hanh I~p
nam 1869; D(li hQc Canterbury c6 12.500 sinh vien, (hanh I~p nam 1873; D(li hQc
Aukland IOn nhil(, c6 24.780 sinh vien, (hi'lnh I~p nam 1882. Ngoai ra New Zealand con
c6 12 hQc vi~n va (ru'ang cao d~ng, (rang so' nay c6 9 (ru'ang su' ph(lm. Quoc gia nay c6 so
dan bie'( qQc vie'( la 99%.

Ta

Y (Italy)
Hie'n phap bao dam giao dl)c cho toan dan. mien phi, cu'Bng bach tOi 14 (u6i va n~n
giao dl)c d(li hQc du'<,Jchoan (oan t\f trj. C6 2% dan Y (hil( hQc. V(ji (oan (he dan so' (u 6
tu6i (ra len, g~n4%c6
bang cilp d(li hQc, 18%- (heo hQc chu'dng (rinh (rung hQc cilp II,
31% theo hQc chu'dng (rinh (rung hQc cifp 1. Voi giOi (hanh nien. (y s6di hQc cao hdn voi
IX. Giao dt.Jc t~i

306

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Giao

dl;lC

tM

ky

tha 20 va toi hi~n t(li t(li cac qu(/c gia phdt triin

29% theo hQc cac trliang oi.li hQc, 73% theo hQc cac trliang trung hQc. Khoang 90% hQc
sinh tieu hQCva 85% hQc sinh trung hQc theo hQc cac trtrang cong I~p. s6 con I,!i theo hQc
cac trliang dan I~p, oa s6la cac trtrang cua giao hQi Ky To Giao.
Chliong tdnh giao dlJC qu6c gia khi'Ji sl! tit nam 1859 voi Lu~t Giao DlJc Castali dl!a
theo t6 chuc cac trliang ben Phap. Nam 1923, n~n giao dlJCqu6c gia phat trien m,!nh va
mi'J rQng. Nam 1948, chliong trlnh ctrong bach giao dlJC 8 nam hQCra oai va thl!c sl! thl)'c
hii;n otr<;lCvao nam 1962.
Giao dlJc tieu hQCbao g6m 5 nam hQc khi'Ji sl! tit 6 tu6i. Trlioc tu6i nay, ph:1n oong tre
em theo hQc vlian tre, mau giao. Sau tieu hQc la trtrang trung hQCdip I g6m 4 nam hQc.
Ti.li oay, hQc sinh hQc nhil'ng mon hQc can ban t6ng quat. Tie'p theo la trliang trung hQc
cap II voi 5 nam hQc. Co hai lo,!i trliang cap II; mQt trliang d,!y cac mon van hoa t6ng
quat M chu5n bi cho hQc sinh theo hQc t,!i cac trliang oi.lihQc; mQt trliang ky thu~t d,!y cac
mon ky thu~t thl!c dlJng co Hnh cach huan nghii;p va cac mon ky thu~t t6ng quat chu5n bj
cho hQc sinh theo hQc ti.li cac trliang oi.li hQc ky thu~t va chuyen nghii;p. De hoan HIt
chliong tdnh oi.li hQc, sinh vien phai thi o~u mQt s6 ky thi M lily van b~ng t6t nghii;p, thOi
gian hQc.t~p tit 4 Wi 6 nam. Co van b~ng oi.li hQc, mu6n hanh ngh~ chuyen mon nhtr lu~t
sli, bac sl, tli viln cac nganh, sinh vien phai thl!c t~p mQt thai gian .va cu6i cling la thi o~u
ky thi chuyen nghii;p qu6c gia.
Vao nam 1990, Y voi 57 trii;u dan, co 1.552.255 hQc sinh mau giao, 7.500.000 hQc sinh
tieu hQC, 5.010.467 hQc sinh trung hQc ph6 thong, 1.926.642 hQc sinh trung hQc ky
thu~t,l.533.202 sinh vien oi.li hQc, 1.522.820 sinh vien hQc vii;n va trliang cao o~ng. Vao
nam 1999, Y co 45 o,!i hQc, 16 hQc vii;n ky thu~t, 16 hQc vii;n fim nh,!c, 18 hQc vii;n va
trliang cao o~ng nghi; thu~t. D,!i hQc Rome IOn nhilt voi 170.000 sinh vien, thilnh I~p VaG
nam 1303. Y co Di.li hQc Salerno khi'Ji sl! giang di.lYVaGthe' ky thu 9 va Di.li hQc Bologna
thanh I~p VaGnam 1100. Hai Oi.lihQc tren la nhil'ng oi.li hQc c6 nhilt the' gioi. Qu6c gia nay
co s6 dfin bie't oQc vie't la 97%.
N8n giao dlJc Y vao the' ky thU 20 co di tie'n v8 chliong tdnh cling nhli phliong phap
giang di.lY.Tuy nhien, n8n giao dlJc nay thie'u tinh cach th6ng nhilt, ti.lOra nnh tr,!ng giao
dlJc kh6ng o6ng o8u giil'a nhi~u khu vl!c. Cling VI Iy thie'u th6ng nhilt, vii;c oi~u hanh t6
chUc khac bii;t, lam giam gia trj giao dlJc. Ly do cua vii;c khong o6ng nhilt trong giao dlJc
do hoan dnh chinh trj khac bii;t, quan oiem bao thu v5.n t6n t,!i, ton giao cl!c ooan, ch6ng
I,!i cac di tie'n sau rQng.
X. Giao dVe t~i ThVYSi (Switzerland)
Hie'n phap ThlJY SI nam 1874 uy quy8n giao dvc cho cae dnh voi n8n giao dlJCtieu hQC
Wong bach va mi~n phi. Giao dl,lCctrong bach VaGthe' ky thU 20 tang len Wi 9 nam hQC
307

Giao dlfC thl

ky

thu 20 va Mi hifn t(,lit(,licac

quae gia phdt

tritn

tuc la toi tu6i IS. Chinh quy~n lien bang chi chiu trach nhii;m v~ phlidng dii;n o<).ih9C va
cao dhg. H9C vii;n Ky thu~t Lien bang Lausane tMnh I~p nam 1853, H9C vii;n Ky thu~t
Lien bang Zurich tMnh l~p nam 1855 la nhung h9C vii;n ky thu~t diiu tien cila Thl,lY Si.
Vao the' ky thu 19, nhi~u h9C vii;n dan I~p cila cac nha giao d\lc n6i tie'ng nhli Jean Jaques
Rousseau, Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi ciing oii dliQc Ihanh I~p t<).iday. Th\lY SI co 26 dnh
voi van phong giao d\lc rieng, chiu trach nhii;m v~ giao d\lc trung tiSu h9C trong dnh, thie't
I~p cac chinh sach, t6 chuc thi cli, thie't I~p chlidng trlnh giang d<).y.Tuy nhien van phong
giao d\lc trung lidng co trach nhii;m ph6i hQp ho<).1dong cila cac'dnh d co' gil:ng th6ng
nhlil hoa chlidng tdnh giao d\lc tren toan qu6c:
H9C sinh khai sl!' dip tiSu h9C ilk 6 tu6i. Hiiu he't h9C sinh theo h9c cac vlian tre va
miiu giao tru'oc khi theo h9C b~c tiSu h9C. Sau tiSu h9C la trliang trung h9C dip 1. Chlidng
trlnh tiSu h9c va trung h9C dip I dliQc nhlin m<).nhvan ngon ngu, toan. Co ba ngon ngu
chinh oliQc sli d\lng t<).iTh\lY SI, tuy theo khu vl!'c la PMp, Duc va Y. H9C sinh ch9n mot
ngon ngu chinh va co thS h9C ngon ngu thu hal. Sau dip I, h9C sinh theo h9C tru'ang trung
h9C dip II va ch9n nhung mon h9C co Hnh cach chuycn bii;t, hliong diin theo h9C cac
nganh h9C khac nhau tren o<).ih9C, kS ca nhung mon h9C c6 diSn v~ Hy L<).pva La Tinh.
Ngoai ra, sau trung h9C dip I, kha nhi~u h9C sinh theo h9C t<).icac tru'ang cao dhg kY
thu~t, dao t<).ocan sl!' chuycn nghii;p oil nganh, ho(ic h9C va thl!'c t~p cac lo<).ithQ chuyen
mon.
Vao nam 1990, Th\lY SI voi dan so' 7 trii;u ngliai, co 141.160 h9C sinh miiu giao, tren
800.000 h9C sinh tiSu h9C, 562.465 h9c sinh trung h9C ph6 thong, 209.927 h9C sinh trung
h9C ky thu~t, 143.060 sinh vicn o<).ih9C, 89.030 sinh vien h9C vii;n va Wong cao dng.
Vao nam 1999, Th\lY SI co 9 o<).ih9C t6ng hQp, 2 o<).ih9C ky thuijl, 6 Wong cao ong
chuycn nghii;p, 4 trliang cao ong nghi; thuijt, 7 nh<).cvii;n. Tru'ang c6 nhlit la D<).ih9C
Basel, co 7.439 sinh vien, thanh lijp van nam 1460; D<).ih9C Zurich IOn nhlit, co 19.900
sinh vicn, thanh lijp van nam 1833; D<).ih9C Geneve co 12.628 sinh vien, tMnh lijp van
nam 1557; D<).ih9C Lausanne co 9.000 sinh vicn, tMnh lijp van nam 1537. D<).ih9C
Th\lY SI thu h9C phi nh~. Nlioc nay co so' dan bie't d9C vie't la 99%.

XI. Giao d\lc I"i Th\lY min (Sweeden)

Th1JYDiSn co chinh sach giao d\lc qu6c gia vao cu6i the' ky thu 19. Cac tru'ang oii lo<).i
oliQc phat triSn ttt giai do<).nnay, kS ca cac trliang d<).ih9C. Sau The' Chie'n Thu II, chinl,l
phii rna rong va th6ng nhlit hoa hi; th6ng giao d1Jcttt trlioc chiu anh hliang giao pMi Tin
Lanh Lutheran. Nam 1950, HOi E>5ng Giao D\lc Qu6c Gia National Board of Education
thie't lijp chlidng trlnh giao d\lc t6ng hQp 9 nam, thay the'trliang tiSu h9C va trliang trung
h9C clip I, chulln bi cho h9C sinh blioc' van trliang trung h9C. Trliang t6ng hQp 9 nam chia
308

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Gido dl;lcthe' ky tha 20

va tOi hi~n t(li t(li cdc quae gia phdt

trin

lam ba giai oO\ln 3-3-3. HQc sinh theo hQc chung cac mon hQc trang 6 nam. Ngo\li ngii'
Anh van khClisl! giang d\lY vao nam thu 3, ngo\li ngii' thu hai c6 thg ol1<;1C
hQc vao cac nam
sau. Giai oO\ln 3, tii'.lop 7, hQc sinh chQn hQc nhii'ng mon chuyen bi~t, tliy theo sCIthich va
kha nang, cling nhl1 ng1mh hQc trang tl1ang lai. Sau giai oO\ln t6ng h<;lp,90% theo hQc tiep
trl10ng trung hQc, voi ba nam hQc. HQc sinh chQn hai nganh hQc: van h6a t6ng qm\t o~
chu!ln bi cho cac mon hQc o\li hQc, hOac nhii'ng man hQc ky thu~t chuyen nghi~p hl10ng
dlin hQc sinh theo hQc cac kh6a hQc ky thu~t t\li o\li hQC. trl10ng t6ng h<;lp,hQc sinh ol1<;1C
kigm tra oanh gia vao lOp 8 va 9. trliong trung hQc, ki~m tra oanh gia vao ca ba lOp 10,

II, 12.
Chl1ang trlnh giao dl,lCoac bi~t danh cho hQc sinh khuye't
v~ thg chili cling nhl1 tinh
th~n. Giao dl,lc bel tuc va ky thu~t danh cho nhii'ng hQc sinh nghi hQc sau trl10ng t6ng h<;lp
hOac nghi hQc trang khi theo hQc cac lOp trung hQCva cho ngl10i lOn cling oli<;lcphfit trign
va rilt ph6 bien. Rat nhi~u hqc sinh tn) thanh nhii'ng th<;lchuyen man va vao khoang 50%
t6ng s6 ngl10i lOn theo hQc t\li cac trung tam giao dl,lc nay v~ ou mQi kh6a hQc nhli b6 !lic
van h6a t6ng quat, hOac cac kh6a hQc c6 tinh cach chuyen nghi~p. MOt s6 ngl10i trl1C1ng
thanh con theo hQc cac kh6a hQc giai oO\ln cu6i cua trl10ng t6ng h<;lpva cac lOp trung hQc
M c6 co hQi hQc tiep len d\li hQc. Vao nam 1990, Thl,ly Dign voi 9 tri~u dan, co 220.307
hQc sinh mliu giao, tren 800.000 hQc sinh tigu hqc, 585.527 hQc sinh trung hqc ph6 thong,
212.395 hqc sinh trung hQc ky thu~t, 207.260 sinh vien o\li hQC va cao o~ng. Vao nam
1999, Thl,ly Di~n c6 12 o\li hQc. D\li hQc c6 nhat la D\li hQc Uppsala thanh I~p nam 1477,
D\li hQc Lund thanh I~p nam 1666, D\li hQc Stockholm thanh I~p nam 1877, D\li hQc
Gothenberg thilnh I~p nam 1891. H~ th6ng o\li hQc Thl,ly Dign OI1<;1C
cai t6 vao nam 1977,
sat nh~p nhi~u trl10ng cao o~ng thanh cac trl10ng o\li hQc lOn M th6ng nhat hoa, hii'u hi~u
h6a phl1<.Jngphap va chl1ang trlnh giang d\lY. Ngoai ra Thl)Y Di~n co co 20 hQC vien ky
thu~t va trl10ng cao o~ng ou IO\li. Qu6c gia nay co s6 dan biet oQc viet la 99%.

XII. Giao d\lc t:,i Ha Lan (Holland hay Netherlands)

Ha Lan c6 Lu~t Giao dl,lc o~u tien vao nam 1801, cho phep m6i khu v,!c nha tho thilnh
l~p trl10ng ti~u hQc cling voi cac co sCIgiao dl,lc cong I~p. Vi~c cong nh~n cac trliong dan
l~p gay tranh lu~n trang gioi giao dl,lc qua ca the ky thu 19. Mai tOi nam 1920, Lu~t Giao
dl)c moi ra ooi cong nh~n h~ th6ng giao dl)c dan l~p va cac trl10ng nay co gia trj ngang
hang voi h~ th6ng giao dl,lc cong l~p. Cac trliong dan I~p cling nh~n dli<;lCtai tr<;lcua chinh
quy~n neu hQi ou cac oi~u ki~n v~ chl1ang trlnh giang d\lY cling nhl1 kha nang chuyen
man cua giao vien. Cac trl10ng dan I~p giim c6 trl10ng cua giao hQi Tin Lilnh, trl10ng cua
giao hQi Ky To Giao va trl10ng cua tl1nhan.
Giao dl)c mliu giao va ti~u hQc co 8 nam hQc danh cho hoc sinh tit 4 tOi 12 tu6i. Giao
309

Gido dl:lc the' ky thu 20

va fIJi hifn

t(,li t(,li cdc qu6c gia phdt triin

d~c trung hqc co 6 nam hQCdanh cho hqc sinh tit 13 otn 19 tu6i va chia lam 4 nganh hqc:
t6ng quat, chuffn bi o'.li hqc, huffn nghi~p va b6 ltie giao d~c. Nganh hQCt6ng quat chuffn
bi cho hqc sinh theo hqc cac khoa hqc co trinh oQ cao oAng nhu'ng khong phai o'.li hqc.
Nganh hqc d1/ bj o'.li hqc chuffn bi cho hqc sinh ghi ten theo hqc cac khoa hqc cac o'.li
hqc. Nganh hqc huffn nghi~p chuffn bi cho hqc sinh theo hqc cac khoa hqc t'.li cac truang
cao oAng ky thu~t hoac chuyen nghi~p. Nganh nay trang hi~n t'.li oU(lCrna rQng M khuytn
khich ph~ nii' ghi ten theo hqc, oac bi~t la cac ph~ nii' rna hqc vffn bi gian oO'.lnvily do gia
oinh. Nganh hqc b6 toc giao d~c, hqc sinh co th hqc ban thai gian', chuffn bi theo hqc cac
nganh hqc chuyen bi~t v~ Mnh chinh, kt toan, quan trio
Vao nam 1990, Ha Lan voi dan s6 16 tri~u, co 360.880 hqc sinh mfiu giao, tren
1.700.000 hqc sinh tiu hQc, 1.178.578 hQc sinh trung hqc ph6 thong, 505.589 hqc sinh
trung hqc ky thu~t, 478.860 sinh vien d'.li hQc, 190.440 sinh vien hqc vi~n va truang cao
oAng. Vao nam 1999, Ha Lan co 25 o'.li hqc, 12 hqc vi~n ky thu~t, 20 truang cao oAng ou
10'.li. D'.Ii hqc Leiden c6 nhfft, co 15.262 sinh vien, thanh I~p vao nam 1575; D'.Ii hqc
Utrecht c6 25.125 sinh vien, tMnh l~p vilO nam 1636; D'.Ii hqc Amsterdam IOn nhfft voi
tren 30.000 sinh vien, tMnh I~p vaonam 1632. Tfft d cac trliang o'.li hqc va cao dAng
oU(lCchinh quy~n hoan toan tai tr(l va nhi~u sinh vien oU(lChuang trq dp giao d~c. Ha
Lan co s6 dan bitt oqc vitt la 99%.

Cac nuoc titn bQ tren tht gioi oa co nhi~u di titn giao d~c VaGthe ky thll' 20, phii h(lp'
voi nhii'ng bitn chuyn xa hQi. 51/ titn bQ nay cung nha VaG !lnh tr'.lng kinh tt thinh
vu(lng, !lnh tr'.lng xa hQi 6n oinh. Tuy nhien, tlnh tr'.lng xa hQi bitn chuyn qua nhanh,
nhfft la t'.li cac nuoc tay phuong, giao d~c oa khong thoa man dU(lCnhu cilu giao d~c cua
gioi tre va h~u qua la co nhi~u thanh thitu nien tit ch6i giao d~c hay n6i cach khac dm
thffy khong thich hqp voi chuang trinh giao d~c hi~n t'.li, bo hqc, gay ra nhi~u vffn o~ kho
khan cho xa hQi. Mat khac, nhi~u thanh nien hqc xong o'.li hqc, cung khong tim ra vi~c
h(lp voi kha nang. Cac sl)' ki~n nay khitn cac nha giao d~c cung nhu chinh quy~n phai
quan tam va c6 g~ng tim giai phap st1a 06i. Do 00, chuang trinh, phuong phap giao d~c
con phai dU(lCdi tien titp t~c voi thai gian.
Tili lifu tham khdo
- Canadian educational refOrni'i. Til diin bcich khou The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, Multimedia Edition,
1998
.,
.. Changes ujier World Wur II education, France. Tili li~u iiil djn nhu tren.
- Changf'sa.fter World War II education, Germany. Taj liiu dd dan nhll lren.
- Changes in higher education, US. Tul liiu (lii dan nhu tren.
- Curriculum reforms, US. Tid li(u (Til dan nhu lren.
310

Gido dl;tctM

ky

tM 20

va tiJi hi~n tt;litt;licdc quae gia phdt

Early I<jh to early 2(jh tentary edacalion. UK. Tili lifa dil d!in nhu Iren .
. Edawlion Acl of 1944. UK. Tili lifa dil d!in nhu len.
. Edamlion afterWorld War II, Japan. Tili lifa dil d!in nhu Iren .
. Edacation al Ihe heginning oflhe centary. Japan. Tili lifa dil d!in nhu Iren .
. Edacalion. Aastralia. Tai lifa dil d!in nhu Iren.
Edacalion. Canada. Tili lifa dil d!in nhu tren.
Edawlion. Japan. Tili. lifa dil d!in nhu Iren .
. Edacalion. New Zealand. Tili /ifa dil d!in nhu Iren:
EdaCalon. Sweeden. Tili lifa ,Iil d!in nhu Iren.
Edacalion changes daring World War I, Japan. Tai lifa dil d!in nhu Iren.
Edacalion 10 1940, Japan. Tili lifa dil d!in nhu Iren.
Expansion of American edaCalion. Tili lifa dil d!in nhu Iren.
Federal involmenl in local edacation, US. Tili lifa dil d!in nhu Iren.
Farlher edacalion, UK. Tili lifa dil d!in nhu Iren.
History of edacalion. Aaslralia. Tai lifa dil d!in nhu tren.
Hislory ofeacalion, Ilaly. Tili lifa dil d!in nhu len.
- History of edacalion, New Zealand, Tai lifa dil d!in nhu Iren.
_ History of education, Sweeden. Till lifU dil dan nhu tren.
- History of education, Switzerland. Till li~u eta dan nhu /ren.
History of edacalion, The Nelherlands. Tili lifa dil d!in nhu Iren.
HislOry of edacalion, UK. Tai lifa dil d!in nhu Iren.
History of edacalion, US. Tai lifa dd d!in nhu Iren.
- Imperial Gernany education. Till lieu dil dan nhu tren.
- Nazi Germany education. Till lifu dil ddn nhu Iren.
Professional organizalions, US. Tai lifa dii d!in nhu tren.
Stalislical Yearhook, tin hdn Ihtl 39. Nrw York, Uniled Nalions, 1994,
The administralion ofpahlic edacalion, Canada: Tai liea dd d!in nhu Iren.
- The cumprehensive movement, UK. Tal liru {1iidt1n nhu zren.
- The Third Republic education, France. Till li~u{ttl dan nhu tren.
- The World of Learning 1999. London, Earopa Pahlicalions, 2000.
- Weimar Republic education, Germany. Till li~udil dan nhtt lren.

",

311

triin

Chlldng

23

Giao d1jc the' kj thu 20 va tfli hi?n tq.i

Giao d1jc Lien XO va Trung Quoe
I. Giao d\lc Lien XIl
1. Giao d\lC trtiuc 1917 - Giao d\lc qu6c gia khdi slf
2. Giao d\lc giai dOl,ln 1917-1930 - Giao d\lc chinh trj va gilio d\lc
dl,lichUng
3. Giao d\lc giai dOl,ln 1931.1953 - Giao d\l<:,chinh trj va giao d\lc
thlfc d\lng
4. Giao d\lc giai dOl,ln 1956-1964 - Giao d\lc khoa hQc, ky
thu~t
5. Giao d\lc giai dOl,ln 1964 tUi 1982 - Giao d\lc tii'ng quat va ky
thu~t
6. Giao d\lc giai dOl,ln tu 1985 tai hi~n tl,li - Giao d\lc d6i mUi
II. Giao d\lc Trung Qu6c
1. Khuynh htiung cai tie'n giao d\lc vao ci.J6i the' ky thri' 19 va dilu the'
ky thU 20 - Anh htidng giao d\lc tily phtidng
2. Giao d\lc thlii Trung Hoa Diln Qu6c - Chtidng trinh giao d\lc
qu6c gia ph3t triin - Khuye'~ khich giao d\lc khoa hQc, ky thu~t
3. Giao d\lc thCfi C(lng bOa Nhiln diln Trung Hoa
3.1 Anh htidng giao d\lC Lien XIl, 1949-1966 - Giao d\lc khoa hQc,
ky thu~t
3.2 Giao d\lc thoi Cach ml,lng Van bOa, 1966-1976 - Giao d\lc suy
thoai
4. Giao d\lc tu 1976 tai hi~n tl,li - Giao d\lc d6i mui
I. Giao d\lc Lien XIl
1. Giao d\lc trtiuc 1917 - Giao d\lc qu6c gia khdi slf
Vito khdi dilu the' ky thu 20, n~n giaa dlJc Nga lit m(lt n~n giaa dlJc ch~m titn. Thea
312

..

.'
~

Gido dlfc Lien Xa va Trung Quae tM

ky thu 20 va fiji hi?n t{li

th6ng ke nam 1897, chi c6 24% dan s6tren 9tu6i biet dQc biet viet; toi nam 1914, can so'
nay tang len 40%. Cilng thea th6ng ke tren, chi c6 khmlng 50% tre em tit 8 dn 12 tu6i
dt!<Jcdi hQc. Cac trt!ong ti':;u hQc do chinh quy~n dja pht!ong t6 chuc, mQt so' trt!ong kMc
do giaohQi Ky To Giao Chinh Th6ng thanh I~p. H~u het cac tntong trung hQc do BQ Giao
d\lc t6 chaco
Sau cUQc Cach m\lng 1905, qu6c hQi da c6 nhi~u co' gang ban Mnh lu~t ct!ong bach
giao d\lc ti':;u hQc, nht!ng BQ Giao d\lc khong dap ung dt!<Jcnhu du giao dl)c do thieu giao
vien va tai chinh. Voi n~n giao dl)c trung hQc, v~n chi c6 mQt thi':;u so' hQc sinh thea hQc;
voi n~n giao dl)c cao dng, so' sinh vien con qua it; voi n~n giao d\lc dauh cho ngt!oi IOn
va nganh Won tre, milu giao, chinh quy~n hoan toan M m~c cho cac t6 chuc tt! nhan va
gioi tn thuc t6 chuc.
Trang cac nam 1915-16, BQ Giao dl)c thI!c hien dt!<JcmQt so' cai t6 thietthI!c v~ hien
d\li h6a~he th6ng giao d\lc trung hQCva huan nghieP rat dn thiet cho viec phat tri':;n ky
nghe cua Nga vao giai dO\ln nay. V~ nganh cao dng, cac trt!ong d\li hQc, dt!<Jcht!ang
nhi~u quy~n tI! trj. V~ cac nh6m dan thi':;u so', ngon ngil' sac tQCdt!<Jckhuyen khfch hQc
hili. Chinh sach chung cua chinh quy~n vao d~u nam 1917 la thI!c hien mQt cht!ong tdnh
giao d\lc qu6c gia do chinh quy~n dia phuong ki':;m soat va c6 sI! d6ng g6p cua dan chUng.
Cht!ong trlnh nay moi chi khai sI!thl xlly dn cUQcCach m\lng vo san thang,Mt!oi 1917.
2. Ciao dl)C giai dOl;ln 1917.1930 - Ciao d\lC chinh trj va giao d\lc dl;li chung
Sau cUQc.Cach m\lng vo san thang Mt!oi 1917, chinh quy~n cach m\lng tuyen b6 cai t6
toan dien cht!ong tdnh giao dl)c. Viec cai t6 nay dI!a vao cac nguyen tac cua hQc thuyet
Marx-Lenine va quan di':;m "giao d\lC tich cI!c" cua tay pht!ong. Nam 1918, chinh quy~n
chi thj bUy bil cht!ong tdnh giilng d\lY ton giao trang hQc dt!ong va thay vao d6 la cht!ong
trlnh giang d\lY cong dan giao d~ICva chinh trj; huy bil cac trt!ong nam nil' rieng biet M
gioi tinh khac biet dt!<Jcgiao d\lc d6ng d~u trang cac trt!ong h6n h<Jp;giOi thieu he th6ng
hieu doan M hQc sinh, sinh vien pMt huy sang kien trang viec hQc t~p; huy bil che dQ cho
di':;m va thi cit; gioi thieu he th6ng cong tac t\li cac nong trt!ong, xi nghieP sau gio hQc.
Nam 1919, cht!ong trlnh cai t6 toan dien giao d\lc dt!<Jckhai sI! va g6m cac di':;m chinh
nht! sau. Thu nhat la phat tri':;n cht!ong tdnh giao d\lc t6ng quat va bach khoa hoan toan
mi~n phi va ct!ong bach toi tu6i 17 trang cac Trung Tam Giao D\lc Lien HieP Lao DQng
Unified Labour School. Thu hai la t6 chuc mQt he th6ng cac nha tre, trt!ong milu giao M
giup cac ba m~ d~ dang trang cong tac lao dQng. Thu ba la
them cac d\li hQCva hQC
vien cho sinh vien va ca cong nhan; mQt khoa d~c biet ph\l trach "giao d\lc cong nhan"
rabfaks dt!<Jcthanh I~p t\li cac d\li hQc, hQc vien M khuyen khfch va pMt tri':;n viec dao
tao tri thuc trang gioi vo san. Thu tt! la
rQng cht!ong tdnh huan nghieP cho nhung

ma

ma

313

Gido d",c Lien X{J va Trung Qu6c the' ky thLl20 va tiJi hifn t{li
thanh nien til 17 tu6i trd len. Thu nam Iii thie't l~p chuang trlnh giao dllc dai chung khap
noi tren toiln qu6c, ph6i h<;Jpvoi chUang trlnh tuyen truy~n rong IOn eua chinh quy~n eae
dip.
Trang giai dOl!n thlfc hien Chinh Sach Kinh Te Moi New Economic Policy, 1921-1927,
chinh sach giao dllc dU<;Jcciii tien cho phu h<;Jpmot ph~n nilo voi chinh sach giao dllc tay
phuong, vffn d~ giao dllc chinh tri dU<;Jcgiam bot. Chinh sac~ giao dllc cua dang vii chinh
quy~n nay t~p trung vilo giao dllc cuang bach b~c tiu hQc, bien phap d6i phD voi nl!n
thanh thieu nien phl!m phap va giao d\lc so' dong dl!i chung can ~u chIT. Khi Ke HOl!ch
Phat Trin Nam Nam d~u tien dU<;Jcphat dong vilo nam 1928, khffu hieu "Tffn Cang Mi).t
Tr~n Van Hoa" Offensive on the Cultural Front dU<;Jcd~ cao voi sU h~jp tac cua Doiln
Thanh Nien Cong San Komsomol - The Communist Youth League. Nha v~y, chien dich
eh6ng n':ln mu chIT.viicuang Mch giao dllc tiu hoc dii.dl!t dU<;Jcket qua t6t dt;p.
3. Giao d\lc giai do:,n 1931-1953 - Giao d\lc chfnh trj va giao d\lc thl!C d\lng
D phu h<;Jpvoi chinh sach phat trin m':lnh me ky ngh hoa vii chinh sach pMt trin
rang IOn eac nang truang t~p th, mot chuang trlnh giao d\lc voi nhung thay d6i IOn dUeJe
thltc hien. Nam 1931, mot chi thi v~ t6 chuc vii noi dung chuang trlnh giao dllc dll'<;Jcban
hilnh. Thu nhfft Iii wang bach giao dllc t6i thiu 4 nam t':lieac khu vlfc than que vii 7 nam
t':li cac khu vlfc thilnh thi dU<;icban hilnh. Thu hai la mot he th6ng giao d\lc t6ng quat g6m
4 nam tiu hQc, til lOp 1 toi lOp 4; 3 nam trung hQc dip 1, til lOp 5 tOi lOp 7 vii 3 nam trung
hoc dip 11, til lOp 8 tOi lOp 10. Thu ba Iii chU,Jng trlnh giang d':lYmoi chu trQng vilo cac
man hQc t6ng quat voi viec tai thie't l~p he th6ng cho dim vii thi cli. Thu tU Iii vai tra
quan trQng cua giao vien trang eang tac giao dllc du<;Jctai xac nh~n; d6ng thai, vai tra cila
Eloan Thanh nien CQng san va Eloi Thieu nien Ti~n phong dU<;Jcd~ cao trong viec duy trl
ky lu~t vii khuyen khich hQc t~p. Thu nam Iii cang tac lao dQng thlfc te' sau gia hQc dU<;Jc
huy boo Them vao do, chuang trlnh giao duc tich euc chiu anh hudng tay phuong dU<;Jcap
dllng til giai dO':lntrUoe, nay huy bo VI khang thich h<;ipvoi dUang 16i giao d\lc co ky lu~t
cua Lien XO vii thay vao do Iii quan dim giao d\lc truy~n th6ng voi vai tra quan trQng
eua giao vien teacher centred vii man hQc jubject centred. Trang The chien thu II, quan
dim truy~n th6ng qu6c gia hoan toiln thang the trong giao dllc M khuyen khich tinh th~n
chien Mu cua binh SI vii toiln dan trang cong cUQekhang chien ch6ng Qu6c xii.Duc.
Vao cu6i th~p nien 1930, chuang trlnh giao dllc huffn nghieP vii dl!i hQc du<;Jcdi tien.
so' sinh vien huffn nghieP tang til mot trieu vilo nam 1927-1928 den 3 trieu 8 vao nam
1940-1941 vii so' sinh vien d':li hQc dil tang til 168.554 de'n 811.700 vilo cung giai dO':ln.

314

Ciao dl;tc Lien X6 va Trung Quoc tM

ky

thzl20 va fIJi hifn tlJi

Chuang trlnh giao dl)C cao dang Mp tl)c phat trien vao nhung th~p nien ke tiep di)t lrQng
tam vao vi(!c dao t')o nhiin vien chuyen nghi(!p cac nganh, cung Ui1gcho nhu du nhiin
dl)ng cua cac chuang trlnh pMt lrien qu6c gia. Ngoai ra, chinh quy~n can thl!c hi(!n
chuang trlnh giao dl)c ban thai ~ian vao buBi t6i va ham thl) v~ chuang trlnh huffn nghi(!p
ng6 h~u giup cong nhan c6 co hQi nang cao kha nang ngh~ nghi(!p. Chuang trlnh giao dl)c
huffn nghi(!p va cao dang du'<Jcchinh quy~n chu t[(~ng va kiem soat chi)t che.
Vao thiip nien 1940, chuang trlnh giao dl)C HQc Duong Xi Nghi(!p Factory School dao
t')o th<Jchuyen man va ban chuyen man danh cho thieu nien tii' 14 aen 17 tuBi dU<Jcthuc
My m')nh. Trang cac nam tii' 1940 aen 1958, trung blnh hang nam c6 khoang 570.000
thieu nien dU<Jctuyen dl)ng theo hQc chUang trlnh nay. Cac thieu nien nay c6 the la cac
hoc sinh thieu kha nang theo dudi chUang trlnh giao dl)C tBng quat trung hQc, c6 the la cac
hQc sinh bo hQc sau l<'lp7 VI bfft Cll 19 do gl. Tii' cac nam 1943-1944, mot chuang trlnh giao
dl)c "Huffn Nghi(!p Nang Than" ban thai gian ra doi danh cho cac thieu nien than que
khong the tiep tl)Ctheo hQc nganh trung hQc, vii'a di lam vii'a di hQc cac nganh th<Jchuyen
man va ban chuyen man.
Chuang trlnh giao dl)c ciii tien vao th~p nien 1930 va sau d6 tiep ll)c dU<Jcap dl)ng sau
chien tranh cong them voi cac chuang trlnh huong dan phil h<Jp voi cac ke ho')ch phat
trien qu6c gia duoi quy~n kiem soat ch~t che cua tB chuc giao dl)Ccling nhu tB ChllCdang.
4. Gilio dt.Ic giai dQan 1956-1964 - Giao dt.Ic khoa hf,lc, ky thu~t
D')i hoi Dang Cong san Lien XO l~n thu20 vao nam 1956 chU trQng di)c bi(!t vao khoa
hQc, ky thuat, mc! duong cho nhung ciii tien giao dl)c. Diem quan trQng cua chuang trlnh
ciii tien nay la lam tang sl! lien quan giua giao dl)c va doi s6ng thl!C sl! ci\a Lien XO.
Chuang trlnh ciii tien nay c6 anh huC!ng va dan aen nhung ciii tien tuang tl! C!cac mtoc
Dong Au.
Vao giai do')n nay, quan diem ky thu~t bach khoa dU<Jcphl)c h6i, nhffn m')nh vao
vi(!c chuiin bi hQc sinh trung hQc trang cac nganh huffn luy(!n chuyen nghi(!p v~ ky ngh(!
va nang nghi(!p. Vao d4u th~p nien 1950, dil c6 sl! phat trien thieu thang bang v~ so' hQc
sinh hoan tfft chuang trlnh trung hQc ghi ten theo hQc t')i cac d')i hQC va nhu cftu kinh te
doi hoi nhi~u nhan vien chuyen man cac nganh cac cffp. N6i khac di, d')i hQc dil dao t')o
kM nhi~u sinh vien thieu chuyen man ky thu~t, trang khi d6 ky ngh(! va thUang m')i I')i
dn nhi~u nhan vien chuyen nghi(!p rna d')i hQC khong dao t')o dUQc. Chuang trlnh ciii
tien giao dl)c nay theo duBi ml)c dieh ph6i h<Jp giao dl)c tBng quat va di)c bi(!t la ky
thuat bach khoa t')i cac hQc vi(!n va cac u')i hQc cilng voi cac chuang trlnh huffn nghi(!p
mot so' l<'lnthieu nien 15 tuBi trC!len thang tii' l<'lphQc vao xi nghi(!p san xufft. Noi

315

Ciao

dl;lc

Lien X6 va Trung Qu6e the' ky tha 20 va toi hifn t{li

dung chinh cua chuang trlnh di t6 giao dl!c 1958 bao g6m: ThU nhat Iii giao dl!C din ban
vii cuong bach 8 nam tit 7 toi 15 tu6i voi cac man hQc t6ng quat vii ky thu~t. Thu hai Iii
giao dl)C trung hQC3 nam tu lOp 9 toi lOp 11 tuc Iii tu 16 aen 19 tu6i, ti6p tl)c giao dl)C tDng
quat vii ky thu~t cQng voi chuang trlnh hQc t~p san xuat t;li cac xi nghi~p.
Sl)' lien quan giua giao dl)C vii ky thu~t san xuat dul;Jc ti6p tl)C t,!i cap cao d~ng vii d;li
hQc. Di~m quan trQng dilc biet day Iii vi~c
rQng chuang trlnh giang d,!y bu6i toi vii
hiim thl! d cac ngiinh giao dl!c cao d~ng chuyen nghiep, giao dl!c d;li hQc vii giao dl)c
t;li cac hQc vi~n. Trang nam hQC 1968-1967,56.3% cua tDng so sinh vien 4.311.000 Lien
XO da theo hQc theoduong loi niiy.
Chuang trlnh di ticn giao dl)c 1958 cpn phoi hl;Jp chuting trlnh "HQc Duong Xi
Nghi~p" va chuang trlnh "Huan Nghiep Nang Than" thoi truoc thiinh mOt chuting trlnh
giao dl)c moi diio t'!o thl;Jchuyen man va ban chuyen man voi thai gian hQCtu mOt dCn ba
nam. HQc sinh phai hoiin tat lOp 8 moi dul;Jctheo hQc.

rna

Chuting trlnh di ticn giao dl!c 1958 khong quen nganh giao dl!c Won tn~, mau giao tu
tu6i tha aen sau tu6i. Cac trung tam vuon tre vii mau giao ci~l;JCphat tri~n khap nai. MOt
10;li lrung tam giao dl!c nQi tru danh cho hQc sinh tit lOp 1 aen lOp 8 hoilc tu lOp I aen lOp
11 da dUl)c thUnh I~p. Nhung chuang trlnh nay khong thlfc hien theo dung ke hO;lChvii ve
sau dUl)ChUy boo
Chuang trlnh giao dl)c dilc bi~t diinh cho cac hQc sinh thong minh cUng dul;Jcchu y aen.
Hang tram truang, trung hQc danh cho cac hQc sinh c6 kM nang dilc bi~t ve toan, khoa
hQc, ngo(li ngu dul;Jc thi6t I~p, ben qnh cac truong n6i ti6ng ve th~ thao, nghe thu~t, am
nh;lc. HQc sinh cac truong nay thuang xuat than tu cac gia dlnh tri thuc va chuang trlnh
nay bi chi trich Iii thi6u tinh each blnh d~ng.
5. Giao d
c giai dqan 1964-1982 - Giao d
c t6ng quat va ky thu~t
Chuang trlnh ky thu~t, bach khoa h6a cua giai dO;l.ntruoc da khong thilnh c6ng VIthieu
may m6c, dl)ng c; nhieLi man hQc ky thu~t t,!i nhieu truung giang d;ly voi rat it thlfc t~p,
thi6u thanh ph5n giao vien c6 kha nang ky thu~t. Nam 1964, Leonid Brezhnev (19061982) da chi thj cho thiinh I~p mQt uy ban d~ thffm dinh chuang trlnh di ti6n giao dl)c
1958. Sau hai nam lam vi~c, mQt chuang trlnh giao dl)c cai ti6n dUl;JCban hiinh viio nam
1966 va bao g6m ba di~m chinh: huy bo lOp 11 trung hQc, tra l;1i voi h~ thong giao dl!C
10 nam nhu cU; giao dl)c huan nghi~p vao nhung nam cuoi cling b~c trung hQc chi dul)C
duy trl t(li cac truang c6 trang bi d5y du may m6c, dl!~'g Cl); cuoi cling la chUl1ng trlnh
giao dl)C nay marQng ve cac man giao dl!c t6ng quat rna khong chi chu trQng vao cac
man khoa hQc, ky thu~t. D~ ph6 bi6n chuang trlnh giao dl!c trung hQc tren toan quoc,

316

Ciao d(Jc Lien X6 va Trung Qu& tM

ky

thu 20 va toi hifn t(Ii

mot IO(litruang trung hQc ky thu~t hutln nghii;p moi duc;Jcthanh I~p vao nam 1969, giang
d;lY d6ng thai cac man t6ng quat va cac man ky thu~t chuyen man. Giao dl}c vuan tre,
mfru giao duc;Jcmd rong them va s6 tre em theo hQc tang tu con s69 trii;u 3 vao nam 1970
len den con so 15 trii;u 5 vao nam 1983. Giao dl}c d~i hQc dUljCpMt tri~n voi t6ng s6 hQc
vii;n va d~.lihQc vao nam 1970 la 805 truong, tang len 890 truang vao nam 1983 voi cac
ldp ban ngay, ban dem va ham thl}. Ml}c dich chinh clla chuong trlnh giao dl}c moi la thllC
hii;n chuong trlnh giao dl}c 10 nam trenJoan
quoc. Theo tuang tnnh clla nha dm quy~n
.,
giao dl}c vao nam 1977 thl 97% hQc sinh hoan ttlt chuong trlnh 8 nam ti~u hQc, tiep tl}C
theo hoc trung hQc.
s6 luang hQc sinh, sinh vien c6 tang nhanh; nhung chtlt luc;Jnggiao dl}c da khong dap
ung duc;Jcnhu duo Cac nha giao dl}c c6 th5m quy~n, phl} huynh va giao vien thilt VQngv
thai do hQc t~p, ket qua hQc t~p clla hQc sinh, sinh vien. Thanh thieu nien thuang bi~u 10
tfnh cach tho 0, la~h d~m voi giao dl}c. Them vao d6 la sll kii;n thie'u thang b~ng giil'a
giil'a cung va du nhan dl}ng. Rilt nhiu nhu du chuyen nghii;p thj truang da khong duc;Jc
chuang trlnh giao duc d~i hQc dap ung. VI v~y, nam 1977, chuong trlnh giao dl}c duc;Jc
nhtln m~nh mot lfin nil'a vao vii;c thllC t~p ky thu~t hutln nghii;p t(li truang trung hQc dE
huong dfrn hQc sinh trang vii;c tIm vi~c lam sau khi nghi hQc ho~c chuii'n bj theo hQc d(li
hoc.
6. Ciao dl,lC giai dOl)n tli 1985 Wi hi~ n tl)i - Ciao dl,lC dili moi '
Nam 1984, mot chuang tdnh ciii tien giao dyc v cac nganh hQc t6ng quat va huan
nghil,:p du,Jc thllc hil,:n. Luong giao vien tang ngang hang voi luong nhan vien cac nganh
chuyen man kMc. Tu6i nh~p hQc ti~u hQc la 6 thay VI 7 nhu truoc, tang s6 nam hQc ti~u
hQCva trung hQCJen 11 nam thay VI 10 nam nhu truoc. Chuang tdnh huiln nghii;p nhil'ng
nam cuoi cung trung hQc duc;Jcnhtln m~nh. Chuang trlnh dii;n toan duc;Jcgioi thii;u vao cap
lOp trung hQc, nhung hfiu het cac truang gap kh6 khan vI thieu may m6c. N6i chung, chfnh
sach moi v giao dyc nhtln m,!nh vao chuang trlnh huan nghii;p va da c6 th~ vUc;Jtqua cac
kh6 khan tu giao dl}c tr\ly~n th6ng chuy~n sang giao dyc huiln nghii;p, ky thuat.
Chu(Jng trlnh cai tien giao dl}c 1984 dUljc nhan m;lnh them vao nam 1986 khi Lien XO
thllc hi~n chuang trlnh d6i moi v kinh te perestroika. Nam 1988, chuang mnh giao dl}c
hutln nghi~p tra thiinh man hQc cuong bach va giao dl}Ct6ng quat gioi h,!n 9 nam. Sau d6,
hQc sinh Ii!a chQn theo hQc cac ngilllh hQc khac nhau, ke' cii nganh ky thu~t d hai nam sau
cung trung hQc. HOi d6ng Giao dl}c Qu6c gia OU(jCthiinh l~p, chju trach nhii;m tilt ca cac
nganh hQc thay cho ba co quan tnmc kia phl} trach ba nganh hQc khac nhau Iii tdng quat,

317

Gido dl,lc Lien XO va Trung Quoe tM

ky

tM 20 va toi hi~n t(li

huan nghi(:p va d~i hQc. )im quan trQng nh1lt trang vi(:c d6i mdi giao duc giai do~n nay
la chinh sach va quan di8m giao duc dii thay d6i tlr giao duc chi dao sang giao duc h<;1p
tac. Quan di8m giao duc moi nay ch1lp nh~n sang kien ca nhiln; cai tien phll'ong phap
giang daY voi sl)' h<;1ptac giii'a giao vien va hQc sinh; chll'ang trlnh giang day linh dong,
giao vien tuy ti(:n ap dung; quan trQng hOn Ia tinh cach doc l~p nhiu it cila cac tntong
trung hQCva d~i hQCdll'<;1C
cong nh~n nhll' Iii mot khia c~nh trang chinh sach diln chil hoa
xii hQi Lien XO dll'ong thai.
"
T~i cac nll'oc cong hoa trang Lien bang XO viet, ngon ngii' giang d~y tra thanh v1ln d
quan trQng. Sau Cach m~ng thang Mll'oi 1917, giao duc ngon ngii' s~c tOc dll'<;1C
khuyen
khich. Toi th~p nien 1970, ngon ngii' Nga va song ngii' Nga - ngon ngii' dia phll'ong tra
thanh ph6 thong va t~i ca cac khu vl)'c co rilt it ngll'oi Nga cll' ngu, thay the cho ngon ngii'
s~c toc. 'Chinh sach giao duc v ngon ngii' nay tao ra nhii'ng bat blnh t~i nhi6u khu vl)'c.
Vao cu6i th~p nien 1980, chinh sach moi cila lien bang oii co nhU'ng nhan nhll'<;1ngcho cac
nll'oc cQng hoa v6 ca phll'ong di(:n giao duc l~n chinh trj. yao cac niim 1991-1992, khi
Lien bang XO viet tan rii, cac qu6c gia moi tach ra ttt lien bang dil co chinh sach dQc l~p
v~ giao duc, nhu'ng anh hll'ang giao duc Nga nhi~u it v~n t5n tai. Trll'dc khi tan rii, Lien
bang XO viet voi 280 tri(:u dan, co 12.609.000 hQc sinh m5u giao, 25.633.000 hQc sinh
tiu hQc, 21.090.000 hQc sinh trung hQc ph6 thong, 2.852.000 hQc sinh trung hQc ky thu~t
va 5.253.088 sinh vien d~i hQc, hQc vi.;n va cao oilng. Hi.;n tai, Lien bang Nga voi 146
tri.;u dan, co 42 dai hQc t6ng h<;1p,9 dai hQc ky thuat, tren 300 hoc vi.;n chuyen nghi.;p dil
loai, 9 hoc vi.;n nhac kich. )~i hQc SI. Petersberg c6 nh5t. CO22.680 sinh vien, thanh I~p
vao nam 1724; )~i hQc Moscow co 28.000 sinh vien, thiinh laP vao nam 1755. Qua the ky
thl1 19 va 20, hai dai hQc tren va mot so' "aai hoc khac cila Lien bang Nga dii san xu5t
nhi~u hQc giii n6i tieng nhat Ia v~ phll'ong di.;n toan va h6a hQC.Qu6c gia nay co so' dan
biet dQc viet la 98%.
Chll'ong tdnh giao duc Lien XO dii co nhi~u cai tien trang the ky thli 20 M dap ling
nhu du xii hQi bien chuy8n qua thOi gian. Giao duc dii eo thay d6i lOn ttt giao duc chi d~o
sang giao duc h<;1ptac. Chll'ong trlnh giao duc giai oO'ln sau cung nay tiep tuC duy trl den

",
"

hi.;n t'lL
II. Giao dl.lc Trung QuGc
1. Khuynh huang cai tie'n giao dl.lc vao cuGi the'
.,""

ky

tht119 va dliu the'

ky

tht1 20-

'

Anh hudng giao dl!c tay phudng

Tri~u dlnh Miin Thanh dii suy yeu van the ky thli 19 voi cac cUQc ch6ng d6i nQi bQ
cling nhll' dll'oi ap ll)'ccila de cll'ong qu6c tily phll'ong. Gidi liinh dao ngll'oi Hoa trong

"1
.1
~
.,

iI

318

Ciao
tri~u da tit bo

dl;lC

Lien X6 va Trung Qu6c tM

ky

thU 20 va tOi hi~n t(li

djnh I~t d6 tri~u d\li nay va thay van d6 la thlfc hi~n chinh sach cai tie'n xa

h(:iiv~ mQi mat, tmng d6 c6 giao d\lC.

Chinh sach giao d\lc cai tie'n dua Mn vi~c thanh I~p cac co so giao d\lc mol. D~u tien
la truang cua cac nha truy~n giao. Cac truang nay gioi thi~u duang 1O'ihQc t~p moi voi cac
man hQc ngo\li ngu, khoa hQc, ky thu~t tay phuong. Tie'p thea la cac truang cong I~p dlt<,1c
thanh l~p va chia thanh hai 10\li: cac tnrang ngo\li ngu, dao t\lO cac thong djch vien va cac
truang thu(:ic nganh quO'c phong. Dang ke nhilt la Truong H,h Quan PhUc Chau The
Foochow Navy Yard School giang d\lY v~ ky ngh~ d6ng t~u va ngh~ hang hai ciing m(:it
vai hQc vi~n giang d\lY v~ khoa hQc quan slf va hai quan.
Nam 1894-1895, Nh~t danh b\li Trung Hoa va Dai Loan tro thanh thu(:ic dja cua Nh~l.
Thilt b\li nay la nguyen nhan cua chuong tdnh c:ii titn v~ mQi phuong di~n m(:itcach tich
clfc hon. Vua Quang Tif (1871-1908) quye't djnh thi hanh m(:itchuclng tr1nh c:ii t6 r(:ing IOn
bao g6m vi~c tai t6 chUc b(:ibinh va hai quan; c:ii t6 chuong tdnh thi tuyen d\lng cong
chac; thanh l~p d,!i hQc hoang gia a kinh do va nhi~u truang moi t\li cac thanh phO'va thi
triln ...Nha vua ban hanh chi thj vao mua he nam 1898, d~ ra nhi~u chuong tdnh cai t6,
tmng d6 c6 vi~c thanh I~p Truong Cao D~ng Kinh Do Capital College, sau tro thanh D\li
hQc B~c Kinh. Nhltng bfft h\lnh thay, gioi quan I\li baa thu du<,1cthai Mu TU Hi (18351908) ung h(:i,chO'ng dO'icai t6 va y dinh cua Quang W da khong thlfc hi~n du<,1c,ngoai
vi~c thanh I~p Truong Cao d~ng Kinh Do. Sif ki~n nay lam thilt vQng va gay bilt man
tmng giOi lanh d\lo cffp tie'n va h~u qua la m(:itcu(:ic n6i d\lY chO'ng d6i tri~u dlnh vao nam
1900. Cu(:ic n6i d~y bi d~p t~t vaTu Hi da phai ung h(:ichuong trlnh cai tie'n r(:ing IOn tmng
d6 c6 cai tie'n giao d\lc. Trieu dlnh chi thi thie't I~p cac tntang moi t\li kh~p cac khu vlfc,
giang d\lY cac man lich si'rtay phuong, toan, khoa hQc, ky thu~t cung voi cac man hQc c6
dien Trung Hoa. Ky thi tuyen dl)ng cong chac nay baa g6m cac man hQc tay phuong. M(:it
ke' hO\lch f(:ing IOn gi'ri sinh vien sang cac nuoc tay phuong hQc t~p du<,1ckhoi slf. Nhung
giai phap tren du<,1cthlfc hi~n ngay tu nam 1900 nhltng chua du M khuye'n khich va dap
. ang nhu du hQc t~p mol. Do d6, nam 1905, nha vua ra chi thi bai bo cac ky thi c6 dien
Iffy van bang ci'r nhan, tie'n Sl da chi phO'iduang 1O'ihQc t~p a Trung Hoa ca hai nghln nam.
Sif ki~n nay rna dltang cho vi~c thie'tl~p m(:it h~ thO'ng giao d\lC va thi ci'r moi t\li Trung .
Hoa.
H~ thO'ng hQc dltang moi du<,1cthanh I~p r(:ing rai tren toan qu6c van nam 1903, phOng
thea t6 chU'c cac truang Nh~t Ban va cung la t6 chac cac tntang a Dac. Sau nay, tu ngay
thanh I~p chinh the c(:ing hoa li~n sau cu(:ic Cach m\lng Tan H<,1inam 1911, cac truang t6
chd'c phong theo cac truang Nh~t - Dac du<,1ccai tie'n voi rna hlnh cac truang a My. Tu
nam 1911, cac truang moi bao g6m truang tieu hQc voi 8 nam hQc, sau d6 la 4 nam trung
hQCva 4 nam d\li hQC.Nam i922, t6 chac giao d\lc I\li thay d6i m(:itI~n nua cung do slf
3t9

Giao
thay d6i

(j

d(ic

Lien Xv va Trung Quoi: the' ky thu 20 va t<Jihi~n tqi

My va bao gbm 6 nam ti~u hQc, 3 nam !rung hQc cilp I va 3 nam trung hQCcilp II.

2. Giao dt.Jc thili Trung Hoa Diln Qullc, 1911.1949 - Chtidng trlnh giao dt.Jc qullc gia
phat triin - Khuy~n khich giao dt.Jc khoa hl)c, ky thu~t
Chinh phu dan quac IOn m<)nh vao giua th~p nien 1920 va khili xltdng phong trao quac
gia dan tQc do anh htflJng The chien thu I (1914-1918). Chinh quy~n nay la chinh quy~n
Quac dan dang do lanh tl,lTon D~t Tien (1866-1925) sang I~p va lanh d<)o trung va sau
cuOc Cach m<)ng Tan H0i 1911. Chinh sach giao dl,lc mOl co h(: .th6ng qu6c gia, 6n dinh
vit;c to chuc va chtfdng trlnh giang d<)yvoi tai tr,J cua trung tfdng. ~uy nhien, vi(:c tai tr0
khong dily du va giao dl,lc da dilt dtfai quy~n ki~m soat chilt chc cua cac dja phtflJng.
Chinh quy~n trung tflJng c6 gAng thtfc hi~n vi~c ki~m soal va htfang dan giao dl,lc tren
toan qu6c, tranh nhung I<)mdl,lng va tlnh tf<)ng h6n lo<)n tmng to chuc hQc dlrang t<)icac
dja phtflJng do cac su quan gay ra. Cung nen biet them, Trung Hoa tren danh nghia la mOt
qu6c gia, nhtfng quy~n hanh n5m !rong tay cac su quan chiem cu cac khu vtfc rieng bi(:t,
chinh quy~n lrung tfdng khong co quy~n hanh lhtfc stf lai .~ac dia phlidng. Cho tai nam
1928, chinh quycn trung tflJng d~p tan cac su quan va Trung Hoa trlJ thanh mOt qu6c gia
th6ng nhat, hk nay trung lidng mai thtfc stf khili dau vi.;c kit"m soal giao dl,lc tren loan
qu6c.
Sau nam 1928, B(\ Giao dl,lc da thtfc hi(:n m(\t chinh sach giao dl,lc chilt che vai cac
bil$n phap thanh tra, ki6mnh~n tlnh trang giao duc cac dia phlilJng, ki6m soat tai chinh do
lrung tflJng tai tr0. Nhicu chI thi cua. trung lilJng dtfdc ban hanh v~ chtflJng trlnh giang d<)y
cac cilp, v~ th6 thuc kiim tra danh gia, v~ khii nang chuyen mon cua giao vien, vc cd so
xay dtfng nhli trtfong so, thli vi(:n, phong thi nghi(:m. ..ClJ so giao dl,lc dan I~p dtf0C phep
thanh I~p va phai hOi du di~u ki~n nhtf cac trtfong cong I~p va phai dli0C BO Giao dl,lc cho
pht5p va ki6m soal.
T0 chuc giao dl,lc th6ng nhat tren toan qu6c va bao gbm 4 nam ti&u hQc, tiep theo Iii 2
nam cao dang ti&u hQc. T<)idc khu vtfc xa xoi, heo Ianh, sa hQc sinh it cung nhtf lhieu
ngan khoa tai tr0, dia phlidng co th~ to chuc m(\t hoilc hai cilp lOp. Tren Iy thuyet, 4 nam
ti~u hQc Iii ctfong bach, nhling VI ly do tai chinh, chlidng trlnh nay da khong thtfc hi(:n
dtf0c. V~ nganh trung hQc, hQc sinh hQc taP 6 nam. Co hai lo;ti trtfong trung hQc: trtfong
ph0 thong vii trlilJng ky thual.
Ml,lc dfeh chinh cua chinh sach giao duc la diiy m;tnh nganh hQc thlic dl,lng, ky thUal.
Voi nganh trung hQc, chtflJng lrlnh ky thual va huannghi.;p olitjc chu trong. Vdi nganh cao
dang va u;ti hQc, khuyen khfeh sinh vien chQn Ilia nhung mon hQc nhtf ky stf, ky thuat cac
nganh va y hQc thay VI chQn cac mon nhan van, ngh(: lhu~t nhli !rtfac kia. Chinh quy~n

320

Giao

dl;lc

Lien Xa va Trung Quae thi

ky

thzi20 va toi hi~n tt;li

trung udng tili tn;1cho nhling chudng trlnh giao dl}Cky thu~t chuyen nghii;p t~i cac truong
cao dang khong ke cong l~p hay dan I~p. Ke't qua la vao truoc The' chie'n thu II (19391945), so' sinh vien ghi ten theo h9C cac nganh ky thu~t tang, trang khi so' sinh vien ghi
ten theo hqe cac man nhan van, nghi; thu~t c6 giam. Vii;c nay cung khuye'n khich nhifu
hqc sinh trung h9C chqn nganh h9C khoa h9C, toan, ky thu~t.
C6 the n6i du<;1crlng chfnh sach giao dl}Cdudi thai Trung Hoa Dan Qu6c dii chuyen
huang tll duong loi hge t~p truyfn thong Trung Hoa, tll quan di'm ua chu(\ng van h9C,
nghi; thu~t sang khoa h9C, ky thu~t. Tuy nhien, m(\t so nha giao dl)C dii to y 10 ng~i vf
vii;c qua chu tn;mg vao khoa h9C, ky thu~t dii lam quen liing m(\t phlln nao cac y nii;m can
ban vf con nguai, vf khoa hqc xii h(\i. M(\t so' nha giao d\!c khac 10 ng~i vf chfnh sach
giao dl)e trung Ut1ngt~p quyfn khong khuyen khich sang kien dja phudng cung nhu m(\t
so chi thi, ke hoaeh clia trung udng rat kh6 thlfc hien t:;i mot so dia phudng hoac c6 thlfC
hii;n nhttng kh6ng dem li,li ke't qu,t VI khong thich h<;1pvoi hoan canh dja phudng. M(ic du
v~y, cac nha giao d\!c dii phai d6ng y rlng, chfnh sach giao dl)c tren tilng quat dii thuc dily
vii;c thiet I~p he thong giao dl)c qucJc gia trang ljch sit Trung Hoa vai tai tr<;1clla trung
udng trang viec xay dlfng cac cd sO giao dl)c tll ti.eu h9C len trung h9C va d<)ih9C. Mot
diem dac bii;t nlia la chudng trlnh giao dl)c cai tien c6 tfnh each quoc gia nay la cd hOi M
Trung Hoa xay d1fng mot ngon ngli moi, thong nhat, gian dj dlln dlln phat trien tren toan
quoc. D6la ngon ngli "tie'ng phil thong" hay "b,!ch tho,!i".
Chudng trlnh giao d\!c nguai lOn cung dUQcehu y vai m\!c dich giam mu chli. Chudng
trlnh giao dl)c nay gqi la '''giao dl)c xii h(\i" hay "blnh diin hqc V\!" dUQc t6 ehuc t~i cac
truang hqc dile bi~t vao buili toi sau khi lam ll)ng. Chudng trlnh nay sau dudc phoi h<;Jpvoi
cac chudng trlnh c6 ml}c dich tUdng tlf ngoai hqc duang nhu phung d9C sach, thu vien,
phim anh, truyfn thanh, am nh~c ...
3. Cilio dl)c dlioi thoi C(lng hila Nh3n dan Trung Hoa, 1949- 1976
3.1 Anh hlidng giao dl)c Lien XO, 1949-1965 - Ciao dl)C khoa hQc, ky thu~t
Ngay sau khi thue slf nUm quyfn hanh tren d~i ll}cTrung Quae, nfn giao d\!c ella ehinh
quy~n chju anh hudng giao d\!e Lien XO VIqucJc gia nay dii c6 nhifu kinh nghi~m v~ giao
d\!c; trong khi d6, Trung Quae vlla mai thong nhat oat nuae, thie'u nhan vien chuyen man
v~ giao dl)C. Cac chuyen gia Lien XO v~ giao dl)Ccung nhu cac nganh khac cliie6 milt t<)i
Trung Qu6c tll niim 1950. Chinh sach giao dl)C khoa h9C ky thu~t clia Lien xo clu<;Jcap
dl)ng sau rong t~i Trung Qu6c M ciao t~o chuyen gia cac nganh.
Chinh quy~n Trung QucJc cluQc mi;nh danh Ia chinh quyfn cach m<)ng clii thi hanh
nhling chinh sach voi ml)c clich thay d6i toan bo xii hOi Trung Qu6c tll m(\t xii hoi anh
hudng phong kie'n trd thanh mot xii hOi moi voi nhling quan cliem moi vf ca nhan va. xii
321

Giao dl:lcLien Xa va Trung Quae the' ky thU 20 va !Oihifn t(li

hi)i anh huang tu tuang Marx - Lenine. Giao dl)c dong mi)t vai tro quan trqng trong cong
cui)c thl)'c hi~n cui)c cach m')ng xa hi)i nay. Giao dl)c a day con du'Qc hiu theo mi)t y
ngh1a ri)ng rai bao g6m d cac duang huang tuyen truyt:n nhu truyt:n thong, biu tlnh tu~n
hanh, sach bao, phim anh; chudng trlnh hqc tilp chinh sach dang va nha nuoc, sl)' tham gia
vao cac chudng trlnh san xuii't; ng6 hfru thitt Iilp mi)t trilt tl)' xa hi)i moi voi tht h~ moi, d
hoiin 'thanh cong cui)c phat trin va hi~n d')i hoa dilt nuoc.
Giao dl)c co ba nhi~m VI) quan trQng: mi)t Iii giai quytt vii'n dt: mii chIT,giang d')y mqi
thanh ph~n Xa hi)i co th dqc vitt; hai Iii thanh Iilp hang nghln co so giao dl)c ph6 thong
cac ca'p tren toan qu6c; ba Ia diio t')o chuyen gia mqi ngiinh d~c bi~t Ia cac nganh y hqc,
nang nghi~p, ky ngM v.m ml)C dich thl)'c hi~n cac chudng trlnh co tinh cach qu6c gia nhu
ho')t dong trang cac t6 chuc chinh tri, thl)'Chi~n cac chudng trlnh phat trin kinh tt, dong
gop vao cac tong uk san xuii't ky ngh~ va nang nghi~p.
D thl)'c hi~n ml)C dich giao dl)c thu nhii't, chinh quyt:n cac nganh cac ca'p thitt lilp cac
lOp hqc d')y nguai IOn dqc vitt viio bu6i t6i sau gia lam vi~c. Cac lOp hqc nay dUQc t6
chuc t')i cac xi nghi~p, cac van phong nang tr')i, cac van phong chinh quyt:n dia phudng,
cac d6n tr')i quan di)i. Viio nam 1960, theo tuang trlnh cua chinh quyt:n, hdn mi)t l1IJ'adan
so' nguai Ion co th dQc vitt; nhung vftn con tren 300 tri~u nguai IOn chua bitt dqc, vitI.
Ml)c dich thu hai cua giao dl)c Ia thanh lilp truang tiu hqc t')i m6i lang tren toan qu6c.
Hang nghln truang dUQcxay dVng nhung rii't nhit:u khu vl)'c vftn chua co truang hqc. Da so'
tre em t')i cac thanh thi dUQc theo hqc it nhit:u t<,lica'p tiu hqc; nhu'ng nhit:u tre em t')i
than que chua co cd hi)i cap sach Mn truang. Vt: nganh trung hqc, moi chi co mi)t thiu so'
hqc sinh hoan tii't chudng trlnh nay. Cac man khoa hqc, ky thuilt dUQc chl1 trqng ngay t')i
cac lOp trung hqc. Ngoai ra con co chudng trlnh huii'n nghi~p cac nganh chuyen man, d~c
bi~t la nang nghi~p. Tii't d hqc sinh Trung Qu6c tham dl)' vaa chudng trlnh cong tac thl)'c
tt t')i cac xi nghi~p hay nang truang va day Iii mi)t chudng trlnh chinh thuc clla giao dl)c.
HQc sinh cac lOp cao khong k nam nITcon tham dl)' chudng trlnh huii'n Iuy~n quan sl)'hiing
nam trang Wc nghi he. Day ding Iii chudng trlnh thl)'c dl)ng clla giao dl)c. Cac nuoc tay
phudng cling t6 chuc chudng trlnh thl)'c tiip t')i cac xi nghi~p hay van phong a cac ca'p lop
cao cua nganh trung hqc viio ba, b6n thilp nien cu6i Clla tht ky thu 20. Tuy nhien, vi~c
hqc tilp quan sl)'chi co tinh cach tlnh nguy~n va danh cho nam sinh mii thai. Nt:n giao dl)c
tiu hQc, trung hqc du'Qc chi a thanh 6 nam tiu hQc, 3 nam trung hqc ca'p I va titp theo Iii
3 nam trung hQCca'p II. Thea th6ng ke nam 1965, Trung Qu6c co I 16 tri~u hqc sinh Mu
hqc, g~n IO tri~u hqc sinh trung hqc va 4.4 tri~u hqc sinh huii'n nghi~p, d~c bi~t Iii ngiinh
nongnghi~p .
. Ml)c dich thu ba cua giao dl)c Ia diio t')o nhan vien, can bi) chuyen man. Trung Qu6c
dn dlp bach rilt nhit:u nhan vien Io')i nay nhu bac sl, ky su cac Io')i nhii't Iii vt: ngiinh
322

..

Gido d{Jc Lien Xu va Trung Qul/c the' ky thu 20 va tui hi~n t(li

'.

nang nghi~p, khoa h9c gia, giao vien. Nhi~u nhan vien dLl<jChuiin luy~n ban thCfigian,
vua h9C vua th\l'Ct~p t~i cac h9C vi~n dac bi~t. Nhi~u sinh vien khac dLl<jcdllO t~o t~i cac
trLlang d~i h9C va cao ding oe dap ung nhu c5u th\l'c te. Cac tntCfng cao ding, cac h9C
vi~n, cac d~i h9C chuyen chu d~c bi~t vao dc man d~y khoa h9C, ky thu~t, toan, ngo~i
ngu. Cac man khac nhLlngh~ thuat, lich slt, am nhac khong dLl<jcquan tam Him. TrLlockhi
dLl<jctuyen ch9n theo h9C t~i cac trLlang d~i h9C, hqc sinh h9C he't trung h9C phai c6 hai
nam th\l'Cs\l' cong tac t,!i cac xi nghi~p, nang trLlCfng.Trung Qu6c c6 khoang tren 200 cac
trLlCfngcao ding, h9C vien va d~i hoc vao giai do~n nay. Ngoai nhung man h9C chuyen
man, h9C sinh, sinh vien can (ltt<jc hoc man h9C cang dan giao dl,lCva chinh tri v~ chinh
sach clla nha nLltlcc(jng nhLl hoc thuye't Marx - Lenine. Man hoc nily chie'm khoang 10%
t6ng s6 gia hoc.
3.2 Giao dvc thoi Cach m<)ng Van bOa, 1966-1976 - Giao dvc suy thoai
N~n giao dl,lc khoa h9C, ky thuat Trung Qu6c phat trien m~nh toi thCfiCach m~ng Van
h6a, 1966-1976. Tu khi khoi s\l'cuQc cach m~ng nay, n&n giao d\lc clla Trung Qu6c bi xao
trQn VI giao vien, tri thuc, sinh vien, h9c sinh bo trLlang tham gia vao cac cong tac lao
dQng dai h,!n tren toiln qu6c. Thai ky nay c(jng chung kie'n s\l' suy thoai cua anh hLiong
giao dl,lc Lien Xa. Vao cu6i thCfiCach m~ng Van h6a, quan h~ ngo~i giao giUa Lien XO
va Trung Qu6c r~n nUt va di lOi chiim dUt.
Giao dl,lc giai do~n nily Iii giao d\lc chinh tri cQng vtli san xuiit, lo~i b6 giao d\lc t~i chi)
va giao d\IC dLl<jcphan chia I~i vtli 5 nam tieu h9C, 4 nam trung hoc dp I, 3 nam trung h9C
dp II. Dui da s6 hoc sinh trang giai doan nay thu(ic thanh philn con em nang dan, cong
nhlin, can bQ, thanh philn con em tri thuc rat it, s6 nO'sinh gia tang Wi 30% vao nam 1966
va 40% vao nam 1977. TrUCfnghoc nang than phat trien munh, trang khi d6 lrLlCfngh9C
thanh thi suy ye'u so vtli thCfiky trLltlc.
Cac trUCfngcao ding, cac h,.'c vi~n, cac d~i hoc da c6 nhi~u xao trQn trang su6t th~p
nien clla Cach m~ng Van h6a. Nhi~u trLlang phiii d6ng clta, cac chUang trlnh nghien cUti
rQng IOn bi ngLing tr~, vi~c dao tuo cac nhlin vien chuyen mon bj suy giam rat nhi~u.
4. Giao dvc tit 1976 Wi hi~n t<)i- Giao dvc dili moi
Tlt nam 1976, cac nha lanh duo mtli clla Trung Quac da cho th\l'Chi~n mQt chLiang trlnh
cai tie'n chinh tri tu (juan diem cach m~ng sang quan diem phat trien. Chi thi clla dang va
nha nLioc v~ chUang trlnh canh tan nham b6n linh v\l'c: ky ngh~, nang nghi~p, qu6c
phang, khoa h9C va ky thu~t. Vai Ira mtli cua giao d\lc la dao t'!O kip thCficac chuyen gia
M canh tan h6a oat nLioc vii c(jng Iii xay d\l'ng lai cac ca sa giao d\lc dli bi suy Sl,lPVI
nhung xao tr(in trang 10 nam thai Cach m,!ng Van Ma.
323

Gido dl,lc Lien Xc) va Trung Qu6C' the'

ky

thu 20 va uJi hifn t{li

Giao d\lc giai dO(ln nay khac hiin vdi giai dO(ln tnrdc. Ca st'! hQc dLlang cac cap dLlac
tai xay dlfng. HQc sinh, sinh vien ngay nay chuyen chu toan thai gian vao giao d\lc vdi
viec thi cit len Idp d~u dan. Ky lu~t hQc dLlang dLlQcchu trQng va kh0i ph\lC I(li dLlQcSlf
kinh trQng th~y co cua hQc sinh. ChLlang trlnh hQc t~p khong b! nhung chLlang trlnh
chinh tri ph\l thuQc chi ph6i. Nhiem V\l cua hQc sinh, sinh vien trong hien qi, theo lanh
tu.Dang Tiu B1nh (1904-1997) la: "hqc t~p, tie'p nh~n kie'n thuc qua sach bao" vii trach
nhiem cua nhii trLlang Iii "thuc diiy m(lnh me viec hqc t~p cua hpc sinh ...thlfc hien viec
hQc t~p la muc dich chinh".
Tie'p nh~n kie'n thuc mQt I~n nua Iii m\lC dich t6i thLl',1ng'cua giao d\lc. Khuyen khich
hQc t~p, dao t(lO gidi tri thuc da trt'! I(li trong giao dj}c sau mQt th~p nien b! lang quen.
Nhi6u co grtng cua cac nha Ianh d(lo giao d\lc dLl<Jcthlfc hien M nang cao trlnh dQ hQc
viln khong nhung <'Jb~c d(li hqc rna con t'! cac cilp dLldi nua. Nhi6u Cejst'! giao d\lc kiu
miiu dLlac thie't I~p M t(lo tieu chuffn cho cong cUQc giao d\lc chung. Cac trLlang niiy
dLle,1c
trang b! d~y du vdi thLl vien, phe)ng thi nghiem vii giao vien c6 kinh nghiem. DLldi
thai Cach mang Van h6a, con em gidi tri thuc bi bUQc tQi la trLl<'Jnggia, thie'u tinh th~n
cach m(lng, bi dffy ra khoi hQc dLlang M nhLlang cho cho con em nong dan. cong nhan,
quan nhan, nay gidi niiy dLl<Jcd6 cao VIchinh hq Iii thanh ph~n c6 kha nang hQc hoi cao
dQ va la nhung tri thuc tLlang lai.
Che'di) thi cit dLlQcvan h6i hoan toano Hiing nam, chLlang trlnh thi cit dLl,lc i1n d!nh
chi tiet cho mQi trlnh dQ. HQc sinh hoan tilt trung hQc dLl<JcchQn Ilfa theo hoc qi cac d(li
hQc, hqc vien, trLlang cao diing tily theo khii nang hQc t~p vii so dim thi tuyn. Khong
mQt gidi nao c6 dac quy~n trong viec tuyn chqn vao cac d(li hQc nhLltrLldc kia.
Trong viec t6 chuc vii di~u hiinh giao d\lc, vien trLl<'Jngd(li hQC va hQC vien, hieu
trLl<'Jngcac trLlang cao diing, g~n day, dLl<Jcdanh nhi~u quy6n tlf trio
ChLl,jng trlnh gi:io d\lc nay dLldc chia thanh 6 nam tiu hQc, 3 nam trung hoc c:lp I, 3
nam trung hoc c:lp II va 4 nam d(li hqc. Nam 1985, BQ Giao duc dLl<Jcdili thiinh HQi
d6ng Quoc gia Giao d\lc vii thlfc hien chinh sach cLlong bach giao d\lc tii' Idp I Mn Idp
9, Wc Iii tdi het trung hqc cilp I. Chinh sach nay chLla dLlQcap d\lng rQng rai nhilt Iii t(li
cac khu vLlc xa VI dia phLlong thieu tai chinh. T(li cac trLlang trung hqc c:lp II, viec hQc
t~p cac mon khoa hqc vii ky thu~t dLlQcchu trQng dac biet. Nhi6u trLlang cao diing, hQc .
vien mt'! kh6a hqc diio t(lo nhiln vien chuyen mon cac ngiinh vdi thai gian rut ngrtn 3
nam lily van biing, tot nghieP M cung ung cho nhu du phat triEn kinh te, ky ngM hien
t(li. Chinh quy~n thuc My m(lnh chLl(jng trlnh trao d6i van h6a, ky thu~t vdi nLldc ngoiii;
giti nhi6u chuyen gia, sinh vien ra nLldcngoiii hqc t~p, nghien cUu; so du hqc sinh nay len
tdi 50.000 ngLlai tii'nam 1978 Mn nam 1987. mi)t nita du hQc t(li My.

324

Ciao

d(IC

Lien Xii va Trung Qu/k thi ky thU 20 va tiJi hi~n t(Ii

Theo thelng ke nam 19R5, Trung Quelc co 146.3 trii;u hQc sinh ti~u hQc, 67 trii;u hQc
sinh trung hoc, 1.5 tri~u h,!c sinh huan nghi~p, 1.7 trieu sinh vien d~i hQc. Trang s6 sinh
vien dai hoc, co X7.331 sinh vien cao hoc vii tien Sl. Cac trl1ang d~i hQc co mQt s6 quy~n
tl1 trj vii chinh quy~n co y dinh nang cao vai tn) vii khii nang giiing day cac d~i hQc len
hiing qurlc te co the so sanh voi cac d~i hoc khac tren the gioi. Viio nam 1990, Trung
Quoe \'oi 1.284.597.000 dan, co 22.092.900 hoc sinh mau giao, 121.641.500 hQe sinh ti~u
hQe, 52.267.900 hQe,sinh trung hQe ph6 thilng, 4.771.500 hQc sinh trung hQc ky thu~t,
1.520.810 sinh vien dai hoc; e(>ng them voi beln, nam trii;u sinh vien hQc vii;n va eao
dfrng. Vila nam 1999, Trung Qu6c ell 119 d~i hQc vii d nghln hQe vii;n, trl1ang cao dAng
dil lo~i. D~i hoc Bile Kinh Iii dl)i hoc n6i tieng nhat cila Trung Qu6e; d~i hQc nay la h~u
than cila Trl1ang Cao dfrng Kinh Dil do vua Quang Tl! thiinh I~p vao nam 1898; sau cUQc
Caeh mang Tan HIli nam 1911, trl1llng du'de d6i len Iii D~i hQc Bilc Kinh; d~i hQc nay
hii;n t~i co 25 phan khoa vii nhi~u vi~n nghien cau voi 24.000 sinh vien; hilu het sinh vien
eila d~i hoc co eho an il trang ky tuc xa vii Cl)n nh~n dl1<;1etr<;lcilp giao dlfc. D~i hQc
Zhejangu Iii d~i hqc JOn nhat voi 55.819 sinh vien, nguyen la mQt trl1ang cao dfrng dl1<;1c
thanh I~p vao nam 1897. D~i hQe Jiangjin e6 nhat voi 18.000 sinh vien, nguyen la mQt
tru'llng eao dfrng dl1~lc thiinh I~p VilOnam 1895. Trung Qu6c con co D~i hqc Mil voi
547.925 sinh vien. Trung Quoc co s6 dan biel dQc viet Iii 82%.
Da co nhi~u co gilng eila ehinh quy6n trong vii;c.phal trien giao dlfC trang hon hai th~p
nien curli the ky tha20, tu nam 1976; n6n giao d~le Trung Qu6e co nhi~u tien bQ v(\ cii so
ll1ang vii chat Iu'1.lng
, nhal Iii t~i cae thanh phel, so dan biet dQe viet len den 82%. Tuy
nhien, VI Iy do thieu tiii ehinh nen nhi(\u khu vl!c, nhiit Iii cac khu vl!e xa, giao dlfC van
chl1a dl1lie quan tam dung mac, trang bj giao duc con thieu thon, Iu'ang b6ng giao vien
lhap vii nhieu ngl1ai da phili tim m(>tngh(\ phlf khac dti' sinh s6ng.
Til; liiju rhum kh(lo:
_ Educuriofl,

Chinu. Tu t1iin huch khou The WorLd Bok Encyclopedia,

. Revo!uti01WfY

partern

of education,

Chillu,

Education

Encyclopuedia
8ritunnicu, Multimediu Edition, /991{
_ Revo!urioflury pattern (~I"edu('a,i()n, Chinu, Educulion
_ Revolutionary

puttern

_ Re\'olutimwry

putlern of educution.

_ Revo[urimwry

pattern

_ Revo[utionury

ofeJucation,

under

under Natioulis[

Chinu. Post-Mu() education,

China, Educutiofl

Multimedia

Communism.

Edition,
Tu di;n

;:u\'ernment.

2001.
bdch khou The New

Tid lifu dil dan nh{ tren

Tui li~u (til dJn nh{ tren.

in the repuhlic.

Tui li~u dil dJn nhu tren.

Tiii li~u (1i1 dJ~ nh{ tren.

1917. rui fi~u (tii dun nhl1 tren.
(~leducuti(Jn, Russia, from Brezhnev to Gorhuchev. riJi Li~u ,tii dJn nhu tren .
(~ledu{'u.rion. RUJsiu. 1917.1930. Tai [ifu ,7J ,h1n nhu tren.
of educution,

China, The moderni~ution muyement.

p(J[[ern (~t'edu{'(Jtion, Russia, Before

_ Revolurion(Jry

pUllan

. Revolutioflury

pUllan

_ Revolutionary

pal!eTfl ofeducutjon.

_ Revo/utioflury

pattern

Russia. Perestroika

ami eduacatiofl.

(~leducutjon, Russia. The Khrushchev

325

reforms.

Tdi lieu (tii dan nhu tren.

TJi lieu ,til Jail nhu tren.

Gido

dl:tc

Lien X6 va Trung Quoc the' ky thU 20 va toi hi~n t(fi

- Rel'Oiutionary pal/ern of education. Russia, The Talinist years. 1931-1953. Tili lifu dd ddn nh/.l tren.
- Stutistical Yearbook, ffn biin th1139. New York, United Nations. /994.
- The Camhridxe Encyclopedia of China. Camhrid;:e, Cambridge University Pre,fS. 1991.
- The World of Learning /999. London, Europa Pablications. 2000.

..

"

326

Chltdng 24

Giao dljc Nam

My

Chiiu tUi hi?n tl!i

I. Vi~c quan trj va di~u Mnh giao dQc

II. Khuynh hu'ong cai titn
III. Giao dQc tiiu hQCva giao dQc d~i chUng
IV. Giao dQc trung hQc
V. Giao dQc d~i hQc

I. Vi~c quan trj va di~u Mnh giao dQc

Cac quo'c gia Nam My Chau can gQi la cac quo'c gia Chau My La Tinh vl cac nUDcnay
d~u la thuQc dia cua cac quo'c gia Ky To Giao La Mil la T5.y Ban Nha (Spain), B6 Dao
Nha (Portugal) va Phap (France). Chiu anh huCJngton giao cac chinh quo'c, cac quo'c gia
Nam My Chau d~u la cac nUDcc6 ton giao chinh la Ky To Giao. Sau khi gianh du<;1cdQc
I~p van the ky thl1 19 va dgu the ky thl1 20, trach nhi~m giao d\lc nay tily thuQc van chinh
quy~n trung uong va dia phuong. Cac quo'c gia moi dQc I~p nay g~p kh6 khan v~ kinh te
va thieu giao vien c6 huiln luy~n chuyen mono Them vao d6: cac co sCJgiao d\lc thoi
thuQc dia d~u la cac truong giao hQi va mQt so' nho cac truong dan l~p, nay chinh quy~n
muo'n tho'ng nhilt vi~c quan tri va di~u Mnh, nen kh6ng th6 tranh khoi nhG'ng phan ling
khong thu~n ti~n cua cac truong hi~n hi1u. Nam 1833, chinh phu Mexico thiet I~p Nha
T6ng giam Mc Tic3u hQc. Nam 1838, chinh phu Venezuela thanh I~p Nha Giao d\lc Cong
cQng. Tiep theo d6, nhi~u quo'c gia khac tien hanh xay dl)'ng chuang tnnh giao d\lc quo'c
gia: Chile va Peru nam 1837; Guatemala vao nam 1876; Venezuela tai t6 chl1c'to sCJdi~u
hanh giao d\lc van nam 1881 va Brazil nam 1891. Tuy v~y, mQt so' quo'c gia khac viin
chua c6 van phong trung uong di~u hanh giao d\lc. T(li Mexico, BQ Giao d\lc Ign dgu tien
du<;1cthanh l~p van nam 1905 d6 xtlc titn vi~c phat tril!'n giao d\lc tren toan quo'c. Chuang
trlnh cai titn giao dl.lc nay bi ngttng tr~ van nam 1910 do cUQc cach m(lng gay ra. Nam
1922, BQ Giao dl.lc Mexico du<;1ctai thitt l~p, chiu trach nhi~m chuang trlnh giao dl.lc tren
toan quo'c, t(li ca nhung dia phuong rna truoc day du<;1cuy thac quy~n h(ln giao dl.lc. Nam
1905, t(li Argentina, Lu~t Giao dl.lc ra doi, chi thi Hi)i D6ng Giao D\lc Quo'c Gia National
Council of Education chiu trach nhi~m v~ chuang tnnh giao dl.lc t(li cac tinh.

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Trang the ky thu 20, Ult ca cac quoc gia t~i Nam My Chau da e6 van phong giao duc
trung uclng la Bo Giao dlJc hay cac t6 chuc IUclngduong e6 traeh nhi4m t6 ehl1c va ki~m
soat cac sinh ho~t giao dlJc nhu dilt ke ho~ch, xay dl!ng cae ecl sil v~t chat, t6 chUc va di~u
hanh chuclng trlnh giao dlJc t~i cac truong, thietl~p chuong Irlnh giang day, xuat ban saeh
giao khoa cho cac lop ti~u hQc va trung hQC, ki~m soat ehuong trlnh giao dlJc t~i cac
truang dan I~p, k~ ca cac truong giao hoi. T~i mQt so qu6c gia, ehinh quyi!n lien bang tai
tr<;lcho chinh quyi!n dja phuclng M 16 chuc chuong trlnh giao dl,lc. Nhttng trang nhieu
truang h,1P, milc dilu c6 tai tr<;l,nhttng ngan khoan tai tn} khong nhieu, nen chinh quyen
d!a phuong dil khong th~ thl!c hi~n dung muc ehuong trlnh glao dlJe VI kMc bi~t kha JOn
ve giau ngheo giil'a thanh thj va thon que nen chfnh quyen lien bang dei phai true tiep can
thi~p, d~ giup cac khu vl!c kh6 khan trang cong tae xay dl!ng cac co sil giao duc.
II. Khuynh hliong cii i tie'n
Mi).c dilu hilu het cac quoc gia Nam My Chau da e6 nen dQe l~p tu the ky thu 19,
nhttng cac nudc niy van tuy thuQc vao mQt so quae gia Au Chau va My trang tien ban the
ky thu 20 vi! cac phu(jng di~n kinh te, van h6a va giao dlJc. Vao nam 1960, nhieu quoc
gia nay nh~n djnh dng tlnh tr~ng 1~ thuQc cac cuong qu6c chung 10 hQ d lrang !lnh tr~ng
cac nuoc kem phat tri~n underdevelopment va M tranh !lnh. trang I~ thuQc, hQ phai thl!c
hi~n cai lien v~ mQi phuclng di~n trong d6 c6 giao dlJc M canh tan dilt nudc. Nha giao dlJc
Brazil Paulo Freire dua ra quan di~m gi:li ph6ng tinh thiln qua tl! giac d6 pMt tri~n giao
dlJc. Quan pi6m nay c6 anh hUdng JOn t~i Nam My Chau vao cae tMp nien 1960, 1970.
MQt di6m kh6 khan khac nil'a Iii che dQ dQc tai dil thinh hanh t~i Nam My Chilu trang thai
gian nay, dua den !lnh tr~ng giao dlJc ap dilt do trung u(jng chi d~o, nhiitlat~i Chile. Vao
Ih~p nien 1980, eUQc khung hoang kinh te t~i Nam My Chau c6 anh hUdng Ion lao tren
giao dlJc, gay kh6 khan va can trd cac chuclng trlnh cai tien.
III. Gino dl,lCti~u hQC va gino dl,lCdl,li chUng
Vao thai gian dQc l~p, nen giao dlJc ti6u hQc cua cae quoc gia Nam My Chau chi bao
g6m dQC, viet, toan, hlnh hQc, ton giao. Vao h~u ban the ky thu 19, dITe6 sl! phan bi~t
giUa ti6u hQCva caD dang tiu JlQc. Chuong tdnh giang d~y dU<;lC
md rQng them va g6m'c6
ng6n ngil' dan tQc, sU",dja, toan, khoa hQc, v~ sinh va suc khoe, e(Jng dan giao dlJc, th dlJc
vath~ thao, ti6u c6ng ngh~ cho mim sinh va may va cho nil' sinh. Thai gian hQe t~p dLiljc
tang them tdi 5 hoi).c 6 nam. Cao dang tiu hQc la cac Wp sau Idp 5 ho(ic sau lOp sau. Vao
dilu the ky thu 20, cac truong cao dang ti~u hQc trC!thanh cac truong trung hQc. 51! pMt
tri~n giao dlJC nay chU'ng to nhil'ng co gang cua cac nha lanh d~o giao dlJc cac quoc
gia trang cong cUQcd~i chung h6a nen giao dlJe tiu hQc. Nen giao dlJc ti6u hQc con dlt<;lc
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di tien them voi chudng trlnh oao t<).ogiao vien t<).icac truang su ph<).m,anh hudng phat
trii!n giao dl!c t<).icac nuoc Ian c~ri va ciing la ket qua cua vi~c nghien cihJ, rut kinh
nghi~m til'cac kh6 khan trang nuoc.
Nha nhung co' gang xay d!!,ng chudng trlnh giao dl!C vao the ky thu 19, cac qu6c gia
Chile va Argentina th!!,c hi~n duqc mi?t n~n giao dl!C khatien bi? vao the ky thu 20. Cae
qu6c gia khac g~p mi?t so' kho khan nhu c6 nhi~u sac dan, dan so' tang nhanh, giao thong
va oia Iy dn trd, nen ket qua giao dl!C khang duqc kha quan. Tilt cii cac qu6c gia d~u ban
hanh lu~t cuong bach va giao dl!C mi~n phi t<).ib~c tii!u h9C, nhttng ktt qua co khac bi~t.
T<).icac thanh thi, nhi~u tn'; em oii co thi! oi h9C til' lOp mau giao oen trung h9C ngay tit dfru
cua the ky thu 20. Trang khi d6, t:;ticac khu v!!,c than que hay khu v!!,c xa, ngay d. hi~n
. t:;ti,mi?t s6tre em van chua c6 cd hi?i oi h9C va nhi6u truang tii!u h9C chi c6 mi?t giao vien
d<).ycac cilp lOp. Them vao 06, nhi~u con em th6 dan da do khong. n6i ouqc tieng Tiiy Ban
Nha, ngon ngu chinh thUc cua nhi~u qu6c gia, nen phudng phap giao dl!C o~c bi~t phai ap
dl!ng d day va tien bi? rilt cMm. Do d6, nhieu qu6c gia phai thiet I~p van phong giao dl!C
o~c bi~t di! nghien CUophudng phap giang d<).ycac tre em th6 dan, Mexico dii di dfru
trang cang tac nay. T<).icac truang c6 h9c sinh th6 dan ho~c cac truang danh rieng cho th6
dan, nhan vien giiing huiln khong phai chi c6 giao vien d<)ylOp rna con c6 giao vien thi!
dl!c, giao vien nganh ngh~ thu~t va tii!u cong ngh~, y ta san soc suc khoe. T6 Chuc Giao
Dl!c, Khoa H9C va Van H6a Lien Hi~p Qu6c The United Nations Educational, Scientific
a.nd Cultural Organization - UNESCO, da tai trq M huiln luy~n cae giao vien o~c bi~t nay
trang hai trung tam giao dl!c t<)iMexico va Venezuela. Di! giup h9C sinh c6 thi! theo h9C
htt cac cilp lOp tii!u h9C, nhi~u qu6c gia co chudng trlnh cung cilp bua an trua mi~n phi.
Chile, Argentina va Uruguay co kha nang phat trii!n cac cd sd va ti~n nghi giao dl!c,
tam tho a man nhu giao dl!c cho tre em tii!u h9C tren toan qu6c. Nhi~u qu6c gia khac voi
so' h9C sinh tang qua nhanh, da khong thi! th!!,chi~n ouqc chudng tdnh giao dl!C tho a oang
nhu ba qu6c gia tren. T<)iPeru, chi c6 29.000 hoc sinh oi h9C vao nam 1845, con so' nay
tang len 59.000 vao nam 1890 va len Wi 2.054.000 vao nam 1965. T<).iBrazil, c6 115.000
hoc sinh oi h9C vao nam 1869, con so' nay tang len 300.000 vao nam 1889 va len toi
9.923.000 vao nam 1965. T<)iMexico, GO 349.000 h9C sinh oi h9C vao nam 1874, tang len
800.000 vaa nam 1895 va len toi 7.813.000 vaa nam 1969. Dan so' cac nuoc Nam My
Chilu tang trung blnh 2.9% hang nam va chinh quy~n cac qu6c gia nay c6 cO'gang mily
cung kh6 co thi! thoa miin nhu du giaa dl!c tre em tii!u h9C.
Viln d~ mii chu oa ouqc cac qu6c gia Nam My Chau giai quyet bang nhi~u phudng ti~n;
tiiy thuQc tlnh trang chinh tri, xii hQi, kinh te oia phudng. Vaa giua the ky thU 19. sO'
dan mii chu len tdi tren 90%. T<)iBrazil, chi c61.5% dan sO' co thi! oQC viet vao nam

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1823. Vao khai d~u the' ky thu 20, s5 dan mil chIT a Argentina giam xu5ng con 39%
(1908),50.4% a Uruguay (1908), 68.20/6 a Chile (1895) va t(li cae qu5c gia kMc v~n con
cao tit 80 de'n 90%. Vao nam 1985, s5 dan mil chITa Argentina con co 6%, Uruguay con
5.7%, Chile con 10%, Mexico con 26%, Peru con 28%, Bolivia con 25% va Brazil con
26%. Qu5c gia v~n con s5 dan mil chITkhii cao la Guatemala voi 50% va Haiti voi 77%.
Vao nam 1990, Mexico voi 100 tri~u dan, co 2.791.550 h9C sinh m~u giiio, 14.396.375
h9C sinh tie:!uh9C, s5 dan bie't d9C vie't la 90%; Brazil voi 170 tri~u dan, co 3.798.200 h9C
sinh m~u gillo, 28.742.471 h9C sinh tie:!uh9C, co s5 dan bie't d9C ':ie't la 83%; Argentina
voi 36 tri~u dan, co 861.385 h9C sinh m~u gillo, 4.874.306 h9C sinh tie:!uh9C, co s5 dan
bie't d9C vie't la 91 %; Venezuela voi 24 tri~u dan, co 674.664 h9C sinh m~u giao,
4.190.047 h9C sinh lie:!uh9C, co s5 dan bie't d9C vie't Ia 93%; Uruguay voi 3.2 tri~u dan, co
69.649 h9C sinh m~u giao, 343.825 h9C sinh tie:!uh9C, co s5 dan bie't d9C vie't la 97%; Pert!
voi 26 tri~u dan, co 603.757 h9C sinh m~u giao, 4.019.483 h9csinh tie:!uh9C, co s5 dan
bie't d9c vie't la '89%; Cuba voi II tri~u dan, co 144.710 h9C sinh m~u gillo, 1.4 tri~u h9C
sinh tie:!uh9C, co s5 dan bie't d9C vie't la 96%; Chile voi 15 tri~u dan, co 205.283 h9C sinh
m~u giao, 2.033.982 h9C sinh tie:!uh9C, co s5 dan bie't d9c vie't la 95%.
IV. Giao dQc trung hQc
1: Giao dQc trungtiiu
hQc tlJi Mexico
Mexico dlf djnh cai t6 toan di~n chuclng trlnh giao dl)c vao nam 1833, nhung phai d<;li
de'n nam 1867, chuclng trlnh nay moi co the:!thlfc hi~n dU<;lC
qua quan die:!mtrie't h9C tich
clfc positivist phylosophy. Vi~c pMt trie:!nnay Mp phai slf ch5ng d6i m(lnh me cua giao
hQi Ky To Giao. Hie'n pMp moi cua Mexico ban hanh vao nam 1917, huy bi'>quy~n thie't
l~p truang h9C va giang d(lY cua cac nhom ton giao Ie teo Tuy nhien, chinh quy~n cho
phep cac giao hQi IOn t6 chuc cac trlfang dan I~p. Nha vi~c h(ln che' nay, chi co khoang
duoi 15% h9C sinh theo h9C t(li cac truang dan I~p.
Trang the' ky tM 19, chi co khoang 25% dan s5 Mexico co the:!dqc vie't. Toi tMp nien
1940, chinh quy~n thlfC hi~n nhi~u cai tie'n de:!phat trie:!nchuclng trlnh giao dl)c cong I~p,
hang nghln ccl sa giao dl)c moi du<;lCxay dlfng, nhi~u truang su ph(lm dU<;lC
thanh I~p, ngan
sach giao dQc hang nam gia tang va trong hi~n t(li chie'm 20% ngan sach qu6c gia. Nha
v~y, ngay nay, co khoang tren 75% dan s5 co the:!d9C vie't. Lu~t cuBng bach giao dQc tre
em tit 6 de'n 14 tu6i, nhung vi lSi do thie'u truang h9C va giao vien, nen co khoang g~n
30% tre em thilt h9C, nhilt la t(li ~ac vilng than que xa. Trang s5 cac tre em di h9C, chi co
10% theo h9C tit lOp 4 tra len. Dan s5 Mexico tang 3.5% mot nam va truang h9C da
khong the:!phlit trin M thoa man nhu cfru giao dl)c voi muc do tangqan s5.
H~ th5ng giao dl)c Mexico do Bo Giao dl)c dillu hanh. Sau lOp m1lu giao, h9c sinh hqc
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i'

bl:'.

,.

6 nam ti~u hQc. MOt s6 hQc sinh hoim tilt chuang trlnh trung hQc 5 nam. MOt s6 nho c6
kha nang theo hQc t~i cac truang cao dftng va d~i hQC. MOt s6 hQc sinh theo hQc nganh
huiln nghi~p 3 nam sau ti~u hQc t~i cac truang ky thu~t. Vao nam 1990, Mexico c6
2.791.550 hQc sinh mUu giao, 14.396.375 hQc sinh Mu hQc, 6.704.188 hQc sinh trung hQc
ph6 thong, 818.202 hQc sinh trung hoc ky thu~l.
2. Giao dl,lc trung tiiu hQc t:;li Brazil
Chinh quy~n thiet l~p h~ th6ng giao dl,lCti~u hQc mil\n phi ttt nam 1930 va 1u~t phap
cuilng bach giao dl,lc 4 nam ttt 7 tuili. VI Iy do thieu truang, thieu thily, mOt s6 dong hQc
sinh than que chua Cll Cd hOi di hQc, mOts6 theo hQc qua dai phat thanh. Philn JOn truang
trung hQc t~i Brazil lil cac truang dan I~p va da s6 cac truang nay do giao hOi Ky To Giao
t6 chuc va h,)c sinh phai tra hQc phi. HQc sinh ngheo theo hQc t~i cac truang cong l~p
mi~n phi. 5lf ki~n nay cho thily r6 rang slf phan bi~t giau ngheo trang xa hQi Brazil. MOt
sO'd6ng hQc sinh theo hQc t~i cac truang huiln nghi~p v ky ngh~ va nang nghi~p.
Vao khoang mot philn ba dan sO'Brazil khong biet dQc biet viet. Ngay ttt giua the ky
thu 20, nhiu chudng trlnh giao dl,lc nguai 10n dUQc thanh l~p M giai quyet viln d~ tren.
Vao nam 1990, Brazil c6 3.798.200 hQc sinh mau giao, 28.742.471 hQc sinh ti~u hQc,
3.558.946 hQc sinh trung hQc ph6 thong, 1.480.997 hQc sinh trung hQc ky thu~t.
3. Giao dl,lc trung tiiu hQc tl,li Peru
[)a sO'dan Peru s6ng t~i nang than va philn dong la th6 dan da do. Dan tri tMc va trung
luu s6ng t~i thanh thi. VI the, h~ th6ng hQCduang t~p trung t~i cac thanh ph6 va th! trin, it
truang hQc than que. Lu~t phap Peru bat buOc tn~ em itt 6 den 15 di hQc, nhUng tlnh
tr'.lng thieu truang
than que nen vin d~ cuilng bach giao dl,lc dil khong thlfc hi~n du'<,1c.
Hilu het tre em thanh thj du<,1cdi hQc, trang d6 bao g6m tit c3 con em giai cilp trung luu
va kinh doanh. Tuy v~y, philn Idn tre em con nha lao dOng ngheo tung thanh thj dil du'<,1c
hQc nhi~u it b~c ti~u hQc, nhung van con mOt s6 nho hoan toan thit hQC.Vao tMp nien
1960, chinh quy~n xay dlfng nhi~u cel so giao dl,lc tren toan qu6c, dac bi~t la t<;liihon que.
Tuy v~y, c6 gang nay van chua giai quyet du<,1ctlnh tr~ng thieu truong, thieu giao vien t~i
cac vung xa. Hilu het hQc sinh giai cap trung luu va thuc;Jngluu theo hQc t<;licac truang dan
I~p phai tnl hQc phi. Tat cii hQc sinh nha ngheo theo hQc t~i cac truang cong I~p, tiGu hQc
hay trung hQc, khong phai tra hQc phi.
Vao khoang tren m(lt philn ba dan sO'Peru thilt hQc, da sO'nhung dan nay la th6 dan da
do sc1ng tai cac vung th6n que hoilc cao nguyen xa thanh thi. Vao nam 1990, Peru c6
603.757 hoc sinh mau giao, 4.019.483 hQc sinh tiGu hQc, 1.746.182 hQc sinh trung hQc ph6
thong, 186.430 hQc sinh trung hQc ky thu~t.

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4. Gino d'.lc trung tiiu hQc t:,i Argentina

Argentina la mQt trong vai quoc gia tien bQ nhilt t<)iNam My Chau vai khmlng 90%
dan so biet aoc biet viet. Ngay tit nam 1884, chinh quy~n aa c6 lu~t cuong bach giao dvc
ttt tuoi 6 oen 14. Da so cac truang ti~u hQCva trung hQCla cong I~p va mien phi. Ngoai ra,
c6 mQl so truang dan I~p do giao hQi Ky To Giao to chU'c. Cac truang trung hQc liceo aU\lc
to chll'c ph()ng theo dc lruong lycee i\ Phap. Argentina c6 khoang 15.000 truang ti~u hoc
va ten 3.000 truong lrung hQC va huan nghi;). Vao nam 1990, Argentina c6 861.385 hQc
sinh mau giao, 4.874.306 hQc sinh ti~u hQc, 1.974.119 hQc sinh'trung hQc pho thong,
1.162.803 hQc sinh trung hQc ky thu~t.
5. Gino d'.lC trung tiiu hQc t:,i Venezuela
Venezuela c6 lu~t cuong bach giao dvc ttt 7 tuOi dCn het ti~u hQc. Ti~u hQc c6 6 nam
hQC;trung hQc c6 5 nam hQc, 4 nam adu la tdng quat, nam cuoi clIng la dt! bj o<)ihQc.
Venezuela cling c6 chuung trlnh giao dvc ky thu~t va huan ngb<;)Wung auung vai chuang
trlnh giao dvc lrung hQc tOng quat.
Cac qu6c gia khae t,!i Nam My Chilu c6 chuejng tdnh giao dvc liu h,?c, trung hQc
tuung tt! nhu dc nuac neu tren VI a~u chju ann huang n~n giao dvc chinh quoc truac khi
dQc l~p. Vao nam 1990, Venezuela c6 289.430 hQc sinh trung hQc ph6 thong va 51.013
hQc sinh trung hQc ky thu~t.
V. Gino d'.lC d:,i hQc
Cac nuac Nam My Chau tMnh I~p 10 a<)i hQc tlt nam 1821 Mn nam 1833. Trong so
nay c6 D<)i hQc Buenos Aires (1821) t,!i Argentina, D<)i hQc Peru (1824) va D<)i hQc
Arequipa (1828) t,!i Peru. Bon a<)ihQc au\lc thanh l~p vao tMp nien 1840, trong so d6 c6
D,!i hQc Chile thuQc Chile. D<)ihQc Mexico du\lc tMnh I~p nam 1551 va c6 lien hi;)cMt
che vai nha dm quy~n lhuQc aja va tra thanh mvc tieu chI trich cua cac nha giao dvc cap
tien. Khi Mexico tra thanh dQc l~p vao ailu the ky thll' 19, a<)i hQc nay hi a6ng ctta vao
nam 1865 va mai Wi nam each m<)ng 1910, mai aU\lCma ctta I<)i.T<)iArgentina,lu~t nam
1885 chi cho phep thiet l~p cac a<)ihQc cong laP; mai tai nam 1955, IUat nay aU\lCcai tie'n
va cho phep thiet l~p cac a<)ihQc dan lap. T<)i Brazil, dt! ainh thanh l~p a<)i hQc vao nam
1823 thftt b<)iva mai tai nam 1912, o<)ihQc ailu tien aU\lc thanh I~p t<)iParana; D<)ihQc
Lien bang Rio de Janeiro dtt\lC thanh I~p vao nam 1920. MQt s6 cac d<)ihQc tren do giao
hQi Ky To Giao t6 chll'c va c6 giang d<)ymon thdn hQc. Ttt ngay dQc I~p, cac d<)ihQC
Nam My Chau du la cong I~p hay th\lQc giao hQi, mon thdn hQc khong con du\lc giang
d,!y va thay vao la mon lu~t phap.
Hdn het cac truong aai hQC Nam My Chiln aa tra lhanh a,!i hQc cong I~p do chinh

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4uy~n kim soat. Sa dl c6 tlnh tr~ng nay la tlnh hlnh chinh tri t~i h,lc oia nay thuang b5t
6n dinh; chfnh 4uy~n muon kim soat tlnh hlnh sinh ho~t va chong ooi cua sinh yien. M~c
dilu v~y, m(\t so cd
giao d\lc o~i hQc ton giao van t6n t~i. Trang the' ky thu 19, D'olihQc
C(\ng hoa t~i thu 00 Montevideo cua Uruguay van duy trllieh h<';voi giao h(\i. Nam 1855,
D~i hQc San Carlos t~i Guatemala van c6 lien he voi giao h(\i La Ma. Ba o(li hQc Ky To
Giao dudc thanh I~p vao cuoi the' ky thu 19 va dilu the' ky thu 20 la D(li hQc Ky To Giao
Chile (1888), D~i hQc Ky To Giao Peru (1917) va D(li hQCJaveriana t(li Colombia (1931).
M(\t so cac truang d(li hQcton giao kMc dU0Cthanh l~p giln day. Cac o(li hQc Ky To Giao
dU(Jc chfnh 4uy~n cho phep thie't l~p cd sCJgiao d\lc VI giao h(\i c6 lien h<';tot Oyp voi cae
chinh 4uy~n va thong thuong t~i cac d~i hQc nay it c6 cac cu(\c chong ooi cua sinh vien VI
hQ thu(\c thanh philn bao thu, con em giai c5p tl1ban va kinh doanh rilt giln voi cac chinh
4uy~n d(k tai. Trang khi d6, cac cu(\c chong ooi thl1ang xu5t hien t'olidc o~i hQc cong l~p
bao g6m nhi~u thanh philn sinh vien cap tie'n. Nam 1936, nh~n oinh dt10Cnhu du giao
d\lc ky thu~t. chinh quy~n Mexico thanh I~p Hoc vi<';nKy thu~t Quoc gia voi cd
giao
d\lc'ph\l thu(\c tren toan Wnh th6 giang d~y cac mon ky thu~t tily theo nhu du dia phudng.
Trang the' ky thu 20, d(li hQc Ia cac cO sCJgiao d\lc chuyen nghi<';p. M(\t so ol1<;1c
chinh
quy~n uy thac vi~c kim soat va hl10ng dUn cac trl10ng tiu hQCva trung hQCoia phuong.
Trang hi<';nt(li, d~i hQc con c6 kha nang thlfC hi<';ncac cu(\c nghien CUllr(\ng lOn, giup cac
oia phl10ng trang cong cu(\c pMt trin ky thu~t va kinh doanh. M(\t ooi khi, o(li hQc can
tham dlf m(\t dch khong chinh thUc sinh hO(lt chinh trf; di ra ngoai m\lc dich giao dl,lccua
d~i hQCva h~u qua la gay xao tr(\n va trCJng~i phan nllO trang vi<';chQc t~p; m~c dilu v~y,
sinh ho~t nay gay anh hl1ang IOn va la nguyen nhan thay d6i chinh sach cua nha dm
4uy~n. Nam 1918, sinh vien D~i hQc Cordoba a Argentina tham gia cac sinh hO(ltchinh tri
doi hoi chinh 4uy~n thlfC hi<';ncac chl10ng trlnh ciii tie'n xa h0i. Nam 1929, chinh quy~n
Mexico ch5p nh~n cho D(li hQc Quoc gia nhi~u quy~n tlf tri d tranh vi<';csinh vien tham
dlf cac sinh hO(lt chinh tr! doi hoi 4uy~n l<;Ii.Vao th~p nien 1960, do anh huang phong trao
doi hoi quy~n 10i cua sinh vien tren the' gioi va trl1dc tlnh hlnh chfnh trj dan ap do cac
chinh th d(\c tai gay ra, sinh vien nhi~u d~i hQC Nam My Chau cling tham gia cac sinh
ho~t chinh Ifi chong l(li chinh 4uy~n va doi hoi quy~n tlf do, dan chu.
M\lc dich cua giaod\lc d(li hQc la cung cilp chuyen gia cac nganh cho t6 chUc chfnh
quy~n 4UOCgia, ma dl1(lng cho vi<';cphat trin v~ mQi phuong di<';n. M\lc dich la the',
nhung t6 chuc d(li hQc i'JNam My Chau con g~p nhi~u kh6 khan. Thu nh5t la thie'u tai tr<;l
tii' chinh quy~n nen tii' cO si'J xay dlfng d6n trang bi con ngheo nan, chuOng trlnh nghien
CUll r(\ng Wn kh6ng th6' thlfc hien dl1,1C; thu hai la hau he't ban giang huan la nhUng nha
giao giang d(lYban thai gian, kh6ng c6 m~t thl10ng xuyen t'olitrl1ong, kh6ng th .tham dlf

sa

sa

333

Cido dlfC Nam

My

eMu ({fi hi~n tl,li

nhii'ng cu(>c h(ii hqp hilng ngay v~ chliong trlnh giang d<).y,khong co dip g(1p va hliCingdan
sinh vien v~ nhung kho khan hqc t~p. Cac sl)' ki~n nay lam suy giam gia tri giao dl,lc, lam
nhi~u sinh vien bo hqc vI g(1p kho khan. VI the', cac giao sli co khil nang phai dli<;1C
hu1ln
luy~n nlioc ngoai va it ngliai tra v~ nlioc giang day. M(it scJhi~n dang giiing d<).y trong

nlioc ciing ra di.

Vao nam 1985, Nam My Chau co tren 1.500 trliang cao d~ng, hqc vi~n va d<).ihQc.
BraziL, Argentina va Colombia co nhi~u sinh vien nh1ll. Ne'u so sanh sinh vien voi dan scJ,
Argentina dUng hang dfru tie'p theo la Uruguay, Cuba, Colombia, Mexico va Brazil.
Trong hi~n t<).i,Argentina voi 36 tri~u dan, co d<).ihqc dfru tien thanh I~p vao nam
1613. Cac trliang khac bao g6m ><).ihQc Buenos Aires Ion nh1lt, co 183.397 sinh vien,
thanh L~pvao nam 1821; >;;tihqc La PLata, >;;tihqc Cuyo, >;;tihqc Sur, >;;tihqc L.itoraL,
>;;tihqc Nordeste va >,li hQCTucuman; Nlioc nay con co nhi~u hQc vi~n va trliang cao
dhg. T5ng scJ sinh vien d<).ihqc
Argentina la 1.077.212 va sinh vien cac hqc vi~n,

trliang cao d~ng ky thu~tla 816.888.

Mexico voi 102 tri~u dan, co 50 d<).ihqc t5ng hCJp,2 d<).ihqc ky thu~t v(ji 1.310.825
sinh vien; gfrn m(ittram hqc vi~n va trliang cao diing cac lo<).ivoi 1.252.027 sinh vien. T;;ti
nhi~u trliang cao d5ng, hqc vi~n va cl<j.ihqc, sinh vien hqc t~p tU 3 Mn 7 nam. Trliang ldn
nhiltla ><).i
hyc Mexico, t'l-i thil do Mexico City, co 269.000 sinh vien, thanh l~p vao nam
1551; c5 nh1ltla >'l-iHqc San Nicolas, co 31.769 sinh vien, thanh I~p vao nam 1539; >'l-i
hqc Guadalajara co 214.986 sinh vien, thilnh L~p vao nam 1792; >;;tihqc Coahuila co
13.923 sinh vien, thanh Hlp vao nam 1867.
Uruguay voi 3.2 tri~u dan, cO 2 d'l-i hqc voi 73.660 sinh vien; >'l-ihqC C(ing hoa t'l-ithil
do Montevideo, co 59.436 sinh vien, thanh I~p vao nam 1849 va ><).ihqc Ky thu~t co
nhi~u cd
t'l-i nhi~u noi voi tren 14.000 sinh vien. Ngoai ra, nlioc nay con co m(it scJ
tn(i'1ngcao dAng va sli ph<).mvoi 62.587 sinh vien. M(it d(1c di~m ciia cac trliang cao dAng
va d'l-i hqc c'JUruguay Lahoan toan mi~n phi cho sinh vien trong nlioc ciing nhli sinh vien

so

ngo'l-i qucJc.
Peru voi 26 tri~u dan, co 24 d'l-i hqc cong I~p va 10 d'l-i hqc dan I~p voj 753.567 sinh
vien. >;;tihqc San Marcos t'l-i thii do Lima, co 34.223 sinh vien, thanh I~p vao nam 1551
Lad;;tihqc c5 nh1lt; ><).i
hqc San Cristopal co 6.000 sinh vien, thanh I~p vao nam 1677; >'l-i
hoc Libertad co 12.500 sinh vien, thilnh I~p vao nam 1824; >'l-ihqc San Augustin co
2Vl99 sinh vien, thanh L~pvao nam 1828; >;;tihQc Altiplano co 10.202 sinh vien, thanh
I~p vao nam 1856. Ngoai ra qucJc gia nay con co mi')t scJhqc vi~n va trliling cao d5ng dii
lo;;tivdi t5ng so 504.700 sinh vien.
Brazil voi 176 tri~u dan, co 122 d'l-i hqc, 50 hoc vi~n va cac trliang cao dilng vc~it5ng so
1.565.056 sinh vien. >;;tihqc Lien bang Rio de Janeiro ldn nh1lt, 40.000 sinh vien, thanh
334

Cicio dl:tc Nam My eMu (ai hi?n

({Ii

I~p vao niim 1920; c6 nhfrtla D')i hqc Do Parana, co 23.165 sinh vien, thanh, I~p vao niim
1912; D')i hqc Lien bang Fluminense co 26.982 sinh vien; D')i hqc Do Para co 28,492 sinh
vieni Trong s6 122 d~i hqc tren, giao hQi Ky T6 Giao co II d')i hqc.
Cuba voi 11.3 tri~u dan, co 5 d~i hqc va 19 truong cao d&ng, voi t6ng s6 242.434 sinh
vien. D')i hqc Habana c6 nhfrt, co 15.980 sinh vien, thanh I~p vao niim 1728; D~i hqc
Oriente Ion nhfrt, co 24.500 sinh vien, thanh I~p vao niim 1947; D')i hqc Marta Ableu co
5.436 sinh vien, thanh I~p vao niim 1952; D')i hqc Gamaguey co 4200 sinh vien, thanh I~p
vao niim 1967 va D')i hqc Pinar Del Rio co 4.000 sinh vien, thanh I~p vao nam 1972.
Chile voi 15.3 tri~u dan, co 26 d')i hqc c6ng lap, mot d')i hqc Ky T6 Giao voi t6ng s6
286.962 sinh vien va khoang 50 hqc vi~n, truong cao d&ng voi t6ng s6 213.058 sinh vien.
D')i hqc Chile c6 nhfrt, co 19.605 sinh vien, thanh I~p vao nam 1783.
Venezuela voi 24 tri~u dan, co 16 d')i hqc c6ng l~p, 2 d')i hqc dan I~p va mot d')i hqc
Ky T6 Giao voi t6ng s6 550.030 sinh vien; co mot s6 kha Ion hqc vi~n va truong cao d&ng
voi t6ng s6 347.618 sinh vien. D')i hqc Trung udng Venezuela c6 nhfrt va IOn nhat, co
45.000 sinh vien, thanh I~p vao niim 1721; D')i hqc Los Andes co 34.294 sinh vien, thanh
I~p niim 1785.

Giao dLJc t')i cac qu6c gia Nam My Chau co nhi~u di tie'n vao the' ky thl1 20. Tuy
nhien, VI tlnh hlnh chinh trj thie'u 6n djnh, s\l' khac bi~t giau ngheo qua lOn, giao dLJcpMt
tri~n kha quan t')i thanh thi va giao dLJcth6n que kh6ng dul1Cquan tam I~m. T6 chl1c giao
dLJci'J day chua dul1c hoan hao v~ vi~c hufrn kuy~n giao vien cling nhu chudng tdnh giang
d')y. Giao dlJc nay chua dap I1ng dul1c truoc nhil'ng bie'n chuy~n xii hQi cling nhu nhil'ng
thay d6i clla tie'n bQ khoa hqc, ky thu~l.

Ted /ifu tham khtlo:

Argentina, edacation. Til din brlch khoa The World Book Encyclopedia, Maltimedia Edition, 200/.
Brazil, edacation. Tili Iir~ dil dan nhu tren.
~Mexico. education. Tal li~udil dt1n nhl (ren.
-Pa/lern of t:l/ucation, South America. Education administration. Tet ditn bach khou The New Encyclopaedia
Britannica, Multimedia Edition, /998.
- Pattern of education. South America. Higher education. Taj li~u dil ddn nhu tren .
. Pattern qf'educatjon. South America. Primary education and literacy. Till li~udil dan nhu lren.
. Pattern o/education, South America. Reform trends. Tal li~ul1iidan nhct (ren.
- Pattern (~j'educa/i()n, South America. Secondary education. Tai li~u dil dOn nhu tren.
Peru, education. Tildin bdch khoa The World Book Encyclopedia, Multimedia Edition, 200/
o

335

Giao dr,tc Nam

My

eMu trJihi~n t{li

- Statistical Yearbok. {in ban tht1 39. New York. United Nations, 1944.
- The World of Learning 1999. London. Europa Publications, 2000.
: Uruguay, education. Tiii Ii~u dii dan nhu tren.
Venezuela, education. Tal lifU dii ddn nhu tr2n
M

....

..

336

Ckttdng 25
Giao df!-c Phi ChOu tUi hifn t{}i
I. Giao dt.Jc Nam Phi (South Africa)
II. Giao dt.Jc Zaire
III. Giao dt.Jc Nigeria
IV. Giao dt.Jc Algeria
V. Giao dt.Jc Morocco
VI. Giao dt.Jc Mozambique
VII. Giao dt.Jc Ethiopia
VIII. Giao dt.Jc Zambia
IX. Giao dt.Jc Sudan
X. Giao dt.Jc Senegal
XI. Giao dt.Jc Liberia
Truoc khi cac de qu6c tay phuong xuilt hi~n t<)iPhi CMu, n~n giao dl,lCt<)ill,lc dja nay
c6 ml,lCdich huiln luy~n tre em v~ trach nhi~m voi gia dlnh, lang x6m va bi? l<)cvoi cac
man hQc ton giao va huiln nghi~p can ban v~ nang nghi~p, san biln, chan nucJi, ti(j'u cong
ngh~. H~u he't cac xii h(li bi? l\lc t6 chtl'c l~ nghi quan trQng danh d1lu Slf truClng tMnh clla
thie'u nien sau tu6i d~y thI. Vaa !tic nha tu6i, tre em nam duqc gia dlnh giOi thi~u voi cae
b~c !ian anh, nhung nguoi c6 trach nhi~m giaa dl,lc trang bi? I\lC va duqc giang d\lY cac
sinh hO\lt v~ san biln, canh nang, chan nuoi gia suc, cac trach nhi~m voi bi? l\lc cling voi
cac l~ nghi ton giao, cac t~p tl,lCbi? l\lc. Vi~c huiln luy~n nay kea dai trang nhi~u nam,
giup cac thanh nien c6 kha nang hoan thanh cac nhi~m Vl,lduqc bi? l\lc giaa ph6. Mi?t s6
thanh nien nay con d6ng gop vaa vi~c Cll Mnh cac l~ nghi ton giaa trang bi? l\lc sau mi?t
thai gian quan sat va thlfC t~p voi cac b~c dan anh. Tre em gai cling trai qua vi~c giao dl,lC
tuong {Ifnhung thai gian hQCt~p ngiln han va nhung man hQc cling gian dj han.
Vi~.c hQc t~p t\li cac khu Vlfc voi anh hUClngH6i Giaa c6 khac bi~t. D\lo H6i Ian truy~n
Wi khu vlfc Dong Phi CMu vaa the' ky thtl'9 va the' ky thtl' 10, toi Tay Phi CMu vaa the' ky
thtl' 11. Ton giao nay d~t trQng tam vaa vi~c hQc t~p kinh tMnh Quran va gioi thi~u ngon
ngu A R~p. Cac truong giang d\lY kinh tMnh Quran duqc thanh l~p va phat tri(j'n khilp
nOi trang cac khu Vlfc H6i Giaa. Truong Quran thuong la cac d~n tho, cling co thtS la
duoi hien nha hay duoi bong diy. T\li day, tre em duqc nghi~n ngilm va hQCthui?c long
337

Giao

dl;lC

Phi eMu tai hifn tl,li

sa

tung chuong cua kinh thanh. Ciing nhtl cac C(j

giao dl)c nay, thanh thieu nien Phi Chau
c6 dip tiep xuc voi van h6a H6i Giao vao thtli cl!c thjnh. Cac thanh nien nay tra thanh cac
lilnh tl) 116i Giao trang tLtUnglai. Tuy nhien, sG thanh nien nay con qua it so voi dan so
cua Phi Chau.
Giao duc tay phuong duoc gioi thieu vao Phi Chau khi khu vuc nay tra thanh thuOc dja
cua cac d qu6c tay phuong tu the ky thli 17, 18. Khi cae quac gia Phi Chau gianh dudc
dOc laP VaG giil'a the ky thli 20 va sau do, hQ dil xoa bo chinh sach ky thi chung tOc va
khi'li SI!thl!C hien cac di tien. Tuy nhien, hq van duy tI'l n~n giao OI)Chien hil'u, anh huang
tay phuong, it nhat vao nhil'ng nam dau.
Trang chuong nay, chung ta se ban den chuong trlnh giao dl)c rieng re cua mOt so quac
gia tieu bi6u Phi Chau. MOt vai quac gia Phi Chau nhm g5n khu vl!c Trung Dong se dU(jc
ban Wi trong chuong sau v~ giao dl)c Trung Dong.
I. Giao d\lc Nam Phi (South Africa)
Tu khi ngutli da tdng dilt chan ocn Nam Phi vao the ky thu 17, giao hOi Tin Lilnh dil t6
chlic vii;c giao duc kinh thanh. Trong the ky thu 19 va truck nam 1900, chinh quy~n thuOc
dia c6 ban hanh mOt vai dao IUat vf vii;c giao dl)c mii!n phi va t6 chlic giao duc. Tuy
nhien, trang thl!c te, t6 chuc giao duc van nhm trang tay giao hOi va cac t6 chlic tlnh
nguyi;n cho toi d5u the ky thu 20. Sau cuOc chien Boer Boer War (1899-1902) giil'a bi} lac
elia phuong va d qu6c Anh, chinh quyfn thuOc dia huy bo tat d dc chuOng trinh, dl! dinh
di tien giao dl)C va xac nhan mili nhom da trang tai thuOc dia c6 thii'm quy~n giao dl)c
bao ve; van hoa rieng bii,)t. Nhu vaY, giao dl)c cho ngutli da elen kh6ng du(jc M caP Wi.
Khi Lien hii,)p Nam Phi dUQcthanh laP nam 1910, ng6n ngil' chinh thuc cua quGc gia nay
la song ngil' Anh ngil' va Anh ngil' thuOc dia Afrieaans language cua nhil'ng ngutli da trang
sinh truang tai day. Nhu vaY, ngon ngil' dia phuong cua dai da sG da den kh6ng dUQcnhUc
toi. Them vao d6, chinh sach ky thi chung tOc, loai ngutli da den ra ngoai xii hOi thi~u so'
da trang, van h6a de quac da trang che ngl! mQi lInh vl!c sinh hoat tai Nam Phi.
Hi,) thGng hQc dutlng cua giao hOi Tin LiJnh dU(jc thanh laP vao nam 1789 c6 dl)ng y
giao duc va ciii giao sang Tin LiJnh tat c;\ dan dia phuong Nam Phi va bien khGi dan !dn
lao nay thanh giai cap phl)c VI)cho thiu sada trang thang trj. Hi,)thang giao duc nay rna
rOng vao d5u the ky thli 19 va tU nam 1854 voi tai trQ cua chinh quyfn thuOc elia. Chinh
sach giao dl)C ky thj dU(jc ap dl)ng. C6 nhil'ng trutlng rieng bii,)t cho hqc sinh da trang. MOt
sG it hQc sinh da den, con em cua giai cap phl)c V\l ngutli da trang, hqc trutlng rieng.
Chuong trlnh giiing daY giOi han va ton giao va nhil'ng Ii! nghi ton giao la mon hQc quan
tn.mg. He; thGng giao dl)c nay dan dan dilt duoi quy6n kim soat cua hi; thong giao dl)c
thuOc elia voi chuong trlnh giao duc, phu(jng phap kim tra danh gia, thanh tra cua giao

338

Gicio

dl;lc

Phi eMu tiJi hi~n tqi

duc dIng l~p. Ngon ngu giang d\lY CJclay Iii Anh ngu vii Anh ngu thuoc clja Ajricaans
[anRuage.

Til nam Lien hii;p Nam Phi clLl~cthill1h I~p (1910), m6i tlnh c6 ~d quan giao dyc rieng
voi muc clich t6 ehuc cac cd s0 giao duc phyc vy hQe sinh da tdng. Sau nily, thi6u so hQc
sinh da den cung dLl(jcthea hQc t\li cac trLldng rieng bii;t. Cung nhLlcac trLldng kMc, ngon
ngu giiing d\lY la Anh ngu va Anh ngu thuoc dia. ChLldng trlnh giiing d\lY CJday dLl~CmCJ
rong h(in so voi cac trLlang nhil tha. Cac trLlan'g ti6u hQe va trung hqc do cac tlnh ehju
trach nhii;m, chLl(ing trlnh giao dyc eao cl~ng, ky thu~t, nghi; thuilt vii huii'n nghii;p do
chlnh quyfn trung LI(jngehiu trach nhii;m vii dat dLioiquyfn t6 ehti'c va ki6m soat cua Bo

::j,

Giao duc.
Vao nam 1922, mot ban tLiang trlnh v~ giao duc c6 y djnh nang cao trlnh do hoc vii'n
cua ngLiai da den. NhLlng tren thl/e te, y djnh nay hilu nhLlkhong thl/c hil$n. Vila thilp nien
1940, quan tam vf giao dyc cho ngLiai da (1en I\li cllf~c nhac toi. NhLlng chinh quyfn ky thi
Nam Phi, nam quyfn vao nam 1948, da thl/C hil$n nhung chinh sach "ky thj chung toc"
apartheid vf mqi phLl(ing dil$n k6 cii giao dyc. Nhung d\lo luilt glao dyc vila cae nam
1951, 1953, 1967, 1982 da th6 hil$n chinh sach ky thi giao duc nay. Cac dao lu~t tren clf
c~p oen ba dac di0m: thu nhilt la m6i nh6m sac toc co nhung dac di6m van h6a rieng bil$t
dn dLl~e duy trl; thu hai la sl/ phan bil$t chung toe giua cae nh6m sac toc khac bil$t dn
phai dLl(jc lam sang to voi lu~t Il$phan bil$t r6 rang cl0 tranh nhung ngo nh~n; thu ba Iii
eliinh quy~n trung Liang co traeh nhiem tlit(c hit;n chinh sach phan bii;t nay. Hilu qua Ia e6
mot sLiphan bii;t hay ky thi hoan toan vf giao dyc giua sac dan da trang va cac sac dan da
den, hbn help da mju, An DO va A Chau. Cung do d6, sl/ khac bii;t vf t6 ehuc giao dye
giua dan da trang va cae sac dan khae e6 cach bii;t IOn lao.
Viln M quan tri giao dye dLl~e phan ehia giua van phong giao dye trung Liang va van
phong tinh. VI chinh sach giao dye ky thi giua cae chung toc nen ba hi; thong giao dye
dLl,le thanh I~p. Giao dye cho ngLiai da trang do BO Giao dye difu hanh. Giao dye cho
ngliai h6n h~p da milu, An Do va A Chau do Uy ban Quoc hOi voi d\li dii;n cae sac dan
tren difu hilnh. Giao dyc cho dan da den do d\li dii;n cac chinh quyfn dja phliong chiu
tnich nhii;m. Ca ba hi; thong tren dfu thl/C hii;n mot chliong trlnh giao dyc chung. Rieng
hQc sinh da den dLl<jegiiing d\lY gioi h\ln ngan ngu dia phLiong. Cac nh6m khUc chI hQc
Anh ng[( va Anh ngu thuoc dia. Difu quan trQng 0 day la t1nh tr\lng bilt blnh d&ng trong
vii;c t6 chuc. Nhifu hQc sinh da den bo hQc dCJdang VI trLlang hqc thieu co sCJvilt chilt,
phai giiing d\lY trang cac xi nghii;p, hilm mo, nang tr\li; hilu het trLlang hQC(j nong thon
thieu trang bi, sl so cao; giao vien thie'u huii'n luyi;n chuyen mon; rilt it hQc sinh da den
hQc uen trung hQc. Hqc sinh h6n h~p mau da, hqc sinh An Do vii A Chau cung khong hon
gl hQc sinh da (Jen. Trong khi d6, hqe sinh da tdng dlioc hQc trang cac trliang khang trang,
339

Giao

d(lc

Phi eMu toi hifn t(li

d:ly dll ti~n nghi, giao vien co kha nang cao.

Ela co mQt vai c6 g~ng lam giam Slf cach bi~t giao dl!c giG'a da den va da tr~ng voi
chinh sach giao dl!c d6ng ou giG'a cac s~c dan trang th~p nien 1970 va ngan sach giao
dl!c cho hQc sinh da den co tang, nhttng chinh sach giao dl!c v~n tie'p tl!C ky thj, phan chia
va nht( v~y lam gi co giao dl!c d6ng du. El6ng thai, mQt vai t6 chuc giao dl!c dan l~p giOi
thi~u h~ th6ng giao dl!c sat nh~p M hQc sinh da den va da tdng hQc chung; mQt vai
truang trung hQc dan I~p va d(li hQc da tr~ng da mCicl1a thu nMn hQc sinh, sinh vien da
den. SIf ki~n nay co duqc la do slf tranh d1lu clla cac t6 chUc hQc ~inh, sinh vien; cling nhu
cac t6 chuc chinh trj doi hoi quyn lqi cho o(li oa s6 dan da den qua cac cUQc bi6u tinh,
dinh c6ng ch6ng chinh sach ky thj clla chinh quyn thuQc dja ..
Lu~t Giao dl!c El(li hQc 1959 dm hQc sinh da mau ghi ten theo hQc t(li cac o(li hQc
danh rieng cho da tr~ng. HQc sinh da mau duqc hQc t(li cac truang rieng. Hai h~ th6ng d(li
hQc khac bi~t nay d:ln d:ln thay d6i nha slf tranh o1lu cila cac phong trao chinh trj cling nhu
cac phong trao sinh vien ooi quyn binh d~ng v giao dl!c. Tuy v~y, cac o(li hQc da tr~ng
1ln dinh s6 ch6 r1lt gioi h(ln cho dan da m:lu. Cac sinh vien tie'p tl!C tranh d1lu va cac d(li
hQc da phat sinh cac t6 chUc tranh d1lu doi quyn giao dl!c cling nhu cac quyn chinh tri
khac ch6ng chinh sach apartheid clla chinh quyn thuQc dja CiNam Phi.
Nha nhG'ng tranh d1lu cua cac phong trao ooi quyn binh d~ng, nen nam 1981, mQt h~
th6ng giao dl!c duy nh1lt duqc thlfc hi~n do EQ Giao dl!c quan tri, d:ln d:ln xoa bo nhG'ng
bat c6ng va ky thj trang giao dl!c. El6ng thai, giai dO(ln nay cling la thai ky tranh d1lu cao
dQ cua phong trao chinh trj doi hoi ch1lm dUt chinh sach ky thi apartheid CiNam Phi. Cac
slf ki~n tren da lam thay d6i toan di~n xa hQi Nam Phi. Khi che'dQ ky thi chung tQc ch1lm
dUt vao cac nam dilu cua th~p nien 1990, chinh quyn da ban hanh nhiu chinh sach moi
lien quan de'n chuong trinh giao dl!c d6ng du cho mQi hQc sinh, sinh vien Nam Phi kh6ng
phan bi~t mau da.
Giao dl!c dliqc chinh thUc cong nh~n binh d~ng do chinh quyn clla ngliai da oen chu
trliong; nhttng nn giao dl!c nay v~n g~p nhiu kho khan, thiJ'thach. Elo la tinh tr(lng thie'u
ngan sach. NhG'ng ti~n nghi giao dl!c tU trlioc t~p trung vao cac trliang da tr~ng. NhG'ng
trliang khu vlfc da den v~n tie'p tl!c thie'u th6n ti~n nghi, giao vien khong oliqc hu1ln luy~n
chu dao. Giao vien t(li cac trliang thanh thi, noi co nhiu hQc sinh da tr~ng, co kha nang
cao hon nhiu so voi cac giao vien Cikhu vlfc xa va th6n que, noi co nhiu hQc sinh da
oe!!. Nhiu c6 g~ng dliqc thlfc hi~n d6 nang cao trinh dQ kie'n thuc cua giao vien voi vi~c
hu1ln luy~n th6ng nh1lt kh6ng phan bi~t ti6u hQc hay trung hQc, trliang da tr~ng hay da
milu; giao vi en bay gia phai hoan t1ltban trung hQc va ba nam sli ph(lm. Chinh quyn hi~n
hG'uphai d6n n6 Ilfc nh1lt Ia v phuong di~n tai chinh vao co sCigiao dl!c cac khu vlfc dan
da milu. Eliu nay phl! thuQc vao tinh hinh kinh te' qu6c gia.
340

Ciao

dl;LC

Phi eMu tcJihifn tQi

Chtfdng trlnh giang d\lY dtf<;1C

thay d6i voi ml)c dich phl)c VI)d\li da s6 dan da mfru, 10\li
bo anh htfi'lng chtfdng trlnh giiing d\lY ky thi cung nhtf bi~t dai dan da trJng truoc kia. T6
chuc giao dl)c nay dtf(Jc phan chi a thanh b6n giai dO\ln, mGi giai dO\ln keo dai ba nam: sd
hQc, ti8u hQc, trung hQc dip 1 va trung hQc dlp II. Giao dl)c cltang bach tU 7 toi 16 tu6i cho
mQi sric dan. Chtf(lng trlnh giao dl)c trung hQc co tinh cach t6ng quat. Tuy nhien, nhii'ng
nganh hQc hu5n nghi~p, ky thu~t, nghi) thu~t, nong nghi~p dtf<;1cgiOi thii)u vilO giai dO\ln
trung hQc cap II, ttt lOp 10. MQt s6 nho trtfang dan I~p van t6n t\li cac thanh ph6lOn. C6
khoiing 90% hQc sinh da tdng va gfrn nhtf 100% hQc sinh da den theo hQc t\li cac truang

cong l~p.
N~n giao dl)c cao dng Nam Phi g6m cac trtfang dai hqc, giiing d\lY van b~ng Cll nhiin,
cao hoc, tien si; cae trtfang ky thu~t technikons giiing d\lY ttt mQt toi sau nam v~ eac
nganh ky su', ky thu~t du 10\li, quiin tri kinh doanh, nghi) thu~t; cae truang cao dng giao
duc dilO t\lo giuo vien du 10\li; cae hQc vii)n dao 1\10cac nhan vien chuyen man cae nganh.
Ngoi"lira, Nam Phi con c6 cac trung tam ky thu~t, trung tam ky nghi), trung tam giao dl)c
ngu',li IOn dao t\lo cac th<;1chuyen mon, ph6i h<;1pvoi cae xi nghii)p. Trang th~p nien 1990,
cac t(~chuc sinh vien doi hoi di~u kii)n nh~p hqc de dang cho sinh vien da den cling nhtf
c5p phat hem hqc b6ng va b6 nhii)m them thanh philn giiing vien da den VI gioi nay bi
thii)t thoi v~ giao dl)c do chinh sach ky thi ngay trtfoc gay ra. V~ phtfdng dii)n ngan ngii',
phI) huynh eung nhtf sinh vien da den doi hoi va thl!e hii)n dtf<;1cvii)c giang d\lY ngan ngii'
dia phtfdng da den, cQng them voi Anh ngii' va huy b6 hoan toan Anh ngii' thuQC dia
Ajricaans. Vao nam 1999, Nam Phi vdi 46 trieu dan, c6 21 d\li hQc voi t6ng s6353.506
sinh vien. D\li hQc e6 nhllt la D\li hQc Cape Town, co 16.000 sinh vien, thanh I~p vaG nam
1829; IOn nh5t la D\li hQc South Africa, c6 117.046 sinh vien, thanh I~p vao nam 1946;
D<)ihQc Pretoria c6 26.684 sinh vien, thanh liip vao nam 1930; D<)ihQe Vista e6 32.108
sinh vien, thanh liip vaG nam 1982. Dai hQC Ky T6 Giao c6 10.773 sinh vien, thanh I~p
vao nam 1869. Ngoai ra, Nam Phi con CO 12 tntang cao dng IOn lao khang kern gl d\li
hqc c6 t6ng so 191.747 sinh vien. Lon nhfrt la Tru'ang Cao dng Ky thuiit South Africa, c6
79.510 sinh vien; tiep Mn la Trtfang Cao dng Ky thuiit Pretoria c6 16.493 sinh vien;
nhi~u trtfang cao dng khae c6 tren duoi 10.000 sinh vien. Qu6c gia nay c6 s6 dan biet
dQc viet la 82%.
Voi khoang muai nam ttt ngay ehinh saeh ky thi apartheid du<;1chuy bo (1991) va chinh
quyen da den thl!C sl! nrim quyen (1994), chudng trlnh giuo dl)c Nam Phi da e6 nhieu cai
tien. Nhtfng Nam Phi con c6 nhi~u' vfrn d~ kh6 khan, nh5t la v~ phudng dii)n tai chinh,
dan so cao toi 46 trii)u ngtfai trang hi~n t\li, nen n~n giuo dl)c nay cfrn phai c6 nhi~u thai
gian d' cai tien them.

341

Giao d{lc Phi eMu tdi hifn t{li

II. Giao dt.Ic tl;li Zaire
Zaire nguyen la thuQc dia clla Bi voi ten gqi Congo. Truoc nam 1908, Congo la tai san
tt1clla vua Bi voi giao hQi Ky T6 Giao va Tin Utnh d6ng vai tra quan trqng trang chuang
trlnh giao d\lc t'li day. Sau nam 1908. qu6c hQi Bi thifc sif kim soat thuQc dia nay, danh
cho giao hQi Ky T6 Giao dac quy~n v~ giao d\lc voi tai t[(;1tit chinh qu6c; trang khi d6,
giao hQi Tin Utnh viln tiep t\lc chuang trlnh giao d\lc clla giao hQi nhu cu, nhu'ng kh6ng
nhiin dU<;lC
tai tr<;l.Cho toi truoc nam 1948, co s6 giao d\lC clla hai giao hQi tren hO'lt oQng
gioi h,!n voi hai nam tiu hqc, hai nam trung hqc va mQt so rat it trliang hqc ngh~, dao t;tO
nhan vien cho mQt s6 ngh~ thifc d\lng v~ n6ng nghieP, chan nuoi. Tit nam 1948, chinh phll
Bi t'li chinh qu6c ra chi thi thiet liip mQt cht1llng trlnh giao d\lc mi&n phi cho dan oia
phuong voi sif tr<;lgiup clla cac giao hQi. Cht1l1ng trlnh giao d\lC nay bao g6m nganh tiu
hqc vita c6 tinh cach huang nghieP, vita c6 tinh cach chu5n bi cho hqc sinh theo hqc 0
trung hqc va thiet liip cac truang trung hqc chuUn bi cho nganh hqc cao dllng trang tu'Dng
lai.
Nam 1962, Congo dU<;lC
Bi giao tra oQc liip va tien hanh cai t6 n~n giao d\lc. Chudng
trinh giao d\lc tiu hqc tit hai hoiic b6n nam, nay mi1 rQng toi sau nam va cuong bach tit 6
tueli toi 11 tu6i. Chudng trinh cuBng bach giao duc nay kh6ng thtfc hien dt1<jcvi thieu tai
chinh. Hqc sinh tiu hqc hqc cac man t6ng quat. Sau tiu hqc la trung hqc ph6 thong va
trung hqc ky thuiit. Ca hai ban hqc nay chuUn bi hqc sinh cho cae trt1ang cao dllng va dai
h(.lCtrung tuang lai. Vao thai gian nay, chi c6 mot so hqc sinh hqc her tieu hqc theo hqc
trung hqc, ca so giao d\lc ngheo nan, giao vien khong dU<;lC
huan IUYenchuyen man.
Vao nam 1970, Congo la mQt trang cac qu6c gia Phi Chau c6 ca Sl) va chudng (dnh
giao d\lc kha quan. Nam 1971, Congo du'\1cd6i ten la Zaire va tit nam 1974 toi nam 1977,
qu6c gia nay trai qua mQt cUQCbien dQng do t1nh thdn quoc gia ctfc doan gay ra. Cac cd
so kinh doanh clla ng0'li ki0u phai ban cho nguai dia pht1dng vi chinh quy~n gioi h;tn
quycn so huu chll clla ngt1ai nuoc ngoai. Cong dan Zaire c6 ten nt10c ngoai phai d6i sang
[cn dia pht1dng. Chinh quycn quac hU'u h6a cac ca s6 giao d\lc, trt1ang clla cac giao hQi
nay tra thanh cac truang cong liip, cac nha tu hanh kh6ng dU<;lCquycn d;ty hqc, mQt
chul1ng trinh huan luyen giao vien rQng Ion du<;lcthifc hien. Hai tWang d,!i hqc cu phai sat
nhiip voi D'ii hqc Congo moi. Chuang trlnh thay deli IOn lao nay gay nen t1nh tr,!ng kinh te
bat 6n va la Iy do bat bUQCchinh quy~n phai thay 06i chinh sach mQt Hin nua trang vang
may nam trai. Nam 1'176, cac truang clla giao hQi truoc kia ou<jc tra l,!i cho giao hQi. Nam
1977, ngoai ki0u lai du<jc phep lam sa hU'uchll cac cd s6 tht1dng m'li. Nam 1981, cac o,!i
hoc sat nhiip nay ouac phep tach rai ra. Hiiu qua clla cac thay 06i JOn lao nay c6 anh
hui'jng IOn den sinh hO'lt binh thuang va phat trien clla chuang trlnh giao duc.
VilO hai thiip nicn cu6i cUa the ky th1120, n0n giao duc clla Zaire pMt trien chiim ch,!p
342

Giao

dl;lC

Phi eMu tiJi hi~n tlJi .

vl tlnh hlnh chinh trl bilt 6n djnh, dan sO'tang nhanh toi 51 tri~u ngliai va tlnh hlnh tai
chinh ye'u kern. Vao nam 1990, Zaire co 4.356.516 hQc sinh ti~u hQc, 1.066.351 hQc sinh
trung hQc ph6 th6ng, 291.743 hQc sinh trung hQc ky thuat, 61.422 sinh vien d,!i hQc,
27.166 sinh vien hQc vi~n va cao dng. Vao nam 1999, Zaire co sO'dan bie't dQc vie't 1a
77%. co 16 hQc vi~n, 2 truang cao dng nhu HQc vi~n Xay dl!ng, HQc vi~n Kie'n truc,
Truong Qu6c gia Hanh chinh, HQc vi~n SI1ph,!m. Zaire co 4 b6n d,!i hQc: hai d,!i hQc dl1Qc
thanh laP tit truoc, nay them El,!i hQc Lu1umbashi thanh laP vao nam 1955 va El,!i hQC
mi~n phi Congo, thanh laP vao nam 1963.
III. Ghio dl}c Nigeria
Nigeria tro thi'lnh thuQc dja clla Anh vao nam 1808, hoan toan dQClaP vao nam 1960.
Trang hi~n t,!i, Nigeria co 128 tri~u dan, qu6c gia co dan s610n nhilt t,!i Phi CMu.
Cho toi nam 1950, hfru he't cac cel so giao dl,lc t,!i Nigeria do cac giao hQi t6 chuc. s6
truang c6nglap rilt it va chinh quyen thuQc dja co khuynh huang tai trQ cho cac truang
giao hQi heln la thanh laP cac truang c6ng laP M tranh t6n kern. Vao nam 1899, chi co 33
truang ti~u hQc c6ng laP trang sO'8.154 truong, nhi05utruang rilt nho; chi co 9 truang trung
hQc c6ng laP trang sO' 136 truang. Sau ngay dQClaP vao nam 1960, chinh quy05nthanh laP
nhi05u truang hQc t,!i cac dja phuelng. Nhi05u trliang dan laP khac dUQc cac t6 chuc H6i
Oiao dja phuelng va cac t6 chUc tu nhan thi'lnh lap. Sau cUQc nQi chie'n 1967-1970, tlnh
tr'.lng thie'u giao vien tro thanh trfrm trQng va chinh quy05n phai tuy~n dl,lng cac giao vien
tu An ElQva Hili Qu6c M giang d'.lYt'.li cac khu vl!c anh huang Hili Oiao v05phia b~c. Hfru
het cac giao vien nay trd v05nl10c vao cac nam tU 1986 de'n 1988 VI chinh quy05n dja
phUelng kh6ng co khii nang tai chinh M gia h'.ln h<;1pdilng giang d'.lYva cling vl sO'giao
vien ban xu t6t ngi~p d'.li hQc ngay cang nhi05u. Mac dfrU dii co nhi05u cO'g~ng, vao thilp
nien 1970, Nigeria chi co khoang 25% dan sO' bie't dQc bie't vie't va thie'u thfry, thie'u
truang. LUat phap nl10c nay cling kh6ng b~t bUQctre em phai di hQc. Vl YaY,rilt nhi05u'tre
em th6n que kh6ng dUQCgiao dl,lc. Vao giua thap nien nay, co khoang 5 tri~u tre em theo
hQc t'.li cac trl1ang ti~uhQC va chi co 500.000 hQc sinh trung hQc. Nam 1975, chinh quy05n
Nigeria tuyen b6 cung c1lp giao dl)c mi~n phi cho tilt ca hQc sinh Mu hQc tit nam 1976.
Nhi05u truang ti~u hQc va trung hQc du<;1cxay dl!ng vao cu6i thaP nien 1970, nhi05ugiao
vien dUQchulln luy~n t'.li cac d'.li hQc. Ke ho,!ch nay khuyen khich nhi05uhQc sinh ghi ten
theo hQc ti)i cac trl1ang ti~u hQC va nhllt 1a t'.li cac truang trung hQc, chu~n bj cho vi~c
thanh laP mQt s6d'.li hQc moi.
ve phUelng di~n t6 chuc, ca chinh phil lien bang Ian ti~u bang chju trach nhi~m v05giao
dl,lc. Tuy YaY, chinh quy05n dja phl1e1ngcling co quy05n thie't laP cac trl1ang ti~u hQC va
trung hQC. Hfru he't cac truang trung hQc, truang huiln nghi~p, truang ky thuat, truang su
343

Ciao dlJc Phi eMu toi hifn tt;li

phljm, tr\fang cao d~ng giao dlJc do chinh quy~n tii!u bang t6 chuc vii di~u hiinh. Chinh
quy~n tii!u bang cling co quy~n thiinh I?p m(lt 56 dlji hQc tii!u bang. Trong khi do, co it
nhit m(lt tr\fang cao d~ng ky thu?t vii m(lt tr\fang cao d~ng giao dlJc t<)imoi tii!u bang do
chinh quy~n lien bang diSu hiinh. V~ cac tr\fang trung hQc, chinh quy~n lien bang ban
hiinh nhii'ng chi thj co tinh cach h\fong d~n v~ ch\fang tdnh giang dljY vii ffn djnh tieu
chuffn sO'hQc sinh tlji moi tii!u bang phai thl!'Chien.
VS ph\fong dien dlji hQc, Nigeria co 5 tr\fang viio nam 1966. liai tr\fang trong sO'niiy
do chinh quySn lien bang di~u hiinh, ba tr\fang kMc do t6 chUc hiinh chinh quan 51!'diSu
hiinh. Bay Iii 51!'kien hi hii'll, chinh quySn quan 51!'trl!'c tiep kii!m soat giao dlJc, thay the
cho B(l Giao dlJc. Toi nam 1975, khi chinh quySn dan 51!'phlJC h6i t<)i Nigeria vii kii!m
soat ta't ca cac dlji hQc. Viio giai do<)n niiy, t6ng c(lng co Wi 13 dlji hQc do B(l Giao dlJc
Lien bang diSu hiinh. Ngoiii ra, tit nam 1980, m(lt sO'tii!u bang cling d\fQc phep thiinh I?p
dlji hQc. M(lt sO't\f nhan, t6 chUc t\f nhan, giao h(li nhi~u I~n v?n dong de'!thiinh I?p cac dlji
hQc dan I?p, nhlfng B(l Giao dlJc d~u ttt ch6i. Viio hai th?p nien cu6i cua the ky thU 20, sO'
sinh vien dlji hQc gia tang, nh\fng cac tr\fang Ilji thieu cac giang vien c6 kha nang, thieu
tiii trQ tu chinh phu lien bang vii tii!u bang, nen viec diSu hiinh g~p nhiSu kh6 khan. Viio
nam 1990, Nigeria c6 13.776.854 hQc sinh tii!u hQc, 2.123.277 hQc sinh trung hQc ph6
thong, 113.556 hQc sinh trung hQc ky thu?t, 335.824 sinh vien dlji hQc, 180.871 sinh vien
hQc vien vii cao d~ng. Viio nam 1999, Nigeria c6 sO'dan biet dQc viet Iii 57%, co 30 dlji
hQc. C6 nhfft Iii Blji hQc Nigeria, co 23.782 sinh vien, thiinh I?p viio nam 1960; Ion nhfft Iii
Blji hQc Ahmadu Becco voi 29.832 sinh vien, thiinh I?p nam 1962. Them viio d6, Nigeria
c6 27 hQc vien ky thu?t vii 8 tr\fang cao d~ng chuyen nghiep du lo<)i.
Giao dlJc tlji Nigeria d\fQc pMt trii!n sau ngiiy d(lc I?p. Nh\fng tlnh trljng chinh tIi
khong 6n djnh, t\fang tl!' nh\f nhi~u n\foc Phi Chau khac; them viio d6 tlnh trljng tiii chinh
eo h~p, t6 chUc giao dlJc khong th6ng nha't, nen n~n giao dlJc Nigeria con dn phai co
nhiSu cO'g~ng them nii'a moi co thi! kh~c phlJc d\fQc cac kh6 khan.
IV. Giao dt;Jc Algeria
'Phap khoi 51!'chinh phlJc Algeria ttt nam 1830 vii thl!'c 51!'do h9 qu6c gia niiy vao nam
1871. Nam 1962, Algeria giiinh d\fQc d(lc I?p. Trong hien t<)i, qu6c gia niiy c6 31 trieu
dan.
Khi moi d\fQc d(lc I?p, he th6ng giao dlJc cua Algeria bao g6m khoang 2.500 trlfang
Mu hQc vii 50 tr\fang trung hQc cong I?p voi t6ng sO'hQc sinh khoang 1.400.000. Ngoiii ra
qu6c gia niiycon co m(lt sO'tr\fang do giao h9i Ky To Giao t6 chuc ttt thai thu(lc dja. HQc
sinh H6i Giao vii hQc sinh Ky To Giao cung hQc m(lt tr\fang ttt nam 1949. Algeria thieu
nhiSu giao vien. Nhi~u giao vien Iii ng\fai Phap. Nhi~u khu vl!'c xa, hQc sinh d\fc;Jcgiao
344

Gido dl;lc Phi eMu fIJi hifn t{li

d~c qua cac phtfdng ti~n truy~n thanh va v~ sau truy~n hlnh. D<)ihQc Algiers dtf<;1C
thanh
I~p tit thai thuQc dja (1879) va la d<)ihQc IOn nhilt hi~n t<)i.Tit ngay dQc I~p, chinh quy~n
Algeria cili t6 toan di~n h~ th6ng giao d~c qu6c gia nhiln m<)nh vao vi~c ap d~ng ngon
ngITA R~p thay the' cho tie'ng Phap; chd trQng van cac mon khoa hQc, ky thu~t. H~ th6ng
giao d~c qu6c gia dung ngon ngu A R~p tf(1 thanh chinh thuc ap d~ng tren toan qu6c va
ctfong bach giao d\lC tit 6 de'n 15 tu6i. Trong hi~n t<)i,khoang 900/0 tre em dtf<;1chQc it
nhi~u t<)icac trtfang tifu hQc va khoang 50% t<)icac trltang trung hQc. S6tre em thon que,
nhilt la phai nITkhong dlt<;1C
theo hQc nhi~u nhtf cac tre em thanh thj. Rilt nhi~u ngltai IOn
t<)icac khu vt!c xa viln mu chIT.Nhtf v~y, chtfdng tdnh ctfong bach giao d~c da khong tht!c
hi~n dtf<;1c.Tuy nhien, cO'gil:ng dang kf cua nha dm quy~n da khuyen khich chtfdng trlnh
phat trifn giao d~c tit thanh thi de'n thon que.
Dan sO'tang trtfdng hang nam qua nhanh, nen chtfdng trlnh giao d~c da khong dap ling
kjp thai vdi sO'hQc sinh gia tang, mi;ic d1lu ngan sach qu6c gia danh cho giao d~c len Wi
20%, ngan sach nay gilp doi ngan sach thong thtfang danh cho giao d~c cua cac qu6c gia
khac trung blnh tit 7% de'n 10%. viln d~ thie'u giao vien viin tie'p di~n, nhi~u giao vien
ngtfai Phap v~ ntfdc, cac trtfang stf ph<)m khong cung cilp du giao vien cho nhu du. Chinh
quy~n phai tuyfu d~ng cac giao vlen tit cac ntfdc A R~p liin c~n. Tie'ng A R~p da thay the'
hoan toan tie'ng Phap t<)icac trtfang tifu hQc va trung hQC.T<)icilp d<)ihQc, mQt s6mon
hQc vlln con giang d<)yb~ng tie'ng Phap va giang vien la ngtfoi Phap VI thie'u giilng vien
ban xu. Vi~c ap d~ng Mng A R~p lam ngon ngITqtfac gia gi;ip kho khan VI co st! ch6ng
d6i cua sil:c tQc Berber. sil:c tQc nay co dan sO'kha cao va co ngon ngu rieng bi~t Berber.
Df thoa man y nguy~n cua sil:ctQc tren, chinh quy~n da ph~c h6i vi~c giang d<)yngon ngu
va van bQc Berber t<)imQt s6trtfang d<)i hQc. Vao nam 1990, Algeria co 4.189.152 hQc
sinh tifu hQc, 2.175.580 hQc sinh trung hQc ph6 thong, 153.360 hQc sinh trung hQc ky
thu~t, 285.930 sinh vien d<)ihQc va 212.413 sinh vien hQc vien va cao dAng. Vao nam
1999, Algeria co sO'dan bie't dQc vie't la 62%, colO d<)ihQc, kf cil hai d<)ihQc H6i Giao
t<)ithu do Algiers va 4 trung tam giao d~c co t1lm co d<)ihQC, 12 hQc vien ky thu~t va mQt
sO'trtfang cao dAng. D<)ihQc D' Alger IOn nhilt va c6 nhilt, co 32.000 sinh vien, thanh I~p
vao nam 1879; D<)ihQc Mentouri co 27.995 sinh vien, thanh I~p vao nam 1969; D<)ihQc
D'Or an En-Senia c6 21.575 sinh vien, thanh I~p nam 1935. Hang nam, co khoang vai
nghln sinh vien du hQc nltdc ngoai, h1lu he't theo hQc t<)iPhap, mQt sO' theo hQc t<)icac
ntfdc Au Chau khac va My.

v. Giao

d\lc Morocco
Morocco trd thanh thuQc dja cua Phap tit nam 1912. Nam 1956, qu6c gia nay gianh
dtf<;1cdQc I~p. Trong hi~n t<)i,Morocco co dan sO'30 tri~u.
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Gido dlfC Phi eMu rai hi~n ((Ii

Khi moi dQc I~p, chi co khoang 14% dan so bie't dQc, l51e'tvie't va con so nay gia tang
hang nam. Vao nam 1969, co khoang 1.225.000 hQc sinh ti~u hQc, 215.000 hQc sinh trung
hQC va 9.500 sinh vien cao dfrng. Ngoai ra, Morocco can co mQt vai tnfCing cao dAng.
Trong hil;\n t<)i,chinh quy~n danh mQt ngan khoan kha Wn trong ngan sach quoc gia Wi
25% cho giao dl,lc. Ph~n Wn ngan khoan nay dung d xay dlt cac co so giao dl,lc, dap ung
mQt ph~n nhu du giao dl,lc do dan so gia tang voi so thie'u nien duoi 15 tu6i chie'm 40%
dan s6. Chinh quy~n co g1lng cung dlp giao dl,lc mien phi cho tilt c,a tft~ em ti:t7 Mn 13
tu6i. T<)icac khu vl!c thanh thj, h~u he't tft; em van tu6i nay dUQctheo hQc tl)i cac truCing
Mu hQc. T<)i cac khu vl!c than que, nhi~u tn; em v~n can thilt hQc. Tinh truIlg blnh tren
toan quoc, chi co khoang 75% tre em lua tu6i tren duqc di hQc va so nam sinh chie'm de'n
60%. Trong so tre em hQc he't ti~u hQc, co khoang m9t mJa theo hQc cac truCing trung hQc,
truCingky thuat va huiln nghil;\p. Trong so cac hQc sinh hQc he't trung hQc, chi co 10% tie'p
tl,lctheo hQc d<)ihQc.
Vao nam 1990, Morocco co 788.326 hQc sinh mfru giao, 2:578.566 hQc sinh ti~u hQc,
1.168.518 hQc sinh trung hQc ph6 thong, 17.147 hQc sinh trung hQc ky thu~t, 221.217 sinh
vien dl)i hQc, 206.725 sinh vien hQc vil;\n va cao dfrng. Vao nam 1999, Morocco co s6 dan
bie't dQc vie't rilt thilp la 44%, co 8 d<)ihQc, 24 hQc vil;\n va truCing cao dfrng ky thu~t. D<)i
hQc Muhammed I t<)ithu do Rabat Ion nhilt voi cac phiin khoa nghl;\ thuat, van hQc, khoa
h<)c,y hQc, ky su, IUat, giao dl,lCva th5n hQCH6i Giao, co chi nhanh t<)im9t so thanh pho
khac, co 38.229 sinh vien, thanh liip vao nam 1957. D<)ihQc AI-Qarawiyin la d<)ihQc th~n
hQc H6i Giao khai sl! giang d<)ykinh thanh Quran ti:tthe' ky thu 9 va hil;\n t<)ila d<)ihQc n6i
tie'ng trung the' gioi H6i Giao. HQc vil;\n Nang nghil;\p va Tht1 y rilt n6i tie'ng v~ cac cong

trlnh nghien cUu khoa hQc va nang nghil;\p.

VI. Giao dl.Jc Mozambique

Mozambique la thu9c dia cua B6 Dao Nha cii tram nam, duqc dQC laP van nam 1975,
v(~idan so hil;\n t(li la 19 tril;\u nguCii. Duoi thCiithuQc dia, h5u he't dan Mozambique khong
dUQcgiad dl,lC.Vi v~y, truoc khi dQClaP, chi co khoang 7% dan so nuoc nay co th~ dQc vie't.
HQc sinh dja phuong theo hQc t<)icac truang cua giao h<)iKy To Giao. Hang ngay, hQ cong
tac t<)icac nang tr(li cua giao hQi va vil;\c hQCtaP rilt it. Hang nam, tren toan quoc, chi co
khoang 2.000 hQc sinh hQc he't Wp ba. Nam 1921, chi thj clla chinh quy~n thuQc dja dlm
giang d(lYngon ngu dja phuong'va tiEng B6 Dao Nha tro thanh ng6n ngu chinh thuc trong
truCfnghQc cilng nhu trung van phong chinh quy~n. Chinh quy~n thuQc dja ap dl,lng chinh
sach d6ng hoa, cuong bach hQCtaP van h6a va ngon ngu B6 Dao Nha. Vil;\c hQCtaP ngon
ngu, van hoa aja phuong tra thanh khong dn thie't. Vao nam 1940, giao h9i Ky To Giao
du<;1cchinh quy~n thu9c aja c6ng nhiin la t6 chuc duy nhilt chju trach nhil;\m v~ giao dl,lc.
346

Ciao d?IC Phi Chiiu fiJi hi~n ft;li

Tit th~p nien 1960, mi'lt n~n giao d\lc tuong tif nhu

a chinh qu1Jc khai

su thuc hi~n voi nam

mfru giao, hQc t~p ngon ngu B6 Dao Nha; tie'p theo la 4 nam ti~u hQc; 2 nam trung hQCcap I
va 3 nam trung hQCcap II. Nam I963, d~i hQc dilu tien dU(jcthanh I~p. Them VilOdo, mi'lt vai
truong cao dng khac nhu cao d&ng ky thu~t va cao dng nang nghi~p cung dU(jc thanh l~p.
M~c dilu voi mi'lt vai co gang cua chinh quy~n thuQc dia VilOth~p nien 1960, rat it tre em than
que du\lc theo hQc t<;licae trl10ng ti~u hQCva s6 h9C sinh trung hQc con it han nhi~u. Chinh
sach giao d\lc thai thuQc dia co m\lc dich giang d~y dQc vie't cho mi'lt thi~u so dan dia phl1ong;
giang d<;lyvan h6a t5ng quat va ky thu~t cho dan da trang, can em cua giai cap thong tri va
giai cap kinh doanh'.
Sau ngay dQc I~p van nam 1975, chinh quy6n xii hQi chju anh hl1(1ngchu nghla MarxLenine njm quy~n va thi hanh chinh sach giao d\lc xii hoi. Tat ca cac truong cua giao hi'li
du(jc qu6c hITuhoa. Hilu he't giao vien la nguoi B6 Dao Nha tra v~ nuoc, gay nen !lnh tr~ng
thie'u gian vien mQt cach trilm tr9ng. Mi'lt chuang trinh n;Jng lOn huan luy~n giao vien dja
phuong du(.!ckhai sif va phai mat nhi~u nam moi giai quye't dl1(jcvan d~ thieu thily. Sach giao
'khoa v6 van h6a B6 Dao Nha dl1(jchuy bo. Trang khi do sach v~ van h6a dia phuong hilu nhu
khong co. Chinh quyen phai quan tam rat nhi6u ve van de nay d~ cung cap sach cho cae
truong. Mot di~m d~c bi~t ij day la ngon ngu B6 Dao Nha vfrn du(jc duy trila ngon ngu chinh
thuc vi ngCmngu nay dU(jcnhi6u nguoi sii d\lng, hQc sinh bie't ngon ngu nay nhi6u han Ia ngon
ngu dia phu(lng. Hon nua, Mozambique co toi tren ml10i ngon ngu dia phl10ng va khong mi'lt
ngon ngu nilO co so dong dan dia phu(jng sii d\lng. Nhu du giao d\lc thoi dQc I~p gia tang
nhanh, vu(jt ra ngoai kha nang cua chinh quy6n. s6 hoc sinh ti~u hQCtang gap d6i va so hQc
sinh trung h9C tang gap ba. Ngoai ra, con co chuang trinh giao d\lc ngl10i lOn <.I~giam so ngl10i
mil chii' voi cac lOp hQc t<;lici'lng d6ng, t~i xi nghi~p. H~ th6ng giao d\lc quoc gia dU(jccai tien
them van nam dilu cua th~p nien 1980, rna ri'lng tit vi~c giao d\lc tre em oen ngl10i lOn, tit vi~c
x6a n<;lnmil chii' toi vi~c hQc t~p ky thu~t, tit hQc t~p toim thai gian de'n ban thoi gian. Nho v~y,
s6 truong trung hQc tang bon lilll, so trung tam huan nghi\:p va giao d\lC b5 tuc cho nguoi IOn
tang gap <.Ioi.Vao nam 1990, Mozambique c6 45.000 h9C sinh mfru giao, J.] 99.847 hQCsinh
ti~u hQc, nhl1ng chi co 126.486 hQc sinh trung hQc ph5 thong va 9.729 h9C sinh trung hQCky
thu~t vi nhi6u hQCsinh bo h9C sau ti~u hQC,chi c6 vai nghin sinh vien va mi'lt trLtongd<;lihQC
duy nhat thimh l~p VilOnam 1963, nay dl1(jcrna ri'lng them va bao g6m nhieu khoa, voi 2.300
sinh vien. NI1DC nay c6 so dan biet dQc vie't rat thap la 40%.
Tuy chinh quyen xii hQi thifc sif nam quyen, nhl1ng nhii'ng chong doi cua cac sac tQckhac
bi~t dii gay ra canh ni'li chie'n trong nhieu nam va !lnh tr<;lngbat 5n dinh nay co anh hLtang Ion
den chl1(jng trinh phat tri~n giao d\lc. Them vao do, n<;lnthieu giao vien vfrn chl1a giai quyet
<.ILt(jc,
IU(lngbong giao vien thap, cimg lam cho van d6 giao d\lc kho khan them.
347

Ciao d(lc Phi eMu loi hifn l{li

VII. Giao dl,Jc Ethiopia

Quoc gia nay !chong I~ thuoc mot cliang quoc tay phliang nllO trong Ijch su nhltng chiu
anh hliang giao dliC Ky To Giao tit the' ky thu 4. Trang vong 15 the' ky, tat cD.cac t6 chuc
giao dliC do giao hOi kiEm soat, trit khu v,!c phia dong, chju anh hliang giao dliC H6i Giao
voi cac trliang giang di!Y kinh thanh Quran. Vao nam 1908, nha vua ra chi thi th,!c hi~n
vi~c thanh l~p h~ thong giao dliC quoc gia tren toan quoc, phang theo chliang trlnh giao
dlic cae nlioc Au Chau. Chliang trlnh nay chI th,!e s,! thtfc hi~n dli9C sau The' Chie'n ThU II
(1939-1945). Mij.c dfru voi cac co gi1ng tren, vao nam 1969, chI c6 dlioi 10% tre em tit 7
Wi 12 tu6i di.t9c di hQc. So hQc sinh trung hQc con it han nhi~u. :>i;icbi~t, vao hai tMp
nien 1960 va 1970, c6 400 giao vien trung hQc do co quan tlnh nguy<;n nlidc ngoai vi~n
tr9. Mot vai trltang cao dang dli<jcthanh I~p vao th~p nien 1950 va toi nam 1970, c6 2.800
sinh vien Ethiopia theo hQc ti!i cac trliang cao dang trang nlioc va nlioc ngoai.
Nam 1974, che do quan chu bi l~t d6 va mot chinh phu quan nhan dliac thanh l~p.
. Chinh phu mdi la mot chinh phu xa hQi, di t6 toan bQ chliang trlnh giao dliC nhlim cac
mliC dich: giao dliC san xuat, giao d1Jckhoa hQc ky thu~t va giao d1Jc xa hQi. Chlnh saeh
giao dlic nay chju anh httdng giao d1Jc Lien XO. DiEm quan trQng cua giao d1Jc <3dily la
hQc t~p cac nganh ky thuilt IhtfC d1Jng, hQc sinh lam quen voi cac nganh san xuat, vdi
chliang tdnh cong tac lao dQng th,!~ Ie' ti!i cac xi nghi~p, nong trliang. MQt so hQc sinh,
sinh vien dli9C gui di hQc ti!i cac trliang trung hQc, di!i hQc Lien XO, Cuba va cac nlidc
Dong Au. Vi~c t6 cht1'c M thong giao d1Jc tie'p tlic duy trl theo t6 chuc tit cuoi !hilp nien
1950 voi 6 nam tiEu hQc, 3 nam trung hQc cap I va 3 nam trung hl,lCcap II. Hl,lc sinh holm
tilt my man 12 nam hQc, du di~u ki.;n theo hQc qi cac trliang cao dang va di!i hl,lC,nhltng
so ch6 d cac trliang nay rat gioi hi!n. Chliong trlnh giao dlic ti!i Ethiopia gaP nhi8u kh6
khan, nhat la v8 van d8 kinh te. Trang th~p nien cu6i cua the ky thu 20, hang trii;u ngliai
dan Ethiopia dii che't d6i do n~n kinh te' suy SliP va ni!n hi!n han gay ra.
Vao nam 1990, vdi dan so 64 tri~u nglioi, Ethiopia c6 58.444 hQc sinh mh giao,
2.063.636 hQc sinh tiEu hQc, 882.243 hQc sinh trung hQc ph6 thong, 4.10 I hl,lc sinh trung
hQc ky thu~t, 30.076 sinh vien di!i hQc, 20.94S sinh vien cao dang. Vao nam 1999,
Ethiopia c6 so dan bie't dQc vie't qua thap, chi c6 35%, c6 3 di!i hQC,Di!i hl,lc Addis Ababa,
voi 19.149 sinh vien, thilnh lilp vao nam 1950; f)i!i hQCNong nghii;p, thilnh I~p nam 1952
va mQt di!i hQc nha kMc nua. Nlioc nay e6 3 trttong cao dang chuyen nghi~p.

VIII. Giao dl,Jc Zambia

Zambia la thuQc dja cua Anh, dli,!c dQc I~p tit nam 1964 voi dan so hii)n ti!i la 11 tri~u
ngliai. Zambia 1a mQt trang so cac quoc gia ch~m tien nhfft Phi Chau v~ phliong di~n giao
dlic. Khi moi dQc I~p, quo'c gia nay chi c6 109 ngliai to't nghi~p di!i hQc va dii dfru tli mQt
348

.-

Cicio df:lc Phi eMu tai hi?n t(li

I
each r0ng IOn vao chuang trlnh giao dlfC cac cap. Hai mudi nam sau, c6 toi 90% tre em tu
7 den 13 tu6i duqc di hQc. Tuy v~y, sohQc sinh thea hQc trung hQc chi c6 20% va 2% theo
hl}c dai hoc cling nhu cao dang.
EJ,!i hl}c Zambia dUliCthanh l~p vao nam 1966 t,!i thu do Lusaka va c6 sinh vien tot
nghiep dilu ticn vao 'nam 1969. Nam 1988, quoc hQi thong qua d')o lu~t thanh I~p d')i hQc
lien bang va HQc vien Ky thu~t Zambia duqc thanh I~p t')i thanh pho Kitwe voi '1 djnh
thanh I~p tiep theo cac d')i hQc licn bang khac. Nhung VI 1'1 do kinh te, '1 dinh nay khong
th thtfc hien duqc va chi c6 mOt d,!i hQc tha hai duqc thanh l~p t')i Kitwe, d6 la EJ\lihQc
Copperbelt. Nhu v~y, trong hien t,!i, Zambia c6 hai d,!i hoc: EJ,!i hQc Zambia va EJ,!ihQc
Copperbelt. EJ\li hQc Zambia co cac khoa nong nghiep, giao dlfC, ky su, nhan van, lu~t, y
khoa, thu y, khoa hQc, hilm rna; EJ')i hl}c Copperbelt chi c6 khoa kinh doanh, cong nghe va
moi truong. Sinh vicn hQc bon nam d lily van b~ng cll' nhan, nganh ky su hQc nam nam
va nganh y khoa hQCbay nam. Ngoai ra, Zambia con c6 mOt so truong cao dang huiln
nghieP, cao dang nghe thu~t, cao dang suph')m. Vao nam 1990, Zambia c6 1.461.206 hQc
sinh tiEu hqc, chi c6 140.743 hQc sinh trung hQc ph6 thong, 3.313 hQc sinh trung hqc ky
thu~t, 15.343 sinh vien d\li hqc, 7361 sinh vicn cao dang. Vao nam 1999, Zambia c6 67%
dan s6 biet dqc viet, hai d')i hqc nhu oii neu tren va 5 truong cao dang nha.
Nhung chul1ng trlnh pMt trin giao dlfC da nglfng tn~ vI thieu ngan khoan. Nam 1976,
sang kien cai tien giao dlfC oii phai huy b6 VI I1nh hlnh kinh te suy slfP tai quoc gia nay va
cho toi ngay nay, n~n kinh te cua Zambia vfrn trong I1nh tr')ng suy yeu.
IX. Giao dvc .sudan
Sudan li\ thuQc dia cua Anh, dUQcdQc l~p vao nam 1956 va trong hien t')i c6 dan s6 la
32 trieu nguoi. Duoi thai thuQCdja, cac truongtiu hQc dudc thanh I~p t')i phia bdc W nam
1898 va cac truong trung hQc dUliCthanh I~p ttt nam 1913. EJ')i hQc Khartoum duqc thanh
I~p vao nam 1956 tit Truong Can dang Khartoum thiet I~p nam 1951. Cling t')i phia bac,
chiu anh huang H6i Giao, cac tre em nam duqc hQc t~p cac man tOn giao va kinh tMnh
Quran voi phudng phap giang d')y c6 truy6n. T')i mi6n nam, he thong giao dlfc do cac
giao hQi t6 chaco Khi moi dQc l~p, Sudan g~p canh nOi chien, chinh qUY6n mi~n nam thay
the cac truong giao hOi voi cac truong cang I~p giang d')y tieng A R~p, anh huang H6i
Giao. Chudng trln}1nay thilt b')i va dUQCthay the b~ng he th6ng giao dlfc moi, nhlfng vI
viln d~ tai chinh, chudng trlnh giao dlfc nay ho')t dong rilt gioi h')n.
Vao nam 1969, khi I1nh hlnh chinh trj 6n djnh, chinh quy~n Sudan di tien va rna rong
he th6ng giao dlfC quoc gia. Giao dl!c tiu hQc g6m 6 nam. Vao cu6i th~p nien 1970; he
th6ng giao dl!c quac gia dUQctai t6 chac va bao g6m 6 nam tiu hqc. Tiep thea la 3 nam

349

Ghio

d{lc

Phi eMu tdi hi~n t{li

trung hQc cilp 1. Sau trung hQc cilp I, hQc sinh theo hQc ba nganh khac bi~t: trung hQc cilp
II chuffn bi len d~i hQc; hoi)c 4 nam v~ nong nghi.;p, thliong m~i, ky thu~t; hoi)c 4 nam
dilO t~o giao vien. Ngon ngli' giang d~y t~i cac trliang tieiu hQc tren toan qu6c la tieng A
R~p. T~i cac tntong trung hQc va d~i hQc, Anh ngli' van con ap d\!ng vi thieu sach giao
khoa va nhan vien giang huiln. Mi)c d5u dITco nhli'ng co' gang 'cua chinh quy~n, so' nglioi
biet dQc viet con rilt thap. Vao nam 1990, co khoang 40% nam gioi va II % nli' gioi biet
dQc viet. Phla nam, !lnh tr~ng giao d\!c con thilp han nli'a, voi khoang dlioi 1/7 tn~ em h1a
tu6i tieiu hQc dliQc di hQc, mi)c d5u khu nay chiem toi g5n 1/3 dan's6 toan qu6c. Vao nam
1990, Sudan co 283.1326 hQc sinh mau giao, 2.042.743 hQc sinh ti6u hqc, 731.624 hQc
sinh trung hqc ph6 thong, 30.332 hqc sinh trung hoc ky thu~t, 60.134 sinh vien d~i hoc,
54.558 sinh vien cao dfrng. Vao nam 1999, Sudan co dan so' biet dqc vict la 5 I %, co 8 dai
hqc. D~i hqc Khartoum co 14.000 sinh vien; D~i hqc Nilayn, chi nhanh D~i hQc Cairo cua
Ai qp t~i thu do Khartoum IOn nhat voi 30.000 sinh vien; mot d~i hqc khac t~i thu do
Khartoum la D~i hQc Th5n hqc Hili Gi,\o, d~i hqc nay dao.t~o cac hqc gia va tu Sl Hoi
Giao; D~i hqc Ky thu~t co 21.000 sinh vien, thanh I~p vaG nam 1950; hai d,!i hqc khac
dliQc thanh I~p VaG th~p nien 1970 t~i Gezira va Juba a phla nam, giang d,!y cac mon
khoa hqc ky thu~t; D~i hQc Ncr co 4.300 sinh vien, thilnh I~p VaG nam 1966. Tieng Anh
dli<Jc giang d~y t,!i cac trliong trung hQCva d~i hqc d5n d5n dli<Jc thay the b5.ng tieng A
R~p. Ngoai ra qu6c gia nay con co mot so' trliang cao dfrng chuyen nghieP du lo~i. MaC
d5u chinh quy~n dITco nhli'ng co' gang lien t\!C v~ chliong trinh giao d\!c khoa hqc, ky
thu~t; Sudan van con thieu nhi~u chuyen gia v~ cac nganh nong nghieP, thu y va cac
nganh ky thu~t khac.

X. Giao dt.Jc Senegal

Senegal la thuoc dia cua Phap, dliQc doc I~p vao nam 1960. Trong hien t,!i, qu6c gia
nay co dan s6la 10 tri~u nglioi.
Cac COsa giao d\!c d5u tien dliQc thilnh I~p tai Senegal VaGcac nam tl11847 den nam
1895. Vao nam 1903, chinh quy~n thuoc dia t6 cht1c h~ th6ng giao d\!c voi cac trliang tieiu
hQc, cao dAng tieiu hqc, huiln nghi~p va sli ph~m. Vao nam 1912 va nam 1916, hai trliong
cao dfrng dli<JC thanh l~p t~i thu do Dakar. Do la Trliang Co khl Hang hai va Trliong Y
khoa. H~ th6ng giao d\!c nay dliQc duy tri cho Wi cu6i th~p nien 1940. Sau do Senegal co
then mot so' trliong chuyen nghieP kMc nhli trliong ky thu~t va trliong dli<Jc. Hai trliong,
trung hQc dac biet dliQc thanh l~p, thu nh~n con em nglioi Phap lam viec t,!i thuoc dia va
mot thieiu so' nha con em da den rna cha me co qu6c tich Phap. Nam 1950, D~i hqc Dakar
dli<Jcthanh l~p. Vao cu6i th~p nien 1950 va dfru tMp nien 1960, nhi~u trliang tieiu hqc,
trung hqc, sli ph~m dli<Jc thanh l~p va mot so' hqc sinh, sinh vien dia phliong dli<Jc du hqc a
350

Ciao

df:lc

Phi eMu tiJi hifn t~i

Phap. Thea th6ng ke, tll nam 1955 oe'n 1965, ty so' hQc sinh ti~u hQCva s6tre em oe'n tu6i di
hQc tang tll 14 oe'n 40%. Tie'p theo d6, nhung c5 g~ng cda chinh quyen ve giao d\lc dli nang
ty s6tren len toi 55% vao nam 1985. Vao nam 1990, Senegal c6 15.964 hQc sinh m~u giao,
708.448 hQc sinh ti~u hQc, 181.170 hQc sinh trung hQc ph6 thong, 5.658 hQc sinh trung hQc
ky thuat, 13.354 sinh vien d;li hQc, 16.764 sinh vien cao dng. Vao nam 1999, Senegal c6 so'
dan bie't dQc vie't qua thilp, chi la 33%, c6 2 d,!i hQc va 5 truong cao dng.
XI. Ciao dl}c Liberia
Liberia la nuoc cong hoa d~u tien a Phi Chau, duqc thanh laP van nam 1847. Qu6c gia
nay do My baa trq va khong c6 che' do buon ban dan no I~ da den. H~ th6ng giao d\lC a
day chju anh huang giao d\lc My. Cac truong ti~u hQCva trung hQCduqc thilnh laP vao the'
ky thu 19
giang d,!y con em nhung nguoi da tr~ng djnh cu t,!i day. Mot vai truong khac
duqc thanh lap thu nhan can em dja phuong. Mot so' truong cda giao hOi cung Ol!qc thilnh
lap. Chuong tdnh giao d\lc tay phuong nay dao t'!O duqc mot s5 nhiin vien nguoi da den
lam viec tai cac van phong, mot so' khac dU9C huiln luy~n
tra thanh cac nha truyen

as

as

giao va nhan vien nganh lUat phap.

Vao nam 1912, h~ th6ng giao dl}c do trung uong dieu khi~n, thanh laP duqc mot so' it
truong trung hQCva cao dng. Vao hai ba thap nien ke' tie'p, chuong trlnh giao dl}c khong
mily thay d6i va 75% cac truong do giao hQi hoac t6 chuc tu nhan di~u khi~n. C6 nghia la
chinh quy~n chi ki~m soat 25% s6truong tren to an qu6c. Phai d9i de'n sau The' chie'n thu
II (1939-1945) va vao thap nien 1950, n~n kinh te'Liberia phat tri~n, giop vi~c pMt tri~n
h~ th6ng giao d\lc qu6c gia cho nguoi ban xu. Giao d\lc nay g6m nam m~u giao cho tre
em 4,5 tu6i; 6 nam tibu hQc cho hQc sinh tll 6 de'n 12 tu6i; 3 nam trung hQc cilp I va 3 nam
trung hQc cilp II. Giao d\lc cao dng dU9C thlfc hii;n t,!i ba co so giao d\lc: D,!i hQc Liberia
do chinh quyen bao tr9, D,!i hQc Cutting ton do giao hOi Tin Lilnh b:.Io tn;!, Truong Cao
dng Ky thuat Tubman do chinh quy~n bao trq. Chuang tdnh giao d\lc ciii tie'n nay khai
slf tll thap nien 1950, tie'p t\lc phat tri~n cho oe'n hien t,!i. Tuy vaY, n~n giao dl}c tren vfin
chi dap ung dU9C mot phffn nho chu du giao d\lc cda dan b.an xu. Vao nam 1990, Liberia
c6 70.507 hQc sinh m~u giao, 80.048 hQc sinh ti~u hQc, 54.632 hQc sinh trung hQc ph6
thong, 2.322 hQc sinh trung hQc ky thuat, 5.095 sinh vien d,!i hQc, 4.855 sinh vien cao
dng. Vao nam 1999, Liberia co so' dan bie't dQc vie't qua thilp 38%, c6 hai d,!i hQc neu
tren va ba truong cao dng.
Giao dl}c t,!i cac qu6c gia Phi Chau truoc ngay doc laP do cac giao hQi chi ph6i. Sau
khi dQC laP, nhi~u qu6c gia dli c6 chinh sach rieng v~ giao dl}c, tuy v~n chju anh huang
tay phuong va anh huang ton giao. Chinh sach giao dl}c moi co nhung tie'n bQ, dap ling
351

Gido dlfc Phi eMu toi hi?n t{li

mQt ph~n nllO nhu cau giao d~c qu6c gia. Nhling cac qu6c gia Phi Chau con g~p nhi~u kh6
khan lam trl hoan cac chlidng tdnh ciii tie'n giao d~c. Cac kh6 khan nay la v1ln d~ tai
chinh do n~n kinh te' td tr~ phat sinh; kh6 khan v1ln M khac bi~t sifc tQc t'li m6i qu6c gia,
gay nen quan diem chinh trj khac bi~t, phat sinh ra nhung cUQc nQi chie'n; kh6 khan v~
chlidng trlnh giao d~c kh6ng dap ung dliQc nhu cau kinh te' moi; kh6 khan v~ van d~ thie'u
tr~m tn;mg cac giao vien c6 khii nang. Voi tlnh trllng chinh trj va kinh te' bat 6n djnh, cac
qu6c gia Phi CMu phai dn c6 nhi~u co gang hdn nua v~ m9i phttdng di~n de thUc dffy
chlidng tdnh phat trien giao d~c.

Tili li~u tham khao:

- Education in the 20 th century, Afrim. Til ,Iii!n bUch khoa The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, Multimedia
Edition. 1998.
- Education in the 20 /h century, Education in British colonies andformer colonies. Tuj li~ueNi dan nhu tren.
- Education in the 20 th century, Education in Frech colonies andj(Jrmer c"dlanitis. Till liru dii dan nhu tren.
- Education in the 20 th century, Education in Belgian colonies and/ormer colonies. Tid li~udil dan nhu tren.
- Education in the 20 th century, Education in Portugese colonies and j'tJrrnercolonies. TiJl li~u dd dan nhll
/ren.

- Education in the 20 th century. Gernum educational policy in Africa. Tid li~udli dtin nhu tren.
- Education in the 20 th century, Liberia. Till lifu dii dan nhu tren.
- Education in the 20 th century, Problems and tasks of education in contemporary Africa. Till lifu dii dJn nhu
tren.
- Education in the 20 th century, Ethiopia. Tai li~udli dan nhu tren.
- Education in the 20 th century, South Africa. Tili lifu dii dan nhu tren .
. ~Morocco, Education. Tit e1inhach khoa The World Book Encyclopedia. Multimedia Edition, 2001.
~Mozamhique, Education. Tai lifU dd dtin nhu tren.
- NiReria. Education. Tli liEnhach khoa. Tai li~udd dan nhu tren.
-.North Africa, Algeria. Til dii!n belch khoa The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, Multimedia Edition, 1998.
- North Africa, Morocco. Tal li~uetii dan nhu (ren,
- South Africa. Education. Til dii!n belch khoa The World Book Encyclopedia. Multimedia Edition, 2001.
- Southe;n Africa. Moza;"hique. Til dii!n bdch khoa The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, Multimedia Edition,
1998.

- The Sudan, Edu~'ution, Tai '.i~u

dil dan nhu tren.
- The World 'lLearning ;999. London, Europa Publications.,2000.
- Western Africa, Nigeria. Tili lifu dii dan nhu tren.
'

..

';

352

Chumng26
Giao d(lc Trung Dong tm hi~n t{li

I. Nh~n dinh tling quat

1. Che'dQ thuQc dja va h~u qua
2. Gilio dl,lc hi(\n t~i

3. Vin d1! di dan "han dl,lng

4. SI! phl,lc hu'n~ "Phong Trao Truy1!n Thllng H6i Giao"
Islamic Fundamental Movement
II. Giao dl,lc Ai qp (Egypt)
III. Giao
IV. Giao
V. Giao
VI. Giao
VII. Giao
VIII. Giao
IX. Giao
X. Giao

dl,lc Thli Nhi Ky (Turkey)

dl,lc Lebanon
dl,lc Ba To' (Iran)
dl,lc Iraq
dl,lc Saudi Arabia
dl,lc Syria
dl,lc Jordan
dl,lc Do Thai.

I. Nh{ln djnh tling quat

Giao dl,lc tie'n hO dii dtt<JcgiOi thit;\u vao Trung Don~ tu dau the' ky thU 19 qua nhieu
hlnh thUc. Cac nM dm quyen t~i Ai qp (Egypt) va De' qu6c Th6 NhI Ky (Ottoman
Empire) thie't l~p cac cd si'Jgiao dl,lc cho cii dan chung va quan nhan M giao dl,lc cac nghe
nghit;\p dn thie't cho vit;\c xay dtfng mot qu6c gia litn bO. T<:IiBa Tu' (Iran), nha dm
quyen thie't l~p cac cd sa giao dl,lc moi cho mot thi~u so' dan chung. Tuy v~y, d<:lida so'
dan chUng du'<Jcgiao dl,lc qua cac tru'ong den tho giang d<:lYvan h6a H6i Giao va kinh
thanh Quran.
1. Che'dQ thuQc dja va h~u qua

,'

Sau The chien thU 1 (1914-1918), De qu6c Th6 NhI Ky tan va (1920), t<:lOra mot so'
qu6c gia rieng reo Trong khi d6, nhieu qu6c gia Trung Dong diictdu'm quyen th6ng tri cua
Phap, Anh tu tru'oc. Khi cac qu6c gia hi tri du'<JcdQc l~p, cac nu'oc moi nay thua hu'i'Jng
nhieu it chinh sach giao dl,lCthai thuQCdia va dii c6 th~ xay dtfng mQt mQl chu'dng trlnh
353

I
Ciao d/!c Trung D/Jng tui hi~n t(,li
giao dtic d(lc I~p ho(ic mil r(lng chuong trlnh giao duc hi~n hihI tit thdi thuoc dia, Moi quell'
gia mui huung giao dtic VflOvi~c dao t~o Cal' nhan vien chuyen mon dn thiet cho vi~c
phat tri~n dilt nuuc va thuc hi~n vi~c doan ket dan t(lc voi nhiu nhiu thanh philn dan sel
khac bi~t trang vi~c xay dlfng va trung thanh vui tan quell' gia. Giao dtic du<;1cphat tri~n
va d.i tien khap noi, tily thu(lc vao anh huilng chinh tri duong thai cling nhu anh huilng
thai thu9C dia. Anh huilng giao dtic cua d. Phap va Anh du<;1c duy trl t~i cal' quell' gia
Trung Dong, Ca hai che d9 giao dtic thu9C dia co cilng m9t mtic dich: duy trl uy quyn
cua m9t thi~u sel, dao t~o m9t sel'nho nhan vien hanh chinh trung' cap tril xUelng, giui h~n
su phat tri~n chu nghia quell' gia va d(ic bi~t ve phia ngl(di'Phap, gay anh huilng v van
h6a va ngon ngu, VI vaY, chinh quyn thu9c dia gioi h~n vi~c phat tri0n giao duc, nhat Iii
il cap d~i hQc, m(ic dilu nhu du hQCtaP ding ngay cang tang,
Duui thOi thu(lc dia, cal' co sil giao dtic dan laP, cal' co sil giao duc ngo~i quell', cal'
trudng giao h(li la noi hQCtaP cua con em giai cap thu<;1ng1u'Uthay VICal' trudng cong laP
thieu theln ti~n nghi, H~ thelng giao dtic cong laP do chinhquycn trung U(lng ki~m soar,
ph6ng theo chuong tdnh giao dtic cua Phap hO(ic Anh, khong lien quan nhieu vui nhu du
thl)'c te dia phuong, giao vien thieu kha nang chuyen man, s6 hQc sinh b6 hQc kha cao, VI
vaY, sel truong cong laP hien d~i khong nhieu Him, trit khu vl)'c Lebanon (Liban) va khu
vl)'ccua ngudi Do Thai 0 Palestine, T~i Cal' khu vl)'c kMc, chi c6 m9t s6 rat nho cal' truong
dl!'ac giang d~y voi chuang trlnh giao dtic hien d~i.
Duui thai d9c lap,ilhieu quell' gia Trung Dong quell' hihI h6a cal' truong dan I~p VICal'
trueing nay du<;1cxem la c6 chu truong ph5 bien van hoa va ton giao ngo~i bang, D6ng
thdi, mil r9ng chuang trlnh giao dtic quell' gia, d(ic bi~t la il cilp cao ding, d~i hQc va t~o
co h9i giao dtic cho moi giOi, M(ic dilu v~y, Cal' cai tien nay chua chuy6n huang du<;1c
chuang trlnh giao dtic, Cal' co sd giao dtic t~i nhiu quell' gia Trung Di\ng van go bo, hlnh
thuc, voi sel hQc sinh b6 hQc cao va khong lien quan nhiu den nhu du thl)'C te dia
phuong, Them vao d6, dan sel gia tang nhanh, cill1g lam van d giao duc them kh6 khan,
Tuy nhien, t~i m9t vai quell' gia nhu Th5 Nhi Ky, co thanh philn li'inh d~o quell' gia m~nh,
di'i c6 th6 thl)'c hi~n du<;1c nhicu d.i tien giao dl!c.
Sau The chien thu II (1939-1945), nhiu nha li'inh d~o moi xua't hien t~i Trung Dong
nhu t~i cal' nuoc Ai qp, Iraq. Cal' nha dm quyn moi nay c6 COh9i va thffm quyn thuc
dffy nhiu cai tien giao dl!c.
2. Giao dl}c hi~n t~i
Moi qu6c gia moi t~i Trung Dong deu cel gting thiet I~p m9t chuong trlnh giao dl!C
quell' gia phil h<;1pvui tlnh tr~ng kinh te rieng biet va t~o co h9i hQc t~p d6ng Mu cho mQi
c{lIlg dan. Them vao do, cal' quell' gia A R~p theo H6i Giao mong mueln thiet laP m9t he
354

Giao dW Trung Dong tdi hi?n t(li

thO'ng giao duc c6 cling chung mQt van h6a thO'ng'nhfit, van h6a H6i Giao. Nam 1957, cac
quO'c gia Ai qp (Egypt), Syria, Jordan thay the n~n giao d1)c chju anh hUdng giao d1)c
thuQc oja bang M thO'ng giao d1)c moi g6m 6 nam tii)u hQc, 3 nam trung hQc cap I va 3
nam trung hQc cap II. Sau 06, hfru het cac nUoc A R~p cling thlfc hi~n h~ thO'ng giao d1)C
nay nhfin mi)nh vao vi~c hQc t~p ton giao va phat trii)n ngon ngu A R~p, tieu bii)u la cae
trUang ti)i Saudi Arabia.
Th6 NhI Ky (Turkey), Ba Tu (Iran) va cac nUoc A R~p trif Lebanon (Liban) c6 mQt oijc
oim chung khac v~ giao d1)c. >6 la chUang tdnh giao d1)c trung hQC va Oi)i hQc do Bi)
Giao d1)c trung Uang thanh I~p va di~u hanh. Tuy nhien, BQ Giao d1)c cua cac quO'c gia
nay thuang la t6 chuc yeu kern, thieu nhan vien chuyen man, nen vit;c quan trj khong
oem Ii)i ket qua mong muO'n. T6 chilc oi)i hQc ti)i mQt sO'quO'cgia khac nhu Iraq, Ai qp
Ii)i do mi)t t6 chuc rieng bi~t oi~u hanh.
Cac nha giao d1)c Trung >ong thuang lang quen oijc dim chfit IU9ng giao d1)c VI qua
quan tam vao vi~c phat trin sO'IU9ng. Do 06, sO'hQc sinh theo hQc tren toan quO'c tang
nhanh va sO'nguai biet ooc viet cling tang. Tuy nhien, oung quen rang, dan sO'cac nUoc
Trung Dong tang kha nhanh, nen sO'hQc sinh va sO'nguai biet oQc viet tang, chua thtfc sU
la c6 tang. T<)iAi qp, sO'nguai biet 09C viet thtfc stf oil khong tang va ti)i Th6 NhI Ky,
chUang trlnh giao d1)c tii)u hQc tren toan quO'c chUa thtfc hi~n Otr9Ccho toi th~p nien 1980.
Ti)i cac quO'c gia Th6 NhI Ky, Ba TU, Iraq, chUang tdnh giao d1)c giam mli chu cho ngUai
IOnkha thanh congo
Giao d1)c ph\l nu hoan toan thua sut nam gioi, mijc dfru c6 gia tang oang k cua phai nu
ti)i cac trUong, nhUng sO'gia tang cua nam gioi can cao han, tm hai quO'c gia la Lebanon
va Do Thai. Ti)i cap cao oAng va Oi)i hQc, stf hi~n di~n cUa ph1) nu can thua sut han nua.
Ti)i nhi~u qu6c gia, dijc bi~t ia Ai qp, oil c6 nhi~u co giing khiic ph1)c cac kh6 khan v~
kinh te va van h6a lIong vi~c khuyen khich ph1) nu oi hQc, nhUng oi~u muO'n khac ph\lc oil
khong khiic ph\lc OU(jc.

~;
.

Chfit 1tr<;1ng
giao d\lc rfit kh6 thifc hit;n. Vfin o~ tai chinh, nhan sif, ti~n nghi v~t chfit oil
khong theo kip va oap ung nhu ciiu ghi ten gia tang nhanh ch6ng hang nam. H~u qua ia
gia trj giao d1)c ti)i cac cfip trung va tiu hQc suy giam voi vi~c hQc sinh hQc it gia; lOp hQc
qua oong; d1)ng C1)giao d1)c thieu thon; chUang tdnh giao d1)c c6 oin; sach giao khoa loi
thai, khong OUcung cfip cho h9C sinh; thieu giao vi en c6 huin luy~n chuyen man; he
thong kim tra oanh gia khiit khe, gioi h<)nvi~c len !dp, tot nghieP cua hQc sinh, lam giam
gia tri giao d\lc, lam nan chi hQc sinh, lam nguyen nhan cho viec bo h9C ngang, khuyen
khich khuynh hUang hQc thuQc long, gian tiep 06ng g6p vao vi~c gian i~n trang khi thi va
tieu di~t sang kien cua hQc sinh. Di) khiic ph1)c cac trd ngi)i tren, mi)t sO'quO'c gia, oijc bi~t
IiiAi C~p va Syria, oil thifC hien mi)t chUang tdnh giao d\lc can ban 9 nam cho hQc sinh tU
355

Gido

dl,lc

Trung Dong tdi hi~n tgi

6 tai 15 tu6i. Day la mqt chu'clng trlnh thlfC te', khong co thi cU', giang d~y khong go bo,
chu5n bj cho h9C sinh nMn djnh va h9C t~p trong mqt khung canh mai cua xii hqi bie'n
chuyt!n.
V~ phltdng dii;n giao dl)c d~i h9C, cac quac gia Trung Dong can phai dOi pho voi nhi~u
kho khan hdn nua vi van b~ng tat nghii;p d~i h9C hua hc::nnhi~u tltdng lai t6t dc::pM trd
thanh giai cap thlt<;1ng1u1Jtri thuc. Do do, nhu du giao dl)c gia tang qua IOn lao hang nam.
Cac qu6c gia Trung Dong gidi h~n nhu du giao dl)c nay voi cap ky thi tuyt!n Ch9n kh6
khan. s6 sinh vien nh~n vao d~i h9C c6 tang hang nam nhttng cang ngay cang co nhi~u
sinh vien ghi ten dlf thi vi s6 h9C sinh t6t nghii;p trung h9C'con tang them gap nhi~u I~n,
vlt<;1tqua dlf tril v~ nhiln vien giang huan va tai chinh cua chinh quy~n. Dt! c6 tht! giai
quye't t~m thai van d~ thie'u trltong h9C; Ai C~p va Th6 NhI Ky t6 chuc nhi~u khoa h9C
ham thl); nhi~u d~i h9C md dlt<;1cthie't I~p giup sinh vien til xa co tht! h9C t~p qua chltdng
trlnh philt thanh, truy~n hlnh. Theo voi thOi gian, nhi~u sinh vien thuqc cac gia dlnh lao
dqng c6 cd hqi theo h9C d~i h9C. Tuy v~y, nhung trltongy, nha khoa, ky slt van dlt<;1c
nhi~u sinh vien mong mu6n theo h9C va vii;c thi vao cac trltong nay cang kho khan hdn vi
Celqua nhi~u sinh vien thuqc cac gia dinh thlt<;1ngIltU,giau co thi vao.
Hang nam, nhi~u sinh vien t6t nghii;p d~i h9C chlta phai la dilu hii;u dang mUng. Cang
co nhi~u sinh vien t6t nghii;p, cang nhi~u sinh vien that nghii;p vi chltdng trinh giao dl)c
dai h9C khong di sat voi thlfC te'. Nhi~u nganh kinh doanh van thie'u nhan vien, nhttng d~i
hl(c I~i san xuat nhi~u bang cap khong lien quan voi nhu du nhan dl)ng. Do la h~u qua
cua van d~ thie'u di~u haa, phai h<;1pgiua dao t~o va nhu du nhiin dl)ng thlfc slf. Ngoai
mqt so' qu6c gia san xuat d~u, luon luon thie'u nhiin dl)ng; cac nltac khac dlt thila nhan
vicn nhat la cac sinh vien moi t6t nghii;p d~i h9C voi b~ng cap khong thich h<jp, thie'u kinh
nghii;m cong tac.
Slt phat trit!n nganh d~i h9C can tily thuqc vao mqt cach sau rqng vao khuynh hltong
chinh tri qu6c gia. H~u he't cae qu6c gia Trung Dong co khuynh hltong dqc tai, khong
chap nh~n quan dit!m tl)' do va tlf trj cua d~i h9C. Chinh quy~n kit!m soat sinh ho~t chinh
tr! t~i cac d~i h9C. T~i Th6 NhI Ky, vao th~p nien 1970, chinh trj dii chi ph6i cac sinh ho~t
dai h9C d day do phan ung tlf nhien cua sinh vien, ch6ng l~i chinh sach kit!m soat cua nha
dm quy~n. Vao nam 1980, sau mqt cuqc dao chinh, chinh phu quan nhan len dm quy~n
va dii tim m9i cach kt! ca til d~y M lo~i bo cac thanh ph~n ch6ng d6i chinh quy~n trang
dai hoc. Cac qu6c gia khac d Trung Dong cilng c6 mqt quan dit!m tltdng tlf cho r~ng d~i
h9c la trung tam ch6ng d6i chinh quy~n nen c6 chinh sach gioi h~n quy~n tlf trj d~i h9C.
Vii;c nay lam that V9ng cac nha giao dl)C dai h9C c6 uy tin va h9 tim cach ra di. Voi hii;n
trang nay, nhi~u sinh vicn du h9C Au Chau va My dil khong mu6n trd v~ nltoc.
Dii co nhi~u co' gilng pMt trit!n nganh huan nghii;p va ky thu~t nhttng ke't qua khong
356

Ciao dljc Trung Dong toi hi?n t\Ii

may tot dtep VI quan ni~m coi tr~mg bang cffp, coi thLtang ngh6 chuyen man. T~i Ai qp,
chinh quy6n co thuyet phl,lc sinh vien khong thi d~u vao d~i hoc, thea hoc cac nganh ky
thu~t, huan nghi~p, nhLtng khong dll<;lCnhi6u sinh vien hLtang ung. So sinh vien ghi ten.
thea t~i cac trLtang nay c6 tang t\li cae nLtoc Trung Dong nhLtng ton kem v6 nhan vien
giang huan, t6 ehue, di6u Mnh va nhat la vi~c trang bi qua dilt dO v6 dl,lng Cl,l,may m6e
qua cao so vdi so sinh vien gia tang. Giai phap duy nhat dt! giai quyet van d6 nhan dl,lng
va huan luy~n la mot so quoc gia Trung Dong nhLtTh6 Nh! Ky da yay ti6n Quy Ti6n t~
Quoc te (International Monetary Fund: IMF) dt! xay dl!Ilg va phat trin chLtdng trlnh giao
dl,lc huan nghi~p va ky thu~t. Neu chLtdng trlnh nay that b~i, hOac khong thanh cong nhLty
muon, quoc gia yay mLt(jnvan phai tiep tl,lc tra lai xuat, tuy h,!.
Vi~c dao t\lO nhan vien chuyen man cho nganh nang nghi~p ding gaP kh6 khan VIvan
d6 ky thi gilia thanh thi va than que. Nhi6u trung tam huan nghil)p nhan vien nang nghil)p
va truy6n ba kien thuc nang nghil)p cho nang dan t~i nang than khong dLt<;lC
chu y; may
m6c, trang bi khong dLt<;lC
baa trl dung muc, nhan vien giang huan thieu; da lam suy yeu

chuong trlnh phat trin nang nghi~p.

3. Va'n d~ di dan nhiin d\lng
H~ thong giao dl,lc cac nudc Trung Dong chju anh huang mQt cach sau rong van M di
dan nhan dl,lng chuyen nghi~p. Trudc day, nhi6u nudc tay phuong thu hut nhan tai t,!i cac
nudc nhu Lebanon (Liban), Th6 Nh! Ky, Syria, Jordan, Ai C~p VI ho khong tim ra vi~c
lam t,!i que hUdng. Hil)n t~i, hang nam, hang nghln nhan vien, th<;lehuyen man til cae
quoc gia tren nhat la til Ai qp nh~n vil)c lam t~i cac nudc Ian c~n san xuat dilu nhLt
Bahrain, Kuwait, Lybia, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Oman va Lien hil)p A R~p (United Arab
Emirates). Cac nuoc san xuat dau nay, tril Saudi Arabia, d6u la cac nudc nho, khong c6
n6n giao dl,lc rong IOnd d,!i hoc, nen rat thieu nhan cong va nhan vien chuyen man.
van d6 di dan nhan dl,lng t~o ra kh6 khan cho cac nudc xuat dng nhan dl,lng v6 nhi6u
khia c,!nh. Chfnh cae nudc nay e6 nhieu nguai that nghil)p nhttng l,!i thieu nhan vien
chuyen man VI da xuilt dng het. Chinh sach giao dl,lc cua cac quoc gia xuat dng nhan
dl,lng khong dap ung nhu du nhan dl,lng dja phuong. SI!' ra di cua cae nhan vien chuyen
mon lam gia tri euoe song t,!i cac nude xuilt dng nhan vien. Them va9 d6, luong b6ng !dn
lao va mien thue cua cac nudc san xuilt dilu oa thu hut sinh vien cac nudc khac thea hoc cac
nganh phu h(1pvdi nhan dl,lng dau xang, bo qua nhling man hoc c6 nhan dl,lng dja phuong.
4. 51! ph\lc hting "Phong Trao Truy~n

Th6ng Hili Ciao"

Islamic Fundamentalist

Movement
SI!'phat triEn giao dl,le va kien thue tay phuong mot each mau eh6ng t~i cac nuoc Trung
Dong khong du<}e06n nh~n mot each tich Cl1ct\li bilt cu quoc gia nao t,!i khu VI1Cnay VI
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t6i

hifn

t{li

cac qu5c gia Trung Dong la cac nlioc H6i Giao va ton giao nay Ia qu5c giao, hQ khong
chap nh~n m(\t ton giao nao khac. Van h6a, ton giao H6i Giao vfrn dli<Jc mQi tin d6 bilt ki
nam nO' gia tre duy trl va chap hanh m(\t cach gfrn nhli tri~t M. Tin d6 H6i Giao ciiu
nguy~n nam ngay m(\t Ifrn tl)i bilt cu dau, du fJ chitn trliang; tufrn chay Ramadan bilt dfru
tii' ngay17 thang 12 hang nam, keo dai m(\t thang, tin d6 an chay, ciiu nguy~n; cu(\c hanh
hliong IOn lao tl)i thanh dia Mecca fJ Saudi Arabia voi mily tri~u dan dien ra hang nam; tin
d6 H6i Giao ao lioc dli<Jchanh hliong tl)i thanh dia it nhilt m(\t Ifrn trang dai va nhi~u
ngliai da thlfc hi~n dli<Jcdi~u nay. Van h6a tay ph liang qua giao dl!c anh hlifJng nhi~u it
tren cu(\c s6ng va di ngli<JCIl)i van h6a H6i Giao. VI v~y, cac hQc gia H6i Giao tii'truoc
chu trliong 10l)i bo van h6a ngol)i lai, phl!C hung cac quan diim va nghi thUc truy~n th6ng
H6i Giao W xlia, ch6ng Il)i quan diiin cilp titn. Do d6 "Phong Trao Truy~n Th6ng H6i
Giao" Islamic Fundamentalist Movement ra dai va cang ngay cang hJn ml)nh, phat triin
tl)i nhi~u qu6c gia. CUQccach ml)ng tl)i Ba Tli vao nam 1979; x6a bo chinh thi quan chu
than My, dii chUng to suc ml)nh cua phong trao nay. Nhi~u chinh thi Trung Dong dij.t can
ban chinh tri vao ton giao, c6 chinh sach giao dyc nhiln ml)nh vao cac gia tri va van h6a
H6i Giao tl)i bat cd' trlnh d(\ giao dl!c nao tii' ti15uhQc, trung hQc dtn dl)i hQc. Khong c6
ffi(\t ton giao nao c6 dli<Jcsuc ITIl)nhtinh thiin va long tin tlifJng manh liet nhli H6i Giao;
tre em nam bii'y tu6i trd len hQc t~p, nghi~n ngfrm kinh thanh Quran m(\t cach say slia,
hUng thd va c6 hang nghln, hang vl)n thanh thitu nien san sang hy sinh tinh ml)ng M trfJ
tMnh cac anh hung ton giao, dli<Jc"tii' vi dl)o".
Milc diiu phai dliong dfru voi cac kh6 khan tren, cac nuoc Trung Dong d~u c6 xay dljng
m(\t chlidng trinh giao dl!c cilp titn phu h<Jp voi slf titn triin chung cua nhan 10l)i. Ct1ng
dii'ng quen r~ng, ngliai H6i Giao Trung Dong c6 cung m(\t ton giao, mQt van h6a, m(\t
ngon ngO' la titng A' R~p, cung chia se nhi~u kinh nghiem s6ng kh6 khan qua voi thai
gian; hQ c6 thi titp t:)c gap cac kh6 khan do n~n giao dl!c thitu hoan bi gay ra, nhling hiiu
nhli tl)i bat cd' noi nao, du la trong nlioc, di dan sang cac qu6c gia khac, hQ vfrn duy trl
dli<Jcvan h6a va truy~n th6ng H6i Giao.

..

II. Giao d\lc Ai qp (Egypt)

Tii' nam 1882, quan d(\i Anh chitm d6ng Ai C?p va bao h9 Ai C?p sau Tht chitn thU I
(1914-1918). Nam 1922, Ai C?p dli<JCdQc l~p voi chinh thi quan chu. Nam 1952, quan
d(\i I~t d6 cht d(\ quan chu va Ai C?p trdthanh qu6c gia c(\ng hoa. Trang hien tl)i, qu6c
gia nay c6 66 trieu dan,
"
Vaa cu6i tht ky thd' 19, Ai C~p chI c6 ba trliang trung hQc, chin trliang tiiu hQc va
nhi~u trliong d~n tho giang dl)y.kinh thanh Quran, Vao diiu tht ky thd' 20, dlioi thoi bao
h(\ cua Anh, m(\t s6trliang ti15uhQC va trung hQc dan I~p du'<Jcthanh l~p, da s61a trliang
cua Phap, Sau khi dliQc dQc l~p, vao nam 1923, Ai C~p co lu~t giao dl!c cung cap giao dl!c
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mii~n phi cho tat ca cac tre em tu 7 aen 12 tu6i va ngan sach giao duc himg nam dimh cho
giao d\lc gia tang. Nho v~y, s6 hQc sinh ghi ten theo hQc tiii cac truong tiEu hQc gia tang
nhanh ch6ng. Nam 1925, Ai qp qu6c hii'u h6a mOt hQc vi~n dan I~p c6 t6 chli'c ngheo nan
tiii thu do Caira va bie'n hQC vi~n nay thanh diii h9C qu6c gia ddu tien. Tiep theo, VaGnam
1942, mOt diii hqc qu6c gia khac dUQcthanh I~p tiii Alexander va nam 1950, mOt diii hqc
qu6c gia khac nii'a du,1Cthanh I~p tiii Ain Shams. Sau The' Chien Thli' 11,ngan sach giao d\lC
dU(jc gia tang them nii'a dE dap li'ng nhu e5.u giao d\!c moi. Sau cUoc cach miing nam 1952,
I~t d6 ch6 do quan chu, chuang trlnh giao d\lc phat tri6n tu truoc dUQcchu y them voi viec
qu6c gia h6a va A R~p h6a h~ th6ng giao d\lC. MOt d~c diEm day la giao d\!c ph\! nii' dUQc
quan tam nhi~u han va ket qua la phong trao hQc t~p cua nii' gioi rna rong kh~p noi. Vao
cu6i th~p nien 1970, mot ph~n ba sinh vien diii hQc la ph\! nii'. Ph\! nii' Ai qp khong con chi
d6ng vai tro noi trQ nii'a. Trai liii, nhi~u ngh~ nghi~p moi da c6 tieng n6i cua ph\! nii' k6 cii
nganh chinh trio Slf phat triEn miinh me cua giao d\lc dem liii ke't qua la slf xuat hi~n cua
mOt giai cap moi, giai cap trung lu'u tri thuc, bao.gilm nhan vien chinh quy~n, giao vien, cac
nguoi hanh ngh~ chuyen man nhu IUat SU,bac SI, ky sU..,va cac nha kinh doanh. Mi,ic ddu
vaY, s6 nguai mll chii' i'J Ai C~p VaGthili ky nay van con cao. Vao th~p nien 1940, c6 khoang
80% dan s6 mll chii'. Trang hi~n tiii, Ai qp van con 49% dan s6 mll chii'. Tuy Ai C~p c61u~t
cuBng bach giao d\!c nhung tai chinh thie'u th6n, truong hQc thie't l~p khong cung li'ng du cho
nhu e5.u phat triEn dan s6, nen nhi~u tre em than que van chua du'Qcdi hQc hoi,ic cha me,:giii'
cac em nha M.giup dB gia dlnh. Vao thilp nien 1970, c6 khoang 80% tre em lU'atu6i di
hoc tiEu hQc dUQcdi hQC va 20% hQc sinh lU'atu6i trung hQc di hQc, trang s6 nay, c6 nhi~u
hQc sinh b6 ngang trang sau nam dlf bi va trung hQc.
Chuang trlnh giao d\lc t6ng quat c.1U(j,'
chia lam ba giai doan: 6 nam ti6u hQc, 3 nam dlf
bi va 3 nam trung hoc. Giao duc tiEu hqc danh cho tn:; em tu 6 c.16n12 tu6i va cuBng bach.
HQc sinh thi c.1~utii!lI hQc dUQctheo hQc cac ldp dlf bi va tiep theo la cac lop trung hQc. C6
hai lo,!i truang trung hQc: ph6 thong va ky thuilt, h~u het cae truang ky thuat giang diiY
cae nganh thuong miii, nang nghi~p hay ky ngh~. Chuong tdnh va phuong phap giao d\lC
day viin c6 tinh cach c6 diEn, go b6 va vai tro cua nguoi thdy rat quan trQng trang vi~c
hQCtaP, hQc sinh th\! dong, thi cll Jen Wp, t6t nghieP la di~u t6i quan trqng.
Song song voi h~ th6ng giao d\lc do Bo Giao d\!c t6 chuc va c.1i~uhanh, mot h~ th6ng
giao d\!c Hili Giao do Diii hqc Hili Giao AI-Azhar t6 chli'c. Diii h()c AI-Azhar la hau than
eua Trung tam Giao d\!c Hili Giao thanh laP nam 970. Dai hqc nay cung nhu nhi~u d~n
tho c6 kinh c.1UlJC
xay dlfng ttt the ky thli' 10 thai De qu6c Hili Giao clfc thinh tiii trung tam
thu do Caira. Diii hqc AI-Azhar la trung tam giao d\lc ton giao H6i Giao cho toan thi! the'
gioi A Rilp Hili Giao. Hang Van sinh vien H,')i Giao kh5p the giOi t\! tilp tiii day hQc tilp
cae mon hoc lien qllan de'n Hili Giao dudi su hl10ng dan cua cac hQc gia tam tie'ng cua d

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ma

the gidi A R~p. Tit nam 1961, chuang trlnh giang d~y clla D~i hQc AI-Azhar dUlJC
r(lng va dUlJCcoi nhu la m(lt d~i hQc qu6c gia. Dudi quy~n clla D~i hQc AI-Azhar la Mng
nghln truong dtf bj H6i Giao tuang til nhu truong dtf bj cong I~p co 4 nam hQc thay vi 3
nhu truong cong l~p.
Vao th~p nien 1950, co khoang 300 truong ngo~i qu6c tit tif!u hQc aen trung hQc t~i Ai
qp va h~u het la truong clla Phap. Ciic truong nay chju sl.! kif!m soat clla Bo Giao dl)c,
giang d~y chuang tnnh Ai qp c(lng vdi ngo~i ngu PMp va cCingppai thi nhung ky thi nhu
hQc sinh truong cong I~p. Vao nam 1990, Ai qp co198.742 hQc sinh milu giao, 6.541.725
hQc sinh tif!u hQc, 5.300.881 hQc sinh trung hQc ph6 thong, "1.110.181 hQc sinh trung hQc
ky thu~t, 908.417 sinh vien d~i hQc, 600.680 sinh vien hQc vi~n va cao dAng. Vao nam
1999, Ai qp co so' dan bie"t dQc vie"t thffp 51%, co13 d~i hQc Idn, ph~n nhi~u co so' sinh
vien tren dudi 100.000; 40 hQc vi~n chuyen nghi~p ky thu~t va truong cao dAng dll lo~i
nhu kjch, nh~c, vCiballet, thuang m~i, ky ngh~, ngM thu~t, van hoa, su ph~m, ngo~i ngu,
xa hoi...D~i hQc H6i Giao AI-Azhar !dn nhfft, vdi 155.000 'sinh vien; D~i hQc Cairo co
101.427 sinh vien, tMnh I~p vao nam 1908; D~i hQc Alexandria co 130.500 sinh vien,
thanh I~p vao nam 1942; D~i hQc Ain Shams co 126.835 sinh vien, tMnh l~p vao nam
1950; D~i hQc Assiut co 63.147 sinh vien, thanh I~p vao nam 1957; D~i hQc Zagazig co
110.952 sinh vien, tMnh I~p vao nam 1974. Cac hQc vi~n cilp phat van b~ng cii' nhan; cac
dQi hQc cffp pMt van b~ng cii' nhan, cao hQc, tie"n Sl. Ai C~p tuy co m(lt so' hQc vi~n va d~i
l:t9c dang kf!, nhung chua thoa man dulJc nhu du giao dl)c d~i chung. Con em giai cffp
~ong dan, thlJ thuy~n viln chua co nhi~u ca hQi hQc t~p; trong khi do con em giai cffp
thulJng lu'u, kinh doanh va tri thuc chie"m da so' sinh vien clla cac d~i hQCva hQCvi~n.
III. Giao d~c Th6' Nhi

Ky

(Turkey)

. Th6 Nhi Ky la mot ph~n lanh th6 clla De' qu6c Th6 NhI Ky (Ottoman Empire), tMnh
I~p vao d~u the' ky thu 13. De' qu6c nay tan va vao nam 1920 va Th6 Nhi Ky tra thanh
m(ll qu6c gia c(lng hoa vao nam 1923. Trong hi~n t~i, qu6c gia nay co 65 tri~u dan.
Giao dl)c la vffn d~ kho khan nhfft cua Th6 Nhi Ky. Sau The' chie"n 1M 1(1914-1918),
Th6 chi co 1/8 dan so' bie't dQc vie't. Vao th~p nien 1970, co tren m(lt nii'a dan so' bie't dQc
vie't. Trong hi~n t~i, co Wi 82% dan s6bie't dQc vie't.
Sau khi tra thanh mot nudc cong hoa, t6ng th6ng Mustapha Kemal (1881-1938), m(lt
nha d~i ai qu6c, quye't djoh cai t6 n~n giao dl)c c6 dif!n, cung vdi vi~c cai tie'n nhi~u
chuang Innh nhu thuang m~i, kinh te', xa hQi, bie'n dilt nudc thanh m(lt qu6c gia tie'n bo.
Gng ~6ng cii'a cac truong ton giao; kf! ca truong H6i Giao, mi)c d~u Th6 la m(lt qu6c gia
H6i Giao; xay dl.!ng chuang trlnh giao dl)c mdi; nam nu hQc chung; nhffn m~nh vao huffo
nghi~p va ky thu~t; tai t6 chuc D~i hQc Istanbul vao nam 1933, bie'n d~i hQc nay tMnh
mot d~i hQc tan tie'n vdi nhi~u giao su nudc ngoai; tie'p theo do, D~i hQc Ky thu~t Istanbul,
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D~i hQc Ankara dt!t;1cthanh I~p; cht!dng trlnh giao d\lc nang than dt!t;1ckhqi s\l' va d~t n8n
giao d\lc tren toan qu6c dt!oi qUY8n di8u khin cua chinh quy8n. H~ th6ng giao d\lc nay
miijn phi va ct!ang bach tu 6 tOi 14 tu6i. Tuy nhien, nhi8u lang m~c vung xa khang co
trt!ong hQc VI thie'u tai chinh, nen nhi8u tre em viln khang dt!t;1cdi hQc. Giao d\lc phiS
thong chia lam 6 nam tiu hQc, 3 nam trung dp va 3 nam trung hQC.ThiS co nhi8u trt!ong
ky thu~t va chuyen nghieP co trlnh dQ trung hQc. Nho cht!c1ng trlnh cai tie'n thai Kemal,
Th6 NhI Ky da vut;1tqua dut;1cnhii'ng kho khan dilu tien trong viec pMt trin giao d\lC va
la dQng l\I'c thuc My cho cac chuc1ng trlnh phar trin kt titp. Kemalla t6ng th6ng cho tai
khi milt VaGnam 1938 va dt!t;1cdan chung ton xung la ngt!ai cha cua dilt nt!ac.
'Th6 NhI Ky co d~i hQc IOn t~i thu do Ankara va thanh ph6 Istanbul. D~i hQc c6 nhilt la
D~i hQc Istanbul, thanh I~p vao nam 1453, hi~n t~i co 45.000 sinh vien. Nhi8u d~i hQc
khac dut;1cthanh Ii)p t~i cac thanh ph6 Erzurum, Izmir va Trabzon.
Nang than voi nang nghi~p dut;1cchinh quy8n quan tam nhi8u VIda so' dan chung s6ng
t~i khu v\l'c nay va ngh8 nang la ngh8 chinh. Chinh quy8n thai Kemal thie't I~p nhi8u
truang cao dilng t~i nhi8u khu v\l'c nang than khac nhau. Cac truong nay dut;1cgQi la HQc
Vien Nang Than Village Institute, rna ccra su6t nam vai khoa hQc keo dai 5 nam. T~i day,
thanh nien nam nii' t~i cac x6m lang, co kM nang dQc vie't thong th~o, dut;1chuiln lUYenv8
cac man nang nghi~p, thudng m~i, cac ngh8 chuyen man lien quan de'n nang nghi~p, tiu
cang ngh~, ph\l nii' dt!t;1chuiln luyen nhu nam gioi va con dtrt;1chuiln luy~n v8 cac nganh y
ta va san s6c tre em. Sau khi hoan thanh khoa hQc, cac thanh nien nam nii' tra v8 que,
thitt l~p cac cd
chuyen man, giup y kie'n cho nang dan, ciing nht! thie't l~p cac kh6a
hQc chuyen man ngan h~n, giang d~y cac ngh8 can ban cho nang dan. Day la mQt cht!c1ng
trlnh rift th\l'c tt va dem I~i thanh cong t6t dt{p. Vao nam 1990, Th6 NhI Ky co 132.724
hQc sinh milu giao, 6.878.923 hQc sinh tiu hQc, 3.987.423 hQc sinh trung hQc ph6 thong,
976.916 hQc sinh trung hQc ky thu~t, tren mQt trieu sinh vien d~i hQc, 444.018 sinh vien
cao dilng. Vao nam 1999, qu6c gia nay co 82% so' dan bie't dQc vie't, co 48 d~i hQCva giln
50 trt!ang cao d&ng du lo~i. Ngoai D~i hQc Istanbul da neu tren; Th6 NhI Ky con co D~i
hQC Ma voi 446.000 sinh vien; D~i hQc Ankara co 42.348 sinh vien, thanh l~p vao nam
I 946; D~i hQCKy thui)t Karede Niz c6 24.759 sinh vien, thanh I~p vao nam 1955; D~i hQC
Selcuk co 44.451 sinhvien, thann I~p vao nam 1975; D~i hQCUludag co 33.127 sinh vien,
thanh I~p vao nam 1975.

so

IV. Giao dl.lc Lebanon (Liban)

Lebanon trt!oc kin la mQt philn dilt cua De' qu6c Th6 NhI Ky. Khi de' qu6c nay tan va
vao nam 1920, Lebanon d~t duoi quy8n giam hQ cun Phap va nam 1943 tra thanh mQt
qu6c gia dQc I~p. Trang hien t~i, Lebanon la mQt nuoc nh6 voi 3,5 trieu dan.
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Lebanon la qu6c gia co n~n giao dllc tien b(i nhat t~i Trung Dong, nha chiu anh huang
nen giao dllc Phap va My. Vao th~p nien 1970, co 90% dan so' biet doc viet. Trang hi~n
t~l, nuac nay co 92% dan so' biet dQc viet. Vao the ky thu 19, tu vii;n Dong Ten (Jesuit
Order) cua Phap va giao hoi Tin Liinh My thiet I~p nhieu cd s0 giao dllc tai Lebanon.
Nam 1866, giao hoi Tin Lanh My thanh I~p D~i hQc My America University tai thu do
Beruit. Cung t~i day, Tu vii;n Dong Ten cua Phap thanh I~p D~i hQc St. Joseph St. Joseph
University vao nam 1881 va do chinh phu Phap tai trq. Ngoai cac truang ton giao cua
Phap va My, Lebanon con co cac cd sa giao dllc cua Hili Giao va (em giao nay chiem tai
70% dan so'. Trang hi~n t~i, hi; th6ng truang cong I~p phat tti~n dang k~ nhung cung chi
chiem vao khoang 40% trang t6ng so' eac truang; can lai la cae truilng Hili Giao, ~ac
truang giao hoi Phap va My. Beruit can co mot so' d~i hQc va cao dang, trang so' nay co
D~i hQc A R~p, mot chi nhanh cua D~i hQc Alexandria
Ai C~p va D~i hQc Lebanon.
Lebanon co chudng trlnh cuiJng bach giao dllc tiEu hQc 5 nam, tiep theo la 7 nam trung
hQc vai van bhng t6t nghii;p tu tai sau khi hoan tat vii;c hQc t~.p va thi cU'.Chudng trlnh d~i
hqc va cao dang la 4 oam hQc M lay van bhng cU' nhan. Vao nam 1990, Lebanon co
131.217 hQc sinh mau giao, 346.534 hqc sinh ti~u hQc, 287.310 hoc sinh trung hQc ph6
thong, 31.045 hQc sinh trung h9C ky thu~t, 85.495 sinh vien d~i hQc va cao dUng. Vao nam
1999, Lebanon co 7 d~i hQc va 6 truang cao dang. D~i hQc My co 5.000 sinh vien; D~i
hQc A R~p co 12.000 sinh vien, thanh I~p vao nam 1960; D~i hQc Saint Joseph cua tu vi~n
Dong Ten, co 6.600 sinh vien; D~i hQc Libanoise cua Phap co 44.500 sinh vien, thanh lfip

vao nam 1951.

v. Giao dt.Ic Ba Tu' (Iran)
Ba Tu la qu6c gia khong bi ngo~i bang do ho, nhung mot thai gian vao cu6i the ky thu
19 va dAu the ky the ky tht1 20, nuac nay bi quan doi Anh va Nga chiem 06ng. Ba Tu la
mot qu6c gia quan chu cho tai cUoc each m~ng vao nam 1979, I~t d6 che do quan chu va
tra thanh mot qu6c gia Cong hoa Hili Giao. Trang hii;n t~i, Ba Tu co 75 trii;u dan.
Vao hai th~p nien 1920, 1930, chinh quyen quan chu Ba Tu thl)'Chii;n mot so' cai tien
giao dllc nhu th6ng nhat hi; th6ng giao dllc quoc gia, thiet l~p nhieu cd S(J giao duc, nhat
la biic cao dang, thanh I~p D~i hQc Tehran (1934), gU'i mQt so sinh vicn du hQc nuac
ngoai, khuyen khich phil nu di hQc, phat trien giao dllc cho nguai IOn va oac bi~t la co
khuynh huang ch6ng doi eac truang Hili Giao. Ngoai cac truang cong l~p, con co mot s6
truang dan l~p do cac t6 chuc tu nhan va phai ooan truycn giao tay phudng t6 chuc. Vao
cac th~p nien 1960, 1970, che 00 quan chu Ba Tu cang ngay cang gan vai tay phudng
nhat la My va oay la nguyen nhan oua oen cUoc each m~ng I~t d6 che do quan chu vao
nam 1979.
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Trung Dong Mi hifn t(}i

Giao dlJc cong I~p mien phi va lu~t phap cuang bach giao dlJc tre em tu 7 de'n 13 weli.
Tuy nhien, mi)t so khu vuc than que kh6ng c6 truang hQc nen nhieu tre em van thilt hQC.
Giao duc tit:u hQc 6 nam. Tie'p thea, cae hQe sinh theo hQc3 nam chugn bi trung hQC.Thai
gian nay, hQe sinh duoe hudng dan viec chon ngill1h hoc d 3 nam trung hQc voi nganh phil
thong hay ky thu~t. Vao th~p nien 1960, Ba Tu chi c6 30% dan so biet dQc vie't; trang
hi~n t,!i, nudc nay c6 72% dan sobiet dQc viet.
Sau khi thanh I~p Ci)ng hoa H6i Giao, chinh sach giao dlJc c6 thay dili voi viec huy bo
cac truang hon hqp nam nu, cong l~p h6a cac truang dan l~p, H6i Giao trd thanh mi)t m6n
hoc chinh cua cac truang cac dp. Viec tuyt:n chon sinh vien vao dai hQc dat can ban tren
tin nguilng cung v(lj kien thuc. Ngoai E)'!i hQc Tehran, mi)t so d,!i hqc khac dUdc thanh l~p
tai cac tha.nh pholdn. Ba Tu con c6 cac truang cao dftng chuyen nghi~p cae nganh ve kinh
doanh, giao dlJc, y hqc cling nhu ky thu~t. Vao nam 1990, Ba Tu e6 252.513 hQc sinh mau
giao, 5.619.000 hoc sinh trung hqc ph6 thong, 260.500 hoc sinh trung hQe ky thu~t, tren
1.2 trieu sinh vien d,!i hoc, 256.000 sinh vien cao ding. Vao nam 1999, Iran e6 36 d,!i hoc
va g5n 50 truang eao ding. E)ai hqc Tehran c6 nhilt, c6 32.000 sinh vien, thanh I~p vao
nam 1934; E),li hqc Hili Giao IOn nhilt, e6 co S(l tren toan liinh thb, voi 666.000 sinh vien,
thanh l~p vao nam 1982; D,!i hoc Payamc Noor, c6 180.000 sinh vien, thanh I~p vao nam
1987; E)'!i hoc Sistan c6 17.500 sinh vien, c6 17.500 sinh vien; cae d<)i hoc khae la cae
truang nho.
VI. Giao dlJc Iraq
Iraq trude kia la mi)t phfrn lanh thei eua E)e quoc Thil NhI Ky (Ottoman Empire). Khi
M qUelcnay tan ra vao nam 1920, Iraq dat duoi quyen giam hi) eua Anh va trd thanh mi)t
nudc quan chu di)e I~p vao nam 1932. Chinh tht! quan chu Iraq than tay phuong va chiu
anh hUdng van h6a ngo<)i lai, dieu rna nguoi dan Hoi Giao kh6ng chilp nh~n. Do d6, mi)t
cui)c cach m<)ng I~t dil ehe di) nay va Iraq trd thanh mi)t nuoe Ci)ng hoa Hoi Giao. Hien
t:).i,Iraq c6 24 trieu dan.
He thelng gUio dlJc dU<jcmd ri)ng sau cach m,!ng va g6m e6 6 nam tit:u hQc cuang
bach, neu e6 eel S(,!glao dlJc dia phuong; tiep theo la 6 nam trung 'hQe. Giao dlJc tit:u hQc
chua dU<jcm('! ri)ng tren toan qu5e vI thieu truang t,!i cae vung than que xa. Tuy nhien,
giao duc trung hQc phat trit:n nhanh, cung dp di! nhu e5u hQe t~p cUa hQe sinh hoan tat
tit:u hoc co :cha nang va dieu kien theo hqc trung hqc. Vao thap nien 1980, tren mi)t mta
so hQc sinh tit 12 den 18 tuili theo hoc t,!i cae truang trung hQc, trang s5nay, sel nu sinh
thap hon nam sinh. Vao th~p nien 1960, c6 den 70% dan s5 Iraq mil chu. Mi)t chudng
trlnh giao duc dai chung dU<jcphat trien ri)ng IOn tit th~p nien 1970 va trang hien tai, sel
dan Diet doc viet Iii 71 %.
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Trung Dong tai hifn t(1i

Cd hQi hoc qp t~i cac truang cao dang va d~i hQc,tang rilt nhanh sau thap nien 1970;
nhil?u d~i hQc, hQc vit;n, truang cao dang du<!c thanh I~p kh~p noi. Sinh vien t6t nghi~p
d,!i hQCva neu la dang vien cua dang dm quyl?n, nhan d\lng g~n nhu du<)cbao dam. C<ic
sinh vien khac ciing co nhil?u co hQi nMn d\lng VI Iraq la mQt qu6c gia co s6lu<)ng d~u rna
kha Wn. so' nU',sinh vien ding tang rilt nhanh va g~n theo kjp so' nam sinh vien. Nhil?u sinh
vien du<!c giJ'i sang Au Chau va My theo hoc cao hQc cac nganh. Iraq co cac truang d,!i
hoc Baghdad, Basrah va Mosu!. Ngoai ra nuck nay con co nhil?u hQc vit;n, truang cao
dang du nganh kh~p noi. Vao nam 1990, Iraq co 86.500 hQe sinh milu giao, 1'.166.800 hQe
sinh trung hQc phil thong, 160.200 hQc sinh trung hQc ky thu~t va 209.800 sinh vien d~i
hQc va cao dang. Vau nam 1999, Iraq co 8 d~i hQC, 19 hQc vi~n va trUtlng cao dang. D~i
hQc Baghdad IOn nhat va ky cl!U nhilt, co 50.000 sinh vien, thiinh I~p vilO nam 1957; D'.li
hoc AI-Mustansiriya co 23.700 sinh vicn, thanh l~p van nam 1963; D'.li hQc Basrah co
19.780 sinh vien, thanh I~p vao nam 1964; D'.li hQe Mosul co 18.500 sinh vicn, thanh I~p
van nam 1967; D,!i hQc Ky thu~t co 7.700 sinh vien, thanh I~p .vao nam 1975.
VII. Gi30 dl}c Saudi Arabia
Saudi truoc kia Arabia la mQt qu6c gia quan chi!. Dong hQ Saudi cai trj qu6c gia nay tit
nam 1902. Truoc do, mQt dong hQ khac cai tri khu vl!c nay. Hit;n t~i, Saudi Arabia co 22
trit;u dan.
VilO gili'a the ky tht1 20, chi COkhoang 30% dan Saudi Arabia biet dQc viet. Vao thai
gian nay, ehinh quyl?n thie't I~p nhil?u chucjng trlnh giao dl)e d~i chUng va hang tram
truong hQe moi M xoa ba n~n mu ehU'. Trong hi~n t~i, so' nguoi bie't dQc vie't tang len toi
71 %. Giao duc mi~n phi t,!i cae cap, nhung khong euang bach, chia ra lam 6 nam tit:u hQe,
3 nam dl! bj va 3 nam trung hQc, 2 nam t~i cac truang cao dilng du lo~i va 4 nam d~i hQe.
C<ic truong cong l~p dan tien danh eho nam sinh du<!c thanh l~p vao nam 1926. Truoe
d6, nucJe nay chi c6 cac truang ton giao giang d~y dQCviet va hQe t~p kinh thanh Quran.
Cae truong d~u ticn danh cho nITsinh du<!c thanh I~p van nam 1960 va nam nU'hQCkhae
truong. Vao nam 1953, nuoe nay chi c6 330 truong tit:u hQC va trung hQCcong l~p voi
44.000 hQc sinh, tat eii la nam sinh. TcJi gili'a tMp nien 1970, tdng so' cae truong len toi
2.700 truang voi 800.000 hQe sinh, trong do nU'sinh ehie'm 25%.
Saudi truoc kia Arabia c6 B~i hQc Riyadh Ion nhat t,!i thi! do Riyadh, c6 Dai hoc D~u Xang
va Khoang chat t,!i Dhahran, mQt vai d,!i hQCkhac, cung nhi~u truong cao dang ky thu~t va
cao dang chuycn nghi~p. Qu6c gia nay san xuat s6lu<!ng d~u xang Ion lao hang na~ nen so'
sinh vien, th\1 chuyen mon t5t nghii;p hang nam bao dam c6 eong vi~e lam. Ngoai ra,
nudc nay can nhiip ciing nhi~u nhan vien tit e<ic qu6c gia Trung Dong kh<ic.Vao nam
1990, Saudi Arabia c6 67.000 hQc sinh mau giao, 1.876.900 hQc sinh tit:u hoc, 892.500
hoc sinh trung hoc phcSthong, 24)WO hQc sinh trung hQc ky thuat, 153.900 sinh vien d~i
364

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Ciao dl,tc Trung Dong tdi hirn t(li

'.

hqc va 128.500 sinh vien hqc vi~n va truang cao ong. Vao nam 1999, Saudi Arabia co 8
o(li hqc, 19 hqc vi~n va truang cao ong. E>(lihqc H6i Giao Iman co 39.900 sinh vien, thanh
l~p vao nam 1953; E>(lihqc H6i Giao Media co 3.100 sinh vien, thanh l~p vao nam 1967;
E>(lihqc King Saud co 37.320 sinh vien, thanh l~p vao nam 1957; E>(lihqc King Farad co
8.100 sinh vien, thanh I~p vao nam 1963; E>(lihqc King Abdulaziz co 30.700 sinh vien,
thilnh I~p vao nam 1967; D(li hqc King Faisal co 10.900 sinh vien, thanh l~p .vao nam 1975.
VIII. Giao dl;lCSyria

Syria tnlac kia la mot phftn lanh th6 cila E>equac Th6 NhI Ky (Ottoman Empire). De
quac nay tan ra vao nam 1920 va Syria oUQcPhap giam hQ. Quac gia nay ou,Jc oQc l~p tit
nam 1946. Trang hi~n t(li, Syria co 18 tri~u dan.
Syria co 4.000 truang ti~u hqc, 400 truang trung hqc vao th~p nien 1960. Khoang 12%
cac truang nay la dan I~p hoi)c do nguai ngo(li quac thilnh I~p. Giao d\lc trung, ti~u hqc
cong I~p mi~n phi va cuong bach a b~c ti~u hqc. Tuy v~y, nhi~u tre em va dan cu sang t(li
cac viing sa m(lC hoi)c lang m(lCxa khong biet chu.
T6 chuc giao d\lc dUQc chia thanh 6 nam tiEu hqc, 3 nam trung hqc cap I va 3 nam
trung hqc cap.II. T(li cac iruang trung hqc cap II; hqc sinh co thE chqn hqc cac man ph6
thong dE chufrn bj theo hqc o(li hqc; hoi)c chqn cac man chuyen nghii;p, ky thu~t, dE
chuii'n 'bi theo hqc cac nganh huan nghii;p va ky thu~t a b~c cao ong va O(li hqc. Cac
truang trung hqc oUQCrna rong dE oon nh~n tat cii hqc sinh hqc het b~c tiEu hqc va chinh
quyn rat quan tam den chuang trlnh giao d\lc chuyen nghii;p, ky thu~t.
Syria co ban o(li hqc t(li cac thilnh pha: thil 00 Damascus, Aleppo, Latakia va Hims.
D(li hqc Damascus n6i tieng nhal, thanh l~p vao nam 190 L Damascus con co Hqc vi~n
Damascus, thanh l~p nam 1919. Ngoai ra. nuoc nay con co mQl sahQc vi~n va cac lruang
cao dng chuyen nghii;p khac nITa.Giao d\lc cac ngimh, cac cap ou'Qc phar triEn m(lnh me
va rong rai W. nam 1963. Vao nam 1990, Syria co 86.000 hqc sinh m~u giao, 2.539.000
hQc sinh ti6u hQc, 902.800 hqc sinh trung hqc ph6 thong, 53.200 hqc sinh trung hqc ky
lhu~t, 180.000 sinh vien o(li hqc va cao ong. Vao nam 1999, Syria co 4 d(li hqc, 14 hqc
vi~n va truang cao ong, co so' dan biet dqc viet la 80%. D(li Hqc Damascus c6 nhat va
IOnnhat, co 8UOO sinh vien; D(li hqc Aleppo co 53.400 sinh vien, thilnh I~p vao nam
1960; E>(lihqc Tishreen t(li Latakia, co 18.130 sinh vien, thanh l~p vao nam 1971; E>(lihQc
AI-Baath t(li Hims co 16.270 sinh vien, thanh I~p vao nam 1979.
IX. Ciao dl;lc Jordan

Jordan truck kia la mot phftn lanh th6 cua De quac Th6 NhI Ky (Ottoman Empire). Khi
de' quac nay tan ra vao nam 1920, Jordan tra thanh lanh th6 bao hQ cua Anh. Quac gia
nay oUQcdoc I~p vao nam 1946. Hi~n t(li, Jordan co 5 tri~u dan.
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Ciao d~c Trung Dong trJihi?n tgi

Jordan co ba lo')i tr!fang: tr!fang cong l~p, mqt s6 nho tr!fang dan I~p va tr!fang cho dan
ti n')n Palestine. C:ic trlfang ty. n')n do Lien Hi~p Qu6c tai tn;1, giang d')y con em dan
Palestine phai di c!f va djnh c!f t')i Jordan do vi~c Do Thai chiem d6ng dilt dai Palestine tit
hai ba chl)c nam qua. Giao dl)c ph6 thong dU<;1cchia thanh 6 nam tii!u hQc, 3 nam trung
hQCcffp I va 3 nam trung hQCcap II, c!fong bach giao dl)c va giao dl)c miijn phi tdi tu6i 14.
Bq Giao dl!c t6 chuc, di~u hanh cac truong, thi~t I~p ch!fang trlnh giang d')y, huffn luy~n
giao vien, t6 chlic vi~c thi cu, xutlt ban sach giao khoa va cung cilp miijn phi cho cac

tr!fang tren toan qu5c.

Tai th~p nien 1980, Jordan co ba tr!fang d')i hQc. D')i hQc Jordan t')i thll do Amman la IOn
nhtlt thanh I~p vao nam 1962. Hai d')i hQc khac thanh I~p vao cac nam 1976 va 1981. HQc
vi~n Nang nghi<;\pKhaddari quan trj mqt s5 trlfang trung hQc nang nghi~p, hutln luy~n cac
nhan vien chuyen man cho nMnh nay. Ngoai ra, nuac nay con co mQt s5 hQc vi~n va cao
diing v~ cac nganh chuyen man nh!f s!f ph')m, y te, thiln hQc H6i Giao, xa hqi, 'ky thu~t..Vao
nam 1990, Jordan c6 49.420 hQc sinh m~u giao, 981.250 hQc sinh tii!u hQc, 109.420 hQc sinh
trung hQc ph6 thong, 25.490 hQc sinh trung hQc ky thu~t, 84.220 sinh vien d')i hQc, 46.000
sinh vien hQc vi~n va tr!fang cao diing.vao nam 1999, Jordan co 86% dan s5 biet dQc viet,
co 5 d')i hQc, 16 hQc vi~n va trlfang cao diing. D')i hQc Jordan IOn nhtlt va ky ct!U nhtlt vai
23.000 sinh vien; D')i hQc Yar Mouk co 14.510 sinh vien, thanh I~p vao nam 1976; D')i hQc
Mutah co 17.190 sinh vien, thanh I~p vao nam 1981; D')i hQc Ky thu~t co 7.930 sinh vien,
thanh I~p vao nam 1986 va s5 sinh vien con I')i thuQc D')i hQc Mo.
X. Ciao dl!C Do Thai (Israel)
. Giao dl)c t,!i Do Thai miijn phi va c!fong bach tit 5 tdi 15 tu6i, miijn phi nh!fng khong

I"
c!fong bach tit tU6i 16 oen 17. Cac thanh thieu nien tit 14 oen 18 t1l6i khong hoan tat
ch!fclng trlnh giao dl)c c!fong bach phai bilt bUQc tham dtf cac kh6a hQc di;ic bi~t co tinh
cach hllan nghi~p. Tre em tit sci sinh tai cilp tii!u hQc dU<;1cnuoi d!fong q.i cac trung tam
giao dl)c clla cac "nang tntiJng t{ip thi" d!fai stf san soc clla cac giao vien va cac nM
chuy~n man (Xem them ch!fdng 21, ml)c VII, 2). Co ba M th5ng giao dl!c t')i Do Thai: h~
th5ng giao dl)c cong l~p, h~ th5ng giao dl)c ton giao va h~ th5ng giao dl)c ton giao dan
l~p. Dil dlfai h~ th5ng giao dl)c nao, man hQc ton giao cling dU<;1c
d~ cao vI Do Thai Giao
la qu5c giao. T,!i cac tr!fang ton giao, man hQc Do Thai Giao du<;1cnhan m,!nh hcln. T')i
cac truang ton giao dan !~p, man Do Thai Giao va man hQc v~ van hoa Do Thai d!f<;1C
nhtln m,!nh hcln. Nguai Do Thai cling sung d,!o nhu nguui H6i Giao. PhI) huynh tuy y chQn
ltfa h~ th5ng giao dl)c cho con em. Ngon ngu giang d,!y t')i cac tr!fang trung tii!u hQc la
ting Do Thai (Hebrew) va tieng A R~p (Arabic). Ngoai chudng trlnh giao dl)c hQc
dUong, Do Thai con c6 chudng trlnh giang d,!y truy~n thanh va truy~n hlnh. Ch!fclng trlnh
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giao dl!c ky thu~t va nong nghic;\pdU(Jcchu trQng dac bic;\t.Do Thai cUng c6 chuong trlnh
giao dl!c cho nhung di dan moi nh~p elf tu kh~p cac noi tn~n the' giOi. Nhung di dan nay
tuy la goc dafl. Do Thai, nhung sinh trudng va I~p nghic;\plau nam iJ nuoc ngoai, ho du(Jc
giao dl!c d(lc bic;\tvi3 van h6a va tap tl!Cc6 truyi3n cUng nhu nhung kie'n thuc t6ng quat va
huong nghic;\p. T')i cac khu vl!c Do Thai chie'm dong tren dilt dai clla Palestine va cac
qu6c gia H6i Giao khac, BQ Giao dl!c cQng tac voi chinh quyi3n quan sl! chie'm d6ng, t6
chltc cac truang hQc cho dan Do Thai dUQcchuyfn sang I~p nghic;\p t')i day cUng nhu dan
A R~p. Giao dl!c Do Thai du<;1cchia lam mot s6 nam Won tre, mQt nam mau giao, 6 nam
tifu hQc va 6 nam trung hQc. Theo thong ke clla Lien Hic;\pQu6c, vao nam 1990, Do Thai
c6 329.050 hQc sinh mau giao, 724.502 hoc sinh tifu hQc, 309.098 hQc sinh trung hQc ph6
thong, 115.076 hQc sinh trung hQc ky thu~t huffn nghic;\p. Voi khoang duoi 6 tric;\udan, s6
hQc sinh neu tren qua thl!C qua lOn, dung vao hang d~u the' gioi, ngang hang voi cac nuoc
tie'n bQ Au-My.

I
I~

Do Thai co nhii3u truang su ph')m, trong do co hai truang danh cho sinh vien A R~p.
Cac truang khac la nhung tru'ang danh cho sinh vien Do Thai va cac tru'ang hon h<;1pDo
Thai - A Rap. C6 hai d')i hQc du'Qc thanh I~p tru'oc ngay Do Thai laP quoc (1948). D6 la
E>')ihQC Do Thai Hebrew University t')i Jerusalem thanh I~p nam 1924, hic;\nc6 20.000
sinh vien va HQc vic;\nKy thuat Do Thai Technion-Israel Institute of Technology t')i Haifa
thanh I~p nam 1925, hic;\nco 12.358 sinh vien. Tu ngay laP qu6c nam 1948, nhii3u d')i hQC
va hQCvic;\nkhac dUQcthanh lap. )ola HQCvic;\nKhoa hQc Weizmann Weizmann Institute
a/Science t')i Rohovot, thanh laP nam 1949, hic;\nco 7.000 sinh vien; )')i hQc Tel Aviv Tel
Aviv University thanh laP nam 1953, hic;\n co 26.000 sinh vien; )')i hQc Md Open
University co khoang 100 van phong tren toan quoc, voi 26.000 sinh vien; )')i hQc
Bethlelem Bethlehem University thanh laP vao nam 1973, hic;\nc6 1.842 sinh vien; D')i
h9c Birzeit Birzeit University thanh laP nam 1975, hic;\n c6 3.646 sinh vien; D')i hQc
Hebron Hebron University, thanh laP nam 1971, hic;\nco 1994 sinh vien; D')i hQc AnNajah An-Najah University, thanh laP nam 1977, hic;\n c6 7.400 sinh vien; )')i hQc
Alquads Alquads University, thanh laP vao nam 1979, hic;\n co 2.800 sinh vien. Ngoai
fa, Do Thai con c6 mQt s6 tru'ang cao d~ng chuyen nghic;\pkhac. MQt so tru'ang d')i hQc va
cao d~ng n~m trong khu vl!c lanh th6 chie'm dong. T6ng s6 sinh vien d')i hQc 0 Do Thai
vao nam 1990 la 119.124 va cao diing la 71.190. Ngon ngu gfang d')y t')i d')i hQc, cao
dang va hQCvic;\nla Mng Do Thai, mQt so tru'ang gfang d')y b~ng Mng Anh. Phu'ong phap
giang d')y cilp tie'n Clla Au Chau va My. Cac d')i hQc va hQc vic;\nd day du'QCtrang bi dfiy
dUtic;\nnghi va' quyi3n tl! do trlnh bay y kie'n trong khi thao IUan hQc taP du'QcIUat phap Do
Thai cong nhan. Hic;\n t')i, Do Thai co 6 trieu dan voi 83% dan s6 la ngu'ai Do Thai va
17% la ngu'ai A RaP va ty so nguai bie't dQc ~ie't la 96%.
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Ciao d{lc Trung Dong tai hifn tgi

Cac quilc gia H6i Giao Trung Dong, ho~c duy trl n~n doc l~p qua l!ch sil', ho~c do cac
quilc gia tay phuong bao ho, d~u it nhi~u chju anh huang giao dl,lClay phuong. Dffn dffn
cac quilc gia nay dii lo~i bo anh huang ngo~i lai va tra v~ voi n~n giao dl,lc c6 truy~n, tie'p
nh~n kin thUc lay phuong nhltng van duy trl van h6a, truy~n thilng H6i Giiio. Phong IraQ
Truy~n thilng H6i Giao phat trin m~nh cling VI ml,lc dich tren.

Tiii lieu
. lham khao:

Egypt, education. Tildifn hdch khoa The World Book Encyclopedia. Multimedia Edition, 2001.
_ Egypt, education. '!'udin bach khoa The New Encyclopaedia Britannica,4Multimedia Edition. 1998.
_ HislOry of education, Colonialism and its consequences. Till li~u(lii chin nhu tren.
_ History of educatiun. Migration and the bruin drain. Tid lifu dil ddn Ilhu tren.
_ History of education, The contemporary scene. Till li~udli dan nhli tren.
_ History a/education. The Islamic revival. Taj lifu dil dan nhu tren.
History of education, The Midle East. Tai li~u dii dan nhl1 tren.
o

- Iran, education. Till lifU llii dJn nhlllren.

.
.
. Iran, education. Til difn hdch khoa The Wold Bok Encyclopedia. Multim;dia Edition, 2001.
- Iraq. education. Till lifU dil dan nh1l tren.
_ Iraq, education. Tli l1i2'tlbach khoa The New Encyclopaedia Britannica. Multimedia Edition, 1998.
~Israel education. TiJi lifu del dan nhu tren
. _Jordf/n, education. Tid li~u (ta dan nhu tren.
_ Lebanon, education. Tili li(u l1fidan nhu tren.
Literacy. Tildifn Mcil kiloa The World Book Encyclopedia. Multimedia Edition, 2001 .
Niengiam The World Almanac and Book of Facks 1999. Mahwah, NJ., Wolrd Almanac Book, 2000.
_ Saudi Arabia, education. Til difn Mch khoa The New Encyclopaedia Britannica. Multimedia Edition, 1998.
o

_ Syria, education. Tai li~u (1{jdan nhu tren.

Statistical Yearbook,
!Jun thu 39. New York, United Nations, 1994.
The World of Learning 1999. London, Europa Publications, 2000.
o

an

368

..

Giao due
. Nam

Chlldng 27
llii hien
. lai.

I. Giao dl.lCAn D(l

1. Giao dl.lCgiai do:)n tntoc d(lc l~p (1947)
2. Giao dl.lc sau khi d(lc I~p
11. Giao dl.lc Pakistan (H6i QuO-c)
III. Giao dl.lc Sri Lanka (Tfch Lan)
IV. Giao dl.lc Bangladesh
Trong chuong nity, chung ta se bitn v&n&n giao duc clla cac qullc gia An D(\, Pakistan.
Sri Lanka vit Bangladesh.
I. Giao dl.lc An D(l
An D(l lit thu(\c dja clla Anh vito giua the ky tha 19, co n~n gitio d\lc Anh vit Anh ngu lit
ngon ngu chinh thac. Nam 1885, Qullc h(\i Dja phuong An D(\ du'<jcchinh quy~n Anh cho
phep thitnh I~p d6 thao lu~n m(\t sll van d~. Nam 1947, An D(\ du'(lCd(\c I~p, nhLingchia thitnh
hai nudc, An D(\ theo d\IOAn vit qullc gia moi thea d\1OHOi,d6 lit'Pakistan (HOi Qu&).
1. Giao dl.lc giai do:)n tntoc d(lc I~p - tntoc 1947
Vao cutli the ky tha 19, phong trao qUtlc gia tranh dau diii e1(\cI~p clla An D(\ dutJc dai
chung ling h(\, chtlng l~i chinh sach th~ic uan clla Anh, chtlng I~i van hoa tay phuong.
Phong trito qullc gia cilng bi6u uuong quy0n tu chll, ph\lc hOi van hoa, giao d\lc vit ngon
ngu e1iaphuong. Qutlc h(\i, cac hit;p h(\i HOi Giao va nhi&u t6 ch((C khiic len tieng phan e1lli
chinh sach giao d\lc clla Anh. Chinh quy~n thu(\c dja dITkhong th6 litm ngo hoitn toitn
nhung e1<',ihoi hop Iy clia dan An. ,Khi Curzon tra thitnh pho vuong vito nam 1898, co y
e1jnhcai tien n~n giao u\lc e1japhuong, ra chi thj thuc hi9n m(\t cu(\c tham do v& giao d\lc.
Cu(\c tham do nity dem l~i ke't qua lit 80% lang mac than que chua co trliang hQC;75% tre
ern nam vito tu6i tieu hQc khong dutJc di hQc; v~ phia cac tre ern nu, chi co m(\t !rong 40
ern e1lil!celi hQc it nhi&u. Nhu v~y, giao d\lc t~i thu(\c e1jaAn D(\ co phat trien, nhung e1a
khong e1U<Jc
rna r(\ng.
Curzon quyet e1jnhtai t6 chac n0n giao d\lc dja phuong, biii bo chinh stich giao d\lc tl!
do, tac lit ae mijc cho cac t6 chac giao d\lc dan liip phat trien, thie't I~p h~ thllng giao d\lc
do chinh quy&n kiem soilt, cac ClJsa giao duc dan l~p nay phai e1li<jccac t6 chac chfnh
369

Ciao dl:lc Nam

A Mi

hi~n t(,li

quyn thanh tra, theo d6i thuang xuyen, Chinh sikh nay gay ch6ng d6i va bilt man d6i voi
dan An co hoc, du<;iclfUdai vi ho t6t nghii;p t~i cac cd sd giao dl}c dan laP tren, Nn giao
dl}c vao giai do~n nay thlfc slf do chinh quyn thuQc dia ki~m soat.
Chudng trlnh cai tie'n sau rQng nhilt la philt tri~n nn giao dl}c cao dftng va d(li hoc.
Nam 1902, Curzon thie't laP HQi d6ng J~i hoc An JQIndian University Commission voi
nhii;m VI} nghien CUll va thie't laP ke' ho~ch phat tri~n. HQi d6ng nay dua ra ban tuang
trinh voi mQt so' ciii tie'n nhu sau: d(lt gioi h~n ttJ5m quyn clla ban giilm d6c cac d~i hoc;
cai tie'n phudng philp giang d(lY, phudng philp ki~m tra danh gia;' d ra tieu chu5n giao
dl}c; thie't laP Ii; phi t6i thi~u clla cac truang cao dftng trlfc thuQc cac d(li hoc; cai tie'n cac
khoa hoc; bai bo cac truang cao dftng h~ng nhl. Ban tuang trinh nay bj chi trich kich lii;t
t~i qu6c hQi vi thie'u tinh cach ciii tie'n loan dii;n va diu khoan ve Ii; phi pMi huy bo. MQt
so' cai tie'n khac cling du<;icqu6c hQi thong qua m(lc d~u co slf phiin o6i cua phe o6i laP
va bao chi.
Curzon cling thlfc hii;n t6 chlic hiinh chinh giao dl}c voi vii;c thanh laP "HQi J6ng Giao
Dl}c Qu6c Gia" National Council of Education t~i thanh ph6 Calcutta. Cling t~i thanh ph6
IOn nay, Truong Cao dftng Qu6c gia National College vii Hoc vii;n Ky thuat Technocal
Institute dlf<;ic thanh laP, Hoc vii;n Ky thuat sau trd thanh J(li hoc Qu6c gia Jadavpur
Jadavpur Vidyapeeth hay Jadavpur University, mQt d(li hoc n6i tie'ng hii;n t(li. T(li khu vlfc
Bengal, Curzon thie't laP 50 truang vua giang d~y cac man thudng m~i, ky thuat, vua
giang d(lY cac man hoc ph6 thong thi lily b1ing tu tai. Cac truang cao dAng va cac truang
ph6 thong, ky thuat tren gay dlf<;iCtie'ng vang IOn va qu6c hQi dia phudng d Calcutta vao
nam 1906 co dlf dinh thie't laP hi; th6ng giao dl}c qu6c gia. 51f thanh laP cac cd sd giilo dl}c
tren md duang cho vii;c thiinh laP cac cd sd giao dl}c t~i cac ndi khilc va mQt vai qu6c hQi
dia phudng da co IUat giao dl}c mien phi vii cuBng bach d bac ti~u hoc.
Nam 1905, Curzon he't nhii;m ky, cac pho vudng tie'p theo cling thlfC hii;n mQt so' cai
tie'n truoc slf doi hoi clla d~i chung. Cac d':li hoc dUQc tai t6 chuc, co tinh cach giang d':lY
sau rQng hdn .Ia chi giam sat cac cUQc thi cll' M lily b1ing cilp; cac truang cao dftng du<;ic
huang dlin, theo doi, thanh tra tu cac d~i hoc, rna khong M cac dia phudng tily tii;n dieu
hanh; hi; th6ng giao dl}c dan laP du<;icchlnh quyn k1~m smit ch(lt chi: va cilp philt giily
phep giang daY; hi; th6ng giao dl}c ti~u hoc tU truck vlin M m(lc cho dja phudng t6 chtl'c
va dieu hiinh, nay dUQc chinh quyen yuan tam de'n nhieu, Nha vaY, so' cac truang trung
hQc va cao dang gia tang rilt nhiu, cung ung cho nhu du hoc taP d':li hoc dang dUQcphat
tri~n.
Nam 1917, chinh quyen thanh laP mQt lly ban M nghien CUlltlnh hlnh'giao dl}c hii;n t':li
ngo h~u co th~ thlfC hii;n vii;c ciii Mn tren toan qu6c. Uy ban nay de nghi thanh laP mQt
t6 chuc giilo dl}c co d~y du thii'm quyn M t6 chtl'c va dieu hanh nganh trung hoc va cao
370

'.

Ciao d(/c Nam

A tai hifn t\li

d~ng voi cac chi tiet: cac truang cao d~ng khdi slf voi kh6a hoc hai nam, sau h(.'c them
nam thu ba d<i lay van bang crr nhan; t6 chue cac truang su pham; t6 chuc cac d~i h(.'c
vdi cac khaa h(.'c cu nhan, cu nhan UUh~ng, cao h9c va nhan m~nh vao cac mon khoa
h(.'c, cac gil) thao IUan sau hai giang, eac nghicn cuu sau rQng. Vao nam 1920, chinh
quylSn thuQc dia trung uong chinh thuc ph6 bien m(\t cach rQng rai ban tuang trInh tren
va sau da mQt s6 cai tien do ban tuang trInh trcn dlS nghi da duc;fCthlfChien.
Sau The chien thu I (1914-1918), An DQ c6 hien phap mdi vao nam 1921 do chlnh
quyfn thuQc dja ban hanh. VlS phudng dien giao dl!c, hien phap nay chuyn tiep nlSn
giao dl!c Anh sang n~n giao dl!c dja phu(jng va dat giao dl!C dudi thftm guylSn cua cac
tinh. M6i tinh c6 BQ Glao duc, c6 nhiem vl! thlfc hien chinh sach va t6 chuc cac co si'1
giao duc, chiu trach nhiem truoc gu6c hQi dia phuong. Tuy vaY, t6 ehuc giao dl!c va cac
mon d~y viin can chiu anh hui'1ng sau rQng giao dl!e Au Chau. Mai Wi nam 1935, mQt
dao IUat cua trung udng sua d6i chi tiet na y va tli d6 BQ trui'1ng Giao dl!c cac tinh moi co
thftm guy~n thlfc su.
Hien phap 1921 dUQe Qu6c hQi Qu6c gia An Dc) Indian National Congress coi nhu' .
kh6ng thich h<)p voi hoan dnh mdi cua dilt nudc. Nha d~i ai gu6c Mahatma Gandhi
(1869-1948), mQt 1uat su va dan An sau nay ton ong la bac thanh, dii kMi slf mQt phong
trao doi guylSn tlf chu vdi phudng phap"Bat Hc;fpTae, Bat B~o DQng" Noncooperation,
Nonviolence. Phong trilO nay tfty chay cac e(l sd giao dl!c Anh, cac hang haa Anh. Nha
do, nhilSu cd si'1 giao dl!c mdi duc;fCchinh guyfn thuoe dia thiet laP tren toim gu6e, mQt
s6 d~i hQe gu6e gia Vidyapeeth du<)e thiet laP tai cac thanh ph6 idn. NQi dung chudng
tdnh giUng d~y cua cac truang nay khong tien be) hUn cac truang cu nhttng c6 dilSu Jac
biet lit ngon ngu An Hindi (*) du<)c khi'1islf gidi thieu vao he th6ng giao dl!c thay the
cho tieng
(*) Hindi. A'n D(j crJtren 800 ng()n nx[J va ti(ng Phlftl (Sunscrit)

iJ nxlJn ngu chinh thue eua

In III xUu.

Tu

the' kj\ thu 12, m(j{ flK()n ngrl nuJi giun tli han, ,lucIe xdy tiling du vuo rif?/lg Ph(j.fl. N~!/;n ngt1 nay phd! tri[n
dJn ~'dtit the' kj\ thli lX, dU(/C nhdu !lIuJin dun up dlj.flg. Ng6n TIKi! nily
Hindi lei ng/}n n;.:u chinh thue

cuu An

lil titng Hindi.

Trong hi{?tI

[(Ii,

ti~ng

vu Id Id ngrjn ngil ui" kh(){ing 50% dun 5(7:

Anh. Cac cd si'1 giao dl!C mdi nay chi hoat d()ng trang melt th()i gian va phai d6ng eua vI
chinh guylSn thuQc dia mu6n tan dic;t phong trao "Bat Hc;fPTac, Bat B~o DQng" eua
thanh Gandhi. Qu6c hQi tiep tl!c tranh diu d()i guylSn tlf c;hu va eUQc tranh diu eang
ngfry cang quyet liet duoi guy~n tanh d~o eua Gandhi. Chinh quyGn thuQc dia nhuc;fng
bi) vlS phuong dien giao dl!e vdi IUat giao dl!c 1935 nhu da dlS caP i'1 tren, them nhilSu
quy~n hanh cho cac BQ Giao dl!c dia phuong. Nho v~y, cac tinh c6 co hQi md rQng
chu<lng trInh giao dl!c tiu hQc, khiij slf ChUting trInh giao dl!c dgi chung M giiim n~n mll
eha, gioi thic;u chuang trInh giao dl!C huan nghieP, gioi thieu chuang trInh giao dl!c
cac thanh philn bi thiet thai, thict laP IllQt s6 d,.ti hqc gu6c gia va nhan m~nh van ChlWllg
371

Gido dt,lc Nam

A trJi hi?n

t(li

trlnh giao dl)c phI) nu. Vi(:c sli dl)ng tie'ng Anh cang ngay cang suy giam va do do,
tie'ng Hindi cang ngay cang trClthiinh ph6 thong.
N~n giao dl)c An DQ co tie'n bQ dang kti tu nam 1921 Mn nam dQc I~p vao nam 1947.
v~ phlfong di(:n titiu hQc, di~u quan trQng nhllt la cac tinh da ban hanh lu~t giao dl)c
min phi va clfong bach CIb~c titiu hQc, lu~t nay doi hoi cac nha dm quy~n dja phlfOng
dlfoi cilp tinh phai thl)'c hien viec xay dl)'ng cac cO si'J giao dl)C dti thoa man Wi muc t6i
da nhu du giao dl)C do lu~t clfong bach giao dl)C dem l~i.Tuy nhien, nhi~u khu vl)'c xa
xoi hoij.c gij.p kho khan v~n chlfa co trlfang hQc. MQt ditim dij.c bi(:t nua i'Jday la phlfong
phap giao dl)C titiu hQc moi "giao dl)c can ban" do sang kie'n"cua lanh tl) Gandhi, lo~i bo
16i hQc v~t qua sach vi'J, khong thl)'Cte', chiu anh hlfClng 16i hQc kinh thanh Veda tu xlfa
va thay vao do la 16i hQc linh dQng voi cac d~ tai co lien quan de'n thl)'c t~i cQng voi vi(:c
thl)'c hanh. V~ nganh trung hQc, sl)'pMt tritin dlfqc mi'J rQng d6ng thai voi sl)' banh trlfong
cua phong trao chinh tri "Bilt Hqp Tac, Bilt B~o DQng" cua Gandhi. T~i cac khu vl)'c
thon que, ban thon que va nhil"ng khu vl)'c kern mi'J mang, lilti dilu tien, trlfang hQc dlfqc
xay dl)'ng. Nhi~u trlfang hQc kMc dlfqc thanh I~p cho nil" sinh. Chinh quy~n tinh thai
thuQCdia nay cling thiinh I~p cac trlfang trung hQc hulln nghiep, ky thu~t, thlfOng m~i va
nong nghiep, cling nhlf tai tn;! cho cac t6 chuc giao dl)c dan I~p. Tuy v~y, chlfOng trlnh
phat tritin tren khong dlfqc tai trq mQt cach diing muc nen cac trlfang chuyen mon thie'u
dl)ng Cl) giao dl)C, thie'u giao vien chuyen nghi(:p. Cac trlfang trung hQc v~n dij.t trQng
tam vao viec dao t~o sinh vien cho cac trlfang cao d~ng va d~i hQC v~ cac mon nhan
van, khoa hQc. Nganh ky thu~t chlfa dlfqc chii y Mn.
Sl)' pMt tritin giao dl)c trang giai do~n nay dlfqc danh Mu dij.c biet voi sl)' thuc dily
ch6ng ky thj giao dl)C cho phI) nil"do nhii lanh d~o Gandhi khi'Ji xlfong. Nha v~y, hang
v~n phI) nil" kh~p noi trang nlfdc da blfuc ra khoi khung clia gia dlnh va tham gia phong
trao doi giai phong phI) nil".Di~u nay cling chUng to dlfqc r~ng giao dl)C cho phI) nu la
giao dl)C cho cac ba m~ va the' he tlfong lai ciia con cai hQ. Ke't qua la tU nam 1921 de'n
na~ 1947, so' cO sCIgiao dl)c gianh cho nil"gidi da tang gllp doi.
V~ phlfong dien cao d~ng va d~i hQC, nhil"ng ciii tie'n bao g6m: thiinh I~p 14 d~i hQc
moi; ciii tie'n t6 chuc hanh chinh cac d~i hQc cli, tang them so' thanh vien dlfqc bilu cli
trong hQi d6ng d~i hQc; mi'J rQng chlfong trlnh giang d~y vdi nhi~u khoa moi, bien so~n
sach giao khoa, sach nghien CUllva mi'J rQng chlf<Jng trlnh nghien cuu; gia tang dang kti
v~ so' sinh vien ghi ten theo hQc t~i cac trlfang CM d~ng va d~i hQC; phat tritin chlfOng
trlnh hulln luyen quan sl)', thti dl)c, thti thao va ho~t dQng giai tri; thie't I~p chlfong trlnh
ph6i h<;ipcQng tac giil"a cac trlfang cao d~ng va d~i hQC uti trao d6i kinh nghiem va
dlfang 16i giang d~y cling nhlf hQc t~p.

372

. '

Giao d({c Narn

fui hi~n f(li

2. Giao dl,Ic sau khi dQc l~p - tit 1947

CUQc tranh dilu dai quy~n ttf chii voi phuong phap "Bilt Hejp Tac, Bilt Bao DQng" ciia
Gandhi tiep tl!c. Toi n,am 1947, che dQ thtfc dan chilm dUt, Anh tnl dQc I~p cho An DQ.
Nhung dang tiec rang, ~ha d\li ai qu6c Gandhi da bj mQt nguoi Hbi Giao qua khich am sat
chet VaGnam 1948.
Tli nam 1947, n~n giao dl!c An DQ du(1c phat triEn dang kE v~ cac phuong di~n khoa
hQc, ky thu~t va nghien CUll.Tuy v~y, s6 nguoi mu chu van nhung nam dilu nay ca~ kha
cao. Theo th6ng ke, chua toi 40% tre em tu6i tiEu hQc bie't dQc biet vie't. Hie'n phap moi ciia
qu6c gia An DQ d(lc I~p chua thay d6i chinh sach giao dl!Ct6ng quat. Giao dl!c tie'p tl!c ia
trach nhi~m cua cac tiEu bang, thay the' cho t6 chuc dnh ngay truoc, chinh quy~n trung uong
chi dong vai tra ph6i h(1p. Ngoai ra trung uong chiu trach nhi~m v~ cac t6 chuc giao dl!c cao
dAng va d\li hQc cling nhu cac chuong trlnh nghien CUll,khoa hQc va ky thu~t. Nam 1950,
chinh quy~n trung uong thie't I~p HQi dbng Ke hO\lch Planning Commission dE nghien CUll
cac ke' hO\lch phat triEn qu6c gia v~ mQi phuong di~n trang do co giao dl!c. Tie'p theo do,
cac ke' hO\lch nam nam du(1c thie't I~p va thtfc hi~n. Ml!c dich chinh ciia cac ke' hO\lch nay la
thtfc hi~n n~n giao dl!c tiEu hQc tren toan qu0c; giam thiu n\ln mu chu; thie't l~p cac co SlJ
giao dl!c ky thu~t va huiln nghi~p; hi~n d\li hoa cac co sa giao dl!c cac cap, chli trQng VaG
cac dl!ng Cl! trang bj cho nganh ky thu~t va huiln nghi~p; phat trin stf lien quan giii'a hC)c
duong va xi nghi~p; cM trQng nhi~u de'n cac ti~n nghi cho nganh giao dl!c d\li hQc.
Song song voi cac ke' hO\lch phat trin nam nam; tit nam 1949, chinh quy~n thie't I~p
ba iiy ban nghien CUllgiao dl}c dE dua ra nhung d~ nghj ciii tie'n Cl}thE. Nam 1949, Uy
Ban Giao Dl!c D\li HQc University Education Commission du(1c thanh I~p. Uy ban nay dua
ra mQt s6 d~ nghj co gia trj lien quan de'n vi(\c tai t6 chUc cac khoa hQc; ciii tie'n phuong
phap kim tra danh gia, giao dl}c qua truy~n thong, djch vI} cho sinh vien, tuyn chQn
thanh philn giang vien. Uy ban Giao dl}c thu hai dU(1cthie't I~p van nam 1952 dat trQng
tam vao chuong trlnh giao dl!c trung hQC va dao t\lo giao vien. Uy ban Giao dl}c thu ba
dU(1Cthanh I~p van nam 1964 va dua ra mQt chuejng tdnh ciii tien rQng !On, bao gbm day
dii cac nnh vtfc, tli cap tlu hQc de'n d\li hQc. Ban tu'ong tdnh di tien nay dU(1Cchinh
quy~n trung uong chilp thu~n va ban Mnh VaG thang 7 nam 1968, du(1Ctai CUllxet va di
tien them vim nam 1986. NQi dung cac di tien nay nhiln m\lnh vao giao dl!C ky thuat,
luan 19 d\lo duc, th6ng nhilt hoa chuong trlnh giao dl}C tren toan qu6c voi stf thie't laP
chuong trlnh giao dl}c bilt bu(lc va chQn Itfa dU(1Cap dl}ng r(lng rai.
Chuong trlnh giao dl!c qu6c gia do B(l Giao dl}c trung uong chiu trach nhi(\m, mQt s6
quy~n h\ln dU(1Cphan ph6i cho BQ Giao dl}c cac tiu bang. T\li trung uong can co H(li
Dbng Tu Van Giao Dl!c Trung Vong Central Advisory Board of Education gop 9 kie'n cho
giao dl}Cd a trung uong Ian tiu bang. Ben c\lnh do, can co ba t6 chuc chuyen mon:
373

Gido dc Nam

A tai hi?n tgi

HQi D6ng Giao D~c Ky Thu~t Council of Technical Education, thanh I~p nam 1945; Uy
Ban Tai Tn;J D,!i Hoc University Grants Commission, thanh I~p nam 1953 va HQi
D6ng Quoc Gia Giao DlfC v~ Nghien Cuu va Hua'n Luy~n National Council of
Educational Research and Training, thanh I~p vao nam 196 I. T6 chuc thu nha't dlla ra
nhung d~ nghj va hllong d~n giao d~c ky thu~t M duy trl nhung tieu chuii'n trang n~n
giao d~c nganh nay. T6 chuc thu hai di~u hoa cac hO'!t dQng, quyet dinh ca'p pMt ngan
khmln M duy td cac tieu chuii'n v~ giang d,!y, kim tra danh gia va nghien cUu t,!i cac
d,!i hoc. T6 chuc thu ba chiu tdch nhi~m cai tien gia tri giao dlfC (6ng quat, phoi h<;Jpva
tll va'n cho BQ Nhan d~ng trang cac dlf an hua'n luy~n va nhan d~ng t,!i cac ca'p giao
d~c. Chinh quy~n trung lldng con c6 nhi~m v~ t6 chUc va di~u hanh khoang 1.000 cd sCi
giao d~c gianh cho con em cong chuc chinh quy~n trung lldng; t6 chUc va phat trin cac
cd
giao d~c gianh cho cac hoc sinh thong minh tren toan quoc. Cac hoc sinh nay
thuQc moi thanh philn xii hQi, dll<;Jct~p trung va hoc t~p voi chlldng tdnh giang d,!y dac
bi~t. Ke ho,!ch nam nam bin tM 7 (1985- I990) quyet dinh thanh I~p t,!i moi khu vlfc IOn
mQt d,!i hQc t6ng h<;Jpvidyalaya. Chinh quy~n tiu bang chiu trach nhi~m t6 chUc va
di~u hanh cac trllang tiu hoc va trung hoc.
.

sa

TIt tMp nien 1950 den th~p nien 1980, cd sCigiao d~c t,!i An tang ga'p ba liln, dac bi~t
nganh tiu hoc VI cac tiu bang thlfC hi~n tri~t M Chlldng trlnh giao d~c mien phi va
Wong bach Wi tU6i 14. Hilu het tre em dll<;Jccap sach den trllang tiu hot; cach nM mQt
cay so. Tuy nhien, mQt solOn cac trllang nay thieu giao vien, cd sa v~t cha't thieu than,
nhi~u lOp hoc than que phai giang d,!y dlloi b6ng cay. Khi chlldng tdnh giao dlfC dll<;Jctai
. thii'm dinh vao nam 1986, chinh quy~n dlf dinh r~ng vao nam 1990, tilt ca hoc sinh phai c6
nam nam giao d~c. Chlldng trlnh nay cling rna rQng vi~c giao d~c d,!i chung M giam so
ngllai mil chu. Chlldng tdnh giao d~c dll<;Jcthllang xuyen tai thii'm djnh va cai tien, nhung
v~n thllang bi cac dang phai chinh tri, giOi kinh doanh, ph~ huynh va sinh vien, giao vien
chI trich VI chlla dll<;Jccai tien dung muc. Vi~c nay cling Him giam slf tien bQ cua giao d~c.
Chlldng trlnh giao dl,!ctrung tiu hoc chia ra lam 5 nam tiu hoc, lop 1 den lop 5, danh
cho tre em W 6 den I I tU6i; trung ca'p 3 nam, lOp 6 den lOp 8; trung hoc ca'p 1, 2 nam, lop
9 den lOp 10; trung hoc ca'p 11, 2 nam, lOp I I den lOp 12. Sau th~p nien 1980, c6 toi giln
90% hoc sinh tU6i tiu hQc dll<;Jcgiao dl,!c it nhi~u, nhllng c6 nhi~u hoc sinh khong di hoc
d~u dan, nha't la nu sinh, VI ly do phai giup do gia dlnh; sau d6, so hoc sinh giam di VI Iy
do thieu ngan khoan va dan so tang qua nhanh, chI con c6 khoang 50% so hoc sinh til' I I
den 14 tu6i dll<;Jcdi hoc, maC dilu vao giai do,!n nay c6 lu~t giao dlfc mien phi toi lop 10
t,!i hilu het cac tiu bang.

.,

Ngay trlloc, trach nhi~m giao dlfC tiu hoc va trung hQCthuQc v~ cac tiu bang, nay c6
sl,l'tai tr<jcua chinh phU lien bang. Chinh quy~n lien bang d6ng vai tro quan trong trang
374

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c
c

c
n
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4
si

Ciao due
. Nam

A t6i hien
. tai
.

vi.;c phat tri~n giao dl!C phl! nu va giao dl!Ccac thanh ph&n xii hQi vi thi.;t thoi, qua cac
ngan khoan tai tr<:Jcho cac dt,fan giao dl!c diic bi.;t, qua tr<:Jcap giao dl!c cho nu sinh theo
hQc t~i cac truang dan liip dip lOp til 9 Mn 12, qua cac chuang tdnh giao dl!c c6 tinh
cach c6 dQng, phat huy sang kien dia phu(jng. Them VaGd6, chinh quy~n trung uang cling
c6 chuang trlnh tai tr<:Jnhi~u it cho cac C(lsa giao dl!c dan liip do tu nhan t6 chuc, hoiic do
cac giao hQi t6 chuc. Cac ca so giao dl!c nay con t6n t~i til thClithuQc dja, thu hQc phi,
thuClngrat n6i tieng va con giang d~y bhng tieng Anh.
V~ phuang di.;n d~i hQc, mQt so dUQcthanh liip VaGnam 1857 nhu D~i hQc Calcutta,
Dai hQc Bambay, D~i hQc Madras. So dai hQCva trtfClngcao d~ng tang d&n d&n theo thai
gian. Sau ngay dQc liip, so cac truang nay tiing rat nhanh M cung ung nhu du hQc tiip gia
tang va so dai hQc len den tren mQt tram, trang d6 c6 nhi~u d~i hQc quoc gia, nhi~u d~i
hQc t6ng hQp, mQt so do chinh quy~n trung uang t6 chuc, mQt so do cac ti~u bang t6 chuc.
Ngoai ra, c6 tai tren mQt nghln cac hQc vi.;n ky thuiit, cac truClng cao d~ng du lo~i. So vai
ngay mai dQc liip, so cac truClng cao d~ng va d~i hQc tang gilp 7 l&n tinh tai thiip nien
1980; so sinh vien tang gilp 15 I&ntrong giai do~n nay. Hang nam chinh quy~n trung uang
va ti~u bang phai dai thQ mQt ngan khoan IOnlao cho chuang tdnh giao dl!c nay. Tuy viiy,
cae ca so phl! thuQc cho giao dl!c nhu thu vi.;n, phOng thi nghi.;m, t6 chIic nghien cUu
khong du<,1cdai thQ dung muc va van d~ cang ngay cang kh6 giai quyet. St,fphat tri~n qua
mau ch6ng cua d~i hQc nhung thieu cac ti.;n nghi la d~ tai cho mQi giai chi trich va lam
suy giam mOt ph&n nao gia trj giao dl!C.D6ng tMi, kha nhi~u sinh vien tot nghi.;p d~i hQc
khong tlm ra vi.;c lam, nhilt la cac sinh vien theo hQc cac nganh nhan van, ngh.; thuiit.
Nhi~u sinh vien con nha kha gia, nhat la cac sinh vien cao hQc phai di du hQc nuac ngoai
nhu Anh, My va Au Chau vi thieu Cd S('1 giao dl!Cc6 gia tr! trang nuac.
,
Trang hai thiip nien cuoi cua the ky thu 20, nhi~u hoc vi.;n ky thuiit va d~i hQc t~i An
phat tri~n theo chi~u huang cac hQc vi.;n ky thuiit Anh, My, chu trQng diic bi.;t VaGmon
hQc mai tin hQc, di.;n til' va hang nam san xuat nhi~u nghln chuyen gia c6 tht,fc lifc. So
chuyen gia nay d6ng g6p mQt cach dilc lifc van chuang trlnh phat tri~n nganh tin hQc, di.;n
loan trang nude. Nganh tin hQc, di.;n ti\' cua An phat tri~n m~nh me voi nhi~u cong ,ty IOn
c6 th~ so sanh ngang hang vai cac cong ty lo~i nay t~i Anh, My, Phap. Ngoai ra, An con
cung ung cho nhu du hai ngo~i kha nhi~u nhan It,fcdu lo~i v~ Y hQc, tin hQc, di.;n ti\'. So
chuycn gia nay, cOng vdi cac chuyen gia du hQc til trudc khong lro v~ nudc, lam vi.;c t~i
nhi~u ca so nghien cUu, cac xi nghieP dien ti\', tin hQc a My, Anh, Phap, Duc va nhi~u
ntfdc khac.
Vao nam 1990, An DQ c6 1.510.000 hqc sinh mllu giao, 99.118.320 hQc sinh ti~u hqc,
44.484.500 hqc sinh trung hqc ph6 thong, 677.160 hqc sinh trung hqc ky thuiit, 4.470.8,00
sinh vicn d~i hqc va khoang ba trieu sinh vien hqc vien va cao d~ng. Vao nam 1999, An

375

Ciao dl,lc Nam

fIJi hifn ({Ii

Do co mot ty 25 trit;\u dan (1.025.000.000), co 151 d~i hQc voi khoang tn':n 6 trit;\u sinh
vien. D~i hQc Calcutta c5 nhat va !dn nhat voi 300.000 sinh vien, thanh I<j.pvao nam
1857; D~i hQc Bombay Ion thti' nhl voi 262.350 sinh vien, cilng thanh I<j.pvao nam 1857;
D~i hQc Kampur voi 220.000 sinh vien; D~i hQc Ratasthan co 175.000 sinh vien; D~i hQc
Gujarat co 153.379 sinh vien; D~i hQc Bangalore co 142.697 sinh vien; D~i hQc Ngon
ngu, giang d~y nhi~u ngon ngu chinh cua An Do, co 76 tntong cao d~ng phl) thuoC tren
toan qU6C, co t5ng so' sinh vien la 515.000; D~i hQc Ma co 594.000 sinh vien, D~i hQc
Jadavpur rat n5i tieng co giln 100.000 sinh vien. Them vao do, An Do co tren mot nghln
hQc vit;\n va cac truong cao d~ng du lo~i voi khoang 5 trit;\u'sinh vien. Tren t5ng so', qu6c
gia nay co cten tren II trit;\u sinh vien, dUng hang thti' nhl tren the gioi, sau My voi
khoang 15 trit;\u sinh vien.
Truoc ngay doc I~p, cac d~i hQc d~u giang d~y biing Anh ngu. Sau ngay doc l~p va tit
nam 1950, ngon ngu dja phuong Hindi tra thanh ngon ngu chinh thUc cua qu6c gia, dUl;1c
khai sl! giang d~y t~i cac el~i hQCva cao el~ng va dl! tril thaythe hoan toan tieng Anh vao
nam 1965. Tuy nhien, vao nam 1967, mot el~o lu~t v~ ngon ngu d~i hQc ra eloi, cho phep
cac el~i hQc duy trl vit;\c giang d~y biing Anh ngu trang mot so' mon hQc va mot so' khu vl!c
vlt~i cac khu vl!c nay, dan chUng khong noi tieng An Hindi. Mot so' el~i hQc t~i cac khu
vl!c khong noi tieng Hindi, ngon ngu elja phuong khac du<;1cap dl)ng cilng voi tieng Anh.
T~i cac truong tiu hQC va trung hQC, ngon ngu Hindi ho~c ngon ngu elja phuong khac
elulJCsa dl)ng va tieng Anh la ngo~i ngil' bilt buoc.
Chuang trlnh giao d\)c cua An Do tuy rong IOn va pMttrin elang k, nhl1ng nhln chung
van chua elu<;1c
kha quan, tily theo hoan canh cua m6i tiu bang; voi Iy do chinh la dan so'
qu6c gia nay tang truang qua nhanh, tit 615 trit;\u vao nam 1976, nay tang giln gap eloi Wi
I ty 25 trit;\u, sau 25 nam; so' dan biet el9c viet chi c6 52%, kern xa nhi~u nuoc A Chau
kMc; them vao elo la tlnh tr~ng khac bit;\t !dn lao giil'a thanh thj pMt trin va thOn que
ngheo tung.
II. Giao dl)c Pakistan (H6i Qu6c)
Nam 1947, nguoi HOi Giao tach ra khoi An Do, tra thanh qu6c gia eloc I~p Pakistan
(HOi Qu6c). Pakistan gOm co Tiiy HOi (West Pakistan) va Dong HOi (East Pakistan). Nam
1971, Dong HOi tach ra khoi Tiiy HOi va tra thanh qu6c gia Bangladesh. Nam 1976, dan
so' Pakistan vao khoang 76 trit;\u. Hit;\n tai, dan so' nay tang gap eloi va len Wi 146 trit;\u.
Dan so' Pakistan biet elQcbiet viet rat thap so voi cac nuoc A Chau. Trang hit;\n t~i, chi
co khoang 25% dan so' nguoi IOnco th elQCviet. Dan so' ph!! nil' biet elQcviet con thap hl1n
nam gioi nhi~u. Hilu het ph!! nu elu<;1cgiuo d!!c ela khong vUlJt qua bac tiu hQc. NhLt
yay, rat it ph\) nil' theo hQc b~c trung hQCva so' ph!! nil' el~i hQc con it han nhi~u. Theo

376

Gido

dl;lc

Nam

A. t6'i hi~n tt;li

th6ng ke hi~n t').i, sO'ng!toi bie't dQc vie't t').in!toc nay qua thffp, chi co 38%.
Sau khi dQc I~p, s6tr!tong ti&u hQCva trung hQc gia tang danh k& va sO'hQc sinh Mn
tu6i di hQc con gia tang nhi~u han. Tuy v~y, n~n giao duc cua Pakistan viin khong co Hnh..
cach wong bach. Ciing nh!t cac n!toc kern mi'J mang khac, co si'J ghio duc t').i day ngheo
nan, thie'u giao vien tdm trQng. Vi~c dao t').o giao vien d!t<;1cchinh quy~n chU <; dij.c biet
ciing nh!t d!tae cac t&ehlic quoc te'tai tr<;1,nh!tng viin khong du cung ling cho nhu du, nen
lOp hQc rfft dong, viec giang d').y khong dem l').i ket qua t6t. Giao duc ti&u hQc g6m 5 nam,
tie'p theo la tr!tong trung cffp 3 nam va trung hQc 2 nam Wi lOp 10. Sau trung hQc, hQc sinh
theo hQc t').i cac tr!tong cao d~ng trung cffp M chuii'n bj len d').i hQc. MQt sO'hQc sinh khac
theo hQc t').icac tr!tong huffn nghi~p dao t').o th<;1chuyen mon va ban chuyen mon.
N~n giao duc cao dhg va d').i hQc cua Pakistan bao g6m cac tr!tong cao d~ng chuyen
nghi~p, cao d~ng ky thu~t va nhi~u tr!tong cao dhg khac rili rac tren kh~p lanh th6. T6ng
sO'cac tr!tong cao d~ng len Wi mffy tram. D').i hQc Punjab c6 nhfft, thanh l~p VaG nam
1882; IOn nhfft 1a D').i hQc Allama Iqbal t').i thu do Islamabab, D').i hQc Peshawar va D').i
hQc Karachi. D').i hQc thanh l~p vao the' ky thli 20 la D').i hQc Azad Jammu va D').i hQc
Kashmir (1980), D').i hQc Nong nghi~p Peshawar (1981), D').i hQc Qu6c te' H6i Giao t').i
Islamabab (1980), D').i hQc Aga Khan t').i Karachi (1983) va D').i hQC Quan trj Lahore
(986). Vaa nam 1990, Pakistan co 8.855.990 hoc
. sinh ti&u hoc,
. 3.983.460 hoc
. sinh trung
hQc ph6 thong, 51.420 hQc sinh trung hQc ky thu~t, 304.920 sinh vien d').i hQc, 243.570
sinh vien hQc vi~n va cao d~ng. Vao nam 1999, Pakistan voi 146 tri~u dan sO',co 23 d').i
hQc voi khoang 500.000 sinh vien. D').i hQc Punjab co 10.050 sinh vien; D').i hQc Allama
Iqbal co 40.000 sinh vien; D').i hQc Mi'J co 208.000 sinh vien. V~ philn cac tr!tong cao
dang, co ca tram tr!tong 10').inay co troi tren nu:a tri~u sinh vien. Cac tr!tong cao d~ng va
d').i hQc i'J day giang d').y b~ng Anh ngu va ngon ngu qu6c gia Urdu. Cac tr!tong ti&u va
trung hQC giang d').y b~ng ngon ngu Urdu, Anh ngu la ngo').i ngu b~t bUQc. Ciing nh!t An
DQ, tie'ng Urdu d!t<;1cxay dU'ng tu tie'ng Ph').n, sau tri'Jthiinh ngon ngu qu6c gia khi Pakistan
I~p qu6c.
N~n giao duc Pakistan gij.p kho khan VaG th~p nien 1970, khi n!toc nay qu6c hau hoa
cac tr!tong dan Hip, gay bfft man trang so nhung ng!toi H6i quy~n the'va gioi kinh doanh,
co con em theo hQc t').i cac tr!tong dan I~p va sO'cac trltong dan I~p khong kern cac trltong
cong I~p, I').i co t6 chlic hoan bj han, giao vien co kha nang chuyen mon han. Vao th~p
nien 1980, chinh sach qu6c hau hoa nay d!t<;1cthu h6i va h~ th6ng tr!tong dan I~p co co hQi
phat tri&n m').nh, nhfft la t').icac thanh ph6 IOn. Ciing vao th~p nien nay, chinh quy~n phat
tri&n ch!tang tdnh giao duc H6i Giao trang h~ th6ng giao duc cong I~p ciing nh!t dan I~p.
He th6ng giao duc dan l~p cang ngay dng thu hUt nhi~u hQc sinh thuQc cac gia mnh

377

Gido d{lc Nam

Ii tvi

hifn t{li

c6 kha nang tili chinh ciing nhlt nhitng gia dlnh chju anh hltang van h6a tay phltdng vi cac
trltong dan I~p giang d<)oynhi8u man hQc thich h<;1pvoi 1o'igiao d\lc tay phltdng vii nhi8u
man hQc vfrn dlt<;1cgiang d<)oyb~ng tie'ng Anh. Mot so' cac wong dan I~p l<)oit6 cQuc cac
kh6a hQc dijc bi(:t, luy(:n thi viio cac wong cao dftng vii d<)oihQc My, Anh, nen ciing thu
hut nhi~u hQc sinh vi hQ c6 nhi~u cd hQi du hQc nltdc ngoiii. St! ki(:n phan chia giao d\lc ra
liim cac trltong cang I~p chju anh hltang giao d\lc H6i Giao, cac trltong dan I~p anh hltang
giao dl,lc tay phltdng da gay chia re trang d<)oichung vii dai khi t<)oora tlnh hlnh cang thftng
giita cac thiinh phiin dan chung khac nhau. Mot st! ki(:n dang bu6n khac nita Iii cac sinh
vien c6 kha nang vi theo hQc t<)oicac trltong dan I~p, se du,hQc nltoc ngoiii vii rilt nhi~u
ngltoi khang tra v~ nltde, liim kha qn nhan tiii ban xu.
III. Giao d\lc Sri Lanka (Tich Lan)
Sri Lanka chinh thl1c tra thiinh thuoc dja cua Anh viio diiu the' ky tM 19. Nam 1948,
nltdc niiy dlt<;1C
doc liip. Trang hi(:n t<)oi,
dan so' cua Sri Lanka ,Iii20. tri(:u.
Sau ngiiy doc liip, cac chinh quy~n ke'tie'p
Sri Lanka tie'p l\lC pMt tri8"nn~n giao d\lc
quo'c gia da dlt<;1cjdJai slf cuo'i thai thuoc dja. Giao d\lc mien phi til' lOp mfru giao Wi d<)oi
hQc, k8"cii mot so' cac trltong ky thuiit chuyen nghi(:p. Sri Lanka c6 mQt so' cd
giao dl,lc
dan liip xuilt hi(:n tit thai thuQCdja c6 thu hQc phi. La mot nltdc tltdng d6i nhiS, nen chinh
quy~n trung ltdng trlfc tie'p dung ra t6 chuc vii di~u hiinh h(: tho'ng giao d\lc. Giao dl,lc ph6
thong g6m c6 ti8'u hQc, trung hQc cilp I vii trung hQc cilp II. C6 rilt it hQc sinh ti8"uhQc hiS
hQc giita chil'ng vii nhlt viiy so' hQc sinh trung hQc khang kern so' hQc sinh ti8"uhQc Iii bao
nhieu. Chltdng trlnh giao dl,lc t<)oi
trung hQc cilp I g6m cac man hQc t5ng quat vii man ton
giao: Phiit Giao t<)iphia nam vii An Do Giao t<)oi
phi a b~c. Chltdng trlnh giao d\lc t<)itrung
hQc cilp II dtt<;1cchia ra cac ngiinh khoa hQc ky thuiit, thltdng m<)ivii nhan van ngh(: thuiit.
H(: tho'ng giao d\lc Sri Lanka pMt tri8"n to't dyp, so' ngltoi bie't dQc vie't tang nhanh, til'
57.8% (70.1 % nam giOi vii 43.8% nit gidi) vao nam 1948, toi 86.5% (90.5% nam gidi vii
82.4% nit giOi) viio nam 1981. Trang hi(:n t<)i,so' ngltoi bie't dQc vie't Iii 90%, mot con so'

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A Chau.
Mijc diiu sll hQc sinh khai Slf theo hQc cac lOp trung hQc c6 cao, nhttng mot so' biShQC
va vi viiy, sll hQc sinh to't nghi(:p trung hQc khang nhi~u. Giao d\lc cao dftng vii d<)oi
hQCthu
nhiin mot phiin hQc sinh hQc he't trung hQc, mot so' hQc sinh niiy tim ra vi(:c liim. Nhu du
nhan d\lng khang IOn nen khang thiSa man sll sinh vien to't nghi(:p cao d~ng vii d<)oihQc
hiing nam, gay bilt man trang so' cac sinh vien to't nghi(:p khang tim ra vi(:c liim. Cling nen
nho rang, Sri Lanka Iii mot nltdc nang nghi(:p, da so' dan chung so'ng than que, thiinh thj
phat tri8"ncMm, cling Iii nguyen nhan gay ra canh thilt nghi(:p. Viio nam 1990, Sri Lanka
c6 2.112.720 hQc sinh ti8"uhQc, 1.088.000 hQc sinh truug hQc ph5 thong, 4.740 hQc sinh

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Ciao d(lc Ham

A tdi hi~n t(li

trung hQc ky thu~t, 59.3770 sinh vien dai hQc, 38.420 sinh vien hQc vi~n va cao dgng. Vao
nam 1999, Sri Lanka co 9 d,!i hQC:E>,!ihQc Ruhuna (1978) co 3.900 sinh vien; E>aihoc
Jaffa (1974) co 3.200 sinh vien; E>f-ihQc Colombo co 6.800 sinh vien; E>,!ihQc Eastern co
1.000 sinh vien; E>,!ihQc Kelaniya co 6.300 sinh vien; E>,!ihQc Sri Jayewardenepura co
5.000 sinh vien; E>,!ihQc Ph~t Oiao co 1.600 sinh vien, nguyen ia trung tam giang d,!y va
nghien CUllPh~t Oiao, dU<;1c
nang len cap d,!i hQc vao nam 1959; E>,!ihQc Md co 36.700
sinh vien; E>,!ihQc Peradenniya co 9.400 sinh vien. E>,!ihQc co tllng so 73.960 sinh vien .
Ngoai ra, Sri Lanka con co nhi~u hQc vi~n, tru'ang cao dgng ky thu~t va chuyen nghi~p rai
rac khAp toan quoc, voi tllng so sinh vien khoang tren 50.000. Nam 1978, chinh quy~n
ban hanh Lu~t E>aiHQc co myc dich phan phoi ngan khoan tai tr<;1mi)t cach hc;1PIy d pMt
tricin, t6 chuc va di~u hanh mi)t each co hi~u qua h~ thong cac trUang cao dgng va d,!i hQC.
Nam 1987, chinh quy~n thie't liip "Vi~n Oiao Dyc Quoc Oia" National Institute of
Education voi trach nhi~m phat tricin ChUljngtrlnh giao dyc, bien so,!n sach giao khoa, dilo
t'!o giing vien, til chU'cthi clt va kiEm tra danh gia.
Sri Lanka gaP kho khan vt; viln dt; ngon ngit giang d,!y va ton giao khac bi~t. Ph~t Oiao
t,!i mi~n nam ehie'm 80% dan so voi ngon ngit Sinhala, An E>i)Oiao t,!i mi~n bAc chie'm 20%
dan so voi ngon ngit Tamil, mi)t ngon ngit cua mi~n nam An. Nam 1956, chinh quy~n tuyen
bo ngon ngit Sinhala Iii ngon ngit quoc gia. Quye't dinh nily gay bilt man roi cam phftn cua
dan Tamil, gay ra cu(k ni)i chie'n dftm mau, cho tOingily nay. Dan Tamil tranh aau tach ra
khoi Sri Lanka <.lEthilnh I~p quoc gia rieng bi~t Tamil t,!i min bAc.
IV. Ciao dye Bangladesh
Nguyen Iii E>ong Hoi, tach ra khl)i Pakistan vao cuoi nam 1971 va trd thanh mi)t quoc
gia cilng hOa nhan dan. Hi~n t,!i, dan so eua Bangladesh Iii 135 tri~u voi di~n tich nho hep
142.776 cay so vuong, khong bang nlta di~n tich Vi~t Nam. Bangladesh Iii mi)t quoc gia
bilt h,!nh, di~n tich nl16, dan so qua <.long,so dan mu chit qua cao, thien tai Iyt lili xlIy ra
hang nam, mOt philn dan so thie'u an thUang xuyen.
Bangladesh thua hUdng n~n giao dyc An E>i)trUoc nam 1947 va giao dyc Hoi Quoc tu
nam 1947 toi nam 1971. Quoc gia nily co lc;1idicim la co mi)t ngon ngu chinh thuc du'<;1c
hau he't dan so slt dyng, do la tie'ng Bengali. H~ thong giao dyc Bangladesh gom co ticiu
hQc tOi 10 tu6i; trung hQc chia Iilm ba giai doan: trung hQc cap I, trung hQc cap II va dl! bi
dai hQC;sau moi giai do,!n co ky thi len lOp. TrUong hQc t,!i cac thilnh thi tUdng doi co day
du giao vien; t,!i than que, cd sd giao dye ngheo niln, thie'u giao vien, lOp hQc dong.
Hie'n phap Bangladesh nhan m,!nh chfnh quy~n co nhi~m vy cung cap giao dliC mi~n
phi cho tilt d mQi tre em. Nam 1973-1974, chinh quy~n quoc hii'u h6a cac cd sd giao dliC
dan I~p, phat tricin nn giao dyc tiEu hQe. Vao thai ky nily, co toi 33% tre em khong bao
379

Ciao d{lc Nam

A.

tiJi hifn t(li

gia dli<;fCdi hQc, siScon I')i co di hQc, nhling rilt nhiilu hQc sinh chlia bie't dQc vie't, kh6ng
hQc he't b:).c ti~u hQc da b6 hQc. Nhli v:).y, mQt siSldn, it nhilt 33% tre em tro tMnh ngliai
Ion thilt hQc, cQng them voi siSngliai ldn thilt hQc tit trlioc, nen trang hi~n t')i, siS dan bie't
dQc vie't chi co 38%. Chinh quyiln nh:).n ra ding giao dl,!c ti~u hQc cho mQt dan siSldn lao,
ding ngay cang gia tang nhanh chong, la mQt nhi~m vI,!kho khan. ChLt.Ongtrlnh cai tie'n
giao dl,!c nay dat trQng tam van giao dl,!c ph6 th6ng, dli<;fCkhuye'n khich qua cac quan
di~m chu nghla quiSc gia dan tQc, chu nghla xa hQi, giao dl,!c the' Wc, cac quan di~m nay
cling la quan di~m chinh trj cua quiSc gia tre trung Bangladesh.,
'
Bangladesh co kha nhiilu trliang cao diing ky thu:).t va chuyen nghi~p du lo')i vil cac
nganh nhli nhan van, ngh~ thu:).t, n6ng nghi~p, kinh te' gia dlnh, xa hQi, hfru he't cac trliang
nay nam dlioi quyiln ki~m soat cua cac d')i hQc. VI dan siSldn lao, nen Mng nam siS sinh
vien ghi ten theo hQc, hOac thi vao hQc t')i cac trliang cao diing va d')i hQC gia tang uang
k~. Chliang tdnh huiln nghi~p cac nganh ky thu:).t do cac trl1ang cao etiing ky thu:).t, cae
trliang ky su', cac hQc vi~n thlfc hi~n. Vao nam 1990, Bangladesh co 2.317.180 hQc sinh
m&u giao, 11.939.940 hQc sinh ti~u hQc, 3.592.990 hQc sinh trung hQc ph6 th6ng, 25.790
hQc sinh trung hQc ky thu:).t, 434.300 sinh vien d')i hQc, 51.770 sinh vien hQc vi~n va
trliang cao diing. Vao nam 1999, Bangladesh coil d;,lihQc. D')i hQc Rajshani ldn nhilt voi
57.000 sinh vien; D')i hQc Dhaka ldn thu nhl voi 34.000 sinh vien; D')i hQc Y khoa co
5.000 sinh vien; D;,Ii hQc Mo co 303.000 sinh vien; D')i hQc Ky sli Chitta gong co 5.000
sinh vien; D;,Ii hQc Dan tQc co 2.700 sinh vien; D')i hQc Hoi Giao co 3.500 sinh vien; D;,Ii
hQc Jahangirnagar co 5.000 sinh vien; , D;,IihQc N6ng nghi~p Mymensingh co 14.500 sinh
vien; D;,IihQc Khulna co 3.700 sinh vien; D')i hQc Khoa hQc Ky thu:).t co 13.000 sinh vien.
Nganh y hQc, ngoai trliang D')i hQc Y khoa, con co nhiilu trliang y hQc rai rac khap nal.
Moi co so giao dl,!Cy hQc co b~nh vi~n thlfc t:).p tnfc thuQc. Ngoai ra Bangladesh con co
mQt siSIon cac trliang cao diing ky thu:).t va van hoa du lo')i rai rac tren toan quiSc co siS
sinh vien len Wi nita tri~u.
An DQ co niln giao dl,!Ctie'n bQ nhilt t')i cac nlioc Nam A, tuy nhien, VIdan siSqua cao,
nen nilngiao dl,!c nay chlia dap ling dli<;fCnhu du giao dl,!c 0 tMn que. Sri Lanka Iii quiSc
gia nh6, co niln giao dl,!Cphat tri~n kha quan, co siS dan bie't dQc vie't kha cao. Hai quiSc
gia Pakistan vii Bangladesh con gaP nhiilu kho khan vil giao dl,!c, nhilt la Bangladesh .

Tai li?u tham khdo:

- Bangladesh, education. TLfdiEn bach khoa The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, Multimedia Edition, J 998.
~ History (~reducati()n, Indian university. TiLllii1u dil ddn nhu fren.
- History (~ledu('ati()n, South Asia, Preindependence period. Tuj lifu dil dan nhu fren.
History of education. The postindependence period in Bangladesh. Tai li?u dd dlJn nhu tren.!

380

I
.

Gido

dl;lc

Nam

- History of education, The postindependence

- History

oj'education,

The postindependence

period in India. Tili lifu dii dan nhu tren.

period in Pakistan. Till liru dil dan nhu tren .
period in Sri Lanka. Taj li~u dil dt1n nhu tren.

A fiJi hi?n f(li

~History of education, The postindepence

Tilj li~u dd dan nhu tren.
.,
-India, education. Tudifn bUch khoa The World Book Encyclopedia, Multimedia Edition, 2001.
Literacy. Titl lieu (1il dan nhu (ren.
- Nien giam The World Almanac and Book of Facts 1999. Mahwah, Ni, World Almanac Books, 2000.
- Pakistan, education. T{I,Ufn bUch khoa The World Book Encyclopedia, Multimedia Edition, 2001.
- Pakistan, education. Tu difn bUch khoa The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, Multimedia Edition, 1998.
- Isri Lanka, education. Till liru dd dan nhu tren.
- Statistical yearbook, dn bUn thti 39. New York, United Nations, 1994.
- The English of India-Pakistan. Tai lifu dii dan nhu tren.
- The World of Learning 1999. London, Europa Publications, 2000.
- India, education.

381

Chlidng 28
Giao d~c Dong A tUi hifn tg,i
,

I. Giao d\lc Han Qullc

II. Giao d\lc C(lng bOa Dan chii Nhan dan Tri~u Tien
III. Giao d\lc Dai Loan
D6ng A bao g6m cac qu6c gia va vung llinh th6 NMt Ban, Trung Qu6c, Han Qu6c,
CQng hoa Dan chu Nhan dan Tri~u Tien va Dai Loan. Trung Qu6c va Nh~t Ban dli
dUQc d~ c~p tdi vao cac chuang trudc. Chuang nay, chung ta se ban den n~n giao dl)c
cua Han Qu6c hay Nam Him, CQng hOa Dan chu Nhan dan Tri~u Tien hay Bac Han
va Dai Loan. Dai Loan chila mQt ph~n lanh th6 cua Trung Qu6c nhung van con dung
rieng re va c6 mQt n~n giao dl)C va kinh te phat tri6n, nen dang dUQc ban tdi.
I. Giao d\lc Han Qullc
Tri~u Tien tra thanh thuQc dia cua Nh~t Ban tit nam 1910. Sau khi Nh~t d~u hang
D6ng Minh vao nam 1945, quan dQi Lien X6 chiem d6ng Bac Tri~u Tien va quan dQi
My chiem d6ng Nam Tri~u Tien. Nam 1948, hai mi~n bac nam ella Tri~u Tien tra
thanh hai qu6c gia dQc I~p vdi hai chinh th6 khac nhau. Bac Tri~u Tien chiu anh
huang Lien X6 va tra thanh mQt nudc cQng hoa nhan dan (Ct)ng hoa Dan chu Nhan
dan Ti~u Tien), Nam Tri~u Tien chiu anh huang cua My va tra thanh mQt nudc cQng
hOa (Han Qu6c). Trang hi~n tai, Han Qu6c c6 dan so' 47 tri~u nguai.
Vao tMp nien 1940, Nam Tri~u Tien, cung nhu Bilc Tri~u Tien, c6 so' dan biet dQc
viet ra't tha'p, khoang 50%. so' dan biet dQc viet gia tang nhanh ch6ng va trang hi~n tai
len Wi 98%, day la ty so' cao nha't A Chau. Chiu anh huang NMt Ban, m~c dh chi c6
36 nam dudi quy~n cai tri cua Nh~t, sau ngay di)c I~p, Han Qu6c c6 mi)t chinh sach
giao dl)c thiet thl)'c, ph6 bien, du~c ap dl)ng mQt cach ri)ng IOn tren toan qu6c, dUQc
dan chung hQp tac, ky lu~t hQc duang ch~t che va ket qua la Han Qu6c dli san xua't
dUQc d~y dil nhan vien chuyen m6n cho cac chuang trlnh phat tri6n kinh te cung nhu
xa hi)i ttt th~p nien 1970 cho oen cu6i the ky thl! 20. Vao thai ky nay, Han Qu6c tra
thanh mi)t qu6c gia ky ngh~, c6 nhi~u c6ng ty qu6c te, xua't cang xe ci), hang di~n tii'
va nhi~u loai hang h6a khac ra khilp the gidi. Vdi tdnh di) giao dl)c dan chung cao,
kha nang kinh te d6i dao va uy tin qu6c te, nam 1988, Han Qu6c dUQc han hanh

382

I'

-----....- ---------------------

Ciao dl,tc Dong

A toi hi~n t(li

t6 chU'c The' V~n HQi Olympic Games va ke't qua dii lam ng,!c nhien the' giOi v~ t6 chuc
di~u himh cling nhlithanh

(fch thi dilu cua cac v~n dQng vien. Han h,!nh ldn lao nay,

nlidc kh6ng 16 Trung Qu6c dii md lidc !rong bao nhieu nam va miii tdi nam 2008, hQ mdi
co cd hQi thl/c hi~n. Them nii'a, trang nam 2002, Han Qu6c I,!i co han h,!nh lOn lao I~n thu
hai, cling vdi Nh~t Ban t6 chuc Giai Bong Da The' Gidi World Cup, mQt giai th thao co
sO'khan gia ldn nhllttren d the' gidi, keo dai tren mQtthang. Han h,!nh lOn lao nay, nhii'ng
nlidc lOn nhli Lien bang Nga, Trung Qu6c chlia dli<;1chan h,!nh t6 chuc.
N~n giao d\.!c Han Qu6c g6m co 6 nam tiu hQc, mien phi, cliong bach va g~n nhli
100% tre em tdi tu6i di hQc dii dp sach Mn trliang. Sau tiu hQc, h~ u he't hQc sinh
tie'p t\.!c theo hQc qi cac trliang trung hQc cllp I trang 3 nam, giang d,!y cac mon hQc
ph6 thong va ngo,!i ngii'. Sau trung hQc c1Ip I, mQt so' nho hQc sinh bo hQc, d,!i da s6
con I,!i, theo hQc trung hQc c1Ip II trang 3 nam. T,!i c1Ip II nay, hQc sinh chQn nganh
hQc ph6 thong hoac kg thu~t va hulln nghi~p. Sau trung hQc c1Ip II, mQt so' hQc sinh
tim ra vi~c lam, con I,!i khoang 60% tie'p t\.!c theo hQc t,!i cac trliang cao dng, cac hQc
vi~n va cac d,!i hQc. Cling nhli hQc sinh Nh~t Ban, hQc sinh Han Qu6c cam c\.!i, cham
chi, ton trQng th~y co, co tinh th5n ky lu~t cao va dac bi~t, vi~c ap d\.!ng ky lu~ttrii'ng
ph,! t th xac vfrn con duy td nhi~u it. Do 16i hQc ky lu~ t na y; th5 y co dong vai tra
quan trQng trang giao d\.!c, hQc sinh thl,l dQng, I~ng nghe, ghi nh~n, hQc hili, lam hili;
phlidng phap giang d"y thl/c d\.!ng, 11IyhQc sinh lam trung tam khong dli<;1cchtl y
nhi~u. Vao ky nghi he, nhi~u hQc sinh, sinh vien tlnh nguy~n tham gia cac chlidng
trlnh giao dl,lCb6 tuc cho dan chung
thon que. Day la mQt chlidng trlnh xii hQi co gia
tr[ lOn lao, khong nhii'ng ngliai dan que dli<;1chliang l<;1i,rna con co y nghia nhi~lI hdn

cho chinh cac hQc sinh, sinh vien, khi hQ trl/c tie'p dong gop vao cac chlidng trlnh xii
hQi, hy sinh nhii'ng ngay nghi he. Vi~c nay cling gitlp kh cho vi~c chu1ln bj VilOdai
trang tlidng lai khong xa cila cac sinh vien. Ra't it qu6c gia tren the' gioi dii thl/c hi~n
dtt<;1cchlidng tdnh giao dl,lc xii hQi mQt cach rQng lOn nay.
VI sO'sinh vien ghi ten theo hQc cac trliang cao dng, hQC vi~n va d"i hQC gia tang
nhanh chong; nhi~u cd sa giao d\.!c c1Ip nay dii dli<;1cxay dl/ng hang nam, nh1lt la tii'
th~p nien 1970 tra v sau; nhiu nganh hQc khoa hQc, kg thu~t, di~n toan dii dli<;1C
gidi
thi~u, thu hut hang tri~u sinh vien m6i nam. Cling nhli

a NMt,

vi~c thi vao cac trliang

d"i hQc n6i tie'ng cang ngay cang tra nen kho khan, nhiu ph\.! huynh va hQc sinh dii
phai chu1ln b[ vi~c nay trang nhiu nam. Cac trliang d,!i hQc n6i tie'ng du quy tl,l t,!i
thtl do Han Thanh (Seoul) nhli D"i hQc Qu6c gia Seoul, D"i hQc Dan I~p Yonsei, D,!i
hQc Korea va D,!i hQC nl1 Ehwa. Cac cd

sa giao

d\.!c t"i Han Qu6c dliqc xay dl/ng theo

dung tieu chwfn tay phliong, ti~n nghi giao d\.!c d6i dao, k ca cac ti~n nghi nhlithtt
vien. phonr. thi' nghiem, ~fin thi than. Nho vt)y. gift t.-j gino (h.le kh:l cao.

383

Cicio dW,' Dong

A. tili hi?n

tqi

Theo th6ng ke cua Lien Hi4p Qu6c, VilOnam 1990, Han Quoc co 728.000 hQc sinh
mau giao, g.1n 6 Iri4u hqc sinh ti(iu hqc, 4.484.400 hqc sinh trung hqe ph6 th6ng,
835.590 hqc sinh trung hqc ky thuat, 1.711.770 sinh vien d"i hqc va 1.159.460 sinh
vicn cao diing va hqc vi4n. Ngoai ra, hang nam, rat nhi6u sinh vien Han Qu6c du hqe
l"i cae nl1dc lay phlflfng, nha'l la ,'I My. Han Qu6c co sl)"sinh vien g.1n gap ba l.1n Vi4t
Nam va dan SClchi bjng '2/3 Vi4l Nam. Qu6c gia nay e6 khoang 250 co sc'l giao dl,!e
cao diing va d"i hoc. Ve ca<: d"i hq<:, Han Qu6c <:6 37 tn(dng, k cii tn(dng dan I~p.
D"i hqc Dan I~p Yonsei lau diii nhal, phat xuill ttt mOt trung Wm giao dl,!c dan I~p,
kIH'\j su. tit nam 1885, Idn nhat hien
. tai,
. <;Ii43.350 sinh vien; Dai. ho<:
. nu Ehwa thanh
I~p n~lnl 1886, ttt mOt tntdng cao d~1ng. hicn cli '21.430 sinh vicn, Dai'hqe Korea thanh
i~p nam 1,)()5, hicn e<",'21.680; Dai 1h)c QUClCgia Se:"ul, lhanh i,jp nam 1')46, hi4n co

32.100 sinh I'icn; Dai hoc QUClCgia

Pusan thlmh l(tp nam 1946, hi4n c6 '25.900 sinh
vicn; Dai ho<: Kyung lice IhiJnh I~p nam 1')4'), hi4n co 25.000 sinh vien; D<)i hoc
Hanyan); thiJnh li'l) n~11l11')3'), hi.;n c6 '27.000 sinh vicn;.Dai hqc Chosun thiJnh I~p
nam 1946, hi.;n <;Ii '2(),OOO sinh vicn; Dai hqc Ml'! co 215.nO sinh vien; cae d"i hqe
khac d6u co tic 10 den 20 nghln sinh vien.
Nen giao du<: l,li l1<lnQue'l<:phat lrien toiln dicn ve d s6lul}ng va challu<jng, e:ung
ung ~.1y du nhan Il(<:<:ho chullng lrlnh phal \ricn ky ngh.; va kel qua Iii quae: gia nay
dl1tJc li.;l 1',10 nHlt lrtlllg mil)" nu'dc lien btl nha"t A Chau, so sanh ngang hang nhung vdi
s6 1l(ling 1<1nh"n nhieu so vdi Tan Gia Ba (Sing.apore), EliJi Loan (Taiwan), H6ng
KCHlg(Hong Kong) vil chi di sau 1\h(t1 Ban.
II. Ciao dl,!c ClIng hila Dan chi! Nhiin dan Tri~u Tien
Blk Trieu Tien In) than~ nH}t nuoc eOng hoa nhan dan vao nam 1948. Quae gia
nay hi4n ni dan s6 IiI 22 Iri4u nguiJi. Cung nhu Han Quae, CQng h()a Dun ehu Nhiin
dan Trieu Tien <;Iid'Jn s6 biel dqc viel gia tang nhanh nhii chinh sach giao dl,!Cd"i
chung, xoa bi) mll diU llia <:hinh quycn. Trong hi4n ('Ii, ly s6 dan biet dqc vie'l la 97%.
Ttt nam 1967. lunl ph<ip <:I1'Jngha<:h giao dl,!c tU 7 t(~i 16 tu6i, sau tang len Itt 6 loi
16 tuili. Giao dl,!<:cae: ngunh ttt v(Jlimg loi d"i hqe: hoan toan mi~n phi. H4 th6ng gi<lo
dl,!c cua quo<: gia nay g6m <:0 1 nam 1'0 limg, 4 nam tieu hqe, 6 nam trung hQe. Hai
nam sau cua b~c trung hqc, hqc sinh chqn theo hqc ban ph6 th6ng, ban huan nghi4p
huiic ky thu~t. Hoe: sinh ky thU~1 hqc tiep l"i cal' truiing cau d5ng ky thu~t M tra
thanh dc nhan vien chuyen m(lll , h,.)c sinh phil th6ng hqc len d"i hQc dE Ia'y' van b1ing
cii' nhJn, hl)C sinh hua'n nghi4p mU(lll hoc them qi cal' (rUiing e:ao d5ng phai hoc thcm

---------------------Ciao df:lc Dong

m()l nam nITa. Cac truong cao dhg

t(li hi~n t(li

giang d~y 2 Mn 3 nam, cac d~i hoc gidng day ttt 4

oen (, nam. Chuong trlnh giang d<)y g<5mnhITng mon hQc van h6a va sinh vien h9C
sinh con dUl!c hoc t~p chinh sach quo'c gia v~ m9i phuong di~n, chu nghTa MarxLeninc. Hqc sinh, sinh vien dUQc huang diin theo h9C cac nganh thich hQp voi chuOng
trlnh phat triJn ky ngh~ va kinh te quo'c gia. Vdi chinh sach cuang bach giao dllC ttt 6
tdi 1(, tuili va trong m0t quo'c gia ky lu~t, gfrn nhu hfru het tre em dip sach dCn truang
tu Idp vo lill1g tdi ldp 10 trung h9C. so' hQc sinh hQc hai nam cuo'i trung hQc cling
kh6ng kcm bao nhieu. Sau trung h9C, c6 kha dong h9C sinh hoan tilt chuong trlnh huiln
nghii;p, tn'! thanh cong nhan cua cac xi nghi~p. so' con I<)itiep tllc theo hQc b~c cao
d5ng va d<)'ihqc. Theo tho'ng ke cua Lien Hi~p Quo'c, vao nam 1990, C6ng hoa Dan
chu Nhan dan Tri6u Tien c6 tren 2 tri~u hqc sinh tieu h9C, 2 tri~u h9C sinh trung hqc,
390.000 sinh vicn d<)i h9C va 325.000 sinh vien cao d5ng. Quo'c gia nay c6 m6t sO'd~i
hoc, n6i tieng nhat la D~i hQc Kim II Sung, thanh Hjp nam 1946, tiep theo la D~i h9C
Ky thu~t Kimchaek, D~i h9C Giao dllC Kim Hyong Jik, D~i h9C Nang nghi~p
Pyonggyong

va D~i hQC Y khoa Pyonggyong.

Them vao d6, C0ng hoa Dan chu Nhan

dan Tri~u Tien nln tren 100 hqc vi~n va tru()ng cao d5ng du lo~i.
C0ng hoa Dan chu Nhan dan Tri~u Tien la quo'c gia mdi ma cua ticp nh~n giao
duc nudc ngoai du()c mily nam, nen chucJng trlnh giao dllC lUy d~t n~ng viln d~ khoa
h()c, ky thu~t, nhung van chua dap ung dUQc vdi nn kinh te thi truong.
III. Ghio dl)c Dui Loan (Taiwan)
Oai Loan trt) thanh thu0c dia cua Nh~t vao nam 1895 sau khi Nh~t' danh b~i Trung
Hoa trong chicn tran qi day. Khi Nh~t dfru hang D6ng Minh vao nam 1945, cuo'i The
chicn thli II (1939-1945),
Thach (1887-1975)

Oai Loan tra lai vOi Trung Hoa. Nam 1949, Tuang Gioi

thilt b~i qi d~i luc, dem tan quan ch~y ra dao Oai Loan va chinh

quy6n Trung Hoa Dan Quo'c t6n t:)i Wi ngay nay t<)ihon dao tru phil nay. Chinh quy~n
Oai Loan dli dai dien cho Trung Hoa t~i Lien Hi~p Quo'c ttt nam 1949 toi nam 1971.
Nam nay, My va cac thanh vien khac cua Licn Hi~p Quo'c dff cong nhiin C6ng hoa
Nhan

dan

Trung Hoa va lo~i Dai

Loan

ra khoi

t6 chuc

nay. Trung

Quo'c mong

muon Oai Loan trd I~i vai d~i Illc nhu H6ng K6ng va Ma Cao.
Tn(ac ng~ly Nh~t d6 h6 Dai Loan, manh d<lt nay qua xa x6i voi thu d6 Bilc Kinh
cua Trung Hoa, nen giao dllC h5u nhu bi lilng qucn va ngay t~i Trung Quo'c, giao dllC
anh hl((jng t~ly phu(jng chua dUQc quan tam cho tai cU6c Cach m~ng Tan HQi 1911.
Trong 50 nam d6 h0 hai dao nay, Nhiit dil md r6ng nn giao dllC tieu h9C va trung
hqc, khuyen khich phl) nITghi ten theo h9C. ChucJng trlnh giao dl)c nay tuang II! nhu
11(~nr;i:io L1l.IC t;.li

Nh:Jt :lnh hl({?1ng L:ly phu'dng voi IlH;aC dkh

385

dao

l~o

l11Qt lhanh

phjli

Lri

Gido d~c Dong

thUc va cong nhiin'moi

A tfJi hi~n tr;Li

trung thanh voi Nh~t. N~n giao dl,lCtruy~n th6ng Trung Hoa

chju anh huang I<:h6ng HQc, lily gia dlnh lam g6c, khOng xa I" voi n~n giao dl,lc Nh~t
Ban ct1ng chju anh huang Kh6ng HQc tU xa xua, nen nguoi Nhiit dli d dang than!)

cong trong vi~c phat trin giao d\lc t"i day. V~ phudng di~n cao d~ng va d"i hQC,
nguoi Nh~t ciing dli khi'1i sl! thie't I~p m(lt s6 trung tam giao dl,lc con duy trl Mn hi~n
t"i la D"i'hQc Soochow thanh I~p nam 1900, D"i hQc Taiwan nay la D"i hQc Qu6c gia
Taiwan thanh I~p nam 1928.
Khi Tui'1ng Gioi Th"ch n~m chinh quy~n t"i Dai Loan, voi'kinh

nghi~m chua x6t

tham b"i t"i d"i Il,Ic vi chinh quy~n th6i nat, tham nhiing, dli cai t6 quan d(li, tai t6
chUc chinh quy~n, tie'p tl,lc phat tri6n nganh giao dl,lc dli duqc khi'1i sl! duoi thoi Nh~t.
Trang vong 20 nam va b~t d~u tll thiip nien 1970, Dai Loan tra thanh m(lt vling dilt
thinh vuqng, c6 n~n giao dl,lc tie'n b(l dUng hang d~u A Chau, tUdng tt! nhu n~n giao
dl,lc Tan Gia Ba (Singapore)" di truoc Han Qu6c va chi sau Nh~t Ban. Dai Loan c6
m(lt n~n kinh te' Ion m"nh, ngan sach hang nam thiing du, xuilt cang nhi~u hdn nhiip
cang, s6 nguoi thilt nghi~p thilp vao hang s6 m(lt tren the' gioi. Tudng tt! nhu a Nh~t
Ban, Tan Gia Ba (Singapore),

H6ng Kong (Hong Kong), nguoi dan Dai Loan tra

thanh chii nhan cua nhi~u cong ty qu6c te' c6 miit t"i nhi~u qu6c gia tren the' gioi.
Chinh t"i d"i Il,Ic Trung Qu6c hi~n nay, nguoi Diii Loan dli bo v6n voi nhi~u ty My
kim, thie'tl~p cac cong ty di~n til', tin hQc. Vao cu6i nam 2001, tuy khong phai la m(lt
qu6c gia, Dai Loan duqc gia nhiip T6 Chuc Thudng M"i Qu6c Te' World Trade
Organisation, dung ngang hang voi Trung Qu6c moi gia nh~p t6 chuc nay mily tMng
truoc, cling voi cac cuong qu6ckinh te' kMc tren the' gioi.
, N~n giao dl,lc'Dai Loan bao g6m 6 nam tiu hQc, 3 nam trung hQc cilp 1, 3 nam
trung hQc dp II. Giao dl,lc cuBng bach va min phi 9 nam, ti6u hQC va trung hQCcilp I.
T"i b~c trung hQc cilp I, hQc sinh hQc cac mon ph6 thong va ngo"i ngl1. T"i 3 nam
trung hQc cilp II, hQc sinh chQn nganh huiln nghi~p, ky thu~t hoiic ph6 thong. Sau
trung hQc cilp II; hQe sinh huiln nghi~p tra thanh cac thq chuyen mon t"i cac xi nghi~p
dii lo"i; hQc sinh hQc ky thu~t hQc tie'p t"i cae truong cao d~ng hoiic cac hQc vi~n M
tra thanh cac ky su, chuyen vien cac nganh; hQc sinh nganh ph6 thong tie'p tl,lChQc len
d"i hQc

M lily

bAngcil' nhan, cao hQC, tie'n si. H~u nhu tilt ca tre em Dai Loan c6 mat

t"i cac truong tiu hQCva trung hQCcilp 1; m(lt s6 thie'u nien nghi hQc sau tu6i cuBng
qach giao dl,lc d giup dp gia dlnh trang cac cd

sa kinh

doanh, m(lt so' di lam; so' con

I"i tie'p tl,lC theo hQc tr~ng hQc cilp II. Sau trung hQc cilp II, m(lt s6 tra thanh thQ
chuyen mon, m(lts6

tim dUQc vi~c lam, so' con I"i tie'p tl,lCtheo hQc cao dhg

va d"i

hQC, rilt it thanh nien thilt nghi~p lang thang ngoai Duong ph6. Chudng trinh phat trin
giap dl)c Elili Loan viin chju anh hu'<1nggiao dl)c NMt thien tay phu'ong, du'<;1choan
386

..

Ciao

dl:lc

Dong

A toi hi~n t(li

thi~n voi t6 chuc thich dang, chl1elng trlnh giao dl)C thl1e dl)ng, nha'n m"nh

V!IO

vi~c

pMt trin khoa hQc, ky thu~t vao nhii'ng th~p nien cu6i clla the' ky thu 20. Chinh

quy~n di)c dang

Dai Loan m~nh, dan chung e6 trlnh di) giao dl)C cao, hQc sinh tuan
theo ky lu~t hoc dl1ong, kinh trQng th~y co, nen vi~c giao dl)e tra thanh khuan phep
va de dang. HQc sinh tiu hQC va trung hQC Juon Juan m~e d6ng phl)e. Chinh quy~n
thue da'y ehl1elng trlnh giao dl)c cang l~p, nhl1ng cling khuye'n khich vi~c thie't I~p dc
trl10ng dan I~p

M hQc sinh

c6 cel hQi chQn ilta va cling c6 y nghla qnh

tranh giii'a hai

chl1elng trlnh giao dl)c cong va til d pMt huy gia trj giao dl)C. Cac trl1ang dan I~p

day d6ng mQt vai tra quan trQng cling nhl1 cac trl1ang cang l~p. Trang nhii'ng ngay di
hQc, it c6 thie'u nien di lang vang ngoai dl1ang ph6 vI giln nhl1 100% hQc sinh c6 m~t
t~i trl1ong. Thie'u nien khang m~c d6ng phl)c di ngoai dl10ng se dl1qc canh sat hoi vI
hQ vao tu6i cl1ang bach giao dl)c, khang e6 quy~n bo hQe. Thie'u nien m~e d6ng
phl)C di ngoai dl1ang cling se dl1qe canh sat hoi ly do t~i sao khang c6 m~t trang lop.

Dai Loan cling c6 chl1elng trlnh giao dl)c xa hi)i, dl1qc t6 chuc kh~p neli, giup ngl10i IOn
hQc dQc vie't, b6 tuc them van h6a t6ng quat ho~c hl1png nghi~p. Dai Loan hi~n e6
dan so' 22,5 trii;u ngl10i va so' dan bie't dQc vie't len Wi 98%.
Dai Loan c6 tren 100 cel

sa giao

dl)c can dng va d~i hQC, qua nU'a la cae cel

sa

giao dl)c dan l~p. D~i hQc Tamkang IOn nhilt, hi~n c6 25.890 sinh vien, dl1qc thi\nh l~p
V!IO narn 1950; c6 nhilt la D~i hQc Soochow, thanh l~p narn 1900 dl10i thai NMt, hi~n
e6 13.000 sinh vien; D"i hQc Qu6c gia Taiwan thanh l~p narn 1928, hi~n c6 24.240
sinh vien; D~i hQc Van h6a Trung Hoa thanh I~p narn 1962, hi~n c6 20.000 sinh vien;
D~i hQe Fu-Jen thanh l~p nam 1958, hi~n c6 20.240 sinh vien; D~i hQc Qu6c gia
Chung Hsing thanh l~p narn 1061, hi~n c6 17.620 sinh vien; D~i hQc Qu6c gia Cheng
Kung thanh I~p narn 1965, hi~n c6 14.900 sinh vien.
Cac cel sd giao dl)c t~i Dai Loan duqc xay dlfng theo tieu chua'n qu6c te', ti~n nghi
giao dl)c d6i dao va hang nam chinh quyen dilu til rni)t ngan khoan dang k duy trl va
phat trin chl1elng trlnh quan trQng nay.
Trong ba qu6c gia va vung tanh th5 d Dang A d~ c~p chl1elng nay, Dai Loan dan
d~u. Him Qu6c di sau Dai Loan nhl1ng da co nhii'ng tie'n bi) dang k thea kjp va co th

so sanh ngang hang. Ci)ng haa Dan chi! Nhan dan Tri~u Tien rnoi rnd cU'a sau nay,
nen dn co thai gian M phat trin.

387

Giao d~c Dong

A toi hifn

t<;li

Tiii li~u tham khdo:

- Koreu, North-edumtion,

TI! ,liEn bdch khou The New Encyclopurdiu Britannica, Maltimedia Edition, 1998.

- Korea, South-educatiofl, Tal li(u ail ddn nhl11ren.

- North Korea, education. Tit ditn bdch khou The World Bok Encyclopedia, Maltimedia Edilion, 2001,

- South Korea, education. Till lifu dil dt1nnhu lrten.

o

Tui wan, edumtion,

Tai lifu dii "'in nhu IrRn,

Tai wan, edumlion.

Tit ,liEn bdch khoa The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, Multimedia Edition, 1998,

..

388

Cht(dllg 29

Giao d(lc Dong Nam A lui hi~1llCJ.i

I. Giao dl)c Indonesia
II. Giao dl)c Malaysia
III. Giao dl)c Singapore
IV. Giao dl)c Thai Lan (Thailand)
V. Giao dl)c Philippines
VI. Giao dl)c Mitn Di~n (Myanmar hay Burma)
Giao ul)C t~i cac qu6c gia Dong Narn

A chju

anh huang giao ul)C tiiy phuong do che' dO

thu(1c <.Iiamang l~i. Tuy nhien, cac qu6c gia nay viin duy trl dUljCmi)t 56 cac <.I~ctinh cua
n~n giao ul)C c<';truy~n.
Trudc the' ky thu 16, khi khu vl)'c Dong Nam A chua tie'p xuc voi tay phutlng, n~n.giao
ul)C () <.laybao g6m nhung di~u giang u~y v~ van hoa, d~o Iy uiin ti)c, ci)ng vdi cac giao
di~u ton giao cLla Philt Giao, An DO Giao, H6i Giao, Kh5ng Hqc hay Lao Hqc. Giao ul)C
toan, khoa hqc rat <.I,lngi:ln. Cac co sa giao dl)c cLlachinh quy~n phat Irien d6ng thoi vdi
cac co 5() giao Ul)Cton giao va uiin liip..
Sau the' ky thl! 16. hfru he't cac qu6c gia Dong Narn A tra thanh thuOc dia cLlacac nudc
tay phu(lng. Tit giua the' ky tillY19 toi dfiu the' ky thl! 20, giao dl)c tay phuong khdi 51)'phat
trien, chu(lng trlnh giao Ul)Cmdi vdi cac mon to<inkhoa hqc du<;!cgioi thi~u lfin <.Ifiutien tu
cac IlJp tieu hQc, phu(lng phap giao dl)c tie'n bi), phuong phap kim Ira danh gia hliu hi~u,
vi~c phan chia cac cap IlJp cao thap mOt each h<;!pIy. Chuang trlnh giao dl)c nay holm
toan the' tl)c, mang nang tinh cach trau u6i van h6a tay phuong han la hqc tiip luan Iy, d~o
duc uan ti)c, lo~i b6 anh huilng ti\n giao dia phuong. Song song voi chuang trlnh giao ul)C
the'tl)c cLla chinh quy~n, chuang trlnh giao ul)c anh hudng ton giao tay phuong cling du<;!c
phat trien VI Ky To Giao da hljp tac chat che voi chinh quy~n de' qu6c. trang vi~c chinh
. phl)c cac thui)c dja. D6i voi dan ban xu, n~n giao dl)c thuQc dia rnd cho hq mQt can dttClng
mdi voi nhi~u hy vt)ng v~ nhan ul)ng. Tuy nhien, n~n giao dl)c nay riCtgioi h~n, chi nhung
can, em thuQc thanh phfin cQng tac voi chinh quy~n thl)'c dan dUljc huang llji.
Sau The' chie'n thu II (1939-1945), (lac qu6c gia Dong Narn A dfin dfin gianh dUljCdi)c
liip. Cac nudc nay tai

ttl chuc

ni\n giao dl,lc diu phucJng, tie'p tl,lCphat tri('(n ni\n giao dl,lc c6
389

Gido dl;lC Dong Nam

A toi hi~n t(fi

san tit thoi thu(lc dja, chuyn tie'p n~n giao dl,lCnhan van, toan, khoa hQc thilnh chudng
trlnh giao dl,lc chuyen nghi~p, ky thu~t, phu h(jp voi n~n van minh moi ciia nhan IO\li.N~n
giao dl,lc thu(lc dja du ciia chinh quy~n hay ton giao khong quan tam toi luan 19, d\lo duc
dan t(lc, nhling nhi!ng truy~n th6ng nay van dl1(jc 16i s6ng gia dlnh va xa hi,li duy td, dl1(jc
chinh thuc ghi nh~n trong chuang trlnh giao dl,lc moi, du(jc phM huy song song voi chuang
tdnh giao dl,lc khoa hQc, ky thu~t. Cac qu6c gia Dong Nam A duy trl cae nganh giao dl,lc
tiu hQc, trung hQc; phat trin nganh giao dl,lc Won tre, mau giaq d chuffn bj cho giai
dO\ln tiu hQc. V~ thoi gian giao dl,lc; cac nuoc ho~c ap dl,lng 5 nam tiu hQc, 7 nam trung
hQc; ho~c 6 nam tiu hQc, 6 nam trung hQc. V~ chudng trinh giao dl,lc sau trung hQc;
chuang trlnh giao dl,lc huiln nghi~p, ky thu~t du(jc phM trin song song voi chuang trlnh
giao dl,lc t6ng ,quat. Tit tMp nien 1950, so' nguoi IOn mu chi! t\li khu vl,l'cnay kha cao, cac
nuoc nay pMt di,lng cac chuang trlnh giao dl,lc d\li chung tren toan qu6c, voi cac lOp hQc
vao bu6i t6i giup giai dip nang dan va th(j thuy~n co co hQi hQc dQc vie't. Nho v~y, so'
nguoi bie't chi! gia tang nhanh chong va trong hi~n t\li, dan s6bie't dQc vie't t\li khu vl,l'cnay
chi thua cac nuoc tay phuong va han nhi~u khu vl,l'ckhac. Tilt ca cac nuoc Dong Nam

d~u co chinh sach giao dl,lcmi~n phi it nhilt la cilp tiu hQc, giao dl,lc cuong bach it nhilt la
b~c tiu hQc, co nuoc toi lOp 9, he't b~c trung hQc cilp 1. Tuy v~y, m(lt vai qu6c gia da
khong dii khii nang tai chinh cung ung cho nhu cilu tiu hQc mi~n phi va cuong bach VI
dan so' gia tang qua nhanh, nen m(lt s6tre em van chua co co hQi di hQc.
M6i qu6c gia Dong Nam A co Bi,lGiao dl,lc t\li trung uong, co cac t6 chUc phl,l thui,lc t\li
cac dja phuong. Bi,l Giao dl,lc ban hiinh chinh sach, quye't djnh v~ chuang trlnh hQc t~p,
phuong pMp kim tra danh gia va. vi~c thi cli' len lop cUng nhu ym tr(j tai chinh cho cac
co sa giao dl,lC.Day la chinh sach trung uong t~p quy~n. Tuy nhien, B(l cUng iiy quy~n
cho t6 chuc giao dl,lc tinh m(lt so' quy~n h\ln nhu thanh tra, t6 chuc va phM trin giao dl,lc
dja phuong. Tit th~p nien 1950, VI Sl,l'pMt trin chung ciia the' gioi v~ khoa hQc ky thu~t,
cac nuoc Dong Nam A cUng co pMt trin cac chudng tdnh nghien CUugiup vi~c xay dl!ng
chuang trlnh giiing d\ly, nhilt la 0 cilp d\li hQc, ng6 hilu dap ung dU(jc nhu cilu thl!C dl,lng
moi.
Dong Nam

la khu vl,l'ccMm tie'n truoc ngay di,lc I~p, da pMt trin kM nhanh v~

phuong di~n giao dl,lc sau khi d(lc I~p va d~c bi~t Iil VaGhai th~p nien cu6i ciia the' ky thu
20. Tuy v~y, m(lt so' nuoc g~p I\h6 khan nhu tlnh hlnh chinh trj, kinh te' bilt 6n djnh, nen
n~n giao dl,lc, tuy co pMt trin nhling van chua dii dap ung nhu cilu dja phudng, nhilt la t\li
cac khu vl,l'cthan que xa va khu vl,l'cdan t(lc thiu so'.
Trang chuang nay, chung ta tim hiu n~n giao dl,lc ciia m(lt so' nuoc Dong Nam
dl,lcVi~t Nam, m(lt qu6c gia Dong Nam A, se dU(jc trlnh bay trongchuong ke'tie'p.

390

A. Giao

Gido dlfC Dong Nam

A fiji hifn

t(li

I. Giao d\lc Indonesia

Toi nam 1500, con em cac gia mnh quy tQc t~i Indonesia dU(Jcgiang d~y cac tu tuong

An DQ Giao va Ph~t Giao. Trang khi d6 con em dan dii chi dU(Jc hQc fioi qua kinh nghi~m
s6ng cua gia dlnh va xa hQi. Vao the"ky tM 14, H6i Giao khoi slf truy~n ba vao Indonesia
va dftn dftn IOn m~nh, d5y anh huong An DQ Giao va Ph~t Giao ra khoi qu6c gia nay. Con
em gioi quy tQCcGng nhu con em nong dan dU(Jcgiao d\lC trang nhung tnlong d~n tho va
mon hQc chfnh la hQc t~p, nghi~n ngam kinh thanh Quran. Chuang trlnh giao d\lc ton giao
dU(Jctie"p t\lC c.ho Wi ngay nay, tuy s6 tn10ng d~n tho c6 suy giam vi slf truong thanh cua
h~ th6ng giao d\lc qu6c gia sau ngay Indonesia dQc I~p van nam 1949. Tit dftu the"ky thu
16, nguoi B6 Dao Nha, nguoi Ha Lan khoi Slf Mn Indonesia buon ban, keo theo cac ph3i
doan truy~n giao tay phuong. Sau khi dinh cu t:)i quftn dao nay, cac nha truy~n giao Tiiy
Ban Nha va B6 Dao Nha da thie"t I~p Iftn dftu tien mQt so' co so giao d\lc tay phuong t:)i
day. Khi nguoi Ha Lan gianh dU(Jcquy~n kim soat Indonesia vao the" ky tM 17, hQ thie"t
I~p mQt so' co
giao d\lc tuong tlf nhu cac co
giao d\lC t~i chfnh qu6c, voi chu dfch
chfnh la giang d~y con em cac gia mnh tay phuong dang lam vi~c t:)i thuQc dia. Vao nam

sa

sa

1848, chfnh quy~n thuQc dia chfnh thuc khai Slf chuang trlnh giao d\lc cho hQc sinh dia
phuong. Chuang trlnh giao d\lc nay du(Jc phat trin qua cii the" ky, Wi ngay Indonesia dQc
I~p. Nhung thlfc slf, n~n giao d\lc nay chi dap ung mQt phftn nhu du giao d\lC thanh thi va
d~i da so' hQc sinh thon que van mil chu. MQt so' nho hQc sinh thanh thi theo hQc nganh
tiu hQc, mQt so' it han theo hQc cac truong trung hQc. V~ nganh cao dAng va d~i hQc thl
hftu nhu hoan toan v~ng b6ng.
Sau khi gianh dU(Jc dQc I~p vao nam 1947, chfnh quy~n qu6c gia do t6ng th6ng
Sukarno (1901-1970), nguoi Hi-nhd:)o cUQc cach m~ng ch6ng thlfc dan Ha Lan, da thie"t
l~p chu(jng trlnh tiu hQc tren toan qu6c, rna ri)ng chuang trlnh giao d\lc trung hQc cGng nhu
khai slf chuang trlnh giao d\lc cao dAng vii d~i hQc. Slf phat trin chuang trlnh giao d\lc sau
nam 1950 c6 tie"nb(l dang k, mrlC dftu Indonesia c6 muc d(l gia tang dan s6 hang nam kha
cao. Trang khoang 35 nam, tit 1950 de"n 1985, so' hQc sinh tiu hQc tit 5 tri~u tang len Mn 30
tri~u, hQc sinh trung hQc til 230.000 tang len de"n 7.5 tri~u va so' sinh vien d:)i hQc tit 6.000
tang len Mn mi,\t trieu. Mi)c dftu voi 90% dan s6 Iii H6i Giao; Indonesia duy trl 75% trong
t6ng so' cac Wong voi chuang trlnh giao d\lc anh huang tay phuong; con I:)i 25% cac Wong
voi chucJng trlnh giao d\lc H6i Giao, cac truong nay cGng chi giang d:)y 30% so' gi\1 hQc cho
cac mon ton giao, con l:)i 70% la cac mon hQc t6ng quat. Slf ki~n nay cho thily r5 d\lng y cua
nha dm quy~n la phat trin n~n giao d\lc, dao t:)o nhan vien cho cong cu(lc phat trin kinh
te",xa h(li, phil h(Jp voi cac ke"ho~ch phat trin kinh te"nam nam.
Trach nhi~m chfnh trong giao d\lc thu(lc B(l Giao d\lC va Van h6a. B(l Ton giao cGng
yuan
truug
Leung giao <.Jl.;l4:vl bO nay dl~Ulra4:h nhit;lll v[; cae tn.tong Ubi Gi~io

dung vai leu

391

Giao

d(JC

Dong Nam

A trJi hifn

t(ji

va mOff hQc ton giao trong t5t cii C(j sd giao dllc. Nhi~u b(\ khac cung d6ng g6p vao
chu'cing tdnh trong vi~c h(jp tac voi B(\ Giao dllc trong cac chl10ng trlnh hu5n luy~n d~c

bi~t trong m(\t s5 dll' an ky thu~t. Chu'cing trlnh giao dllc bao g6m 6 nam ti~u hQc, 3 nam
trung hQc cap I va 3 nam trung hQc c5p II. T~i cac lop trung hQc cilp II, hQc sinh du<;1c
chQn theo hQe m(\t trong b5n nganh: phil IheJng, ky thu~t, hu5n nghi~p va nong nghi~p.
Giao dlle tiu hQe hoan toan mien phi vii Wllng bach. Tuy v~y, cho de'n hi~n t:)i, nhi~u
khu vll'e xa, cae dao nho, m(\t s5 tre em viln chua co co hQi cap s~ch oen trl1ong. Nhu the',
h5u het tre em dii theo hQc b~c ti~u hQe, mOt s6 bci hQc giua chung, con l:)i mQt nua theo
hQc t:)i cae trl10ng trung hQc ca'p I. T~i day, mOt s5 bci hQc'nua, chi con I:)i 1/3 theo hQe

trung hQc eilp II. T:)i cac truong cao dllng va d~i hQc~chi co 4% s6 thanh nien tre.n toan
qu5c hay 1/5 s6 hQc sinh tvt nghi~p trung hQc c6 kha nang theo hQc. So con l'ii ho~c la tlm
du<;1cvi~c lam, ho?c la th5t nghi~p. Theo th5ng ke eua Lien Hi~p Qu6c, vao nam 1990,
Indonesia e6 1.544.540 hqe sinh milu giao, 35.933.790 hQc sinh ti&u hQe, 11.243.320 hQc
sinh trung hqc phO thong, 1.349.050 h(~e sinh trung hqe ky thu~t, 1.75g.260 sinh vien d:)i
h()c va 852.100 sinh vien eao dllng. Khi mui d(k I~p, chi co khoang 10% dan so Indonesia
bie't dQe biet viet. Chinh phu dii thll'e hi~n nhi~u chuong tdnh giao dlle d'ii chung t:)i kh:1p
cac lang m:)e xa xoi. Nho v~y, s5 dan biet dQCviet gia tang dang k~ va trong hi~n t'ii ty

.-

sa

s6,dan biet dqe viet len toi 84%. Dan s5 Indonesia tang rill nhanh, nen cac cd
giao dllc
loy co theo kip da phat tri&n cua dan s6, nhl1ng cd sa v~t chilt con ngheo nan, giao vien
khong dl1<;1e
huiln luy~n chuyen mon mQt cach dily du, cac tien nghi giao dllc nhl1 sach
giao khoa, thl1 vien, phong thi nghi~m chua dl1<;1e
quan tiim oen nhieu nhilt Iii t'ii cae vilng
th6n que xa xai. Indonesia Iii quoc gia c6 Wi m5y tram hon dao nen viee t6 ehue vii dieu
hanh giao dlle rilt kh6 khan. Hi~n t'ii, Indonesia e6 dan so 2 10 tri~u dan, Iii qu6e gia H6i
Giao IOn nhilt tren the gioi.
Ve ngiinh eao diing vii d:)i hQe, Indonesia e6 nhi~u d:)i hQe eong I~p, m6i tinh e6 It nhilt
m(\t truong, nhieu hQe vi~n ky thu~t, nhieu trl10ng su ph:)m, mily tram trl10ng cao dAng du
lo~i vii m(\t so trl10ng d~i hqe dan I~p khae. E>~e6 th& quan tri vii (1ieu hiinh mQt each e6
hieu qua m(\t chl1dng trlnh giao dlle rOng IUn, m6i ngay mOt phat tri&n tren mily tram hon
dao, 8(\ Giao dlle va Van hoa da phan ehia giao dllc ra lam nam ngiinh ehinh Iii nang
nghieP, khda hqe vii ky thu~t, y hQe, khoa hQe xii h(\i va giao dlle, voi sll' h<;1ptae eua cae
d:)i hqe, hqe vi~n va truong cao diing dja phl1dng. Indonesia c6 giln 100 d:)i hQe IOn nhci,
lrung d6 co 22 d:)i hqe dan l~p. E>:)ihqe Gadjah.,Mada Ion nhilt voi 40.404 sinh vien, thanh
I~p nam 1949; E>'ii hQe Bandung e6 nh5t, thanh I~p nam 1920, hien co14.19g sinh vien;
E>:)ihQe Indonesia c6 32.220 sinh vien, thanh l~p nam 1950; E>~i hQe Padjadjaran

c6

30.000 sinh vien, thiinh I~p nam 1957, E>~ihQe Brawijaya e6 2~.120 sinh vien, thanh I~p
nam J 963; E)~i h9C Diponcgoro

c6 20.350 sinh vicn. lhilnh IGp nam J 956; D~i h9C

392

Mo

c6

Ciao dw' Dong Nam

A trJi hi~n

t(li

397.550 sinh vien. Trang s6 cac d(li h9c dan l~p, D(li h9C Trisakti ldn nhat voi 30.590 sinh
vien, thanh I~p nam 1965; D(li hoc H6i Giao Indonesia c6 11.760 sinh vien, thanh l~p
nam 1945. Chu0ng trlnh giao d\Jc t(li Indonesia c6 tien bO dang kE tfnh uen cuili the ky
thu 20. Tuy v~y, n~n giao d\Jc nay chi dl(,Jc chu trang nhi~u t(li cac thanh phil IOn va thj
tran. Tai cac lang m(lC xa x6i va nhii'ng dao nh6, chuang trlnh giao duc chua dUQcchinh
l]uy~n l]uan tam dung muc. Them vao d6, trang nhii'ng nam giln day, Indonesia gi;ip
kh6 khan VI van d~ chfnh tri va kinh te bat 6n dinh nen chu0ng trlnh giao d\Jc cung bi
iinh hutJng.

II. Giao dl.lc Malaysia

Nam 1957, Malaysia du(}c tl! tri va nam 1963 dUQChoan toan dOc l~p. Vao nam nay,
Malaysia cung voi Singapore sap nh~p va t(lO thanh Lien bang Malaysia (Malaysia
Federation). Nam 1965, Singapore rut ra khoi lien bang va tra thanh mOt yu6c gia dOc
I~p. Trang hien t(li Malaysia c6 23 trieu dan va Singapore c6 3.7 trieu dan.
Duoi thai thuOc dia Anh, mOt d~c diEm cua n~n giao d\Jc t(li Malaysia la giang d(lYb6n
ngon ngii' tai b~c tiEu hqc tuy thea y mu6n clla ph\J huynh. Cac ng6n ngii' nay Iii tie'ng
Anh, tieng Hoa, tieng Bahasa Malay vii tieng Tamil. Tieng Anh phil thong nhat, dUQc
nhi~u h9C sinh thea h9C, nhi~u ph\J huynh thuOc thanh philn kinh doanh, thu(1ng lLfU,trf
thuc, mu6n can em thea h9C ngon ngii' nay vi de dang di du h9C tai cac nulJc n6i tieng
Anh, de dang theo h9C cac nganh
b~c d(li h9C va tu0ng lai ngh~ nghiep trong kinh

doanh, thu(1ng m(li rat co triEn V9ng. Tieng Hoa dUQc con em gioi thu0ng gia gilc Hoa
theo h9C, nguoi Hoa chiem 35% dan so' va kiem soat n~n kinh te Malaysia. Tieng Bahasa
Malay du(}c can em nguoi Malay, theo H6i Giao thea hl/c, nguoi Malay chiem toi 45%
dan s6 va nam giii' chfnh l]uy~n. Tieng Tamil, mQt ngon ngii' An DO, dWlc can em nguoi
An theo ~(.lC,dan An chiem 10%.,dan s6 va theo An Do Giao. H9C sinh khClI1ghqc tieng
Anh nhl( mQt ng6n ngii' giiing day, cung h9c ngon ngii' nay nhu mOt ngo(li ngii' bat bU(lCvi
t(li b~c trung h9C va d(li h9C, tieng Anh Iii ngon ngii' chfnh thuc.
Sau khi dQc I~p, chinh quyen Malaysia chilp nh~n tieng Bahasa Malay la ng6n ngii'
qu6c gia, tieng Anh la ngo(li ngii' bat bUQC,tieng Hoa va tieng Tamilla ngo(li ngu thu hal.
Malaysia Iii mQt qu6c gia tU(1ngdeli nht), thtta huang mQt n~n kinh te thuQc dia tuong d6i
kha l]uan nen da de dang t6 chuc va phat triEn thanh c6ng chuang trinh giao d\Jc tren toan
l]u6c ttt tiEu h9c len trung h9C va dai h9C. Nhi~u ca so giao d\Jc dUQc xay dung khap noi,
tien nghi giao d\Jc d5i dao, sach giao khoa dily du, giao vien dut,1c huan luyen chuyen
mon.

N~n giao d\Jc Malaysia chia thanh 6 nam tieu h9C, 3 nam trung h9C cilp I va 3 nam
Irung h{!c cfip [I. Gi{io dl.)c tifu h(lc va trung h(lc hofll1 toan Ini0n phi nlll1ng khtmg ctfong
393

Gido dlfc Dong Nam

A ((ji

hi?n t{li

bach. M~c d~u v~y, g~n nhlt tilt cii tre em Mn tu6i di hQc dii co m~t ti),icac trltong tiu hQc.
Sau trung hQCcilp I, hQc sinh thi len cilp II. Ti),icilp II, hQc sinh dlt<;1ctheo hQCnganh ph6

thong ho~c nganh ky thu~t huiln nghi~p. Vao cu6i tMp nien 1980,93% tre em tit 6 Mn I I
tu6i theo hQc ti),icac trltong tiu hQc va g~n 90% trong sO'nay tie'p l\1C theo hQc cac trltong
trung hQc cilp I, nhlt v~y rilt it hQc sinh bo hQc CIb~c tiu hQc. sO' hQc sinh bo hQc CIcilp I
khong cao nen sO'hQc sinh b~c trung hQc cilp II cling rilt nhi6u. Sau trung hQc, mQt sO'dong
hQc sinh tim ra vi~c lam ho~c khong dil dieu ki~n theo hQc tie'p nep sO'sinh vien cao d~ng
va di),ihQc khong nhieu. Them vao do, tu ngay dQc I~p, hang nam co ca nghln sinh vien
Malaysia, da s61a ngltoi Hoa, du hQc nltoc ngoai ti),icac qri6c gia Anh, My, Uc VI chinh
sach g~n nhlt danh dQc quy6n chinh trj cho ngltoi Malay, hi),nche' vi~c giao d\lc cilp di),ihQC
cila ngltoi Hoa. Da sO'sinh vien du hQc dii khong trClv6 nltoc. Di6u nay khong lam chint
quy6n Malaysia quan tiim VI hQ v~n san xuilt dil nhiln tai dn thie't cho qu6c gia. Hdn nua,
thtfc long, chinh quy6n cling mu6n dan sO'ngltoi Hoa giam d~n. Vao nam 1990: theo th6ng
ke cila Lien Hi~p Qu6c, Malaysia co 372.760 hQc sinh m~u'giao; 2.540.620 hQc sinh tiu
hQc, 1.482.530 hQc sinh trung hQc ph6 thong, 132.200 hQc sinh trung hQc ky thu~t, 121.400
sinh vien di),i hQC va 57.050 sinh vien cao d~ng. Vao nam 1999, Malaysia co khoang
300.000 sinh vien cao d~ng va di),ihQC.Nltoc nay co 8 di),ihQCva nhi6u hQc vi~n va trltong
cao d~ng. Truong Ion nhilt la HQc vi~n Ky thu~t Malaysia voi 31.490 sinh vien, Di),i hQC
Putra co 27.780 sinh vien, Di),ihQc Ky thu~t Malaysia co 23.000 sinh vien, Di),i hQc Khoa

.<

hQc Malaysia co 21.380 sinh vien, Di),ihQc Malaya c6 24.340 sinh vien, Di),i hQc Qu6c gia
Malaysia co 17.680 sinh vjen, Di),i hQc Hili Gh'io c6 10.380 sinh vien. Malaysia c6 dan sO'
bie't dQc bie't vie't la 85%. Malaysia c6 mQt n6n kinh te' pMt trin kha quan nhoc6 chinh
quy6n vung mi),nh tu ngay dQc I~p nen khong co nhii'ng xao trQn chinh trj. Nho v~y, nen giao
d\lc cling phat tri~n dang k cii CIthanh thj I~n khu vtfc xa.
'
III. Giao d\lc Singapore
Sau khi dQc I~p vao nam 1963, Singapore sap nMp voi Malaysia va ti),Othanh Lien
bang Malaysia

"

(Malaysia

Federation).

De'n nam 1965, lien bang nay giai tan va

Singapore trClthanh mQt tbanh ph6 qu6c gia dQc I~p. Qu6c gia nho be nay khong c6 thon
que, hi~n ti),ic6 3.7 tri~u dan, 90% dan s61a ngltoi Hoa, 10% con Ii),ila ngltoi An n6i tie'ng
Tamil ngltoi Malay n6i tie'ng Bahasa. Khac voi Malaysia, Singapore khong chon tie'ng
Hoa la ngon ngu qu6c gia, rna dung tie'ng Anh. HQc sinh chQn tie'ng Hoa, tie'ng Tamil
hay tie'ng Bahasa nhlt mQt ngon ngu thu hal. Vi~c nay co l<ji dim la tie'ng Anh la ngon
ngu chinh thuc thai thuQc dja, dlt<;1chfru he't giOi tri thl1c, gioi kinh doanh va thanh nien
sU'd\lng. Vi~c nay ding c6 l<;1idim khac la chltdng tdnh giao d\lc chuyn tie'p tit thai
thu(lc dja dii khong bj gian do~n vl vili'cchuyen d5i ngon ngi! qu5c gia. Giao d\lc t<li qu5c
394

Gido d{lc Dong Nam

A. tai hi~n t{li

gia nha be nay dii dui;!c hO'.lchdinh mOt cach ti mi va thlfc hi~n mOt cach thich dang. Cd
sa giao dl)C tit ti15uhQc, Mn trung va d'.li hQc dui;!c xay dlfng d~y du voi cac ti~n nghi
phong phu v~ sach giao khoa, thu vi~n, phong thi ngMm va cac dl)ng Cl)giao khoa thinh
thi khac. Co th15so sanh ti~n nghi giao d\lC cua Singapore voi cac nuoc titn bO Au My va
qu6c gia nga be nay can co Ii;!idi15mla khong co thon que, khong co nhung kho khan v~
dia 19, s6 hQc sinh ch~m hi15uva bilt thuang cling rilt it. Vl the', vao nam 1968, nam nam
sau ngay dOc I~p, tilt ca tn:: em toi tu6i di hQc dii dp s,kh Mn truang Mu hQc. Co Ie day
la mOt thanh tich hitm co, k15d trong hi~n t'.li cac nuoc tay phudng. Giao dl)c'ti15u hQc
g6n co 6 nam mi~n phi va cuong bach. Tie'p theo la 6 nam trung hQc. T'.Ii nhung nam cu6i
cua cilp hQc nay, hQc sinh chQn hQc nganh ph6 thong ho~c ky thu~t thudng m'.li. Hh htt
hQc sinh tit!u hQc theo hQc trung hQCva ngay ca t'.li !rung hQc, rilt it hQc sinh bi) hQc giua
chltng.Sau trung hQc, hQc sinh ban ky thu~t thudng m'.li se theo hQc cac truang cao dAng
ho~c d'.li hQc bach khoa ky thu~t; hQc sinh theo hQc ban ph6 thong se theo hQc cac nganh
t6ng 'quat t'.li d'.li hQc. Sinh vi en theo hQc 4 ho~c 5 nam M lily van b~ng cli nhan. Sau
trung hQc, mOl s6 hQc sinh nghl hQc do tlm dui;!c vi~c lam ho~c nha cOng tac voi gia dlnh

trong cac djch VI) thudng m'.li vl nguai Hoa a Singapore hay a bilt cu thanh ph6 nao d~u co
bi~t tai v~ kinh doanh. Them vao do, cling nhu Malaysia, hang nam co hang nghln sinh
vien Singapore du hQc nuoc ngoai. Do do s6 sinh vien theo hQc cao dAng d'.li hQc trong
nuoc khong cao I~m. Theo th6ng ke cua Lien Hi~p Qu6c vao nam 1990, Singapore co
17.850 hQc sinh mftu giao, 297.830 hQc sinh ti15uhQc, 180.810 hQc sinh ph6 thong, 49.390
hQc sinh ky thu~t, 35.190 sinh vien d'.li hQc va 14.170 sinh vien cao dAng. Vao nam 1999,

Singapore co g~n 100.000 sinh vien, theo. hQc t'.li 5 d'.li hQc va mOt s6 nha truang cao
dAng. D'.Ii hQc Qu6c gia Singapore IOn nhilt voi 26.990 sinh vien, thanh I~p vao nam 1980;
D'.Ii hQc Ky thu~t Nanyang co 18.190 sinh vien; D'.Ii hQc Singapore co 17.810 sinh vien;
D'.Ii hQC Bach khoa Ngee Ann co 15.090 sinh vien; D'.Ii hQc Bach khoa Temasek co
11.560 sinh vien. Singapore co s6 dan bie't dQc vie't la 98%. Chudng trlnh giao dl)c
Singapore thanh cang nha tlnh hlnh chinh trj luon luan 6n dinh; dan chung co trlnh dO
hi15ubitt cao, ton trQng lu~t phap; chinh quy~n g~n nhu dOc dang lanh d'.lo tit ngay dOc
I~p; !lnh tr'.lng kinh te' pMt tri15nkhang kern cac nuoc tay phudng; ngan sach qu6c gia
hang nam tMng du, xuilt dng nhi~u hdn nh~p dng; Ii;!idi15mnay chi thily dlti;!c mOt s6
qu6c gia va liinh th6 ngoai Singapore nhu NMt, Dai Loan, Hong Kong, Duc; trang khi do,
cac cuang qu6c nhu My, Anh, Phap, Uc hang niim vftn thuang phai vay ni;!.

1
1

,
,
g
1
n
n
,i
;

IV ..Ciao dl)C Thai Lan (Thailand)

Thai Lan Ja mOt qu6c gia t'.li A CMu khang chiu ach do h(\ cua ngo'.li bang nha chinh
saeh khan kheo, md elta tie'p xue velj tay phuong eua nha vua ngay tit khi hQ de'n qu6c gia

Giao d(lc DiJng Nam

tui hi~n t(,li

nay bu6n ban. Them vao d6, 90% dan so Thai Lan theo PMt Giao, r5t kinh tr9ng hoang
gia, ncn tlnh hlnh chinh tri li.tl1ngd6i 6n dinh va h5u nhu kh6ng c6 chien tranh trong the
ky 19 va 20.

Thai Lan c6 m(\t nt?n giao d\!c truyt?n thong dl!a tren triet ly dan t(\c bao g6m: t6n sung
PhGt Giao cung tCmchi cua d')o nhu trqng luan Iy dao duc, thl!c hien cu6c song ml!c thudc
va giau ]{lIlgtU bi bac ai; 16n kinh va trung thanh vdi nha vua; bao ve h')nh phlk gia dlnh.
Chudng ldnh ciii tien giao d\!c dul,!c kh(ji sl! van nam 1887, khi nha vua thiet IGp B(l
Giao d\!c 15n a5u ticn, do cac chuyen gia'da du hqc nudc ngoai di~'u hanh, cung voi cac c6
v5n giao d\!c tfiy phudng va h5u het la nguai Anh. Nhit?u cd so giao d\!c dU(lc thit l~p,
d6ng thai nhit?u d~n th{l, chua dul,!c sli' d\lI1g nhu nhung trLlang hQc, nhi0u nha su tr0 thanh
nha giao vao giai do,!n d5u. Cong cu(lc giao d\!c anh huang tay phuong dU<Jcm0 r(lng va
chi m(\l nam sau, Tru{lng Cao dang Y khoa dU(Jc thanh IGp vao nam 1888; nam 1897,
Truong Cao dang LuGt dU<JclMnh IGp; nam 1902, m(\l trung tam giao d\!c dU<Jcthanh IGp
danh cho con em giai c5p quy tQc, truang nay tra thanh Truong Cao dang Hanh chinh vao
nam 1910, dao t;1Ocong chuc cao cilp cac nganh. Cac truang nay v0 sau sat nhGp vdi cac
d')i h9C. Chudng trlnh giao d\!c cho toi d5u the ky thu 20 vKn la d(\c quy~n cua con em
giai c5p quy t(\c, giai dp kinh doanh thanh thj va giai cap tri thuc, con em thuang dan du
(j lhilnh thi cling chua c6 may nguai dul,!c theo hoc cac truang cao dang, con em nang dan
g5n nhu r5t it du<,1cgiao d\!c du chi 0 bGc tiu hqc.
Cho Wi nam 1932, chinh quyn Thai Lan viln do nha vua hoan toim quyet doan,
chuycn che, chu(lng trlnh giao d\!c dii khi1i sl! ca nli'a the ky nhung chi phal trin r5t gidi
h;lI1. Do d6, trung nam nay, mQI s6 cac nha tri thuc, chju anh huong van h6a tay phudng,
III chuc m(ll cUQcchinh bien, d0i hoi nha vua cai t6 rQng rai vt? phU(lng dien chinh trj. Nha
vua nhul,!ng bQ, ra chi thi b5u cli' qu6c h(\i 15n d5u lien va chinh phu Thai Lan ttt day do
lhu lhuong Ianh d')o. Chinh phu moi phat trien [()ng rai chu0ng trlnh giao duc mQi c5p
khClIlgnhung 0 lhanh thi ma d i1 than quc, dac biet la huan IUYen cac giiio vicn M dap
ung nhu c5u giao d\!c phat lrifn trcn loan qu6c. LuGt cuong bach giao d\!c ra doi, bat bUQC
hqc sinh phai hoan t5t chudng trlnh tiu hQc mien phi 6 nam. Tuy da co luGt cuong bach
giao d\!c, nhiu khu vl!c than quc viln chua co trtlllng hqc, nhiu khu vl!c khac c6 truong
hqc nhung nhit?u con em n6ng dan nghco tung viln kh6ng th di hqc VI phai giup dil gia
dlnh, nhi~u khu vl!c than que khac aii bi chinh quy0n hoan loan qucn lang. Giao d\!c lrung
hoc g6m 6 nam chia ra lam 3 nam c5p I va 3 nam dip II. Hqc sinh lrung h9C cftp II chqn
hoc nganh ph6 Ihtll1g hOi)Cnganh ky thuGt va hu5n nghieP, chuan bi cho chudng trlnh giao
d\!c cao dang va d')i hqc. s6 hqc sinh hqc het bGc lifu h(,lc kha nhi0u, nhung kh6ng phili
t51 cii s6 hqc sinh nay theo hqc b~c trung hoc, mQt so dCmg bi) h,,lc VI cha mt; khong du
di0u kicn cho con em tiep t\!Cvicc hqc hanh, hoijc tim vicc liim giup do gia dlnh. Tit n3m
396

Cido

d(IC

Dring Num

f,Ji hifn fC;li

1962, chinhphu

phat trin lien tuc dc dulling trlnh phat tri'::n kinh te 5 nam. Ke hoach
nay giup ph,it tricn nganh giao uyc va nganh nay ULil1ccoi I" nganh Liu tien so ml}t trong
cong CUl}C phat tricn kinh te. BlY Giao uuc kiem soat t:lt d he thllng giaD thuc uu 11
ciing !fip
hay uan lUI'
tai Inl cho tat d dc tnllln".b Tien" c Thai h
ngu Ilurlc
gia va
.
..',
~ n"on
b
~
ngoai ngu bJt bUlk 11tieng Anh, ULil.1Ckhi)i sLi giang day vao lUI' 4 b~c tieu hl)c. Vao
giua thnp nien 19XO, Thai Lan co 7.3 tri~u hoc sinh tieu hl)c, 90'!o so tn~ cm tdi tuSi oi
hl.'C, 2.2 trieu hl.lC sinh trung hDC va 715.000 sinh vien cao oing va u~i hqc trong so 31
trLiling loai nay. Thco thrlng ke clla Lien Hiep Qurlc vao nam 1990, Thai Lan c6
1.224.250 hoc sinh mau giao, 7.464.X50 h()c sinh tieu hDC, 2.397.260 hoc sinh trung hl)c
ph() thCl!lg, 444.210 hoc sinh trung hoc ky thu~t, 952.010 sinh vien o~i hQe va 197.350
sinh vien cao uing. Ngoai ra, nLidc nay eli nhieu sinh vien uu hl)e tai cac nLioc tay
phlldng. Hien tai, Thai Lan co 20 d~i hoc va gan n1<Jt tram trLiang cao oing ou lo~i.
Tnl{lng c()'nhn't la D~i hoc ChulalongkorJl,
thanh WI' nam 1917, c6 18.980 sinh vien; lOn
nhal 11Dai hl)c Kasetsart, thanh I~p nam 1943, vdi 25.600 sinh vien; D~i hqc Chiang
Mai thanh I,}p nam 1964, vdi 22.000 sinh vien; Dai h,lC Mil thanh l~p nam 19n c6
221.260 sinh vien. D0ng thtli vdi viec phat tricn giao uyc, nen kinh Ie IhLidng m~i eua
Thai cling phat tricn thco, ucm I~i nhieu c(Jng :In viec lam cho gidi thanh nien va th,1
thuyen. Vao curli the ky thu 20, Th,ii Lan eli dan srl 62 trieu ngLi{li va co ty Ie so dan
biet Joc viet Ia 94'if,. V 10 hai thaI' nien curli cua the ky thu 20, cll Sl'!giao dyc Thai Lan
tai c,ic th'lnh phrl !dn uLidc phat tricn V'I hoan thien vlli nhieu tien nghi nhLing giao uye
nll!lg thCll] va :lhung vung xa khllllg uLidc quan t:lm nhieu va Slj hqc sinh bl) hqc sau b~c
tieu hoc van cao. M'yl uieu uang bu0n khac 11triet Iy giao uyc thien ve luan Iy oao uue
iinh luli'jng Ph,it Giao ngay trLidc kh()ng uLi,ICuuy trl m()t dch tron ven VI anh hLiClngthtli
CUlIC.V'lIl th~p nien 1960, khi chien cu(\c Viet Nam tr('1thanh soi u(ing, My ocmlllla trieu
qu:nl
mien Naill Viet l'>am, thll d(j Bangkok clb Thai Lan va Manila ella Philippim,s
Ii'll Ihanh ndi giai Iri clia n('la Irieu Hnh l\Iy vao cUlli tuan, thu hut hang nghln hang van
pliu nCt tli'lnh llii cling IlhLi thCl!l que vao con uLiling mai uam va hai thanh phrl tren ULillc
menli danh Iii dc lhilnh phCl sa doa t()i 16i. Chien cu(k Viet Nam cham dut tl1 nam 1975,
nlll(ng Ihilnh phrl Bangkok van tiel' tuc tn'l thanh 1ll1i an chlli truy I~c cua d the gidi.
Chillh pilli Thai lieI' t\IC chu phep hoac bm ngll IrLide sLi ki~n niiy VI hang nam oa lhu
Ul(_.lchilng I)' l\1y kim uu ky nghe du hch va mai dam oem I~i. Cal' thieu nCt thon que mdi
chi Iren mLidi tutli cia dli'.ic cha m" oem ban cho cal' ttl chClc mlJi giLli l11~idam l'! Bangkok
I'le,inl1 nglico nail. eli Ii: day I" I11lJttham dnh hiem u'" it tim thay () m(dc khac. Them
V'IO c!<\ do sif hi en uien clla khach an chL1i khap the gidi, nan nghien
hut ma tuy t~i Thai
Lan lang nhanh, dc can b(\nh xa hOi Ian tran nhal 1,1 benh HIV -AIDS, M(it so ngLit'lj

V'"l

tJy

pln(lJllg lliu\'$llg lai yang

l<;Ii cae ndi

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391

truy to,

vao III

Gido

dl:lc

Dong Nam

A teJihi~n t(li

vt: ti)i dl.l d6 vii an nam voi tre em nam nii' vi thilnh nien. Tham canh xii hi)i vita tdnh bily
dii cho thily sl! sa sut clla nt:n giao dl.lCThai Lan, nhilt Iii t'1-ithon que, VI nhii'ng t~ trl!-ng
Ion lao nily dii khong dU(jc chinh quyt:n tri~t M quan tam vii dt;p boo

V. Giao d\lc Philippines

Philippines Iii thui)c dja clla Tay Ban Nha tit the' ky thu 16. Nam 1898, sau khi thilt b'1-i
trang chie'n tranh thui)c dja giii'a nl10c nily vii My, Tay Ban Nha phai ky thoa l10c nhl1i'lng
quyt:n bao hi) cho My. Niim 1946, quo'c gia nily dl1(jc di)c I~p. Trimg hi~n t'1-iPhilippines
co 75 tri~u dan.
Trl10c thi'li ky Tay Ban Nha do hi), Philippines co mOl h~ tho'ng chii' vie't tl10ng tl! nhl1
tie'ng A R~p do anh hl1ang H5i Giao, co nt:n giao dl.lc ton giao, trung thilnh voi bQ l'1-c,
huynh trl1ang vii gia dlnh, co duc tinh ngay th~ng, thilnh th~t. Dl10i thai Tay Ban Nha do
hQ, giao dl,lc tay phuong dl1(jcgioi thi~u vii ph6 bie'n t'1-ithuQc dja nily. Cac trl10ng nhil tho
Ky To Giao dl1(jc xay dl!ng t'1-inhit:u dja phl1ong. Cac trl10ngnily do cac tu sI thilnh I~p co
ml,lc dich truyt:n giao nhit:u hon Iii giao dl.lc. Nhl1ng ciing nho ml,lc dich nily, nhit:u giao
dan dii bie't doc vie't. The'l\!'c Ky To Giao diln diln IOn m'1-nh,My the'll!c H5i Giao vilo cac
dao nho. Vilo dilu the' ky thu 17, mQt so' hoc sinh dii hoiln tilt chl10ng trlnh trung hoc vii
nam 1611, Trl10ng Cao dAng Santo Tomas dl1(jc giao hQi Ky To Giao tMnh I~p voi ml.lc
dich dilo t'1-0tu sI cho thuQc dia. u: dI nhien, con em quy ti)c vii thl1(jng Ittu co lien M ch~t
chi: voi giao hQi moi dl1(jc thu nh~n. Trl10ng cao dAng nily lra thilnh J'1-ihoc dilu tien clla
Philippines vilo nam 1645. E>'1-i
hoc nily Iii mQt trung tam giao dl,lc, dii dilo t'1-0rilt nhit:u
nhan vien cho giao hQi cling nhl1 chinh quyt:n trang hai ba the' ky cho de'n hi~n t'1-i.
Chl10ng tdnh giao dl.lc t'1-ithuQc dja tiep tl.lCphat trin, nhttng do dl,lng y ton giao clla giao
hQi, hon Iii sl! dong gop clla chinh quyt:n. VI v~y, s\!'phat trit!n nily ch~m ch'1-p, khong co
Hnh cach toiln di~n vii co h~ tho'ng.
Dl10i thai do hQ clla My, chl10ng trlnh giao dl.lc ri)ng IOn vii quy mo dl1(jc thl!C hi~n
ngay sau khi ngl10i My th\!'c sl! nAm quyt:n t'1-ithuQc dia nily vilo nam 1898. Chl10ng tdnh
giao dl.lc ngilnh tiu hoc tren toiln thuQc dja dU(jc cong bo' vila thang 4 nam 1900, cac co
so giao dl,lc d~eJc xay dl!ng khAp noi. E>ong thai voi sl! phat trin nt:n giao dl,lc cong I~p,
cac t6 chuc giao dl,lc dan l~p cling dl1eJcmau chong tMnh l~p vilWn m'1-nhhon d nt:n giao
dl.lc cong I~p, nho chinh sach khuye'n khich phat trin giao dl.lc khong phan bi~t cong l~p
hay dan I~p clla chinh phil thuQc dia. Khuynh hl1ung phat tri,n giao dl,lc tl! do nily
Philippines t5n t'1-itoi ngily nay. SI! phat trin giao dl.lc tiu hoc dl1a de'n sl! phat trin cac
co so giao dl.lc trung hoc. Ke't qua Iii tit nam 1907 de'n nam 1941, nhit:u co so giao dl.lc cao

d~ng dl1eJctMnh I~p, trong do co E>'1-ihoc Philippines dl1eJcthilnh l~p nam 1908. Co
giao dlJc cao d~ng vii d<lihoc dan liip v1in nhit:u hon cong lap.
398

so

Ciao dl:lc Dong Ham

A. tiji hifn

t(li

Sau khi doc l~p VaG nam 1946, chinh quy~n Philippines da phat dong nhi~u chu'cing
trlnh cai tie'n va phat tMn M th6ng giao d\lC qu6c gia, d6ng thai voi cac chl1Cfngtrlnh phat
tri6n v4 xii hoi va kinh te'. v~v1ln d ngon ngu, Philippines co de'n 90 ngon ngu khac bi~t.
Ngon ngu Tagalog dl1<;Jc1/3 dan so' su d\lng va ph6 thong nh1lt. Ngon ngu Pilipino moi
OI1<;JC
sang t'!o sau nay, dlfa theo ngon ngu Tagalog, tra thanh ngon ngu qu6c gia. Tie'ng
Anh va tie'ng Tay Ban Nha dl1<;Jcsu dl,lOgnhl1 ngon ngu cua chinh quy~n trang cac van
phong. Trang giao d\lc, tie'ng Pilipino, tie'ng Anh, tie'ng Tiiy Ban Nha dl1<;Jcap d\lng. T,!i
b~c ti6u hQc, ngon ngu giang d,!-ychinh la tie'ng Pilipino a hai lOp dl1oi, sau do hQc sinh
Vlla hQc ngon ngu Pilipino va tie'ng Anh. T,!-inhung lOp cao, cac mon hQC dl1<;1c tie'p t\lC
giang d,!y b~ng ngon ngu qu6c gia, trll mon toan va khoa hQc dl1<;Jc
giang d,!y b~ng tie'ng
Anh. Nhl1 v~y, hQc sinh ding phai hQc tie'ng Anh nhl1 mOt ngon ngu chinh thu nhL Tie'ng
Tiiy Ban Nha tra thanh ngo,!i ngu bat buoC. T,!i trung hQCva d,!i hQc, tie'ng Anh la ngon
ngu giang d,!y chinh thuc.
Trang khoang thoi gian tll nam 1948 de'n nam 1986, n~n giao d\lc Philippines phat
tri~n mau chong; so' hQc sinh ti~u hQc, tang g1lp 3 liln, tll 4 tri~u len de'n 9 tri~u; so' hQc
sinh trung hQc, tang gilp 8 liln, tU con so' it oi 424.000 len de'n 3.3 tri~u; sO sinh vien cao
d~ng va d,!i hQC, tang g1lp IS liln, tll con so' 100.000 len de'n giln 1.5 tri~u. T,!i b~c ti6u
hQc, 95% hQc sinh theo hQc t,!-icac trl10ng cong I~p; t,!i b~c trung hQc, chi co 41 % hQc sinh
theo hoc t,!i cac trl10ng cong I~p; t,!i b~c d,!-ihoc, chi co khming 40% sinh vien theo hQc
t,!i cac trl10ng cong I~p. Trang thai gian pMt tri~n nay, cac cd sa giao duc va ti~n nghi
thie'u than, nhl1ng chinh quy~n da co th~ VI1<;1t
qua cac kho khan tren trang th~p nien 1970
qua chl1dng trlnh dao t'!-ogiao vien rong lOn, chl10ng trlnh thie't laP cac lOp hoc tin che' va
x.u1ltban kip thoi sach giao khoa.
Chl10ng trlnh giao d\lC ti6u hQc mi~n phi va cl1Bng bach g6m co 6 nam, trung hQCco 4
nam va tll 4 de'n 9 nam t,!i cac trl10ng cao d~ng va d,!i hQCtily theo nganh hoc. Giao d\lc
hu1ln nghi~p tll I de'n 2 nam sau trung hoc, dao t'!-o th<;1chuyen mon. Bo Giao D\lc qu6c
gia nay cGng thanh I~p mot van phong chju trach nhi~m v~ giao d\lC b6 tuc cho ngl10i lOn,
giang d,!y cac nganh ngh~ chuyen mon, hoi)c nang cao van hoa t6ng quat va giao d\lC ke'
ho,!ch hoa gia dlnh.
Theo thong ke cua Lien Hi~p Quac, VaGnam 1990, Philippines co 1.667880 hQc sinh
mfiu giao, 10.558.100 hQc sinh ti6u hoc, 4.208.150 hoc sinh trung hoc, 1.656.810 sinh vien
d,!i hoc, 1.167.000 sinh vien cao d~ng va hang nghln sinh vien du hQc i'J .lay phl1ong. Quac
gia nay co tren 50 d,!i hoc, qua mot nua la d,!-ihQc dan I~p, da so' 11\d,!-ihQc thuoc giao hQi
Ky To Giao. Mot philn ba cac trl10ng d,!-i hQc tQa I,!c t,!-ithu d6 Manila. Ngoai ra, nl1dc
nay can co m1ly tram trl10ng cao d~ng cac lo,!i cii cong I~p lfin dan I~p a thu d6 va n~m
rai nic kh;{p noi tren lanh th6. C6 nh1lt Iii Bai hQc Dan laP Santo Tomas, thiinh lap nam
399

Gido df:lc Dong Nam

A tai

hi~n t(,li

1611, hi~n c6 32.000 sinh vien; E>(lihQc Cong l~p Philippines, thanh I~p nam 1908, !dn
nhilt, c6 48.090 sinh vien; E>(lihQCCong I~p Bach khoa c6 42.980 sinh vien; E>(lihQc Dan
I~p The East c6 34.200 sinh vien; E>(lihQc Dan I~p Centra Escolar c6 28.000 sinh vien.
N~n giao dl)c ciia Philippines phat tri~n rQng !dn, cac truang thanh thi dU(Jc trang bj day
dii ti~n nghi, cac truang thon que ciing dU(Jc quan tam va c6 s6 sinh vien so v<3idan s6
khong kern gl cac nu<3ctay phuong. Nu<3cnay c6 s6 dan vie't dQc vie't la 95%. Tuy nhien,
nhln vao cac th6ng ke, 1/3 cac truang trung hQc n6i tie'ng va cac truang cao d~ng va d(li
hQCdii. t~p trung t(li thii do Manila, con I(li 2/3 phan ph6i cho toan qu6c, trong d6 nhi~u
thanh ph61<3n khac chie'm mot s6 khong nho cac co
giao d\lc. Nhu v~y, cac co
giao
dyc danh cho vung thon que va cac dao xa xoi khong la bao nhieu. E>i~unay cling cho
thily sl! cach bi~t kha !dn lao giua thanh thi va thon que v~ giao d\lc cling nhu giau ngheo.
Trang hai tMp nien cu6i ciia the' ky 20, sau khi I~t d6 che' dQ tham nhling th6i nat Marcos,
sl! vi~c qu6c hQi trong mQt quye't djnh sangsu6t, khong gia h(ln h(Jp d6ng cho My tie'p t\lc
thue can cu quan sl! Subic, dii. lam gi:l.m bdt tQi ph(lm va nhiirg t~ n(ln xii. hQi do sl! hi~n
di~n ciia quan dQi ngo(li qu6c t(li quanh khu vu'c can cu nay va t(li thii do Manila rna bao
chi the' gidi dii. m~nh danh la thanh ph6 tQi 16i. Gan day han nua (2001), vi~c qu6c hQi
truilt phe' t6ng th6ng Estrada v~ tQi tham nhling, dii. chung to chinh quy~n hi~n hii'u ciia
Philippines da c6 nhung c6 g5ng lanh m(lnh h6a xii.hQi, di~u nay d6ng g6p khong nho mQt

sa

sa

cach gian tie'p cho cong cUQcgiao d\lc.

VI. Giao d\lc Mie'n Di~n (Myanmar hay Burma)

Mie'n E>i~ntra thanh thuQc dja cua Anh vao nam 1885. Nam 1948, qu6c gia nay dU(Jc
dQc I~p. Hi~n t(li, Mie'n E>i~nc6 dan s61a 49 tri~u. Mie'n E>i~n,ding nhu Thai Lan la mQt
qu6c gia PMt Giao, c6 n~n giao d\lc nguyen thiiy dl!a tren trie't 19 PMt Giao, ton trang
1uan 19 d(lo dUe, trung thanh vdi hoang gia va cac huynh truang, d~t n~ng viln d~ giao d\lC
nam gWi. Giao d\lc tay phuong dii dU(Jc gWi thi~u vao Mie'n E>i~n ngay khi nguai Anh
thl!C hi~n xong vi~c do hQ vao nam 1885. N~n giao d\lc nay cong nMn quy~n giao d\lc
cho ph\l nu, khuye'n khich gidi nay ghi ten theo hac va trong tuong lai, ph\l nu Mie'n E>i~n
d6ng mQt vai tro quan trang trong cong cUQc giao d\lc vi rilt nhi~u ph\l nu dii. tra thanh
giao vien. Khong bao lau sau ngay d~t chan len dilt Mie'n E>i~n, vao cu6i the' ky thu 19,
hai (ruang cao d~ng dii. dU(Jcthanh I~p va vao nam 1920, hai tru'ang nay dii.sat nMp thanh
E>~ihQc Rangoon (Yangon), d(li hac!dn nhilt trang hi~n t(li vdi 47.100 sinh vien.
Sau khi .dQc I~p, Mie'n E>i~ntrai qua mQt thai ky chinh trj bilt 6n dinh. Tdi nii.m 1962,
mQl cUQc dao chinh xily ra, ke't qua la mQt chinh phii xii. hQi dii. ra dai, trung uong t~p
quy~n vung m(lnh, dii. c6 th~ thl!C hi~n cac chuang trlnh c:l.i tie'n va phat tri~n giao d\lc.
Cac mon khoa hQc da dU(Jc nhiln manh ben canh cac mon hQc ph6 thong va ngh~ thu~t.

.~

400

LI

I,,
f-

c.,

Ciao d{tc Dong Nam

A tcii hi?n

t{li

Giao dl)C tiEu hoc cuang bach tu 5 aen 9 tu6i va mi~n phi tu tiEu hoc, dtn trung hoc va di!i
hoc. Tu nam 1965 den nam 1985, hoc sinh tiEu hoc tU 2 tri<;u tang len dtn 5 tri<;u; hoc
sinh trung hoc tu 503.000 tang len aen 1.25 tri<;u va sinh vien eao dng, d')i hoc tang tit
21.000 len aen 189.000. Vao nam 1990, theo thong ke cila Lien Hi<;p Qu5e, Mien Di<;n
co 5.5 tri<;u hoc sinh tiEu hoc, 1.357.000 hoc sinh trung hoc va 202.380 sinh vien. Mien
Di<;n en 3 truang d')i hoc va may ehl)c hoc vi<;n, truang eao dng. Lon nhat va e6 nhat la
Di!i hoc Rangoon (Yangon), thanh I~p nam 1920 voi 47.100 sinh vien; Di!i hoc
Mawlamyine, thanh I~p nam 1953 voi 29.300 sinh vien va D,!i hoc Mandalay, thanh I~p
nam 1925 voi 21.040 sinh vien. Nhln VilO cae th5ng ke tren, ta thay s5 hoc sinh tiEu hoc
chua phai bao g6m tat d hoc sinh tOi tu6i di hoc, nhttng da c6 tien bo kha quan, nhttng
sau ti~u hoc, rat nhi&u hoc sinh da bO hoc va s5 hoc sinh trung hoc chi bang 'A s5 hoc sinh
ti~u hoc, so sinh vien eao d5ng va di!i hoc con it nua, chi bang 118s5 hoc sinh trung hoc.
Trang th{ip nien 1980, tlnh hlnh ehinh tri t,!i Mien Di<;n trCinen bat 6n dinh, cae truang d,!i
hoc va eao d5ng phai dong etta mot thai gian VI t,!i cae eel sCi giao dl)c nay, cac euoe v~n
dong va sinh ho')t ehinh tri eh5ng ehinh phil quan nhan thuang xy ra. Cung chinh VI tInh
hlnh ehinh tri trang hai th~p nien qua khong may 6n dinh, ehuelng trlnh pMt triEn giao dl)c
dii khong th~ tien hanh mot caeh kha quan, cae truang trung hoc chi xuat hi<;n ti!i cae
thanh ph5 !On va eac thi tran, vi<;e phat triEn cae eel sCi giao dl)c d')i hoc va cao dng bi
hifn ehe VI chinh quy&n e ngi!i cae euoe ch5ng d6i tu cae eel sCi giao dl)e nay. Mie'n Di<;n
co s5 dan biet doc viet la 83%.
Chuelng trlnh giao dl)e qu5e gia ti!i cac nuoc Dong Nam A chi pMt triEn tit giua the' ky
tha 20, sau khi cae nuoc nay gianh dut;je doc I~p. Mot s5 nuoe nhu Philippines, Malaysia,
Singapore co dU<jen&n giao dl)e tie'n triEn kha quan; cae nuoe khae VI tlnh hlnh ehinh trj,
kinh te' va xii hoi kh6ng thuan It;ji,chua dift dut;jc mot n&n giao dl)e nhu y mu5n.
Tai li('u tham khdo:
- History of education, Indonesia. Til ditn bdch khou The New Encyclopaedia
Edition, 1998.

",.

- His/ory ofeducution.
. History of education,
. Hislury ufeducalion,
. 1ndonesia, educalion.
. Hislory of education,

Britannica, Multimedia

Malaysia and Singapore. tui li~u dd dan nhu tren .

South East Asia. Tai /ifu dli dun nhu tren .
Thailand. Tai lifu dii ddn nhu Iren .
Tai lifu dii ddn nhu Iren.
Philippines. Tai lifu dii ddn nhu Iren .

. Malaysia, edacalion. Til di!n bUch khua The Wurld Bouk Encydopedi,
- Philippines, education. rui li(u dil dJn nhu tlen.
- Myanmar, educution. Tili li~udd dun nhu !ren.
- Singapore, education. Tili lif?utld ddn nllu trcn.

401

Multimedia Edilion, 2001.

Gido d~c Dong Nam

- Thailan, education. Ttli lifU dii dan nhu tren,
- South East Asia. education. Til din brJch khoa The New Encyclopaedia

A tai hifn

tl;li

Britannica, Multimedia Edition,

1998,
. South East Asia, education, Singapore. Till lifu dd ddn nhl1 tren.
- South East Asia. education, Thailand. Tal lifu etd dan nhu tren.
- Static/ical yearbook. lin bdn thli 39. New York, United NationJ, 1994.
- The World of Learning 1999. London. Europa, 2000.

, ,
1 ':-

402

Chlidng 30

Giao dljc Vift Nam tflthifn t{li

I
i

i,
,

r,

'" ..

I. Giao dvc thai B:1c thuQc (111 TTL- 939 STL) - Giao dvc Ti"ung Hoa
1. Cac quan I~i Trung Hoa va n~n giao dvc Kh6'ng HQc
2. Cac nho si va tu si v6i n~n giao dvc Kh6'ng HQc
3. Cac du hQc sinh va n~n giao dvc Kh6'ng HQc
II. Giao dvc thai til chU (939-1861) - Giao dvc Kh6'ng HQc: giao dvc
cai tie'n nha Hil, giao dvc cllc thjnh dOi vua

I.e Thanh

Tong, giao dvc

suy d6i thai Lil M~t, giao dvc tie'n bQ va giao dvc dlln tQc dOi vua
Quang Trung, giao dvc tit chtfdng va cd nghi~p nha Nguy~n
1. Giao dvc nha Ngo, nha Dinh va nha Ti~n I.e (939-1009) - Giao dvc
anh htfdng PMt Giao
2. Giao dvc nha Ly va nha Tdn (1009-1400) - Giao dvc anh htfdng
PMt Giao va giao dvc Kh6'ng HQc
2.1 T6' chuc giao dvc nha Ly (1009-1226)
2.2 T6' chuc giao dve nha Tdn (1226-1400)
2.3 T6' chuc khoa cU'nha Ly va nha Tnin
2.4 Chtfdng trinh khoa cd nha Trlln
2.5 Chu'dng trinh giao dvcnha Ly va nha Trlln - Sach giao khoa
a. Sach giao khoa cua ta
b. Sach gi~o khoa cua Trung Hoa
2.6 Tllng Wp nho si
a. Han nho
b. Hiinnho

'" nho
c. An

2.7
3. Hil
3.1
3.2
3.3

Chu Van An-B~c d~i tOn stf kha kinh

Quy Ly va chtfdng trinh giao dvc cai tie'n nha H6 (1400-1407)
Cai tie'n van hOa, giao dvc va vi~c ap dVng chIT Nom
Thie't I~p cac chuc vv hQc quan dllu tiiln t~i dja phtfdng
Cai t6' khoa cd

4. Giao dvc nha Lil Sd (1428-1527) - Giao dvc Kh6'ng HQc cllc thjnh
dOi vua Le Thanh Tang
403

4.1 ChU weh giao dl}c nha L~ Sd

4.2 Til chti'e giao dl}cnha L~ Sd
4.3 Til chti'c khoa cd nha Le Sd
4.4 Chinh trj gia va nba giao dl}c Nguy~n Triii
4.5 Vua L~ Thanh Tong voi cong cu(lc giao dl}c
5. Giao dl}c nha M~c (1527-1592) va nha L~ Trung Hung (1533-1788)Giao dl}c tit chlidng va khoa cd
, 5.1 Til chti'c giao dl}c
5.2 Til chti'c khoa cd
5.3 Cac b~c ton sit kha kinh
a. Tr~ng Trinh Nguy~n Blnh Khi~m
b. Doan Thj Diim
c.. VO TrliO'ng Toan
,
6. Giao dl}cnha Tay Sdn (1778-1802) - Giao dl}c cai titn va dan t(lc
6.1 Chlidng trinh giao dl}c cai titn va dan t(lc dO'ivua Quang Trung
, 6.2 Vi~,cap dl}ng chii' Nom vao chlidng trinhgiao dl}Cva khoa cd
6.3 Til chti'c khoa cd dO'ivua Quang Trung
6.4 La Sdn Phu Td Nguy~n Thitp voi chltdng trinh giao dl}c
7. Giao dl}c nha Nguy~n (1802-1919) - Giao dl}c khoa cd, tit chlidng
7.1 Til chti'c giao dl}c
.
7.2 Til chti'c khoa cd
7.3 Cac b~c tOn sit nha Nguy~n
a. Nguy~n TrltO'ngT(l va chlidng trinh giao dl}c cai titn
b. Nguy~n Dinh Chiiu,
8. Giao dl}cphI}nii' - Cac nii' danh si : Nguy~n Thj L(l, Ngo Chi Lan,
Doan Thj Diim, Cong chua-L~ Ngqc Han, Ba Huy~n Thanh Quan,
H~ Xuan Hltdng
III. Giao dl}c thO'iPhap thu(lc (1861-1945) - Gial) dl}c anh hlidng tay
phlidng va giao dl}cVi~t Nam
1. Giao dl}cgiai do~n 1861-1886 t~i Ll}c Tlnh Nam Ky - Giao dl}c anh
hltdng tay phltdng
.
. ,.1.1,Ciao dl}canh hltdng tay phlidng khdi st/, 1861-1867
1.2 Giao dl}canh hltdng tay phltdng phat triin gioi h~n, 1867.1886
2.Gi~o dl}c giai do~n 1886.1929- Giao dl}c Phap -Vi~t va giao dl}c'
, " Vi~t Nam

'

f
;f,':
,,."

2.1 Phat triin, giaodl}c giai do~nJ886-1916 - H~ th6ng giao dl}c

a. Cac trltO'ng Phap.Vi~t
,
404

l.

'i

b. H~ th6ng giao dl)c

c. Vi~n D~i hQc Dong Dudng
2.2 PMt tril!'n giao dl)c giai do~n 1917-1929 - Ciao dl)c Vi~t Nam
a. Giao dl)c til!'uhQc
~. Giao dl)c trung hQc
c. Giao dl)c chuyen nghi~p
d. Giao dl)c cao d~ng va d~i hQC
e. Truong phii'c~p giao dl)c hay truong hudng hQc
3. PMt tril!'n n@ngiao dl)c Vi~t Nam, 1930-1945
3.1 Giao dl)c t~i cac vimg dan tQc thil!'u s6
3.2 Til tai Vi~t Nam co gia trj nhu til tai PMp
3.3 H~ th6ng h6a cac truong Mu hQc
3.4 Cui titn chudng trlnh giao dl)c cao dhg til!'uhQc v~ trung hQc
3.5 PMt tril!'n chudng trlnh giao dl)c .cao d~ng va dl,IihQC
4. Giao dl)c Vi~t Nam vOitinh thlln qu6c gia, dan tQc va ai qu6c
4.1 Phong trao Dong Du
4.2 Phong trao Duy Tan
4.3 Dong Kinh Nghia Thl)c
4.4 HQi Truy@n bli Qu6c ngu
IV. Giao dl)c thoi dQc I~p (1945-hi~n tl.li)- Giao dl)c qu6c gia phat tril!'n
1. Giao dl)c giai do~n 1945-1954
2. Giao dl)c giai do~n 1954-1975
2.1 Giao dl)c t~i mi@nNam
a. Giao dl)c til!'u hQc
b. Giao dl)c trung hQc
c. Giao dl)c cao d~ng va d~i hQC
2.2 Giao dl)c t~i mi@nBAc
a. Giao dl)c til!'u hQCva trung hQc
b. Giao dl)c cao d~ng va dl.lihQC
c. Giao dl)c d~i chUng
3. Giao dl)c giai do~n tit 1975 dn hi~n t~i
3.1 Giao dl)c vuon tre, milu gi:io
3.2 Gi:io dl)c til!'u hQc
3.3 Giao dl)c trung hQc, chuyen nghi~p va dijc bi~t
3.4 Gi:io dl)c cao d~ng va d~i hQC
Giao dl)c Vi~t Nam chi khoi st! va ph:it tri~n ttt khi gianh du'<;lCdoc l~p vao nani 939,
sau tren 1.000 nam Bilc thuQc. N~n giao dl!c nay chju anh hu'ong sau rong n~n giao dl!C
405

Ciao

dl;lC

Vi~t Nam trJihi~n t(li

Trung Hoa. Khi Phap xam chie'm mi~n Nam nUdc ta van nam 1861 va toan lanh th6 van
nam 1884, n6n giao dl)c Vi~t Nam chiu anh hUdng giao dl)c Phap, nhtrng anh hUdng giao
dl)c Trung Hoa, nhi~u it van t<3nt\li. Sau cu(k Cach m\lng thang Tam nam 1945, Vi~t
Nam mdi c6 m(\t n6n giao dl)Choan toan d(\c lap.
I. Ciao dl)c thlii Bdc thuQc (111 TTL.939 STL) - Ciao dl)c Trung Hoa
Tll' khi nUdc ta n(\i thu(\c Trung Hoa van nam III TTL, chii' !ian hay chii' Nho ding
nhu n~n giao dl)C Kh6ng HQc diln diln truy6n van Vi~t Nam. Vi~c truy6n ba ngon ngii',
d\lo ly va van hQc Trung Hoa m(\t philn do cac quan I\li ngtiai Hoa, m(\t philn do cac SI
phu, cac tu Sl nguai Hoa VItlnh hlnh 10\ln I\lc ch\lY sang Viet Nam va mOt philn nii'a do cac
hQc sinh Vi~t Nam du hQc Trung Hoa trd v6.
I. Cac quan I~i ngu'lii Hoa va n~n giao dl)c Kh6ng Hqc t~i nu'oc ta
Vi~t Nam trUdc thai B~c thu(\c c6 ngon ngii' va van hQc hay khong, sU'sach khong d6
caP tdi. Sau khi chie'm Viet Nam, vua Han cU'quan I\li va dUa ca thUang dan Trung Hoa
sang nUoc ta, d\lY dan ban xu dQc vie't chii' Han. Trang s6 cac quan l\li d6ng g6p van
chUang trlnh giao dl)c thu(\c dia, sU'sach ghi chep cac thai thu, thu sU'Tich Quang, Nham
Dien, SI Nhie'p, Do Tu~ D(\.
Tich Quang lam thai tM quan Giao Chi v~ dai Han &lnh De' (1-5), giang day dan ta
cac di6u Ie nghla. Nham Dien lam thai tM quan CU'uChan tll' nam 29 Mn nam 33, giang
d\lY dan ta v~ d\lo dt1c va han nhan theo phong tl)c Trung Hoa. Nhu vaY, van the' ky tM I,
Kh6ng HQc hay Nho HQc da du'<;Jckhdi slf truy6n ba van nUoc tao Vao the' ky thu 3, 51
Nhie'p dU<;JccU'lam thai thu quan Giao Chi tll' nam 187 de'n nam 226. Trang 39 nam dm
quy6n, thai tM niiy v6n Iii nguai van hQc, chieu n\lp cac danh Sl Trung Hoa sang nUoc ta
lanh n\ln, md mang vi~c hQc, giang d\lY kinh sach. 51 Nhie'p da thlfc hi~n vi~c truy6n ba
van hQc phUong b~c t\li nUoc tao Do Tu~ D(\ liim thu sU'Giao Chau v6 cu6i dai nM Tiln,
diiu the'ly thu 5, c(jng c6 cong trang vi~c md trUang d\lY dan ta hQc. Trang s6 cac quan I\li
tren, 51 Nhie'p c6 cong IOn nhilt trang giao dl)C, dlt<;JcmQi nguai ton Iii "Sf Wang" va
"Nam Bang HQc T6", ong t6 viec hQc d nUdc Nam. Cac hQc gia nhu Ngo SI Lien trang D\li
Vi~t SU'Ky Toiin ThU, Ly Te' Xuyen trang Vi~t Di~n U Linh Tiip, Ngo Thl SI trang Vi~t
SU'Tieu An d6u ca ng<;Jicong tr\lng SI Nhie'p trang cDng cu(\c khai h6a dan tri Giao Chi.
2. Cac nho Sl va tu SI voi n~n giao dl)c Kh6ng Hqc t~i nu'oc ta
VI VUong Mang gie't vua Han Blnh De' (1-5) dG chie'm ngoi, nen co nhi6u nho Sl khong
mu6n ton phu ke phan nghjch, ch\lY sang dill Giao Chi md trUang d\lY hQc. Viio nam 189,
khi vua Han Linh De' milt, Trung Hoa Him VilO tinh tqng chie'n lranh, chi
406

c(lll

dill Giao Chi

Giao

dl;lc

Vi~t Nam toi hi~n tt;li

la an blnh, nen co nhi~u nho sl ch<)y sang nu'oc ta, cilng tac voi thai thu 51 Nhie'p trang
vi~c giao dl,!c dan ban xu. D6ng thai, milt s6 tu sl Ph~t Giao lanh n<)n sang dii't Giao Chi
va khai sl)' truy~n d<)o. Milt s6 tu sl Ph~t Giao khac, tu An Dil sang nu'oc ta voi cung milt
ml,!c dfch. Ph~t Giao Vi~t Nam chiu anh hu'ang Trung Hoa theo phai D<)iThua hay Bik
Tong'. Tu the' ky tM2 !Oi nam 939 la nam cham dUt thai B~c thuilc, trai qua g~n 800
* Ph(it Giuo khdi ,H! ti Xn D(i vao the' ky thu 5 7TL VU(} the' ky thl1 2 STL, tr>nKiuo nay chia lam hui giuo
phdi: Ti~'u Thua vu Dt;i Thitu. Ve xiuo iy, Tilu Thua gJn wTi cuc tin dieu nguyen thuy ella Ph(1t Td Thich Cu.
Cdc m((ic Nam A nhu Tich Lan. Mien Difn. Thdi Lan, Campuchia chiu anh lnidng phdi Tifu ThUava con g(li
LaNum TiJng.Cal' quJ(,'giu Bifc A nhu Trung Hoa, Han Qul1(',Nh(it Ban chiu anh hudng phdi D~i Thi:lahuy
~~~~~~~~i~~~iTh~~~t~~~i~~~~
Cae tu sf Bae Ttm;: m(1c do nuu, cue tu Sl Nam Tring nu;icdo vim;.:.

nam, Ph~t Giao co pMt tri~n t<)iGiao Chi nhu'ng chu'a co t6 chuc th6ng thuilc. Phai dqi
Mn doi Ly, dOi Tr~n, ton giao nay moi du'<;Jctruy~n ba rilng rai kh~p noi. Tuy v~y, sl)'hi~n
di~n cua Philt Giao voi cac co sa xay dl)'ng, cung voi cac tu sl va tin d6 da dong gop milt
each khong nh6 van chu'ong trInh giao dl,!cd<)ichUng trong thOi B~c thuilc.
3. Cac du hQc sinh Vi~t Nam va n~n giao dl)c Kh6ng HQC
Tuy milt s6 nM dm quy~n Trung Hoa co 1u'U tam Mn vi~c rna tru'ong; giang d<)yngon
ngii', van hQc, nhu'ng vi~c giao d\!c nay con rat h<)nche'voi ml,!c dieh dilO t<)omilt s6 nha
!<)i,voi nhi~m vI,!thua hanh trang gu6ng may do h(l rna khong phai la dao t<)onhan tai. VI
v~y, nhii'ng ngu'oi co y du tie'n, mu6n thl)'Csl)'giup dan nu'oc, phai sang hQc t<)iTrung Hoa.
Trang s6 nhi1ng ngu'oi du hQc, sU'sach con ghi 1,1imilt s6 cac nho sl hi~n d<)tva n6i tie'ng
nhu' Tru'ong TrQng, Ly Tie'n, Ly C~m, Khu'ong Cong PhI,!, Khu'ong Cong Phl,!c, Tinh
Thi~u.
Tru'ong TrQng du hQCa L<)cDu'ong, nay thuilc tinh Ha Nam v~ doi Han Minh De' (5875), du'qc b6 lam quan thai thu Kim Thanh, nay thuilc dnh Cam Tuc. Ly Tie'n dlt<;Jcb6 lam
thu sU'Giao Chi van nam 187. Dip nay, ong co dang so xin cho ngu'oi Giao Chi du'c;lClam
quan nhu' ngu'oi Han. Vua Han chi cho phep nhii'ng ngu'oi d6 m(lu tiii, tuc la tu tai hoac
hilu liem, nho sl d6 ky thi tuy~n chQn trang huy~n, du'qc lam thu' I<)it<)iban xu chu khong
du'<;Jcb6 dl,!ng t,!i Trung Hoa. Ly C~m lam quan tuc v<;trang cung nM Han, cung milt s6
d6ng hu'ong dang so, cung milt nguy~n vQng nhu' Ly Tie'n. Vua Han chap thu~n, nhu'ng chi
b6 milt ngu'oi Giao Chi d6 milu tai lam quan l~nh a H<)Dltong va milt ngltoi d~u hie'u liem
lam quan I<;nh a LI,!CHqp. V~ sau, Ly C~m du'<;Jcthang toi tit I~ hi~u uy. Khu'ong Cong
PhI,!d~u tie'n sl doi Du'ong DI1c Ton (7~9-804) va lam quan loi chuc blnh chu'ong r6i gian
nghi d<)iphu. Khu'ong Cong Phl,!c, em Khu'ong Cong Ph\!, cling d~u tie'n sl, du'qc b6 lam thi
lang. Tinh Thi~u, tuy co thi d~u, nhu'ng chi du'qc phong chuc quang du'ong mon lang, chuc
quan coi Hnh gac c6ng lhimh, nen ltICgiiin, b6 v~ Giao Chi, theo Ly Bon khoi nghla.
407

Ciao dt,tc Vift Nam toi hifn tt;li

Vi~c mot so hqc sinh Giao Chi sang du hqc ben Trung Hoa co anh huang kha Idn tdi
vi~c truy~n ba Han Hqc a nudc tao Mot so hqc sinh thanh tiii, liim quan ben Trung Hoa;
mQt so v~ nudc, dem so hqc truy~n ba cho nhi~u ngui'li. Cai guong thanh d(lt, tuy it oi,
nhl1ng da liim nuc long nho sT,quyet tam hqc tap. Nho do, vi~c giao dl)c, truy~n ba Kh6ng
Hqc co cd hoi Ian rong trang dan gian.
Vi~c giao dl)c t(li Giao Chi suot tU di'li Han tdi di'li Dui'lng khong dU(jc phat tri~n rong
!dn VI chinh sach d6ng hoa clla ngui'li Trung Hoa. Trang suot mot nghln nam noi thuoc, so
quan I(li co luang tam, sO'hqc sinh du hqc ben Trung Hoa vii liim quan, sU'sach con ghi I(li,
chi dem dU(jc tren d~u ngon tay. Dudi di'li Dui'lng, vi~c hqc, vi~c thi clla ngui'li Giao Chi bj
h(ln che. Vdi ky thi tien sT,khong qua 8 ngui'li dUlJCghi ten. VI vi~c giao duc h(ln che, nen
cac cuoc khoi nghTa thi'li Bil'c thuQc, thui'lng do cac hiio tWang chll xudng va gidi nho sTaa
dong gop rfft it.
II. Giao dl,lc thifi tl! chU (939-1861) - Giao d\lc Khii'ng HQc: giao dl,lc cai tiC'n nh3 H6,
giao dl,lc cl!c thjnh difi vua Le Thanh TOng, giao dl,lc suy d6i thifi Le M~t, giao dl,lc
tiC'n b(l va giao dl,lc dan t(lc difi vua Quang Trung, giao d\lc ttt chu'dng va cil' nghi~p
nha Nguy~n
Thi'li tt! chu bao g6m tri~u d(li nM Ngo (939-965), nhii Dinh (968-980), nhii Ti~n Le
(980-1009), nhii L9 (1010-1225), nM Tr~n (1225-1400), nhii H6 (1400-1407), nhii Hau Le
(1428-1789), nha M(lc (1527-1667), nhii Tiiy Son (1778-1802) vii nhii Nguyen (18021945).
1. Giao dl,lc nh3 Ngo, nha Dinh va nh3 Til!n Le (939-1009) - Giao dl,lc anh hu'dng
Phiit Giao
, Trang 70 nam, ba tri~u d(li n6i tiep liim vua. Cac vua d~u Iii cac sa quan ho~c Iii dong d6i
su quan, da phai dll11hnhi~u thl gii'l d~ 6n djnh Mt nudc, nen da khong quan tam nhi~u den
vi~c phat tri~n chuang trlnh giao d\lc. Theo sU',tri thac thoi d(liniiy Iii cae nhii sU. Hq khong
nhling tinh thong Phiit Hqc, I(li con co kha nang nghien cUu d Kh6ng Hqc vii Lao Hqc. Cac
nhii su thong th(lo c:i chITHan llin chITPh(ln (tieng An DQ), rna trl10ng d(lYhqc l<).icac chua
chi~n, mon d~ khong nhling Iii cac su sai rna con co c:i nho Sl. Chinh cac chua da dao t(lOdulJC
mot so cae tu sTn6i danh nhu D6 Phap Thuiin, Ngo Chan Lu'u, Da Bao, V(In H<).nh.
Phap su D6 Phap Thuiin, mot hqc gia uyen hac, thong su6t Phat Hqc jan Kh6ng Hqc.
Dng cung thi~n su Ngo Chan Lu'u dulJCnhii vua mi'li hoi 9 kien v~ cac vffn d~ quoc st!. Khi
sa gia nM T6ng sang nudc ta, Mng tiii ung d6i vii xudng hqa van tho, D6 Phap Thuiin
dUdc su gia Trung Hoa than phl,lc. Thi~n su Ngo Chan Lu'u tac Khuong Viet, nguoi Thanh
H6a, 11k con nha thea Nha Hoc,!dn len di tu va tn'1 tMnh thin su, dUlJCvua Dinh Tien
408

Ciao dl,lc Vi~tNam Mi hi~nt~i

Hoang va vua Le D?i Hanh tin dung. Thien suDa Bao, mon d~ clla Khuong Vi~t, co cong
trong vi~c dua Ly Cong Uffn len ngoi vua. Gng rna truong d?y hQc, hQc tro co de'n h~ng
tram. Thien su V?n H?nh, nguoi B~c Giang, tinh thong Kh5ng- Ph~t- Lao, giup vua U:
D?i Hanh trj nuoc, tra tMnh tMy d?y clla Ly Cong Uffn, duqc phong lam qu6c su duoi
trieu Ly.
Cac thien su khong nhii'ng co cong trong vi~c truyen ba d?o Ph~t, lai tinh thong chii'
Han, nen dii dong gop cong IOn VaGcong cuoc giao dl)c con gioi h?n duoi thoi Ngo-DinhTien Le. Vi~c thi cii' chua duqc thlfC hi~n duoi cac trieu d?i nay.
2. Giao dl)c nha Ly va nM Tran (1009-1400) Giao dQc anh hlidng PMt Giao va
giao dQc Kh6ng HQc
Duoi hai trieu d?i nay, Ph~t HQc clfc thjnh, duqc nha vua va dan chung ton sung. Chfnh
vua Ly Thai T5 dii duqc thien su V?n H?nh nuoi n{ng va giao dl)c trong chua. Cac vua nha
Triln ciing ton sung Ph~t Giao va vua Triln Thai Tong Ja tac gia "Kh6a Hu Li,te", mot tac
phffm co y nghia sau xa cua PMt Giao. Vua Triln Nhan Tong l~p ra thien phai "True Lam".

2.1 T6 chUc giao dQc nha Ly (1009.1226) Giao dQc anh hlidng Ph~t Giao
Nam 1070, vua Ly Thanh Tong dlfng Van Mie'u tho Kh5ng Tii' va cac b~c tien hien t?i
Thang Long. Nam 1075, ky thi Nho HQc "tam truiYng" liln dilu tien duqc t5 chUc, nguoi
d~u thu khoa la Le Van Thjnh. Nam 1076, vua Ly Nhiin Tong cho xay dt!ng "Qudc TIt
Gitim", M d?y cac hoang tii'va con em d?i quan voi ml)c dich dao t?O cac nhan v~t co kha
nang M trj nuoc an dan. Sii' sach khong cho bie't ve t5 chuc giao dl)C a thon que. Nhu ta dli
bie't, ngay tii"thoi B~c thuQc, dli co nhii'ng nho si ban xu ho~c a Trung Hoa sang nUoc ta,
rna trUong d?y hQc. Vi~c nay, ch~c ch~n duqc tie'p tl)c. Han nii'a, Ph~t HQc phat trin va
tra thanh Clfc thinh vao trieu Ly, DUong nhien, cac nha sU dli dung chon thien mon M
giang d?y khong nhii'ng tU tUang Ph~t Giao, rna con d?y ca tu tUang Kh5ng HQCva Lao
HQc. Vua Ly Thai T5 Wc Ly Cong Uffn la mon d~ cua thien sU V?n H?nh, cii' su gia sang
Trung Hoa thlnh !dnh Ph~t VaG nam 1019; nam 1020, nha vua ban s~c crn tMnh I~p cac
trung tam nghien CUuPh~t Giao, xay dt!ng chua chien, cll' tang ni truyen ba d?o PMt khap
noi trang nUoc. Thoi ky nay, mQt so trung tam PMt Giao va ciing la chua xu{t hi~n nhu a
Luy Uu (Ha B~c), a Hoa Lu, a !dnh do Thiing Long. Chua Tr{n Qu6c duqc xay dt!ng a
H5 Tiiy va la noi duqc nhieu thien sU nhu Khuong Vi~t Ngo Chan Lttu, Thao DUong, Vien
HQC, Tjnh Khong oen trl) tri, ban b?c va truyen ba tU tuang PMt Giao. Chua chien
khong nhii'ng la noi giang d?y tin ngUong cho tang ni, rna con truyen ba kie'n thuc cho d?i
chung. Nhu vaY, Phat Giao dii dao tl).Onhiilu nho SI VaGgiai dOl).nnay. Dltdi triilu Ly, tuy
409

Gido d~c Vi?t Nam tai hi?n t(li

trieu dinh khong chinh thUc phat trin h~ th6ng giao d\lC cho gioi blnh dan, nhttng chua
chien do chinh cac vua thanh l~p ho~c khuyen khich thanh I~p va cac cel so giao d\lc nay
cung voi h~ th6ng Hi thlic do cac nho SI thanh I~p dii du'<;1e
phattrin khilp neli trong nu'oc
d cung ung nhan tai eho giai do;tn Nho HQc CIfCthinh tiep theo. Co th n6i du'<;1C
r~ng,
Ph~t Giao du'oi trieu Ly, chiem dia vi dQc ton, du'<;1ccae vua chua, quan l;ti va d;ti chung
ton tho. Nho v~y, cae tu'tu'ong tu bi, Mc ai, CUllnhan, dQ the du'<;1cph6bien khap neli qua
cac cel so giao d\lc ton giao.
2.2 Til' chuc giao d\lc nha Trdn (1226-1400) - Giao (I\1C Ph~t Giao va giao d\lc
Kh6'ngHqc
Vao thai ky d~u nM Tr~n, nh1ltla trieu d;ti cae vua Tdn Thai Tong (1225-1258), Tr~n
Nhan Tong (1279-1293) va Tr~n Anh Tong (1293-1314), Ph~t Giao vfrn duy trl dia vi dQc
ton. Cac vua deu am tu'ong sau xa til' tu'ong Ph~t Giao; Tr~n Thai Tong la tac gia "Kh6a
Hu L~c", mQt tac ph1lm nghien CUlld;to PMt; Tr~n Nhiin Tong, sau khi chien thang quan
Mong C6, dii nhu'ong ngoi cho con, len tu 0 chUa Yen Til' (Quang Yen), I~p ra thien phai
"True Uim"; Tr~n Nhan Tong cung voi Tr~n Anh Tong sItU t~p kinh PMttu Trung Hoa,
khac ban in, ph6 bien khilp dan gian. Vao cu6i doi Tr~n, PMt Giao d~n d~n suy yeu, vi
khong du'<;1C
cac vua chUa tich clfc ung hQ ho~c khuyen khich nhu' tru'oc, vi Kh6ng HQe
pMt trin va e6 tinh cach thlfc te, d;ty ve d;to lam ngu'oi, ve b6n ph~n eua dan gian d6i voi
qu6c gia, con Ph~t Giao chi d;ty ve tin ngu'ong va til' tu'ong c6 ve cao xa, it ngu'oi thong
hiu. Til' tu'ang Ph~t Giao v~o thai ky nay it du'<;1cph6 bien, bi x.uyen t;tc, hiu I~m, tr\lC
l<;1i,di VaGcon du'ong me tin di doan.
Cae cel so giao d\lC PMt Giao tu doi Ly du'<;1ctiep t\lC, vfrn san xu1lt cac nha tu hanh,
cae nho Sl. Nhu'ng s6 tang ni giam d~n VaGcu6i doi Tr~n va s6 nho SI tang them. Khi anh
hu'ong eua PMt Giao suy giam, t6 ehuc giao d\lC til' thlic do cac nho SI tMnh I~p da gia
tang nhieu vao cu6i doi Tr~n. Vi~e nay du'<;1C
khuyen khich do vi~c t6 chUc trieu dinh mili
ngay rnQt tinh vi heln, dn nhieu nho SI c6 kha nang van h6ad6ng g6p vaogu6ng may.
cong quyen tu kinhdo toi cac dia phu'elng, dieu rna cac tang ni khong th d6ng g6p du'<;1c'
vi hQ thong hiu ve d;to rna khong thong hiu ve cac t6 chUc xii hQi chiu anh hu'ang
Kh6ng H9C.
Ngoai vi~c phat trin til' tu'ong Kh6ng HQc hay Nho HQC,Lao HQCci1ng du'<;1cnhieu sl
phu nghie"n CUllva eli ba ngu6n"til' tu'ang Kh6ng-Ph~t-Liio da song song t6n t;ti du'oi hai

",

trieu d;ti Ly - Tr~n"

2.3 Til' chuc khoa cd nha Ly va nM Trdn (1009-1400)
Dl1di hai tri~u Ly- Triln, cac vua chua It quan tam dtn vil$c rnd rnang cac cel sd giao
410

Giao

df;lc

Vift Nam tiJi hifn t{li

dl,lC,nhilt la C1than que, ngoai vi~c thie't l~p Qu6c Tu Giam giang d?y cac hoang tu va con
em cI,!iquan. Tuy nhien, cac trieu cI,!inay cia khuye'n khich thiet l~p chua chi~n, tich c\!'c
ung hi) chlwng trlnh phat tri~n Ph~t Giao, ouang nhien va gian tie'p phat tri~n giao dl,lc.
Du khong quan tam nhieu Mn vi~c thie't l~p cac co S0 giao dl,lc, hai trieu Ly-Tr~n clilmC1
cI~u chuung trlnh thi cu C1Vi~t Nam.
Duoi cac tri~u Ngo-Dinh- Tien Le, tri~u cllnh chua t6 chuc thi cu, mai Mn ooi nha Ly,
khoa cu moi bat oJu th\!'c hi~n. Nam 1075, 65 nam sau khi vua cI~unha Ly la Ly Thai T6
(1010-1028) len ng5i, vi vua thu 4 la Ly Nhiin Tong (1071-1127) cho mC1ky thi "Tam
TruiJng" (thi ba ky thay VIb6n ky nhu sau nay) cI~u tien, ken chQn nguoi "minh kinh bae
h(Je" (r6 nghla sach va hQc ri)ng) ra gitip nuoc. Le Van Thjnh, nguoi Bac Ninh, cia cI~u
trong sO' 10 ngubi trung tuy~n va lam quan toi chuc Thai Su (Thu Tuong). Vi~c thi cu C1
nha Ly chua OUl;JC
t6 chuc thubng xuyen, khi nao dn thl tri~u cllnh cho mC1khoa thi. Trl!
khoa thi tren, su con ghi cac khoa thi khac nii'a mC1vao cac nam 1086, 1152, 1165, 1185
vit 1193. Nam 1195, vua Ly CaoTong (1176-1210) mC1khoa thi "tam gido" tuc la thi v~
Kh6ng HQc, PMt HQc va Lao HQc. Cii ba nganh hQc tren oul;Jcton trQng ngang hang van
cuoi obi Ly, c6 nghla lit Kh6ng va Lao lit hai ngitnh hQc oa phat triifn vito thoi ky nay,
m~c dUu Ph~t HQc clu<)ccoi la oi)c ton.
V~ ooi nha Trfrn, thi cu oU<;Jct6 chuc ojnh ky va c6 hai ky thi chinh la thi Huang va thi
HQi.
Thi H(li.- Nam 1232, vua Tr~n Thai Tong (1225-1258), vua clJu nha TrJn mC1khoa "thi
hQi" lily "thdi h(Jc sinh", sau nity lit tien 51, oi).tra "tam gidp", tuc lit chia s6thi sinh trung
tuy~n ra lam ba h'ing lit df nhiit gidp, df nhi gidp vit df tam gidp. E>e'nnam 1247, nha vua
l,!i oilt ra "tam khai", ojnh ba nguoi 00 oJu il o~ nhilt giap la "tr(lng nguyen", "bang nhiin"
vit "thdm hoa". Khoa thi nay, tr,!ng nguyen la Nguyen Hi~n (1234-?), tn~ nhilt trang sO'
cac u',!ng nguyen Ill(OCta, moi Cll 13 tu6i, nguoi Nam Truc, Nam Dinh; bang nhan la Le
Van HlfU (1230-1322),17 tu6i, nguui Thi~lI H6a, Thanh H6a; tham hoa la Di).ng Ma La
(1234-'1), 13 tu6i, nguoi Chuang My, Ha E>ong. E>e'nnam 1304, vua Tr~n Anh Tong
(1293-1314) o~,t thbn ten "hoiing gidp" cI~ gQi nguoi 00 o~u o~ nhj giap. Nam 1374, vua
TrUn Du~ Tong (1372-13 77) mil khoa thi "dlnh thi", thi il san vua, M lily "titn 51" va clinh
vi tr,!ng nguyen, bUng nhar., tham hoa. Ten tie'n 51 bat clJu c6 tl! My. Mai toinam 1442,
vua Le Thai Tong (1434-1442) nha H~u Le mOi chuyen dung chii' tie'n sl va bi\ h~n chii'
thai hQc sinh. V~ ky h,!n cac ky thi, vua Triin Thai Tong quy cljnh 7 nam mQt khoa. Nhu
V?y, ky thi hQi la ky thi duy nhat vao giai oo,!n nay, ai cling c6 quy~n ung thi, sau khi
clu<;Jc
oia phuong tuy~n chQn.
Thi Hu'dng.- Nam 1396, vua Tr~n Thu~n Tong (1388-1398) quy cljnh I,!i phep thi, nam
truck thi "huang", nam sau thi hi)i. Thi huang bllt clUutU oay va cOng chinh nam nay, ky
411

Gido d~c Vi~tNam tai hi~n t9i

thi huang d~u tien dU<;lC
t6 chuc de lily Cll'nhan. Tit day tn~ v sau, phai d~u thi huang moi
dU<;lcthi hQi, nam truoc thi huang, nam sau thi hQi. Huang con c6 nghIa la tUng vung, thi
huang dU<;lC
t6 chac t~i nhiu nai trong nuoc; hqi la tl) l~i, thi hqi chi dU<;lct6 chac t~i kinh
do rna thoi.
Ngoai ra, nam 1247, vua Tr~n Thai Tong cho mo khoa thi tam giao. Ba 'nganh hqc
Kh6ng, Ph~t, Lao viin dU<;lC
coi ngang hang vao thai ky nay.

2.4 Chlidng trinh khoa etl nba Tril n

Duoi triu L y va cho toi nam 1304, chuang tdnh thi cll' nhu the' nao, si\' sach khong ghi
r6. Tit nam 1304 nay, vua Tr~n Anh Tong quy djnh chuang trinh thi g6m c6 4 ky:
- Ky df nh{ft: am ta, giam quan dqc va sI ti\' vie't.
- Ky de nhi: kinh nghIa, tho, phu. Kinh nghfa, kinh c6 nghIa la sach, day la tu thu va ngu
kinh, kinh nghIa la mqt bai van giai thich y nghia mqt ca u trich trong tu thu ngu kinh. L6i
lam bai kinh nghia thong dl)ng nhilt la 16i "bat c6"(tam ve');'d6 la 16i bin van (bin: hai
con ngl)'a ch~y song doi) khong c6 v~n rna c6 d6i. Tho la van v~n, c6 v~n, c6 lu~t; c6 the
tho rieng clla .nuoc ta nhu the II)Cbat (mQt cau sau chii', tie'p theo la cau tam chii'), song
thilt Il)c bat (hai cau bdy chii', tie'p theo la hai cau Il)c bat) voi lu~t bhg tnk va chii' d6i; c6
th tho mu<;lncua Trung Hoa nhu the ngu ngon (nam chii') hoi.lc thilt ngon (bdy chii'), bat
cu (tam cau) hoi).c tll tuyc$t(b6n cau) va day la tho Duong voi lu~t bling trae, chii' d6i rilt
nghiem nhi).t. Phli la mo tao mqt the van c6 v~n, ta eanh v~t, thu~t l~i sl! vic$choi.lc dien ta
tinh earn; phu c6 hai the, c6 the (the cu) la the c6 trltoc doi Duong, c6 v~n; the phu tit doi
Duong, c6 v~n, c6 d6i, c6 lu~t Mng trae.
-Kyde tam: chie'u, che', bieu. Chilu la Ic$nhtruyn clla vua Mn th~n dan, eM la !Oi cua
vua billl th"uong cho cong th~n, bi/u la bai van clla th~n dan dang len vua de chllc mitng,
M 't~ on hoi).c thinh du dieu gi. Chie'u che' bieu la mQt bai van xuoi, c6 the lam theo c6
the t~oc doi Duong, c6 the Him theo c~n tbe (the g~n day) tUe la the tu ll)c (b6n sau),
xuilt hic$ntit doi Duong, mQt bai van xuoi nhttng g6m c6 do~n 4 tit, tie'p theo la do~n 6 tit.
- Ky # tz1: Van sach. Sach la mltU m(;lO,van sdeh la mQt bai van giai thich nhii'ng cau hoi
cua de tai, si ti\' trinh bay kie'n thuc va mltU m(;lo. Van sikh la mQt th van khong c6 v~n,
thuong c6 d6i, nhttng vie't thanh van bai van xuoi cung dU<;lc.Tuy theo d tai, c6 hai lo~i
van sach, van sach ml)c va van sach d~o. Van sdeh ml,te la d tai ra th~t dai hoi v mQt
hoi).cnhi~u' viln d, van sdeh d(lo d tai ra ng~n v rnQt hoi.lc nhiu viln d.
Khoa thi d~u tien voi chuang tdnh thi moi c6 4 ky vao nam 1304, M~c mnh Chi nguoi
Hai Duong d~u tr~ng nguyen nam 24 tu6i, Nguyen Trung Ng~n d~u hoang giap moi c6 16
tu6i. M~c mnh Chi (1280-1350) lam quan trai qua trieu vua, dU<;lcCll'di su ben Trung
Hoa, xuong hqa tho van voi cac danh sI so t~i, du'1C vua Nguyen va dinh thiln khen ng'1i,
412

Ciao

df:lc

Vi~t Nam tiJi hi~n tIJi

ban t~ng ong danh hi~u "ltfiJng quae tr(lng nguyen ", tr<)ngnguyen ca hai nuac. Nguyen Trung
Ng<)n(1289-1370), lam quan trai qua nam trieu vua, thang toi chuc Than QuOc Congo
2.5 Chu'dng trinh giao dl,lc nha Ly va nha Trlln Sach giao khoa
EHico chuang trinh thi, ~t phai co chuang trinh hQc, phiii co sach giao khoa, phiii co
phuong phap giiing day. Tit nha Ly, dii co ky thi tam giao, co nghla la ky thi hoi ve y
ngh7a clla cii ba nganh hQc la Kh6ng- Ph~t- Lao. Toi nha Tr~n, d~n d~n Kh6ng HQc phat
trin m<)nh, at cii Ph~t va Lao. H~ th6ng giao d\lC til' th\lc do cac danh s7 thanh l~p phat
trin kh~p noi, trieu dlnh vh chi dam trach chuang trlnh giao d\lC Qu6c Til' Giam t<)i
kinh do. Ngon ngi1 giiing d<)ylil chi1 nho, Wc la thu chi1 vie't clla Trung Hoa.
Chu(Jng tdnh giao d\lC clla trieu dinh hay t<)icac til' th\lc clla cac danh gia la cac tll'
tuang, cac loi giang d<)yve luan Iy, d<)oduc clla Kh6ng HQc. N(ii dung clla chuang trlnh
giiing d<)ydll'<;lC
tdnh bay qua cac sach giau khoa. Co hai lo<)isach giao khoa, m(it la clla
ta, hai la clla Trung Hoa.

a. Sach giao khoa cua ta

Nh1lt thien ttt.- Sach co m(it nghln tit, nhu'ng tht.fc st.fco toi 1015 tit, d(it theo th tho l\lc
bat. Chi1 nho di truoe, ngh7a theo sau. N(ii dung cae ciiu thall,lc bat khong co y ngh7a gl va
n(ii dung khong s~p d~t theo m(it de tai nao. Thi d\l:
Thien troi, dja dilt, van may,
Vii mua, phong gio, tru ngay, d<)dem,
Tinh sao, l(i moc, tuong di~m,
Hu'Ulanh, khanh phuc, tang them, da nhi~u.
Tam thien ttt.- Saeh van xuoi co ba nghln tit. Chi1 va ngh7a ke' tie'p nhau thanh tUng do<)n
hai tie'ng m(it, tie'ng eu6i do<)n tren v~n voi tie'ng cu6i doan ke'tie'p. N(ii dung sach khong
d(it thanh lo<)im\lc nao. Thi dl,l:
Thien troi, dia dat, cil' cat, t6n con, til' can, ton cMu, Il,lc sau, tam ba, gia nha, qu6c
nuoc ...
Ngii thien tl1.- Sach co nam nghln tit, chi1 va ngh7a ghep I<)itheo th tho Il,lcbat nhu Nhiit
thien tl! , nhung kMc la ch6 cac cau tho xe'p theo nhi1ng de ml,lc nhu thien van, dia Iy,
d<)odue...Thi d\l:

Thlta nhiin, nhiin Vling, h<)rbi,

Can tri'li, khon ditt, tai b6i, trbng vun.
Tich xua, tt.fchil, do con,
Quan xem, so<)nsO(ln, vien trim, thien thien ...

413

Gido d(lc Vift Nam tai hifn tgi

Sd hqc viln tan.- Nhan d~ sach c6 nghia la bilt dilu hQc hoi, g6m c6 270 diu b6n chit Cau

dijt khong c6 viln, nhi~u cau khong c6 d6i, chia lam ba philn:
- Philn thl1 nhilt c6 130 cau, t6m tllt Ijch sii'Trung Hoa.
- Philn thl1 hai c6 64 cau, t6m tilt Ijch sii' Vi~t Nam.
- Philn thl1 ba c6 76 cau, khuyen hQc tra v~ vi~c hQc va xii' the'.
Au hqc ngii ngon thi.- Nhan d~ sach c6 nghia la tho nam tieng M tre em hQC.Sach g6m
c6 278 cau tho ngii ngon, n6i v~ thU vui cua vi~c hQCva mQng tltong cua ngltClihQc tra thi
d~u tr~ng nguyen. VI v~y, sach nay can dltqc gQi la "Trq.ng nguyen' thi".
b. Sach giao khoa cua Trung Hoa
Minh tam b30 giam.- Nhan d~ sach c6 nghia la "tilm gltong quy soi sang coi lang". Sach
sItUt~p cac cau cach ngon cua cac b~c tMnh hi~n dClitrltdc, chep trong cac kinh truy~n d~
d~y mQi ngltCli v~ nhan cach, d~o dUc. Sach chia lam 20 thien. Trich Il,!cmQt do~n trang
thien "Kt thi?n" :
.,
Am.- Khifng Tr1 vitt: vi thi?n gid, thien bao chi dr phuc; vi bdt thi?n gid, thien bao chi dr
hqa.
Nghia.- Khifng Tr1 n6i: nguiJi lam ditu lanh, triJi uly phUc ma bdo cha; ke lam ditu chdng
lanh, triJi Illy vq.ma baa chao
Am.- Trang Tr1 vitt: nhdt nhq.t bdt ni?m thi?n, chu de giai tl! khiJi.
Nghia.- Trang Tr1 n6i: mQt ngay khOng nghr de'n ditu thi?n, mqi ddu de tl! ddy len.
Minh D:;.o gia huiln.- Nhan d~ c6 nghia la "sach d~y trang nha cua Minh El~o". Minh
El~o la bi~t hi~u cua Trinh Hi~u, mQt danh nho dCliT6ng. Sach c6 500 cau tho b6n chii'.
NQi dung khuyen ran v~ luan Iy d~o duc va thu~t xii' the. C6 nhi~u cau loi hay y gQn, dii
tro tMnh cac cau cach ngon dltqc truy~n tl,!ng. Thi dl,!:
Tfeh c6c phang co, tfeh y phang han
(Tra thOc phOng d6i, tra da phong ret)
Giao phI,!so lai, giao tii' anh hai
(Dq.y v(l moi vt, dq.y can con th(J)
Nii' v~t tham tai, nam v~t tham silc
(Gdi eM tham ella, trai eM tham sac)
Bfrn nhi vo xi6m, phU nhi vo kieu
(Nghea ma khOng njnh, giau ma khOng kieu)
",
Ham huyet phUn nhan, tien 0 nga khil'u
(NgQm mduphun nguiJi, truOe blln mi?ng minh)
Tam tlf kinh.- Sach g6m cac cau ngiln c6 ba chii', d~y v~ d~o lam ngltoi.
Ngoai cac sach giao khoa tren, hQc sinh cac lOp cao dilng con dlt<;lCnghi~n ng~m cac tu'
414

Gido due
Viet Nam trJi hien
"
. tai
.
tuong Kh6ng HQc qua

tu thu, ngli kinh.

V ~ phuong di~n su ph':lm, cac sach giao khoa tren d~u khong h<,Jpvdi tri 6c non ndt clla

tre em VI sach niio cling kh6 v~ y nghIa vii kh6 v~ cach dung lit ngu. Nhlfng ta cling phai
nh~n rAng, ba cu6n tren Iii nhung cu6n d':lYtie'ng m(>t,kha d~ hiu, cac cu6n sau d':lYv~
luan thuong d':lo Iy, cach xt't the', d~t theo th van vfrn, thie'u nien hQc thu(>c long nhung
cau thd, luc nho chua hiu y nghIa, lOn len, on l':1i,dfrn dfrn va V':lCthilm nhufrn vao tam
tri, tit d6 c6 th rut ra cac bai hQc v~ trau d6i nhan cach, d':lo xt't the', d':lo lam nguoi, dem
l':Iianh huang lOn trang vi~c duy tdluan Iy d':lo duc trang xa h(>inho giao.
Sach giao khoa da kh6, phudng phap giang d':lYhoan toan hQc thu(>c long, s1/ tie'n b(>
clla hQc sinh rilt ch~m. Nhi~u thie'u nien, sau mily nam hQc mdi chi bie't dQc bie't vie'1.Tuy
nhien, nhi~u sI tt't khac, mdi 13, 14 tu6i da thong thu(>c kinh sach, am tuang cac 10':livan
bai, da thi d~u tr':lng nguyen, qua th1/c hQ la nhung thfrn d6ng.
2.6 Tiing h~p nho SI

".

Nho Sl Iii tfrng lOp cao quy nhat, dung dfru trang
thuang". Nho nghIa den Iii hQc gia, nho sI Iii nha nho,
s6ng gl!dng mfru, c6 th giang d':lYluan Iy d':lo duc cho
se dem he't kha nang giup vua trj nudc. Tuy theo canh
nho hay ifn nho.

xa h(>i nho giao "sf, nang, cong,

nguoi am tuang d':lo Iy thanh hi~n,
mQi nguoi va ne'u du<,JctrQng dl,mg,
ng(>, nho sI c6 th Iii han nho, hin

a. Han nho
Trudc khi thi d~u, hfru he't cac nho sI a trang hoan canh hiin nho, nguoi hQc tro ngheo,
trir cac si tt't Iii con nhii giau c6, gia the'. Ne'u may man, thi d~u ra lam quan; ne'u khong
may, rilt nhi~u hiin nho, sau d vai mudi nam thi hong, an nha v<,Jsu6t doi VIhQ khong th
bo ngh~ sI di lam ngh~ nong:
Ai (Ji cM [{iy h(Jc tro,
Dili lung ton vdi an no lI;li ndm.

(Ca dao)
M(>ts6tro thanh 6ng d6liing, d':lYnam ba dua tre kie'm song, m(>tsolam thfry thuoc bac.
b. Hiin nho
Hin nho Iii cac si tt't thi d~u, ra lam quan, thoa chi blnh sinh, sau nhi~u nam den sach.
HQ tro thanh giai cap quan l':Ii,c6 quy~n hanh, c6 dja vj cao quy nhilt trong xa h(>i.

'"
c. Annho
Day la cac b~c danh si, bilt man vdi t6 chuc thi cJ1 thie'u cong bling, tuy c6 tai cao
415

'.

Gitio d~c Vi~t Nam trJihi~n t(;li

nhl1ng kho~g ung thi. HQ ciing la cac b~c khoa bang, tuy d6 dl).tcao, nhung khong mu6n ra
lam quan vi tri~u dlnh th6i nat, quan Il).itham nhiing. Cac danh SI nay s6ng cUQcdoi thanh
bl).ch, guong milu trong dan gian, sang tac van tho M giao h6a dl).ichUng, M giiii b~y tam
sl!; mQt so' khac, mo tru'ong dl).YhQc, truy~n ba dl).othanh hi~n.
2.7 Chu Van An - B~c dl,i ton sli kha kinh
Chu Van An (\292-1370), nguoi Thanh Tri, Ha Dong, la b~c ffn nho, khong c6 tham
vQng quan truong vi. v!lOgiai dOl).nnay, tri~u dinh be pMi, quan il).ith6i nat. Tuy la mQt
danh SI 16i Il).c,nhl1ng khong ung thi, ong mi'1truong dl).y hQc tl).ique nM. Gng n5i tie'ng
v~ tai giao d~c, mon d~ khiip noi tim dn th~ giao va nhi~u nguoi dii thi d~u, lam quan Ion
trong tri~u. Trong so' cac mon d~, n5i tiGng nhilt la Le Quat va Phl).m Su Ml).nh. Le Quat,
nguoi Thanh H6a, d~u thai hQc sinh, lam quan dn c.huc "nhq.p ni)i hanh khiln "(thu
tuong). Phl).m Su Ml).nh (1325-1400), nguoi Rai Duong, d~u thai hQc sinh, ciing lam quan
toi nh~p nQi qanh khien nhu Le Quat. Hai vi thu tuong truoc.sau nay n5i tie'ng Hem khie't,
nho tili giao ~~ua
ton su. M6i I~n cac thu tuong v~ tham th~y, d~u cui d~u Il).ytl).dn
khi th~y cho phep moi dam ng6i va dUQCphep dam dl).ocling th~y.
Vao nam 1325, Chu Van An dUQcmoi vao cung dl).ycac hoang ti\'. Mon d~ cua ong tro
thanh vua Tr~n Hien Tong (1329-1341). N6 lOi vua, ong nh~n chuc Te'TiI'u Qu6c Ttl
Giam, dUng d~u co quan giao d~c \dn nhilt cua qu6c gia. Vua Hie'n Tong milt sam, vua
Tr1fn D~ Tong (\341-1369) len thay. Thoi ky nay, chinh sl! th6i nat, vua gie't hl).icac cong
th~n, nghe theo bQn xu ninh, Chu Van An dang so xin chern d~u bffy ten IQng th~n va xin

v~ httu.
Chu Van An v~ 0 ffn tl).i nui PhuQng Hoang thuQc Chi Linh, Hai Duong, dl).y hQc va
sang tac. Gng milt nam 1370 va dUQCtho trong Van Mie'u vi sl! nghi~p giao d~c ciing nhu
tai nang va duc dQ.
Giao d~c doi Tr~n pMt trien ml).nh van giai dOl).ncu6i va Kh5ng HQc g~n nhu chie'm
dia vi dQc ton, liln at Ph~t va Lao. N~n giao d~c nay d~t can ban cho n~n giao d~c Kh5ng
HQc cl!c thinh vao thoi Le So, nhilt la 0 van tri~u dl).ivua Le Thanh Tong.
3. Mil Quy Ly va chlidng trlnh giao dQc cili titn nM HII (1400.1407)
H6 Quy Ly (1335-1407), nguoi sang I~p ra nha H6 la mQt nhan v~t 16i Il).c,c6 nhi~u tu
tuong moi 1'.1v~ mQi phuong di~n chinh tri, kinh te', xii hQi, giao d~c. Nhiu
gia dii vi
ong voi Vuong An Th(lch, vi te tuang Trung Hoa v~ doi T6ng ( Xem them chuong 11,
m~c II, 2). Gng khi'1isl! lam quan duoi tri~u Tr~n ti\' nam 1371 va tro thanh ngol).i thich,
illY cong chua va c6 hai nguoi co tri'1tMnh hoang h~u. Trong g~n 30 nam lam quan voi
nha Tr~n, tit mOt chuc quan nM tri'1thanh te wong, ang khong he bi giang chac, ciing nhu

sa

416

Giao d(lc Vift Nam Mi hifn t{li

trang 7 nam nhii H6, 6ng da thl!c hi~n nhUng cai cach Ion lao v~ dil mQi phuong di~n
trang do co giao dl,!c.

3.1 Cai tie'n van Ma, giao dl)c va' vi~c ap dl)ng chl1 Nom
H6 Quy Ly da khi'li xuong c6ng cu(Jc cai tien van hoa lily ban chilt dan t(Jc liim can
ban. Nam 1383, 6ng cho thiet I~p thu vi~n M nghien cUu vii sl1Ut~m ngon ngu, van hQc
Vi~t Nam. Nam 1392, 6ng viet sach "Minh f)f/O" (con duong sang), g6m 14 chuang, pM
pMn nhUng tinh tuy cua van hQc Trung Hoa, d6ng thai dua ra nhung nh~n djnh v~ duong
16i giao dl,!c thl!c tin. Nam 1395, ong djch thien "VO DQt" trang Kinh Thu dung trong
chuang tdnh giao dl,!c cac hoiing ti\', dua ra nhung guang sang vii nhung duc tinh dn co
cua m(Jt b~c quan Wong. Nam 1396, ong sang tac sach "Thi Nghla" (giang nghla Kinh
Thi) dung him sach giao khoa. Gng Iii chinh trj gia vii hoiing de' d~u tien trong Ijch si\' ra
chi thi ap dl,!ng chu Nom, ngon ngu dan t(Jc trang mQi chieu chi, van ban chinh thuc cua
tri~u dlnh, mijc d~u chu nom hi~n trang thi1i ky phoi thai. Cai cach cilp tien niiy dii phat
sinh phong triio sang tac van nom viio cac thai ky sau.
3.2 Thie't I~p cac chuc

VI)

hQc quan dau tien t~i dia pht/dng

Truoc H6 Quy Ly, chi co cac chUc hQc quan t,!i truong Qu6c ti\' giam CJkinh d6. Nam
1397, ong cho mCJtruong den t~n cac chau huy~n phil, crr cac hQc quan t,!i m6i nai. Di! co
ngan sach cho phi cho giao dl,!c, ong chi thi cilp pMt ru(Jng dilt cho cac dja phuong. Cac
chau huy~n phil Ion dU<;1ccilp pMt 15 mfru. trung blnh du<;1ccilp pMt 12 mfru, nho du<;1c
cilp pMt 10 mfru. Ngoiii ra, H6 Quy Ly con pMt trii!n chuang trl.nh giao dl,!c y hQc, vo
ngh~.
3.3 Cai tli' khoa cit
Nam 1396, H6 Quy Ly djnh I,!i phep thi, bo thi am ta vii b6n ky thi nhu sau:
Ky I: Kinh nghla voi 500 tu tri'llen.
Ky 2: Tho, phu; m(Jt biii tho Duong vii m(Jt biii phU ciSthi! voi it nhilt 500 tu.
Ky 3: Chieu, che, bii!u; chieu dung ciSthi!, chebii!u dUng 16i van ttl'hlc doi Duong.
Ky 4: Van sach,hoi v~ kinh si\' hoijc cac viln d~ thai vI,!voi it nhilt 1.000 tiro
Tu nam 1403, m(Jt ky thi thu 5 du<;1cthem viio Iii thi viet chu dt,:p vii Hnh toano Tinh
toan Iii mon thi khoa hQc d~u tien trong Ijch si\' thi crr Vi~t Nam. Nam trt/oc thi Huang,
nam sau thi H(Ji.
H6 Quy Ly co m(Jt chuang trlnh cai tien giao dl,!crilt cilp titn song song voi cac chuang
trinh cai tien kMc. Tiec rAng, viio cu6i doi nM Tr~n, vua chUa bilt tiii, quan I,!i thieu kha

417

Gido dc Vift Nam toi hi~n t(li

I .

nang, H6 Quy Ly tuy Jilm quan culli doi nhil Tran gan 30 nam, nhu'ng ong luon luon gaP
chllng dlli vI nhung ciii t6 qua cilp tien, xam ph<)rn4uy~n l<;Iicua giai dip thllng tri vii con
bj am mu'Uham h<)i;tri~u vua H6 Quy Ly l<)iqua ngiin ngui, trung khi do, giac biic phuong
dang dorn ngo nuoc ta, nen cac chuang trlnh cai cach cua nhii vua oa khong th~ thuc hii;n
dU<;lcvii nuoc ta Iqt viio vong Ii; thuQc nhii Minh Trung Hoa trung 21 narn tu nam 1407
den nam 1428 Iii nam Le L<;Iigiai ph6ng oat nude.
4. Giao dl,lc nha Le So (1428-1527) - Giao dl,lc Khilng HQc clfc thjnh difi vua Le
Th3nh TOng
Nhii H~u Le ou<;lcchia liim hai giai oo<)n: giai oo<)n Le So tu vua Le Thai T6 (14281433) Wi vua Le Cung Hoiing (1524-1527); sau 06, nha M')c (1527-1667) chiem ngoi liim
vua t<)iThang Long; nam 1533, nhii Le du<;lckhoi phl,lc hay giai oo<)n Le Trung Hu'ng
(1533-1788) hay Le M<)t,khoi phl,lc nhu'ng suy 06i; nam 1592, nha Mac rut len Cao Bang,
vua Le v~ Thang Long nhung quy~n hiinh nam trung tay chua Trinh va tiep theo 00 la
canh Nam-Bile phan tranh (1627-1775) giUa chua Trinh chua Nguyen.
Sau khi ou6i oU<;lC
giac Minh, giai phong que hUCing,nhil Le So dil rna mQt ky nguyen
moi cho n~n giao dl,lc Vii;t Nam.
4.1 Chii dich giao dl,lc nha Le So - Giao dl,lc rnd rQng
Tri~u <.Ilnhthai Le So <.Iiidu<}ct6 chuc quy cll han <.IaiTran, lilnh th6 rna rQng hon, sau
khi du6i <.IU<;lC
giac biic phuong, tinh than dan tQc <.Iu<}c
nang cao, gidi nho SI ciing VI do
nuc long mulln <.Iemtai nang phl,lng si/ qullc gia. Tri~u dlnh c6 vii tinh than dong gop tai
niing va duc <.IQclla SI phu qua nhi~u ky thi han bilt cu giai do<)n niio trang lich si\'. Cac
truang cua tri~u <.Ilnhtu kinh do den phu huyi;n hoac cac truang tu clla cac nho SI <.IU<;lC
phat tri~n khiip noi trung nuOc, huang giao dl,lc v~ cac chll dich: trung quan ai qullc, quan
su phl,l, tu than t~ gia trj qullc blnh thien h'), nhan ngh1a Ie tri tin. Chll dich giao dl,lc niiy Iii
nhung giao di~u can ban cua hqc thuyet Kh6ng Ttl' co th~ tim thily qua tu thu, ngii kinh va
cac tac phfrm khac cll~ Nho Hqc.
4.2 Til chuc giao dl,lc nh3 Le So
Nam 1429, vua Le Thai T6 (1428-1433) kh6i phl,lC QulJc til' giam sau khi bj bo hoang
phe tren 20 nam duoi thai nhii Minh d6 hQ. Nam 1483, vua Le ThalJh Tong (1460-1497)
rna rQng Qullc ttl' giam, xay di/ng cac giang dlfong Ion Minh Luan duong, cac giang dI1ang
long, Tay, l~p Bi thu khll (thu vii;n, kho sach), lilp 1u'Uxa cung cilp ch6 an a cho hilng
tram SI til'. Qullc til' giam nay khong phai Iii noi hqc tilp diinh rieng cho con em quan l<)irna
con thu nMn con em thuang dan qua cac ky thi sat h<)ch.Nhi~u SI til'con dU<;lccilp
418

II
I

I!

Ciao dlfc Vi~( Nam Mi hi~n ((Ii

h<)e b6ng. Cae h<)equan t~i Quae ttt giam dutje tuy~n eh<)n khong nhang dlfa tren b5ng
d'p rna con dlfa thea due di) va baa g6m cae ehUc quan Te tt'tu, Tu nghi~p, Giao th\!, Bae

SI.
T~i cac dja phu(Jng, cae truong cila tritlu dlnh dutjc thiet I~p t~i cac Ii) huy~n phil, dung
dau mili truling nay la quan doc hoc, huan dao. Ngoai viee giang d~y, quan doc h<)e con
e6 nhiem vu sat haeh cac Sl ttt trudc khi thi huung.
Ngoai he lh6ng cae truong ella tri6u dlnh, elm e6 he thong cae tu thuc do cae ffn nho,
cae han nho, cae b~c hl1Uquan ho~c cae nha phu hi) mUeJnthay vtl giang d~y t~i gia. He
thong lu thlic nay Wn lao he10he th6ng truong tritlu dlnh rat nhitlu, rai rac kh~p noi trang
nudc, k~ cii t~i cac lang mac.
Truong h<)ct~i cac dia phu(jng, du cong hay tu, thuong chi c6 mi)t Wp, khong phan biet
trlnh di) cao thap. HQc sinh e6 th~ tit 6,7 tu6i mdi bat dau h<)cvo long cho den SI ttt ehuffn
bi di thi. Tuy nhien, m(\t sO'truong ella cae danh SI thuong chi co mi)t Wp hQc cao, chuffn bi
thi cl1 nhiin, lien SI vit s6 SI tl1theo hqc khong nhi0u.
Doi vdi cac truang tu, hqe tro den hge Ian dall tien, phu huynh ni)p "ll nh(ip man"; hQe
phi, ngily giil, ngay tet, ph\! huynh tuy tam d6ng g6p; dOi vdi cae h9C sinh ngheo, cae thay
thuang eho mien hge phi.
Chuong trlnh h9C chi c6 hai cap, ti~u hge vii d~i h<)c. T~i b~e ti~u hge, phuong phap
giiing d~y lit thily dge trude, h<)ctro nhae lai, thay giang nghla, tro nh~e I~i nhu can vf;t va
nhi6u khi khong hi~u y nghla g1. Vtl nha, hqc thu(k long d6 h6m sau den truong dQc cho
thily nghe. Hqc tro lu(ii bieng, kh6ng thui)e bai, bi thily danh don. Cha Han rat kh6, phili
t6n nhi0u nam hoc mdi e6 th6 d<)e thong viet th~o. HQc sinh ti~u h<)c h<)e cae sach Nhat
thien uf, Tam thien tt!, Ngii thien It!, rili cen S,J hqe van tan, Au hQc ngii ng6n thi, tiep
theo la Tam tlf kinh; Minh tam biio giam, Minh D~o gia huan. T~i b~c d~i h<)c, h\le sinh
lhuang khong di hoc thuiJng xuyen, rna chi den truong hai ba bu6i mili tuiln . T~i truong,
thily giiing sach tu IhLl,ngii kinh cung vdi viec t~p lam cae lo~i bai van M chuffn bi thi nhLl
kinh sach, chieu ehe bi6u, tho phu ...6 giai do~n nay, Sl ttt e;lm c\!i h<)ca nha nhitlu hon la
iJ trLlong. Mili nam, quan dOc hQc t6 chUc ky thi khao kh6a, ngLloi trung tuy~n du,<;/cgQi la
" tMy kh6a", dutje mien m<)i t~p dich trang lang va e6 dll ditlu kien dLlthi ky !hi huong.
Viec sat h~eh nay eiing c6 m\!c dich giam Mt s6 thi sinh ghi ten dlf thi.
Ck tritlu vua thiJi Lc So eiing quan tam den viee huan lUYen vo nghe va rna cae truong
hoc vo t~i kinh do. ChLlung trlnh giao d~le vo hQClay twng binh thu clla Ton Vii thai Xuan
Thu va Ng6 Khc'Jithai Chien Quoc, gQi dt la "Binhphdp Tan-Nga". Vtl binh thuViet, c6 bi)
"Sinh thu ye'u IU(fc" do HLfngDi!0 VU(jng Tran Hung D~o (1226-1300) so~n.

4t9

Ciao dlfc Vi~t Nam tdi hi~n t{li

4.3 Til chuc khoa cd nha Le Sd
Tii' doi Le so, thi cll' dlll;JCt6 chuc co quy cil va Mu di)n, cu 3 nam m(>tkhoa !hi. Nam
trlloc thi hllang, lay b~ng cll' nhan, nam sau thi h(>ilay bang tie'n si, danh cho nhii'ng ngtfoi
da d~u thi hllang nam ngmli. Ngoai ra, cac si tll' thi dau 4 ky thi h(>ituc Ia thi dau tie'n si,
dlll;Jcvao thi mnh. Thi dlnh khong phai la m(>tky thi rieng re, rna chi la ph~n thi cu6i cling
cua thi h(>i, thi t')i tri~u mnh, trlloc milt vua va dlnh th~n, di\' lay ba nglloi dau cao nhat la
tr')ng nguyen, bang nhan va tham hoa.
Tit nam 1448, tie'n si dlll;Jcchia lam ba lo')i:
EN nhdt gitip. Tie'n si CaP d~, ba nglloi dau d~u dlll;JCgQi la tam khoi, tuc la tr')ng
nguyen, bang nhan, tham hoa.
EN nhi gitip. Tie'n si xuat than, nglloi dil d~u gQi la hoang giap.
Df tam gitip. Tie'n si d6ng xuat than.
T')i d hai ky thi hllang va thi h(>i,si tll' phai thi d~u ca b6n tr1l0ng hay b6n ky !hi moi
dlll;JcgQi la cll' nhiin hoi)c tie'n si. Thi d~u tie'n si dlll;Jcnha vua cho tham dl!' III xllong danh,
tuc la dQc danh sach cac tan tie'n si, clllCJc vua ban ye'n ti~c; clllCJc phil huy~n t6 chuc Ie
vinh quy hai t6, tCn tu6i dlll;JCkh~c vao bia da a Qu6c tll' giam. Thai Le So voi 100 nam,
t6 chilc cllll;Jc26 khoa thi H(>i, ban thllang cho 21 tr')ng nguyen, 38 bang nhan, 21 tham
hoa va 992 tie'n si.
Ngoai cac ky thi van hQc, tri~u Le So con t6 chuc cac ky thi vo gQi la thi "Me cit ".
M')c Dang Dung, vi vua cI~u nha Mac clau clo Il!'c si trang ky !hi vo. Thi vo chia lam ba
trllong hay ba ky. Ky cI~nhat !hi cll' t'); ky cI~nhi thi mua con, ciao, kie'm, khien; ky cI~tam
thi b~n sung, cai ngl!'a. VO si clau cii ba ky voi h')ng cao cllll;JcgQi la Cll'nhan vo, h')ng !hap
gQi la tu tai vo.
Vi~c t6 chuc cac ky thi dlloi thai Le So kha nghiem nhi)t va cong minh.
4.4 Chfnh trj gia va nha giao dl,Jc Nguyiin Trai
Nguylln Trai (1380-1442) khong nhii'ng Ia m(>t b~c khai qu6c cong th~n, m(>tchinh trj
gia Iili I')c, ong con la m(>t nha giao dl;!c voi tac phii'm Gia Huan Ca. Dng nglloi Thllong
Tin, Ha Dong, clau thai hqc sinh doi vua H6 Quy Ly, cltfl;JCphong chilc ngl!' sll' clai, lam
quan cling tri~u voi than phI;!. Sau khi nha Minh thif~g nha H6, bift than phI;! la Nguylln
Phi Khanh (1335-1428) v~ Trung Hoa, ong theo Le Ll;Jikhoi nghia. Sau khi clu6i dtfl;Jc
quan Minh vao nam 1428, ong dlll;JCvua Le Thai T6 phong chilc nh:j.p n(>ihiinh khii\'n (thil
tllong). Nam 1439, ong v~ tn si. Nam 1442, vI cai an d~y nghi van v~ nang h~u cila ong la
Nguylln Thi L(>: ong bi gMp t(>igie't vua va bi an tll' hlnh cling voi cii hq khi moi co 63
tu6i. Tuy qua b~n r(>n voi chinh sl!', Nguylln Trai con eli\'I')i m(>t sl!' nghi~p van hqc IOn
lao ki\' cii van Han lfin van Nom. Hc phii'm Han van con ItfU I')i trong Ue Trai Tijp co 6
quyi\'n, bao g6m du lo')i tho, van, thll tii', m~nh I~nh, dla dll. Van Nom co Qu{fe Am Thi
420

II
i

Giao dl;/cVi~t Nam tOi hi~n t(li

T(ip, tiec ding da thilt If!.c,hi~n nay can htu If!.ibili thel Hoi A Ban Chilu lam khi g~p Thi
LQ Ign dgu tien va tiic phii'm Gia Hu{{n Ca.
Gia Huiln Ca co nghla la hai hat M df!.ynhG'ng nguoi trong nha, co 796 cau thO I~c bat
g6m phgn rna dgu co 4 cau thel va 6 hai ca.
Bili tM nhi{t.- Df!.yvQ can, co 296 diu thel, tflnh bay cach clf xtt:
_ 06i voi ban than
- 06i voi trang hQ ngoai lang

I
I
i

- 06i voi cha m~

- Khi sinh san
- 06i voi ch6ng
- 06i voi can cai
- 06i voi vQ Ie cua ch6ng
- 06i voi dau d
- 06i voi bf!.nhG'ucua ch6ng
- 06i voi toi td
- 06i voi chi cm
- Khi tho cung
Bili thzi hai.- Df!.ycan cho co dcrc, co 66 cau tho, noi chung vf; vi~c df!.yd6 can cai.
Bili tM ba.- Df!.ycan gai phai co dcrc hf!.nh, co 184 cau thel, khuyen ran can gai vf; cong

dung ngon hf!.nh.

Bili thzi tLl.- VQ khuyen ch6ng, co 28 cau thel, nguoi vQ khuyen ch6ng cham chi hQc
hanh, tranh xa cac tat xilu.
Bili thzi nam.- Df!.ycan cai

a cho phai

df!.o,co 114 cau thel, noi vf; b6n pMn can cai d6i

voi cha m~.

Bili thzi sau.- Khuyen hQc tra phai cham hQc, co 104 cau thel, lily cac guelng sang trong
stt sach M khuyen hQc tra cham hQc.
Gia Huiln Ca co tic d~ng \dn lao vf; phuelng di~n giao d~c luan Iy trang gia dlnh. Tac
gia da trlnh bay dUQCb6n ph~n cua du 10f!.inguoi, neu ra nhG'ng vi~~ phai lam va nhii'ng
dif;u nen tninh. Nhung bai hQc dao Iy nay thlfc tt!' heln nhG'ng nguyen dc luan Iy kho khan
va VI the cling chUng to Nguyen Trai rilt sanh tam ly can nguoi. Co th~ coi ong nhu mQt
nha tam Iy giao duc. Bai ca viet thea th~ I~c bat, doi khi co xen Ifin nhG'ng cau thel thilt
ngon. Van cua bai ca nay lltU loat blnh di, nhif;u diu de hi~u nhu ca dao t~c ngG'. Gia tri
van chuelng da dong gop mQt cach hG'uhi~u vao cong cUQcgiao d~c gia dlnh.
4.5 Vua Le Th3nh TOng vai ding cUQc giao dl}c - Giao dl}c cvc thjnh
Trang lich stt quan chu Vi~t Nam, doi vua Le Thanh Tong (1460-1497) la thoi ky thinh
tri, vang son va lau dai nhilt, toi 37 nam. Dng lltU tam d~c bi~t oen van hQc, giao d~c,
truoc tac va chinh nM vua cling la m(lt tac gia.
Vua Le Thanh Tong ban hanh D!l Khuyln Hrc keu gQi sl ttt chuyen tam hQc t~p M
U'ng thi, cho dip pha vua giup nuoc; mo r(lng Qu6c ttt giam, I~p them phang 6c, tuy~n
them sl tll'; I~p Bi thu khif, sItU t~p kinh sach; rna them cac khoa thi d~c bi~t, ngoai cac
khoa thi chinh thuc; nM vua dich than' chu tQa cac bu6i
xuong danh, ban mii ao cho cac

Ie

Gido dl;tc Vift Nam t(1i hifn t{li

Uln khoa; chi thi khac ten cac tien SI vilO bia da t,!i Van Mieu. Cac hlnh thue khuyen khieh
tren da thue dily tinh than hoc t~p cua cae SI til' khilp ndi. Duoi triu e1ainay, khoa thi hQi
nam M~u Thin 1448 c6 720 SI til' ung thi; den khoa Quy Mui 1463,s6 sl til'len toi 1.400 va
khoa At Mui 1475, s6s1 til'len toi 3.000. S6S1 til'lOn lao nhu v~y, nhu'ng sO'nguoi d~u tien
SIchi c6 40, 50. Xem the thl vii;c thi d~u van b~ng nay kh6 khan den the nao. Trang lich
sil' khoa bang, tu khoa thi dau tien nam 1075 den khoa eu6i cung 1918, nuoc ta san xuat
dudc 2.885 tien SI, trong d6 co 56 tr,!ng nguyen, rieng triu d,!i vua Le Thanh Tong da c6
Wi 50 I tien SI va 10 tr(mg nguyen. Nam 1462, nha vua chia nhung SI til' trung tuyn ky thi
huong ra lam huong c6ng tuc la cil' nhan va sinh d6 We ia nhung nguoi chi d~u ba truong,
sau nay gQi la tu tai. Thi cil' duoi doi vua Thanh Tong cung nhu cac doi vua dau thai Le So
rat nghiem khae, cae quan giam khao cong minh, kh6ng e6 nan phe phai, thien vi.
Vua Le Thanh T6ng cung chU tam nhiu den van hQc, nghien CUu va truoc taco Nha
vua thanh l~p H,)i Tao Dim, chinh nha vua lam hQi truang, tuyn chon 28 van tili tham dli,
gQi la Nhi Thgp /Jat TLi (hai mudi tam ngoi sao). Chinh I,!i hQivan hQc nay, nha vua cung
voi cac danh SI ban b,!c v vii;c nghien cUu, sang tac van hQc. V truoe tac, dang k nhat
lil bQ Dfli Vi~t Sit Ky Toan Thl1 do Ngo SI Lien vang Ii;nh vua bien so,!n. Ngo SI Lien
nguoi Ha Dong, d~u tie'n SI nam 1442, lam quan de'n chuc Do Ngli Sil', ong mat khoang
nam 98 lu6i. B(l sil'lOn lao va quy gia tren hoan tat nam 1479, gam 15 quyn, chia lam
hai phfrn: ngoai ky, 5 quyi'!n, cbep tu doi Hang Bang den nam 939 va ban ky, 10 quyn,
ehep tu doi Ng6 Vuong Quyn c1Cnngay len ngoi cua vua Le Thai T6 (14211). Tac philm
Ion lao khac la b(l Thien Nam DI1 HfI T(j.p do cac hQc gia Than Nhiin Trung, D6 Nhu~n,
Quach E>lnhBaa, Dao CU, Doiin Van U; bien sOan, vua Thanh Tong d Ilia. B(l sach niiy
g6m ca tram quyn ghi cbep nhung diu Ii;, Sli vii;e, tho van nhu'ng tiee r~ng da that I,!c,
chi con Iai 10 quyn. Nhii vua cung chi thi situ tam thd van clia b~c khai quac cong thfrn
Nguy~n Trai. Vua Le Thanh Tong la tac gia clia nhiu t~p thd.
Thai Le Sd gam 100 nam voi 10 doi vua, trong d6 6 doi vua dau Iii thoi thinh tri, van
hQc, giao dl)c phat trin vii c6 thi'! eoi Iii thoi ky rang ro cua lich sil' Vi~t Nam. Cac vua
cu6i thai Le Sd trd thanh yeu kern, thieu tiii duc, nghe Wi xim ninh cua bQn quan Iai
tham a va dua de'n vii;c Mac Dang Dung chie'm ngoi t'!o dling nha M,!e.
S. Ciao dl)C nha M~c (1527-1592) va nha
chu'dng va khoa cU'

Le

Trung Hu'ng (1533-1788) - Ciao d\lC tU

Nhii Mac liim vua, d6ng do a Thang Long tlt nam 1527 den nam 1592. Sau d6 nhii
M,!c bi nhii Le Trung Hung danh du6i len min thu(jng du va duyen hai phia bilc, d6ng do
a Cao B~ng cho Wi nam 1667 moi cham elm. Nha Le cung cham dm vao nam 1788, khi
vua cu6i cung Le Chieu Th6ng (1781-1788) ch,!y sang Trung Hoa cau cUu quan Thanh.
422

.-

Ii

Gido d~c Vi?t Nam tai hi?n t(li

Bac Blnh VIMng Nguyen Hu~ len ngoi hoang ae lile la vua Quang Trung (1788-1792).
5.1 Til ehue ghio dVe nha M"e va nha Le Tr,ung Hung
M<)c Dang Dung khi mai len ngoi vua va maC ddu la mi)t vo ttfang, oa rilt eoi trQng
vii;\c giao dl)e, khoa eu, nhilt la vii;\e giao dl)e t<)iQuoc tu giam, b6 dl)ng eac hQc quan e6
tai oue, tuy~n ehQn cac SJ tu e6 kha nang theo hQc. Nho v~y, Quoc tu giam trang suot thai
ky nhit M<)cvan giu Otfc;Jetruyen thong tot Ot;p xtfa. Cae vua ke' tie'p vua M<)eDang Dung
van tie'p tl)C chinh saeh nay. Khdi odu trieu nha M<)e, ehie'n tranh vlin con tie'p dien tit
vung Thanh H6a tra vao, do con ehau nha Le mu6n khoi phl)e I<)ingai yang. Vl v~y,
ehtfclng trlnh giao dl)c t<)icac khu vt)'c nay khong tht)'c hii;\n otfc;Jc.T<)imien Bilc, du oa e6
nhung co gang cua cac vua M<)c, vii;\c giao dl)c n6i chung thua sut so voi thai ct)'c thinh
cua Le Sci. Dieu nay de hi~u VI cac vua cuoi thai Le Sci bilt tai, thie'u ouc, bi bQn quan I<)i
tham a thaD tung quyen ehinh, thi cu thie'u cong bang, nen gia tri giao dl)c ngay tit thCliky
nay oa suy giam, nhieu sTtu c6 tht)'e tai nhtf Tr<)ng Trinh Nguyen Binh Khiem (Xem ml)c
5.3 ke' tie'p) chan nan, khong ung thi. Tlnh tr<)ng giao dl)e suy thoai nay vlin con anh
htfang tOi thai ky nha M<)c.
Sau nam 1592, nha Le oanh ou6i nha M<)clen dilt Cao Bang, cac chua Trinh eung oa
chtfa tht)'e hii;\n dtfc;Jenhung chtfclng tdnh giao dl)c va sau cii tram nam ni)i chie'n do cui)e
tranh gianh Trinh-Nguyen gay ra, nen giao dl)C suy giam nhieu. Hcln nua, vua Le chi e6
htf vi, chua Trinh thao tung chinh st)', long ngtfoi chan nan. Mai toi nam 1692, Trjnh Can
(1682-1709) m(ji c6 thl gio quan tam aen giao dl)c. Ve trtfong Qu6c tu giam, khai ofru thu
gQn I<)i,biii bo cac chuc Giao thl), Bac sT, chi gill cac chuc Te' tliu va Ttf nghii;\p: Bi chi
trich va thie'u hQc quan, chua Trinh I<)icho phl)c h0i cac chuc quan tren. Them vao 06,
hang nam, mCltso danh sTe6 tili duc Otfc;Jctuycn chqn vao giang d,IY tai day. Tuy v~y, gia
tri giao dl)c t<)iQu6c tu giam suy giam va khong con ne ne'p, mt)'c thtfae nhtf xtfa. Vao thai
ky chua Trinh Sam (1767-1782), giao dl)c dtf(jc quan tam nhieu hdn. Nam 1767, Trinh
Sam cu T~ ttfang Nguyen Nghiem kiem chuc Trung thtf giam, nha bac hqc tai danh Le
Quy Don (1726-1784) giu chuc Ttf nghii;\p Quoc tu giam. D~ khuye'n khich vii;\c hQc t~p,
SJ tu cham chi dtf(jc khen thtfang, ngtfoi Itfoi bie'ng bi khi~n trkh. Trinh Sam cung tt)'so<)n
hqc quy cho Qu6c lit giam va trtfong Ii), phu; oinh I<)icach thuc tuy~n chQn sT tu tit dia
phtfclng t(ji trung tfdng. Nho v~y, giao dl)c dtf(jc phl)c h6i phdn nao.
Do chien tranh, hi;\ thong giao dl)c trieu olnh khong dtf(jc ehu y. Ngtf(jc I<)i,M thong
giao dl)c ttf thuc t<)ikhap ncli, nhilt la t<)ithon que, I<)ic6 ccl hi)i phat tri~n. Cung nhtf trtfae
kia, hi;\ th6ng giao dl)c nay do cac han nho, frn nho, cac b~c httu quan, hay cac phu gia t6
chuc. Tlnh hlnh ehinh tri bilt 6n dinh, vua chi c6 htf Vl, chua I<)mquyen xa xi, lam thilt
vQng cac nho sT,hq chi con giai phap duy nhilt la md trtfong d<)yhoc M giup the hi;\ttfdng
423

Gido dt,tc Vi~t Nam tiJihi~n t{li

lai va cling la de bfiy to chi huang.
VI tr:H qua cac cUQc chitn tranh lien mien voi cac chua Nguy~n i'J Dang Trang, cac
chua Trinh c6 quan tam dtn vil)c luyl)n t~p vo bi, tuy~n chQn nhihlg thanh nien c6 nang
khitu vo nght) theo hQC.
Dang Trang, duoi quy~n cai tri ciia cac chua Nguy~n, giao d\lc tuy khong phat tri~n
do chitn tranh gay ra, nhltng nhitng SI phu c6 hQc, c6 bilng cilp v~Ii du<;1cchieu nl!p. Vao
thai IcYnay, mQt s6 nho gia Dang Ngoai cling gia dlnh vao Dang Trong mi'J truang dl!Y
hQc va.hl) th6ng giao d\lc tu th\lC tl!i day dfin dfin phat tri~n.
.
Hoan canh IOl!n Il!c, xii hQi bilt an, vua khong ra vua, chda xa xi IQng quy~n, lam bilt
miin cac sl phu chan chinh nhltng ding la dip cho cac SI tt!' ham danh, thitu thlfc tai xuilt
hil)n, de mtfU du vinh than phI gia. Do d6 16i hQc V\l l<;1i,chi dn thi d~u dii xuilt hil)n.
Nhi~u canh gian I~n trong trUang thi dii xgy ra. C6 th n6i, giao d\lc giai dOl!n nay i'Jvao
!lnh trl!ng suy thoai nhilt trong Ijch st!'.

.'.
5.2 Tii chuc khoa cli nha M~c va nba Le Trung Hu'ng
Tit nam 1527 Mn n~m 1592, nha Ml!c dii t6 chuc du<;1c22 ky thi, ba nam mQt khoa,
nam truoc thi hUdng, nam sau thi hQi nhu thai Le Sd. Chudng mnh thj ding tUdQg tlf nhu
trUoc. T6ng s6 litn SI thai ky nay la 385. NM Le Trung Hltng dii t6 chuc du<;1c68 khoa thi
voi 717 titn"s1 Vao cac nam 1553, 1575, 1577, ba khoa thi d~c bil)t du<;1ct6 chUc gQi la
"cM khoa", lily 28 litn SI ; nam 1781 mi'J mQt cht khoa nita, lily 2 titn s1 Cht khoa la
khoa thi khao sat cac quan chua c6 bilng titn SI va cac nho sl xuilt s~c. Nam 1676, tri~u
dlnh mi'J khoa thi "dong cac" Iffy 1 trl!ng nguyen, 2 bang nhiin va 3 tham hoa. Ky thi nay
chi gianh cho cac quan tit tu phgm tri'Jlen. Thi d~u, du<;1cb6 chuc Dong cac dl!i hQc SI ho~c
Dong cac hil)u thu. Nam 1679 va nam 1727, Il!i mi'J hai khoa thi dong cac nita voi s6 quan
thi d~u la 6 nguai khoa Wac va 3 nguai khoa sau. Nam 1774, Trinh Sam mi'J khoa thi
"thinh khoa" lily 50 titn s1 Cac khoa thi vlln t6 chU'c ba nam mQt ky. T6 chUc giao d\lc
nha Ml!c va nha Le Trung Hltng tuy khong du<;1cph:H trin nhltng cac khoa thi v~n du<;1c
titp t\lc d~u d~n va vil)c thi cU'thitu nghiem minh i'Jthai Le Trung hung. Vao cu6i thai
nay, chUa Trinh cho pMp nhitng nguai giau c6 bo ti~n mua bilng cilp, thi cU'tri'J thanh va
ngh1a, truClngthi bitn tMnh ch<;1thi.
.
Ngoai cac ky thi yan, cac chUa Trinh cling mi'J cac ky thi vo. Tit nam 1724, chua Trinh
djnh ky thi vo Mc cU',ba nam mQt lfin nhu thCliLe So truoc kia.
"
Dang Trang, ky thi dfiu tien du<;1cmi'J vao nam 1660, lily 5 "ch{nh db" va 15 "hoa
van". Nam 1674, mi'J ky thi Iffy chinh d6, hoa van va "tMm phOng" . Nam 1679, mi'J khoa
thi lily "nhieu h(Jc" danh rieng cho nhitng ai dii di'i chinh d6. Nam 1695, mi'J khoa thi lily 3
giam sinh, 8 sinh d6, 15 nhieu hQc, 22 hoa van va 10 tham phong. Cac ky thi tren c6 th

424

Gido dc Vi~t Nam tiJi hifn tt;li

noi la mQt lo,!i ky thi hlldng. Nam 1768, chua Nguyi;n md khoa thi hlldng dfru tien va
cling la ky thi ClJ5i cung Clla cac chua Nguyi;n vi sau d6 la cUQckhdi nghia clla nha Tay
Sdn. Ngllai thi d~u, tuy theo nhu du, dlllJCb5 nhi~m vao cac chuc vl,!trang chinh quy~n.
Khoa cll' d Dang Trang thinh thming mai dl!lJCmd, khon!\ dlllJc dinh ky nhll Dang Ngoai,
s6 ngllai d~u it va trang hai the' ky cai tri phlldng Nam, cac chUa Nguy~n chlla bao giCfmd
ky thi hQi.

5.3 Cae bl\le ton su kha kinh Nguy~n Binh Khiem, Doan Thj Diim va Vii Truong
Toan
a. TOn su Trl,lng Trinh Nguy~n Binh Khiem (1491-1585)
Nguy~n Blnh Khiem ngllai lang Trung Am, Vinh Bao, Hai DUdng. Gng thong minh, I,!i
dl!lJCthl,!giao bang nhan LUdng nac B~ng, nen van tai n5i tie'ng, dUlJc ton sll truy~n d,!y
mon Thdi It Thdn Kinh clla nha Minh, nen am tuang tuang sO', tien trio Nhi~u diu sam
truy~n ciia ong ung nghi~m vao cac dai sau. Vao cu5i thai Le Sd, chinh s\l' th6i nat, vua
khong co duc, quan lai bat tai, nen ong khong ung thi. Toi nam 1535 dlloi dai nha M,!c,
moi di thi va d~u tr,!ng nguyen, khi do da 45 tu5i. Gng lam quan cho nha M,!c toi chUc Ta
thi lang BQ L,!i, kiem chuc Dong cac d,!i hQc si. Sau 9 nam quan trllang, ong nh~n thay
trang tri~u v~n con nhi~u tham quan 0 I,!i, nen dang so len vua xin chern dfru 18 ke IQng
thfrn va cao quan v~ que md tru'Cfngd,!y hQCt,!i am B,!ch Van, lay hi~u la B,!ch Van ClI
Si. Vua M,!c luon luan tOn !dnh va ban ti;i.ngang tlloc Trinh Qu5c Congo V1 v~y, ngllai dai
ton ang l~ Tr,!ng Trinh. Til' nam cao quan v~ hlfU (1543) cho de'n khi mat (1585), tren 50
nam va qua nll'a dai ngllCfi, ang danh tn;>ncho giao dl,!c. H<;>ctro ang nhi~u lam, co de'n
hang nghln, co nhung ngllai n5i tie'ng trang quan trllCfng cling nhll van h<;>cnhll LlIdng
Hii'u Khanh, Phung Khac Khoan, Nguy~n Du. LlIdng Hii'u Khanh, ngllai Thanh Hoa, d~u
dlnh nguyen, con clla ton SULUdng Dac Bang, lam quan de'n chUc Binh bQ ThlllJng thu;
Phung Khac Khoan (1528-1613), ngllCfiSOn Tiiy, d~u hoang giap tien si, lam quan de'n HQ
bQ ThlllJng thll, tlloc Mai QU~II Cang; Nguyen Du, ngllai Hai DUdng, d~u ky thi HlIdng,
lam quan chi mQt nam r6i cao quan v~ ph~ng dllong m~ gia, la tac gia "Truy~n Ky M{ln
L!lc" g6m co 4 quyn, dll<.icxem nhll mQt "thien cd kY bUt". Nguy~n Binh Khiem la nguai
gian di, th\l'c te, tr<;>ngd,!O duc, nhan nghia. Nhung dUc tinh quy gia ca nhan da dll<.icang
truy~n d,!y cho cac d~ tll' . Nguy~n Binh Khiem M I,!i tac phllm "B{lch Van Thi T(ip" g6m
khoang 100 bai thd Nom va 100 bai thd Han. Trang sO'cac hili thd la cac cau sam truy~n
rat ung nghi~m vao cac dai sau.
b. Ton su'Doan Thi Diim (1705-1746)
Ba Doan Thi Dim co Ie la mQt trang rat it nu danh si md truang d,!y hQc, co nhi~u d~
425

Giao d{lc Vi~t Nam tui hi~n t(1i

tu vii dl; tu Dilo Ouy Ooan sau nily d~u tien Sl. Khi d~y hQc, bil Iii co gai dQc than, con
nhii tu6i nhu'ng dU<JcmQi nguoi kinh trQng vi tili cling nhu duc. Bil co danh hil;u Iii H6ng
Hil nITsl, sinh t(li Iilng Hieu Ph~m, huyl;n Van Giang, tlnh Bik Ninh. Than sinh billi1 C\!
Doiln Ooan Nghi, d~u huang cong (cu nhanl, khong ra Iilm quan vii rnd truong d(lY hoc.
Anh bil Iii danh SI Doiln Doan Luan, nili ticng van hay ehIT tot, khong ung thi, eling md
trLtong d(lYhQc. Ca nhil billil gia dlnh mo pham. Hai anh em bil dU<Jcthan ph\! d(lY do. Bil
dU<Jcnhieu nguoi mai moi, ke d hai ba tien sl tan khoa, nhung cjuyen n<Jkhong thilnh.
Trang so nhITng nguoi men mQ, co Dij.ng Trtln Can, liim nhieu tho gui uen, nhu'ng bil che
Iii tho con yeu kern. Gng Can co g~ng mil;t mili kinh su vii sau nily sang tae Chinh Phl,t
Ngam b~ng chITHan. Luc nily, bil Diem da co ch6ng, nhung men mQ dm tlnh nguoi xu'a,
earn thong noi niem Him sl! nguoi chinh ph\! co ch6ng chinh chien phuong xa, tuong tl!
nhu hoiln eanh cua bil, ch6ng di su Trung Hoa, bil dil dich tac phii'm nily ra van nom vii
Chinh Ph\! Ngam trd thilnh mQt kiet tac. Chi eo mQt tam h6n ph\! nITcung dnh ngQ moi
dien ta het dU<Jctam Sl!, noi nho mong cua nguoi co ph\!.
Ca hai anh em hQ Doiln dilu nili tieng tho van. MQt hom, ong Luan dung d bo ao, nhln
vilo trong nhil, thiiy em gai dang soi guong ke long miiy, ong lien ra cau dOi:
DOL kinh h(.Jami, nMt dilm phien thanh II1i'ingdiEm
biI hQa ngay I(li:
Ldm trc ngof:lnml,tc, nMt Iwin chuyEn tdc song luan
Cau dOi tren co ngh1a Iii: "Soi guong ke long miiy, mQt diem hoa thilnh hai diem; uen au
ng~m canh, mQt vang trang hoa thilnh hai vang trang". Cai hay cua ea hai ve Iii diem Iii
long miiy vii cling Iii ten co Diem, luan Iii vang trang nhu'ng cling iii ten ong anh: mQt co
Diem hoa thilnh hai co Diem, mQt co Diem thl!c vii mQt co Diem trang guong; mQt ong
Luan hoa thilnh hai ong Luan, mQt ong Luan th~t tren bo ao vii mQt ong Luan duoi long
ao.
Nguoi doi con truyen t\!ng cau doi giITabil vii su gia Trung Hoa. Ve doi cua bil dii liim
sO'gia b~e phuong phai tim mij.t. Bildu<Jceu di cung voi phai doiln don su, gia Iilm co hilng
nudc. sO' gia thien trieu von kieu cang, ng~o m~n, thiiy co hilng nuoc tre trung, xinh deP,
duyen dang, co Y la loi, xii xien, tUllng Iii co gai Viet it hQc lien ra cau doi:
Nam bang nMt thi/n thiJ, bat tri ky nMn canh
Bil Doiln Thj Diem ung khii'u dap r~ng:
Bdc quae df:litr!((1ngphu, giai do thi( db xuat
Hai ve doi co ngh1a Iii "Nuoe Nam nhc>be, lilm gl co nguoi tri ky tr6ng ciiy; d~i quan
phuong b~c cling do manh dilt iiy mil ra ". Ng\! Y cua sO'gia Iii che co gai Viet khong doan
chinh, lang 10; bil Diem dap I~i, d~i quan tu b~e phuong cling tit manh dilt iiy mil chui ra.
sO' gia tim milt Iii phai.
426

Ciao

I
I

I"
I

!
!

.1

dl}c

Vi~t Nam tiJi hi~n ti

Than ph\l ba Dim milt sdm, nguoi anh ding van s6, mQt minh ba cang dang gia dinh,
nuoi my gia, nguoi chi dau chilt phac va mQt dim chau nho, tie'p t\lc ngh~ mo ph~m cua
cha anh. Nhi~u nam troi qua, m9t hom dang ng6i giiing bai, ba nh~n dU9Cm9t Mc thu xin
gaP mat, nguoi viet thu Iii Nguyen Ki~u, sinh nam 1695, hon ba Diem 10 tu6i, d~u tie'n si
nam 1715, dang lam quan. Ba tui'Jng tu6i da eao lai cll ganh nang gia dinh, nuoi mt; gia,
chi dau va dim chau, khong con nghi ue'n to duyen. Dng Nguyen Ki~u da hai liln v9 chet,
nguoi vo dilu I~i chinh la can gai cua cha nuoi ba Diem. Men m9 tai nang va duc d9, cling
nhu !Oi khl1n khoan du hOn va hlta cong ba san soc gia dinh. Ba lily ong Nguyen Ki~u
nam 1742, !<ohi
ily oa 37 tu6i. Lily ch6ng dUoc h,ln mQt thang, eh6ng vang I~nh oi su Trung
Hoa. Dip xa vang nay, ba oa dich tac phl1m Chinh Ph", Ngdm sang van nom:
Ng()i ddu cdu flLtOC trong nhu ng(Jc,
Duong ben cdu co m(Jc con xanh.
ThU(/flgchang long ddng d(re bubn,
B(} khan bdng nglja, thuy khan biing thuyJn.
Ba nam sau, eh6ng v~ nudc, ooan t\l voi gia oinh. Nam 1748, ong Nguyen Ki~u OU9C
ell VilO Nghe An. Ba dt[ oinh (j lai ngoai Bac de ph\llIg dl(Ong my gia, nhttng ne hoan canh
co 0(1neua eh6ng, nha c~y chi dau san soc gia oinh, ba theo eh6ng vao Trung. GWa ouang
ba bi cam nang va milt khi vua tdi oat Nghe An, thl) 41 tu6i.
v~van tho, ngoai tae ph 11mChinh Ph", Ngdm, ba con lam nhi~u tho chITHan cong anh
va chOng xudng hQa, nhung nay oa thilt I~c. Cie tae phl1m chITHan kMc con Ittu I~i oen
ngay nay la: "Hai khilu linh tu" (truy~n v~ nIT thiln Che' Thang), "Van Cat thiln nIT"
(truyen e(mg chua Lieu H~nh), "An Ap liet nIT" (truyen nguoi v9 thU cua Dinh Nho
Hoim), "Hoanh Son tieu C\lC" (co tien tfl~n Hoanh Son), "Nghia khuyen th~p mieu"
(truyen eh6 bat meo).
c. Ton su YO Truong Toan (?-1792)
YO Truong Toan g6c nguoi Thua Thien, thien cu vao oat Blnh Duong. Dng Iii nguoi
hQc r9ng ouc d9 cao nhung khong khong mang eong danh phu quy trude canh nQi chien
cua oat nude. Chua Nguyen nhi~u liln moi ong ra liim quan, nhttng ong d~u tU ehoi va mi'J
truang d~y hQc. Tuy v~y, chua Nguyen vlm thuong hoi y kien ong v~ cae viln d~ chinh st[.
Trong s6 de tif eua YO Truong Toan, co ba nguoi xufrt sac ia Trjnh Hoai Due, Ngo Nhan
Tinh va Le Quang Dinh. Chinh ong da gidi thieu cae de tif vdi chua Nguyen. Trinh Hoai
Due (1765-1825), nguoi g6c Phu Xuan, thien eu vaa Bien Hoa, lam quan tri~u Nguyen tdi
Thu9ng Thu; Ngo Nhan Tinh (?-1816), nguai g6c Quang Dong, di cu sang oat Gia Dinh,
lam quan voi tri~u Nguyen tdi ehuc HieP T6ng trfrn Gia Dinh; Le Quang Dinh (17591813), nguai Thua Thien, thien cu vao Gia Dinh, lam quan eho tri~u Nguyen Mn chuc
427

Gido

dl:lc

Vi?t Nam tlJi hi?n tq.i

Binh b(l ThuQng thu, ong Iii tac gia sach Hoang Vift Nfuit Thfi'ng Dia Du Chi. VO Truong
Tmin mat nam 1792. Gng con M Il)i bili phd Mng chITNom Hoi'li cd PM.
Giao d\lC thai nM Ml).Cvii nhii Le Trung Hung chua dUQc quan tam vI canh 10l).nIl).c
clla oat nuoc, nhat Iii duoi thai Trinh-Nguy~n philn tranh. Tuy v~y, duoi thai nM Ml).C,cac
vua Ml).c da co nhii'ng c6 g~ng tiii b6i giao d\lc. Cu6i doi Le Trung Hling, giao d\lc t6i te, _
trltong thi bitn thiinh chQ thi, ai co tien cGng mua dUQcMng cap vI ngan kh6 tr6ng ding,
Nho HQc suy tiln. Thai ky nily con gQi Iii thai Le Ml).t, tuc Iii Le suy tiin.
6. Gilio dl;tc nha Tlly Sdn (1778-1802) - Vua Quang Trung va chlfdng trinh giao dl;tc
cal titn, giao dl;tc dan tQc
Nhii Tay Sdn keo diii tit nam 1778 rai nam 1802, nhung ve'phudng dien giao d\lc, vua
Quang Trung (1788-1792) liim vua trong 5 nam, Iii trieu dl).i duy nhat dong gop viio
chudng trlnh niiy. Vua Thai Duc Nguy~i1 Nhl).c (1778-1793) tuy liim vua mien Nam lau
hdn nhling chie'n tranh ch6ng chda Nguy~n luon luon tie'p di~n. Vua Quang Toan (17921802), n6i tie'p vua Quang Trung d Phd Xuan, da khong n6i-tie'p dUQc nhii'ng sang kie'n
clla vua chao

6.1 Chlfdng trinh giao dt.Jc cai titn va giao dl;tc dlin tQc cua vua Quang Trung
Sau khi diet nhii Le, pM tau quan xam IUQCb~c phudng, vua Quang Trung nghT ngay
de'n viec diio tl).o nhan tiii ph\lng s1/ oat nuoc. Tuy chi Iii m(lt thuong dan, sau trd thiinh
kien tuong, khong dUQc diio tl).Otra tMnh hoiing dt nhling vi vua niiy da co nhITng sang
kitn moi Il).tudng t1/ nhu vua H6 Quy Ly ngiiy truoc, nhung con di xa hdn nhieu. Gng thu
ph\lc nhan tiii oat B~c, nhieu nhiln sTThang Long vii Nghe An da ra c(lng tac voi tan trieu
nhu Ngo Thi NMm, Phan Huy feh, VG Huy Tan, Nguy~n The' Lich, Trfin Ba Lam,
Nguy~n Nha, Doiin Nguy~n Tuan, Nguy~n Ba Lan ... Tuy v~y, nhieu nho sT khac vi\n
n(ing long voi nM Le, dii Iii nhii Le Trung Hling voi nhii'ng ong vua nhu nhuQc, ye'u hen,
khong ra hQp tac, khu khu giITquan niem "trung qulin Iii qu!fc". Vi v~y, viec diio tl).OmQt
giai cap sTphu moi tMt Iii dn thie't.
Duoi trieu vua Quang Trung, lfin dfiu tien trang Ijch sa giao d\lc, hQCDuong dUQcthiinh
l~p til' trung udng toi Iilng xa. Theo Chitu I4p H(Jc cua vua thi liing xa I~p nhii xa hQc, xa
tuyl5n cac sTphu co duc dQ d6 giang dl).yvii cac hQc quan niiy sf: dUQCtrieu mnh sat hl).ch
vii cong nMn. Ben cl).nh cac truong do xa thiinh I~p, M th6ng giao d\lc ttf th\lc da xuat
hien til' xua vftn dUQc khuytn khich vii titp t\lC hOl).td(lng. Cac truong 1(1,phu cua trieu
mnh dUQCrna mang r(lng rai hdn, co cac quan huan dl).o ph\l trach giang dl).Y.NQi dung
chudng trinh giang dl).y vftn Iii tu tuang Nho Giao, nhling theo y nhii vua, ttf ttfang
nily phai Iii thu tu tuang th1/Cd\lng, hQc hoi lim toi y nghTa sau r(lng M ap d\lng, mii khong
428

Gido dlfC Vift Nam tlJi hifn t(,li

phai h(lc thuQc long va khong thong hieSu y nghTa. DieSm d~c b~t a day la vua Quang
Trung dii ra chi thi so')n sach giao khoa bang chii' Nom (Xem them ph~n ke' tie'p), dich tit
cac sach chii' Han clla ta cUng nhLtclla Trung Hoa. ~ach giao khoa chia lam hai b~c, b~c
tieSuhQc va b~c dai hQc. Sach b~c tieSuhQc la dc sach gian di, b~c d,!i hQc la cac sach dich
tu tu thu ngU kinh va cac tac phllm Nho HQc khac.
6.2 Vi~c up dl,mg chi1 Nom vao chu'dng trlnh giuo dl,lc va khoa cd
DLtoi tri~u vua Quang Trung, chii' Nom dii tra thanh ngon ngii' chinh thuc clla quoc gia.
Cht1 Nom khili st! tu the' ky thu II, la tie'ng n6i clla gioi blnh dan, dLtQcmQt s5 sTphu ap
dlfng deSsang tac thel van va cang ngay ding phat trieSn.Tuy nhien, cac tri~u d')i vua chUa,
ngay ca tri~u d')i van hQc ct!c thinh thai vua Le Thanh Tong, cht1 Nom v~n chLta dLtQc
chinh thuc cong nhan, maC diu nha vua la mQt thi sTc6 sang tac thel Nom VI chii' Nom bi
chi: la "nom na ta cha mach qUli". De'n nha Ho, cht1 Nom dLtQckhuye'n khich, dLtQcnba
vua su dung deSvie't cac chie'u chi van tU, nhu'ng v~n chLta tril tbanh ngon ngii' clla quoc
gia, nha Ho v~n dung cht1 Han trang giao dl,lc va thi cu. Cho de'n doi vua Quang Trung,
nba vua c6 sang kien cilp tien, tr(lng tinh th~n van hoa dan tQc, dii ap dlfng chii' Nom trang
chieu chl, van thu', trang giao dlfCva trang thi cu. Chinh vua la nguoi d~u tien su d\mg chii'
Nom qua mQt bai hjch tLtong sl trang chie'n djch tieu dii;t chua Trinh va trang nhii'ng thLttu
lien I')c voi cac danh sT,diic bii;t la La Seln Phu Tu Nguyen Thie'p (Xem them ml,lc6.4 ben
dLtoi). Nam 1791, nha vua laP Sung Chinh Vii;n, moi danh sT Nguyen Thie'p lam vii;n
trLtang cung voi Stf cQng tac clla cac danh sTNghi; An khac nhLt Bui DUelng Ljch, Nguyen
Thii;n, Phan To Djnh ...Nguyen Thiep la mQt ifn sT,mQt danh tai duc dQ, tung tit choi vii;c
tham chinh nhi~u I~n vi canh th5i nat cila tri~u dlnh, nay carncai an !lnh, thai dQ cfru hi~n
thich dang va kham phl,lCchll trLtelngchlnh sach dan tQc clla vua Quang Trung, dii nhan !Oi
ra hQp tac. Danh SI Nguyen Thiep cung cac danh SI khac trang Sung Chlnh Vii;n dii co
cong nghien cuu va djch nhi~u sach giao khoa tu Han sang chii' Nom. NhO vaY, hQc sinh
tU bac tieSuhQc va d,!i hQc dii c6 sach giao khoa bang ngon ngii' qu5c gia.
6.3 Chu'dng trlnh khoa cd thoi vua Quang Trung
Chii' Nom dii tril thiinh ngon ngii' dan tQc, sach giao khoa dii dLtQcdjch sang cht1 Nom,
ie dI nhien ngon ngii' niiy dii tril thiinh ngon ngii' clla khoa cu. Nam 1789, mQt nam sau khi
len ngoi va vua sau khi chie'n thang giiic phLtelng bac, vua Quang Trung mil khoa thi
hLtelngd~u tien il Ngi; An, danh sl Nguyen Thie'p dLtQccu liim D~ dii;u, vj quan cMnh chll
khao. Thi sinh trung tuyeSn dUQc gQi Iii tu tai, ngLtoi dau h')ng u'U dLtQCtuyeSn vao hQc i'J
Qu5c Tu Giam, ngLtoi dau h,!ng thu dLtQctuyeSnviio hQc <'J trLtong phil. Day c6 Ie Iii mQt ky
thi tuy~n sinh vao cac trLtong thl dung heln la ky Ihi hLtelngIffy van bang cli nhan nhLt
429

Giao

dl:lc

Vi?f Nam feli hi?n f{Ji

truck kia. Nam 1793, vua Quang Toan sua l;li ky thi huang, thi d~u g<:;lila "/uan 5/". Nam
1794, nha vua I<)idinh ba nam rna mQt ky thi huang. D~u nJ'truang duc;lCcap van b~ng
huang cong, tuc la cit nhan; d~u tam truang g<:;lila sinh d6, Wc la tu tai, giong nhu truck
kia. Vua Quang Toan con dJ! ujnh rna ky thi hQi a Ngh<::An va Thang Long nhl1ng chua
thlfc hi<::nuUc;lC.
6.4 La Sdn Phu Til' Nguy~n Thie'p voi chtidng tdnh giao dl.lc cai tie'n
Nguy~n Thie'p (1723-1804) hit$u la La Son Phu n, nguai Ngh<::An. Dng u~u huang
c6ng, lilln huiin u<)o, thang tri huyt$n. Du<jc hai nam, 6ng cao' quan v{; tri Sl VilOnam 1768
vI canh loan I<)c va canh tri{;u mnh thai mit. Trang 10 nam
frn truoc khi vua Quang
Trung len ngai, ang chuyen tam vao vi<::cnghien CUud[ch thu~t cac kinh clit:n Kh6ng H<:;lc
sang chiJ Nam. Khi vua Quang Trung tren duang ra pha quan Thanh
ThilI1g Long co
mai 6ng ra hoi nnN ke'. Tie'p cl6, nha vua nhifu ldn mdi 6ng ra Jilin 4uan. Luc ddu ang tU
choi, sau thiiy duc;lCchu truang chinh sach dan tQc, trude tiim'thjnh tlnh chieu co cua vua,
ang nMn !Oi ra hop tac va lam vi<::ntruiing Sung Chinh Vit$n. Trang djp nay, ang dang
bit:u ICn vua voi nQi dung g6m ba ui{;u: Quan Due, cI{;c~p vi<::cap dl,mg u<)othanh hi{;n ot:
trj nuck an dan; Dan Tam, c6 y khuyen vua nen hanh oQng theo y mu6n cua dan M thu
phl)c long nguai; H(>c Phtip, trlnh bay y kie'n v{; chuang trlnh giao dl)c, giup m<:;linguai y
thuc oUc;lC'
u<)otam cuang ngu thuang. NhiJng y kien cua ang cung chinh la nhiJng y o[nh
va sang. kicn cua nha vua. Nhi<::mVl)chinh cua Sung Chinh Vien la nghien cU'Usang tac
sach giao khoa cac trlnh dQ, cung nhu g6p y voi trifu olnh v{; c6ng tac giao duc, t6 chac
chinh slf. Vi<::csang tac nay ang dil hoan thilnh trang nhiJng nam tri SI, nay c6 dip cung cac
danh Sl khac hoan thi<::nva uem ra ap dl)ng. NguyGn Thie'p oil tUng clUc;lcgiao dl)c qua lui
h<:;lcttr chuang, chuOng hlnh thuc, thie'u thlfc dl)ng. Nay co kinh nghi<::mva nh~n ra 16i hoc
thlfC te', ap dl)ng nhiJng gl oli hqc chu kh6ng phai hqc chi M bie't. NOi dung cac sach giao
khoa do ang va cac danh Sl khac bien so<)n co cung mQt ml)C uich giao dl)c thlfc nghit$m.
Tie'c rhng thai gian ra cQng tac voi vua Quang Trung cung ngan ngui nhu trifu u<)icua
vua. Khi vua t<)the vao nam 1792, ang ttr 4uan vf a frn, c6 Ie ang oli tien uoan duc;lCdnh
IQng quyen cua thai su Bui DUc Tuyen va slf nhu nhu~ic cua vua Quang Tmln. Nam 1801,
vua Quang Toan trieu ang vao Phd Xuan at: ban v{; quO'c slf. Dang i'J kinh d6 thl tMnh
Phu Xuan thiit thu ve tay Nguy~n Vuong. Chua Nguy(jn ll1u giiJ Cmg i'J I<)i, nhl1ng ang
quye't tam ttr chO'i. Dng miit t<)i4Ue nam 1804. ve slf nghit$p van hoc, ang M l<)ihai tac
philm chinh Hr;mh Am Thi Cao, Hr;mh Am Ky, nhiJng bai tho Nam va slf uong g6p IOn lao
cua ang trang vit$c djch thu~t nhiJng sach giao khoa ttr chiJ Han sang chiJ Nam.
Giao dl)c trong tri{;u u<)ivua Quang Trung co gia tr[ IOn lao voi nhiJng sang kicn v{; t6

430

Gido d{tC Vi~t Nam t6'i hi~n t(,li

'.

chuc giao dl)c, chl1dng trlnh giao dl)c, sach giao khoa, vil%csil' dl)ng chii' Nom Him ngon
ngii' dan t(\c. Nhii'ng sang kien nay chl1a m(\t tri8u d(li nao da nghT toi du la tri8u d(li van
hQc cl)'c thinh Le Thanh Tong voi 37 nam quy8n chinh. Tiec rhng tri~u d(li vua Quang
Trung qua ngifn ngui, chl1a dl1<;1c
5 nam, n8n giao dl)c voi sang kien tien b(\ chl1a thl)'c hil%n
dl1<;1C
va da bi tri~u d(li nha Nguy~n thin c~n h~p hoi huy boo Ngl10i dan Vi~t dl10ng thai
va Mu the tiec thu'dng cho cai chet d(\t ng(\t va vifn s6 cUa hoang ue Quang Trung, m(\t
thanh nien ao viii, khi nha Tay Sdn khai nghTa (1778) moi c6 25 tu6i, oanh oong d~p bifc
tren ml10i nam trl1ong, tra thanh m(\t dung tl1ong, tru thanh hoang de trl10c khi oanh b(li
giijc bifc phl1dng, khi t(l the moi OI1<;1C 39 tu6i (1753-1792); cung Ia'y lam tiec cho cac
chl1dng trlnh ciii tien cua nM vua k cii giao duc bi du dang. Ngl10i dan Vil%tthuc thai oau
bu6n vI nM Nguy~n tiep n6i nM Tay Sdn oa thl)'c hi~n chinh sach I~ thuOc mu quang bifc
phl1dng v~ cii chinh trj va van h6a. Chinh sach I(lc h~u nay oa ol1a nl10c ta vao con ol1ong
no ll%thl)'c dan Phap gftn m(\t tram nam.
7. Giao dvc nha Nguy~n (1802-1919) - Giao dvc khoa cli va tit chu'o'ng
Nha Nguyen sau khi chien thifng nha Tay Sdn vao nam 1802, oa nifm quy8n cai trj cho
!Oi nam 1945 Ia nam Cach m(lng tMng Tam. Tuy nhien, hQ Nguy~n chi thl)'Csl)' nifm
quy8n !Oi nam 1861; nam nay, PMp chiem 3 tInh mi8n oong Nam Ky, tiep theo la niim
1884, Phap thon tinh mi8n Bifc va Vil%tNam hoan toan thu(\c PMp. Trang thai PMp
thu(\c, Chl1dng trlnh giao dl)c Nho HQc cua nha Nguy~n con tiep dien cho toi nam 19i 9,
nam thi HOi cuoi cung. Sau khi len ngoi vua, Gia Long hUy bo tfft cii cac chl1dng trlnh giao
dl)c cffp tien cua vua Quang Trung, huy bo holm toan vil%csil' dl)ng chii' Nom, quay tra I(li
voi vil%cdung chii' Han va theo ou6i ol1ong 16i giiing d(lY Nho HQc cung nhl1 hQc thu~t tl1
tl1ung cua Trung Hoa da xua't hil%ntren 2.000 nam giong nhl1 tri8u o(li I(lc h~u Man Thanh.
7.1 Tll chuc giao dvc nM Nguy~n
Khi len ngoi vao nam 1802, dijt kinh do t(li Hue, Gia Long oa keu gQi cac sTphu nM
Le ra h<;1ptac. MOt so ngl10i ra lam quan voi tan tri~u, mOt so khac tiep tl)Ca frn. Dfft 11I10c
ngay nay rOng IOn hdn trl1oc, dn ra't nhi8u quan I(li, nen nha Nguyen oa nghT ngay den
vfln d8 giao dl)c.
Nam 1803, Gia Long chuyn Qu6c til' giam ti! Thang Long vao Hue, tuyn chQn con
quan va sTtil' xua't sifc vao hQc. Nam 1821, Minh M(lng cho ma rOng them Qu6c til' giam,
xay them cac giiing dl1ong, tuyn them con cMu ton tha't vao hQc. Cac giam sinh
dl1<;1C
cffp hQc b6ng. Cac hQc quan t(li Quoc til' giam nay bao g6m Te tU'u, TI1 nghil%p,HQc
chinh, Ton hQc, Giam thi!a, Di8n b(l, Di8n tjch. Ngoai trUong Qu6c lit giam <'Ikinh do,
tri~u olnh tiep tl)c duy trl cac tru'ong a tinh (1(\), huYl%n,phu. Truong lang xa ol1<,1C kh<'lisl)'
431

Gido dc Vift Nam tlJi hifn t\li

tit thOi vua Quang Trung nay khong chtl;1Cduy trl, c6 nghIa Iii giao dl}c t'l-i cac dia
phliong niiy M mij.c cho cac nho sI voi cac tli thl}c. D6c hQc Iii hQc quan Q !inh, giao thl}
phI} trach giao dl}c t'l-ihuyl;n, huiln d'l-o phI} trach trliang phil.
HI; th6ng giao dl}c tli thl}c tie'p tl}c pilat tMn t'l-ithon que, nen giao dl}c niiy vlin do cac
nho sithiinh I~p vii giang d'l-Y.Thai ky nay, hI; th6ng giao dl}c tli thl}Ccon pMt trin m~nh
han cae thai tnioc VI nhu du tlnh the'moi va ciing VI ciinh thanh blnh cila dilt nlioc. Nhieu
nho sI dii trQ thiinh nhii giao dl}c nBi tie'ng se dlil;1cde c~p de'n vao ph~n ke'tie'p.
Chliong trlnh giao dl}c hoan toan dlfa viio tu thli ngii kinh cila, KhBng HQc, khong c6
gl moi me so voi cac trieu d'l-i Tr~n Le xa xlia, khong th sQ sanh dli<Jcvoi trieu d'l-i nhii
H6 hay Tiiy Son. Phliong phap giao dl}c cB din, nij.ng ve tU chliong, hQc M lily d~u.
MQt vai I~n Minh M'l-ng viiTlf Duc c6 de c~p Mn 16i hQc thlfc dl}ng nhling vua chua,
trieu dlnh ciing nhli hQc quan me mUQi dii khong bie't liim the' nao M ciii tie'n giao dl}c,
d hQc thlfc dl}ng. Ban dieu tdn thuc thai ve giao dl}c cila Nguy~n Trliang TQ (Xem
ph~n 7.3, a ben dlioi) dii bi TIf Duc va dlnh th~n bac bo, nhli v~y con n6i gl Mn ciii tie'n
voi thlfc dl}ng. Vil;c giao dl}c nhii Nguy~n mlii ngay mQt tl;'lwi do 16i hQc tit chliong, cli'
nghil;p gay ra, nhilt la tit ngiiy thlfc dan PMp dij.t nen do hQ tren nUoc tao
MQt dim dij.c bil;t viio thai ky nay la tuy van Nom bi trieu dlnh biii bo, nhling I'l-idii
pMt trin m'l-nh trang nhan gian, nhieu'tho van nBi tie'ng nhilt ciia van hQc Vil;t Nam
Mng chcr Nom dii xuilt 'hil;n nhli Truy~n Kiu cila Nguy~n Du, tho phu nBi tie'ng cila cac
tac gia nhli;Sa Huyl;n Thanh Quan, Nguy~n Cong Tru, Cao Ba Quat, Nguy~n Khuye'n,
Tdn T~ Xliong ...
7.2 T6 ehde khoa eU'nM Nguy~n
. Le 16i thi cli' nhii Nguy~n ciing tliong tlf nhli Q nha Le; c6 thi hliong, thi hQi, thi dlnh;
c6 tie'n sI, CUnhan, tu tai, nhling bo h~n tr'l-ng nguyen; c6 I~ ban tij.ng mii ao, c6 vinh
quy bai tB, nhling vil;c kh~c ten vao bia da bi h'l-n che'. Nam 1807, Gia Long h'l- chie'u
quy dinh thi hliong va thi hQi. Nam sau, 1808, ky thi hliong d~u tien cila nha Nguy~n
d!1'l;1ctB .chue t'l-i 6 trliang thi tren toan qu6c; d6 la cac trliang: Nghl; An, Thanh H6a,
Kinh B~c, Son Tay, Son Nam Thu<Jng, Hai Dliong va chua c6 trUang thi CJmien Nam.
Cac giam quan g6m de dil;u, giam khao, phuc khao, so khao. Cac sI tli' phai thi d~u 4
trl(ang M dli<Jc cli' nhan, d~u ba trUang chi gQi la tu tai, d~u cu nhan mdi Iii d~u thi
huang, mdi dU<Jethi hQi. Cac biii thi ciing gi6ng nhu dUoi trieu d'l-i nhii Le. Nam 1813,
ky thi hUang thu h,!-idU<JcmCJt'l-i 7 trUang, trong d6 I~ri' d~u tien c6 trUang thi Gia Dinh
trang Nam. Miii tdi nam 1825, Minh M'l-ng mdi ban hiinh vil;c thi CUdinh ky, 3 nam mQt
I~n, nam trUdc thi huang, nam sau thi hQi.
lli,khoa thi hUang d~u tien nam 1807 cho Mn khoa thi cu6i ciing nam 1918, c6 47
432

Gido dr,tc Vi~t Narn tiJi hi~n tifi

I
1

khoa k d chinh khoa va an khoa, co 6.165 SI tll d~u Cll nhan. Tinh trung blnh, m6i khoa
thi lily d~u 130 Cllnhan. Khoa thi co s6 d6 cao nhilt la khoa thi nam 1900 voi 204 Cllnhan,
khoa thi an khoa nam 1835 chi co 9 ngu'oi thi d~u. Vi~c thi cu va cling kho khan, hai ba
nghln ngu'oi di thi, chi co tram ngu'oi d~u. Khoa thi hu'cJng cu6i cling nam 1918 t(li Nam
E>jnh,hang chlJc nghln SI tll ghi ten, troi mu'a Ifry I(\i, thi sinh d(lp len nhau, co ngu'oi che't. .
Khoa thi hQi dfru tien du'c,JCrna vao nam 1822 t(li kinh do Hue', 20 nam sau khi Gia
Long len lam vua. Cac Cll nhan phai thi d~u 4 ky thi, cac hai thi cling gi6ng nhu' ky thi
hu'cJng,sau do vao thi mnh d phan h(lng cao thilp va chia ra:
- Df nhat gidp hay tien sf c~p #, chi lily d~u co 2 ngu'oi la bang nhlin va tham hoa. Chi
nhii'ng SI tll d~u nhilt giap moi du'c,Jckhac ten vao bia da. Khac voi tri~u Le, tilt d cac tie'n
SI d~u du'<jckhac ten vao bia da.
- Df nhi gidp hay tien sf xuat than hay con g9i la holing gidp, chi lily d~u co tit I tOi 3
ngu'oi.

';III>(

- Df tam gidc hay d6ng titn sf xudt than, kh6ng h(ln djnh s6 ngu'oi dau.
Nam 1829, Minh M(lng cho d~u them danh hi~u "phO bdrlg", du'oi d6ng tie'n SI xufft
than mQt bac, h(lng d~u nay khong du'<jcvao thi mnh.
Tinh tit khoa thi hQi dfru tien nam 1822, de'n khoa thi hQi cu6i cling nam 1919, c6 tilt
d 39 khoa thi voi 558 ngu'oi d~u va bao g6m d~ nhilt giap II ngu'oi (2 bang nhlin, 9 tham
hoa), d~ nhj giap 54 ngu'oi, d~ tam giap 227 ngu'oi va ph6 bang 260 ngu'oi. Nhu' YaY,trung
blnh m6i ky chi c6 14 ngu'oi thi dau, con s6 qua nho so voi hang nghln Cll nhan di thi.
Trong gfrn 100 nam thi hQi, nha Nguy{\n chi san xuilt dtf<jc558 tie'n SI liln ph6 bang, trong
khi d6 chi rieng tri~u d(li vua U: Thanh Tong, dli c6 501 tie'n SI va 10 tr(lng nguyen. Thi
Cll thai nM Nguy{\n qua kh6, cac vua nha Nguy{\n khong mu6n cho nhi~u ngu'oi d~u tie'n
SIha y nhan tai da yang b6ng vao thai nay!
Rilt nhi~u SI tll c6 tai nhu'ng thi hong vl khong theo dung !h I~ ng~t ngheo cua tru'ong
!hi thoi Nguy{\n, nhilt la "If pht,lm My", co nghla la thi sinh khong du'<jcdling ten cac vua,
ten cac chua Nguy{\n va cac ten khac cua hoang gia. Ong Tu Xu'C1ng,111cla Trfrn Te'
Xu'C1ng(1870-1907), mQt danh SI 16i I(lc n6i tie'ng v~ thCltrao phUng t(li Nam E>inh, di thi
hu'cJng7 Ifrn trong 21 nam chi mQt.1frn dau tam tru'ong tuc tu tai vll6i ph(lm huy. Bai thi
ph(lm hUy dli hay de'n mily cling tt! dQng bi lo~i. Vi~c giao dlJc va thi Cll du'oi tri~u d~i nM
Nguy{\n thai Phap thuQc, m6i ngay mQt suy d6i. Ong Tu Xu'C1ngdli than:
Nlio co ra gi cai cha nho,
6ng nghe, ong c6ng ding ndm co.
Sao bdng di h{lc lam thdy phdn,
T6i rUt;!U
sam banh, sang saa bOo
Thi SITu Xu'C1ngcling khong quen chi !rich tMnh phfrn giam khao, trong do co ong chi la
433

Giao dl,lc Vift Num tui hifn lui

ong th~y thuo'e bile, khong e6 thl/e tai, du<;1eeli lam giam khan nho eh,!y chat:
SCIkhdo tn((lng Nam bac cil Nhu,
Thl!CIii vila dot l\Ii vila ngu.
Van chucmg dau phdi Iii dcm thur1c,
CM co khuyen xt1ng chet b6 bu.
VilO euo'i doi nha Nguyf:n, e6 xua't hii;n bu sTtli thi d~u tam nguyen, do dfru cii ba ky thi
huang, hQi, dlnh. D6 la Tam Nguyen Yen D5 Nguy~n Khuyen (1835-1909), nguoi lang
Yen D5, Ha Nam, d~u Dlnh nguyen khoa thi 1871, nam 36 tu5i; Tam Nguyen Vi Xuyen
Tdn Bich San (1840-1878), nguoi lang Vi Xuyen, eung lang vai thi sT Tdn Te Xuang,
thuQe thanh pho' Nam Dinh, d~u Dlnh nguyen nam 1865 11k 25 tu5i; Tum Nguyen Don
Thu Vii Pham Ham (1864-1906), nguoi lang Don Thu Ha Dong, d~u Dlnh nguyen nam
1892. Trang so' ba danh sT tren, thi sTNguyf:n Khuyen e6 bi~t tai v6 10i tha trao phung,
Hnh dm, thoi the va ai quo'e, hai danh sTkiu mat sam. Thi sTTum Nguyen Yen D6 da chi
trich bon vua quan nha Nguyf:n va so sanh ho vai dam phuong eheo:
, Vua cheo cun chdng ra gi,
Quan cheo chi nila khdc chi thling h~.
Ong nghe, ong eo'ng, hQe lue rong tue'eh, tuang tl/ nhu nhii'ng hlnh nOm, nhu nhii'ng ong

tien sTgiay ciia tre can trong ngay te't Trung Thu:
Tam than xiem ao sao mii nh!"
Cai gid khoa danh ay mui hili.
Ght' chea, IQng xanh, ng6i bimh chQe,
TU(Jngrling d6 th(it hoa d6 chCli.
Vt: nganh vo, cae vuu nha Nguy~n eiing e6 quan tam tai. Nhung phai d<;1iden nam
1834, trit:u Minh M,!ng, vua ra ehie'u chI vf thi vo tuang tlf nhu thi van, e6 thi Huang, thi
HQi. Nam 1837, ky thi Huang d~u tien du~je rna M Iffy eli nhan vo, vai 3 ky thi gam e6 ei'f
t'!, eoi ngl/a, danh kie'm, mua quyt:n, bdn sung, tuang tl/ nhu duai trit:u Le. Ky thi hQi eiing
tuang tt! nhu thi huang nhung kh6 han, d6 lay tien sTvo va pM bang vo. Nam 1866, duai
doi TIf DU'c, khi thl/e dan Ph:ip dil xam chiem mit:n Nam. vua mai eho I~p truong vo t,!i
kinh do Hue, tuyi!n vo sinh, dat cae vo quan d6 huffn luy.;n. Nam 1867, TIf Due eho mil ky
thi huang vo Ha NQi va Blnh Djnh, ngoai kinh do Hue. Trang ehe dQ quan ehu, trQng
Nho HQe xua, vo'n trQng van, khinh vo nen vai tro eua cae tien sTvo, ph6 bang vo, ei'fnhan
" vo khong duqe dt: eao. Han nii'a,cae van quan, kh6ng e6 bang cilp vo viin e6 th6 tril thanh

cae tuang quan.

tl
7.3 Cae b~e ton stf dlii Nguy~n
Duoi thoi nhil Nguyf:n, e6 xufft hi~n mQt sO cae b~e ton su, tieu bifu nhat la Nguyf:n
434

tt
g

Ciao d(lc Vi~t Nam tJi hi~n t(li

Truong Ti) va Nguyen mnh Chi.:!u.
a. Nguy~n TrLiong Tq va chLidng trlnh giao dl.Jcciii titno
Nguyen Truong Ti) (1828-1871) nguai Ngh~ An, sinh trudng trang mi)t gia dlnh ngheo
theo Ky To Giao. Ong hqc chu Han, nhung kh6ng thich 16i hQc tit chuong cil' nghi~p, dUQc
mdi d,!y chu Han cho mi)t chung vi~n Ky T6 Giao. T,!i day, ong h<;Jcchu Phap va cac mon
khoa h<;JcphiS th6ng. Nam 1858, ong dU~JCgiam ml)C Gauthier gil'i sang Paris theo h<;Jc
tmng hai nam. Nha d6 ong h..
p thl) va chung kien qn mat nhung tien bi) khoa h<;JCva sinh
hO'!t t,!i Phap. Nam 1861, ong trd vf: Sai Gan, lam phien djch cho Phap. Tit thai gian nay,
6ng chuyen tam nghien CUu va sang tac cac "ban ddt< trdn" va nam 1871, gill len trif:u
dinh TIf Duc 43 ban dif:u triin vf: du mqi phUljng di~n, trang d6 c6 giao dl)c.
Trang cae ban dieu triin vf: giao dl)c; ong neu ra nhung mon h<;JcthlfC dl)ng nhu thien
van, toan, khoa hqc, nong nghi~p, dja ch..
t, phap lu~t, Ijch sil', dia 19, ngo,!i ngu; d8 nghi
trieu dinh thiet I~p cac truang trung hoc phiS thong va chuyen nghi~p theo chuong tdnh
giao duc cua cac tn(dng trung h<;Jctay phUljng vao the ky thu 19. Vf: phtlong di~n giao
vien, ong de nghi gU'i sinh vien sang cac qu6c gia tay phuong h<;Jct~p, tuy.:!n dl)ng cac
giao vien nudc ngoai. Vf: phuong di~n ngon ngu, ong df: nghj dung chu Nom. NhO'ng df:
nghj ciii each cua ong tien bi) qua, vua chua nha Nguyen l,!c h~u, me mui)i va bao thu,
quan l,!i xu ninh va b..
t tai, chI biet c6 thien trieu Trung Hoa, coi tay phuong nguai da
tdng la "bgch qUY", coi Ky T6 Giao la "til dt,lO", ton sung KhiSng H9C la tOn giao duy
nh..
t, nen h~u the kh6ng lilY lam la la h9 oil oil g'!t bii nhung sang kien titn bQ cua
Nguyen Truong Ti).
Tuy cac ban dieu trJn nay khang oUlic Ttl Duc va olnh thiin Itru y, nhung dil gay du(jc
tieng vang va khoi d(\ng cac chuong trlnh giao dyc sau nay nhu phong trao Dong Du, Duy
Tan va Dong Kinh NghTa Thl)c se dU<:Jcban Wi (j phan sau (Xem ml)c Ill, 4 titp theo).
b. Ton sLiNguy~n Dlnh Chilu
Nguyen mnh Chi0u (1822-1888) ngudi Blnh DUljng, Gia Dinh. NlJi day la que huong
cua nhung danh sT dau ticn mif:n Nam nhu VO Truong Toan va cac mon d~ Trinh Hoai
Duc, Ngo Nhan Tinh, Lc Quang Dinh. Nam 1848, ong ra kinh d6 Hue chunn bj tham dlf
ky thi HQi, dUQcmil Villlnam sau, nghe tin me 6m n;ing, ong vQi vang trd vf: Gia Djnh. Vi
dudng xa, vi thuling x6t nlt;, 6ng kh6c va vi dam dai suong gi6, mang b~nh ni;ing nen mu
d hai milt. Sau khi ell tang, bii dd vi~c hoc hanh, md truang d,!y hqc t,!i que. Ong trd
thimh ong D6 Chii!u tit d..
y. Trang tren 30 nam hanh nghf: mo ph,!m, ong dil dem dao
thanh hif:n, nhung dieu nhan nghTa ra truyf:n thl) cho cac mon d~, rat nhif:u d~ til'da thl)
giao truang ang va da lnJ thanh giai cap tri thife mien Nam c6 tu tU(Jngqu6c gia ch6ng
4.\5

Giao dl;lC Vi~tNam tui hi~n t~i

Phlip vao nhii'ng niim d~u thl!c dan chiem d6ng mien Nam. Trang thai gian d<).yhQC,ong
cling c6 lien I,!c voi cac phong trao cach m<).ngch6ng Phap, giup hQ ke sach va tac dQng
tinh th~n. Vua d,!y hQc, vua nghien CUllsang taco Nguyen Dlnh Chiu M I,!i nhieu tac
phffm c6 gia trj nhu LlfC Van Tien, DUring Ta Hii M(iu, Ngu Ti~u Van Blip; ba bili viin te
Van Te'Sf Dan LlfC Tinh, Van Te'Trurlng Cong Bjnh, Van Te'Vong H6n MQ Nghfa va mQt
so' bili tho Nom. Ll,!cVan Tien la tac ph1lm dac sAc nhat cua ong voi tren 2:000 cau tho Il,!c
bat. Trang tac ph1lm nay, Nguyen Dlnh Chiu dii de cao mQt ca~h tri~t M nen luan Iy c6
truyen Nho Giao, tuong tl! nhul6i s6ng va nhi1ng dieu giang d<).ycua ong.
Giao dl,!c duoi cac trieu vua nha Nguyi\n khong du<;1cquan tam dung ml1c nen dii suy
thoai ve ca chat lu<;1ngliin s6IU<;1ng.Cang ve sau, nen giao dl,!cnay cang t~ h<).i.Nen giao
dl,!cI,!c hau nay, cling voi chinh sach ngo,!i giao be quan toa cang, coi Trung Hoa la thien
trieu, coi tay phuong la man nJ, maC d~u t6 tien la Gia Long dii nhO tay phlfong M chien
thAng nhii Tiiy Son, dua den hall qua la canh no Ii; duoi thai thl!c dan Phap.
8. Giao dl)c phI) nil - Cac nil danh si : Nguy~n Thj Lq, Ngo Chi Lan, Doan Thj
Diim, Cong chUa Le NgQc Han, Ba Huy~n Thanh Quan, Hil Xuan Hu'dng
PhI,! ni1 d6ng mQt vai tra rat khiem nhuang trang xii h9i xua i'J Vi~t Nam cling nhu
Trung Hoa. VI vaY, van de giao dl,!cdii khong du<;1cdat ra. Tuy nhien, mQt so' phI,!ni1 viin
du<;1cgiao dl,!c t,!i gia. HQ la con chau cua cac sl tii', con quan l<).iva ill nhien con chau
hoang tQc. Tuy khong c6 chuang trlnh gi<io dl,!cchinh thti'c, nhi1ng duoi cac trieu d<).iquan
chU Vi~t Nam, c6 xuat hi~n mQt so' cac ni1 danh si nBi tieng.
8.1 Nguy~n Thj Lq ( ?-1442)
Ba Ia v<;1thti' cua danh th~n Nguyen Triii, c6 tai sAc, s6ng i'Jphu Tiiy H6, ban chie'u. MQt
hom, tren duang tu trieu dlnh tri'J ve nhii, Nguyi\n Triii gaP nguai con gai tre d~p ganh
chieu di ban i'JH6 Tiiy, ong lit\n !tom hoi bilng may cau tho:
A 0-dau ta ban chie'u gon,
Hoi tham chieu dy Mt hay con.
Xuan xanh chi:lngdQ bao nhieu nhl,
1)(1 co chbng chUa dUlIc may con.
Co Nguyen Thj LQ ti'ng kh1lu dap ''Ii:
Toi 0-Tay H6 ban chieu gon,
Cli chi ong hoi Mt hay con.
Xuan xanh chi:lngdQ trang tron te,
Chbng con chUa co, hoi chi con.
Cam VIsAc, men VItai, Nguyi\n Triii lay Nguyi\n Thj LQ lam v<;1.Ba c6 tai tho van, cling
436

Gido d~c Vift Nam rai hifn t(li

sang tac va do'i tho~i voi ch6ng. Ba du'<;lC
vua Le Thai T6ng phong lam L~ nghi Nil hQc sI.
Nam 1442, vua Thai T6ng tuffn du C6n Son, noi Nguyen Trai dang tn sT, vao tham vi
trung thffn va ngll I~i. Nha vua bi b~o b~nh va milt. Tri~u thffn bUQctQi Nguy~n Thj LQ va
Nguy~n Trai am mu'u gie't vua va d hai bi tQi tru di tam tQc. Cai an oan u6ng tffy troi niiy
v~ sau du'<;lC
vua Le Thanh Tong giai oan.

.,

8.2 Ngo Chi Lan

Bii so'ng du(jj doi vua Le Thanh T6ng, ngu'oi liing PM La, huy~n Kim Anh, tinh PhUc
Yen. Bii Iii ngu'oi th6ng minh, rilt n6i tie'ng v~ cac sang tac thi ca, ti\' khuc. Ch6ng bii Iii
D6ng cac dai hQc sTPhu Thuc Hoiinh. Bii du'<;lcvua Le Thanh T6ng phong lii!Jl Phu gia Nil
hQc sTdllY cac cung nil trang cung. Nhu' v~y, bii kh6ng nhilng Iii mQt danh sT,con dong
gop viio chuang tdnh giao dlJc. Bii sang tac nhi~u tho, du'lJCghi chep trang Mai Trang
T~p, nhu'ng da that l~c. Ngiiy nay con truy~n I~i bo'n biii tho nom vinh bo'n mila Xuan, H\l,
Thu, Dong.

8.3 E>olln Thj E>il!rn(Xern rn\lc 5.3, b 0 tren)

i

\
.

I,

8.4 Cong chua Le Ngqc Han (1770-1803)

NgQc Han c6ng chua con gQi Iii Chua Tien, con gai ut clla vua Le Hi6n T6ng (17401786). Nam 1786, khi B~c Blnh Vu'ong Nguyen Hu~ ra B~c phu Le di~t Trinh, c6ng chua
du'lJCvua cha ga cho nguoi anh hung dat Tay Son. Nam 1788, khi vua Quang Trung len
ngoi, ba du'lJCphong lam Bilc cung hoang h~u. Nam 1792, vua Quang Trung mat, ba so'ng
voi vua du'lJc sau nam, sinh dUlJc hai con, mQt trai, mQt gai. Sau khi nM Nguyen thilng
nha Tiiy Son (1802), ba m~ con hoang h~u so'ng tron tranh a oat Quang Nam, bi to cao, bi
bilt vii d ba m~ con bi gie't (1803).
C6ng chUa la ngu'oi th6ng minh, th6ng kinh su va c6 tiii lam tho n6m. Tu'ong truy~n, bii
co lam nhi~u tho van bang quo'c am, nay hffu he't bi that I~c, chi con lu'u I~i hai ang van
chan chua tlnh dm clla ngu'oi vlJ tre khoc ch6ng. Do la biii Viin Tt Vua Quang Trung vii
Ai Tu Viin, tuc Iii Kh6c Vua Quang Trung:
Con Irting nuac Ihuang vi doi Ire,
CM lhilm linh khbng nhe bo di.
Vi;lynen nan na ngay lri,
Than dui'mg nhu h6n duong dii Ihea.
Nam canh luting chiem baa Ldn qua"l,
Ma IUOngcon phiing phil! Ihien nhan.
Tieng say Iren gOl, Iruac man,

a,

437

Gido dlfc Vi~t Nam toi hi~n t(li

Khi me duiJng thtiy, khi tan It;likhOng.
(Kh6c Vua Quang Trung)
8.5 H6 Xuan H\fong
NITsI so'ng VilOcu6i doi Le, khang ra nam sinh vii nam milt. Than ph!) Iii ang H5 Phi
Di~n, nguoi liing Quynh E>ai,huy~n Quynh Lu'U, dnh Nj?;h~An. Vily do sinh ke', gia dinh
ang H5 Phi Di~n phai ra liim an t(li phuong Khan Xuan, huy~n Ylnh Thu~n, nay thuQc
thiinh pho' Hii NQi. Bii H5 Xuan HUdng dUlJCsinh ra t(li kinh da, eha milt sam, dulJc my
san s6c d(ly d6, c6 tiii van chudng rilt sam, dUlJCs6ng trang knung canh thd mQng cua H5
Tiiy, nen bii c6 mQt tam h5n thi sI rllt ph6ng khoang.
Bii Iii ca gai thie'u nhan silc, nhu'ng c6 duyen vii c6 tiii thd van, nen c6 nhi~u trang nam
nhi ngllp nghe. Tuy nhien, duong ch5ng con cua bii khang dulJc may miln, hai Hln lily
ch5ng, hai lfin liim Ie:
Chem cha cai kie'p I[{ych6ng chung,
Ke ddp chan bong, ke It;lnhlung.
Nam thi muili hra nen chang chrJ,
M(!t thdng doi ltin c6 ciing khong.
Un truac lily ang tri phd Vinh Ttrong, khang ra ten tMt Iii gi, dulJC hai mudi bay thang thi
ang milt:
Tram nam ong phil Vinh Tuilng oi!
Cai nl! ba sinh dii tra rJi.
Chon ch(it van chu(Jflg ba thurJcd[{t,
Tung hO hb thl b5n phU(Jflgtrili.
Can din tt;lOh6a refi dau m[{t,
Mifng tui can khon tMt It;lirbi.
Hai bay thdng trili la may ch6C:?
Tram nam ong phil Vinh TuiJng ai!
Un sau Illy ang cai t6ng C6c, ciing khang ra ten hQ, ciing khang duqc bao lau thi ang niiy
mllt:
Hili chang oi! (Ji hili chang oil
Thie'p ben duyen chang c6 tM thOi.
Nang nrc drit duoi tit day nhe,
"
Nghin vang khOn chu(!c da'u hOi voi.
Ca hai biii thd kh6c ch5ng, c6 tinh cach triio phung nhi~u hdn Iii thudng tie'c.
C6 nhi~u giai tho(li v~ vi~c xtrang hQa giITa bii H5 Xuan Huang vii ang Ph(lm Dlnh H6
(1768-1839) hay con gQi Iii Chieu H6, tac gia tac phffm Vii Trung Tuy But. MQt lfin bii
438

Gido d(tc Vi~t Nam trJihi~n tt;li

hoi mUQn6ng nam quan tien, 6ng chi dua c6 ba, ba trach 6ng n6i doi nhu cu(\i:
Sao n6i rling nam [(,Ii c6 ba.
Trdch nguiJi quan tit h(!n sai tao
Bao giiJ thong thd len chui nguYft,
NM hlii cho xin nam Iii da.
Dng Ph\lffi mnh H6 ciing kh6ng ph.li tay vita, lam hai tho doi l\li va ciing treu chQc ba:
(j n6i rling nam l(Ii c6 ba,
BiJi nguiJi thl,lcnil tnh kh6ng m.
Bao giiJ thong thd len choi nguYft.
Hdi cd cilllh da Ian cu da.
Viec giao thieP giCIahai nguoi b\ln van chuong d6i khi di Mn ch6 la loi s6 sang. Ea trach
6ng:
Anh dJ tlnh. anh dJ say?
Sao anh gh(!o nguYft giila ban ngay.
Nay nay. chi bao cho ma bie't.
Chi)'n ay hang hum cM m6 tay .
'
"
Gng Ho hQa I\li:
Nay anh tlnh, nay anh say.
Nay anh gh(!o nguYft giila ban ngay.
Hang hum vi phong kh6ng ai m6.
Sao c6 hum con be'tren tay.
H<3ngnhan da truan, rna h<3ngphan b\lC, co Ie vI d6 rna h~u het cac bai tho cua ba deu
co tlnh cach chua chat, khinh doi, Van d~ng nhii'ng hlnh .lnh hi~m hoc, d.l kich bQn truong
gi.l. Loi tho cua ba thu~n tuy Viet Nam, Vu'Qtra ngoai khu6n kh6 ml)'c thuoc du ky cua
Han'van. Tho cua ba con M I\li trang tilp Xuan Huang Thi T(ip, da so la cac bai tho chii'
n6m.

8.6 Bft Huy~nThanh Quan

Ten thilt cua ba la gl kh6ng ai biet, nam sinh nam milt ciing kh6ng r6. Chi biet ba la
con 6ng Nguy~n Ly (1755-1837), m(\t vi Mc hQc 0 Son Tay r<3iHai Duong, nguoi lang
Nghi Tam, hUYen ThQ Xuong, nay la thanh pho Ha N(\i. Ea lily 6ng Lu'UNghi, nguoi lang
Nguyet Ang, huyen Thanh Trl, Ha D6ng, dilu clf nhan nam 1821, lam tri hUYen Thanh
Quan, dnh Thai Blnh. VI vaY, ba dl1QcgQi la ba Huyen Thanh Quan. Ea n6i tieng la gioi
tho van va dUQCvua Tl)' Duc phong chuc Cung trung Gilio t(ip M d\lY cac cung nii'. Ea con
M l\li nam bffy bai tho Duong, bili nao cling xuilt sitc voi !Oi Ie trang nh1i, quy phai, mang
n(\i dung tuong nho den co quoc nM Le, m~c d~u ha phili ph~ng sl)' cho nha Nguy~n:
439

Gitio dlfC Vi~t Nam tai hi~n t{li

Tran sac hanh cung co dai dau,
Trt;mh nim d/ quae nghi ma dau.
May toa sen rat mui hUClngnglj,
Niim thac may phong ntp do cMu.
Song LOppM hung coi da rQn,
Chuang h6i kim cd idng cang mau.
NguiJi xua canh cii nao dau td,
'.
Kheo ngdn ngClthay iii tr(Jc dau.
(ChUa Tran Sac)
hay
Yang toa non tay bong dc ta,
Dam dam ng(Jn co tuytt phun hoa.
Ngan mdy idc ddc chlm v t6,
D(im lilu bang khuang khdch nMnha.
Coi m(/c thef triing mdn khodng dii,
Chai ngu tung gio bai binh sa.
lling que mQt bUGenhuifng ngao ngdn,
M({y ke tinh chung co tMil la.
(Chiu hOm nhO nha)
Nhii'ng biii tha n6i ting nay g6m co: Chua Trlln Biic, Canh thu, Canh d~n Triln Vo,
Thang Long hoai c6, Qua deo Ngang, Chi~u hom nho nha (hai bai), Canh thu.
III. Giao dl)c thiti Phap thuQc (1861-1945) - Giao dl)c anh hudng tay phudng va giao
dl)c Vi~t Nam
Sau khi chie'm ba dnh mi~n dong Nam Ky la Bien Hoa, Gia Dinh va Dinh Tu'Clngvao
nam 186 I, chinh quy~n th\fc dan Phap da kh6i sl! chu'ang trlnh giao dl,lc, voi y d6 than !fnh
toan coi Vi~t Nam. Nam 1867, Phap than !fnh nilt ba dnh mi~n tay Nam Ky la VInh Long,
An Giang va Ha Tien. Til'day, Ll,ICTlnh Nam Ky tr6 thanh thuQc cija cua PMp
1. Giao dl)c thO'i Phap thuQc giai do~n 1861-1886 t~i Ll,Ic Tinh Nam
anh hUdng tay phudng

Ky -

Giao dl)c

1.1 Giao dl)c thO'i Ph:ip anh hUdng tay phuong khdi sll, 1861-1867
Ngay sau khi chie'n thiing d6n Ky Hoa (Chi Hoa) vao d~u nam 1861, do Mc Chamer
ky nghi dinh thanh I~p tru'Clngdl).ytie'ng Vi~t cho ngu'CliPMp va dl).ytie'ng PMp cho ngu'Cli
Vic?tva cung la M dao tl).onhii'ng ngu'CliVic?t lam thong dich cho quan dQi Phap. Tru'Clng
nay do mQt giao sI ngu'CliPMp va mQt tu sI Vic?t Nam phl,l trach. Tru'Clng ap dl,lng chi!
440

Giao dl:lc Vi~t Nam Mi hi~n tqi

"quae ngil", mQt thli chii' mai am Ia titng Nom nhl1ng khi vitt ra I(li dung m~u til La Tinh,
dlt<;1ccac nha lruy~n d(lo Ky To Giao pMt minh, trang d6 c6 giao si Alexandre de
Rhodes, M ti~n vi~c truy~n d(lo. Hc;>csinh t6t nghi~p troang nay trd thanh thong djch
vien, nhan vien van phOng cho Phap va mQt s6 trd thanh giao vien d(lY qu6c ngii' t(li cac
trltang ti6u hc;>cd~u tien. Tuy nhien, s6 ngltai t6t nghi~p qua it, khong dil cung ling cho
nhu du giang d(lY ti6u hc;>c,nen giao dl)c t(li cae dja phltdng v~n do cac si phu giang d(lY
trang h~ th6ng giao dl)c tlt thl)c.
N~m 1864, do d6c De Lagrandiere ra nghj djnh t6 chUc mQt s6 lrltang ti6u hc;>cd cae
tinh M d(lYqu6c ngii'va toan. Ba cu6n sach giao khoa v~ m~u t1/chii' qu6c ngii', toan, hlnh
hc;>csd d~ng dii dlt<;1cxuilt ban va giang d(lY. Nam 1867, sau khi thanh toan n6t ba tinh
mi~n tay, Phap tuy6n va gai .sang PMp mQt s6 du hc;>csinh. D6ng thai vai cac tru'ang ti6u
hc;>ccong I~p, giao hQi Ky To Giao ciing thitt l~p mQt vai troang nha tho M d(lY kinh
tMnh, chii' qu6c ngii' va mQt it titng PMp cho con em tin d6.

1.2 Ciao dl,lC thiti PMp anh hUdng tily phudng pMt triin
Cac quy cht giao dl,lc dilu tien

gioi h~n, 1867-1886

Til' nam 1867, mQt s6 lrltang ti6u hc;>cdii dlt<;1Cthanh I~p t(li Ll)c Tinh Nam Ky. Hc;>c
sinh t6t nghi~p dil di~u ki~n va dlt<;1cphep md trltang t(li cac lang m(lc M d(lY chii' qu6c
ngii'. Ciing nam nay, chinh quy~n thuQc dja l~n d~u tien t6 chUc pMt philn thltdng cu6i
nam cho .hc;>csinh cac trltang t(li Sai Gon.
Tinh cho dtn cu6i nam 1867, Phap chi mai thanh l~p dlt<;1C
58 tru'ang ti6u hc;>c,lrong d6
c6 2 tru'ang nha tho vai t6ng s6 1.368 hc;>csinh. Nhlt v~y, d(li da s6 con em ngltai Vi~t, ntu
c6 di~u ki~n di hc;>c,v~n titp tl)C theo hc;>cchltdng trlnh chii' Han cila cac tlt thl)c. Nam
1871, do Mc Dupre thitt I~p troang slt ph (1mdilu lien t(li Sai Gon vai 60 giao sinh, dlt<;1c
cilp hc;>cb6ng. Sinh vien hc;>cchii' PMp, chii' qu6c ngii', toan, Ichoa hc;>cva chii' Han. Trltang
slt ph(lm nay sau lrd thanh Troong Trung hgc Chasseloup Laubat t(li Sai Gon.

Sau 12 nam th6ng trj t(li mi~n Nam, Chltdng trlnh pMt tri6n giao dl)C v~n can rilt giai
h(ln, nen nam 1873, nha dm quy~n t6 chUc mQt cUQchQi nghj giao dl)Cd6 tim hi6u t(li sao
giao dl)c chii' qu6c ngil va chii' Philp dii khong dlt<;1chltdng ling. HQi nghj dii nh~n djnh
dlt<;1C
nhii'ng Iy do chinh cila S1/thil"tb(li nay la ngltai Vi~t v~n can chju anh hltdng sau rQng
Nho Hc;>c,thitu sach giao khoa va chii' qu6c ngii', titng Philp can xa l(l vai dan chung .
Ciing nam nay, chinh quy~n thuQc dja thanh I~p troang H~u B6 do Loureau lam hi~u
trltdng M dao t(lo thanh lra hanh chinh, cac chil tInh, nhiln vien hanh chinh cao cilp, chulln
bj cho vi~c tiln cong mi~n B~c va thanh l~p chinh quy~n thuQc dja lren toan qu6c. Hc;>c
vien lanhiIng si quan ngltai Phap. Hc;>phai hc;>ctitng Vi~t,chii' Nho, hanh chinh ban xli va
khoa hc;>ct6ng quat. Trong 4 nam t6n t(li, trltang nay da: dao t(lOdlt<;1c50 nhan vien.
441

Gido d{ICVi~t Nam ttfi hi~n tl,li

Do sang kien eua Loureau,

nam 1874, Phap tMnh I~p co quan HQe ehinh Nam Ky, co

nhit%m v'" t6 ehUe, di~u hanh va thanh tra tat ca cae truang t~i day. Chinh co quan nay oa
dua ra "quy chi gido dl}c" dilu tien vao eu6i nam 1874. Voi quy ehe nay, cae "thily de}"
mu6n ma truang phai dUQc co quan giao d",e dnh cap giay phep,

dUQC tai tn;J neu giiing

d~y chi]' qu6e ngi1, tieng PMp. Quy che nay cGng ehia giao d",e ra lam hai b~c: tiu hQC va
trung hQe. Tiu hQe hQc cac mon ehi1 qu6c ngi1, chi1 Han, chi1 Phap, toan, khoa hQc, thoi
gian hQc t~p la 3 nam. Cu6i khoa co ky thi viet va thi van dap. Thi, d~u tiu hQc co th di
lam, ho(ie hQc len trung hQe t~i Truong

Chasseloup

hQc cac man nhu tiu hQc eQng them

voi dja Iy, Ijeh

nghit%p. T6t nghit%p trung hQc, di lam voi s61uong

Laubat.

T~i b~e trung hQe, hQc sinh

sit. eu6i khoa hQe la ky thi t6t

giln gap doi t6t nghit%p tiu hQe.

Nam 1879, mQt "quy chi gido dl}C lin? hai" ra dai, chia giao d",e ra lam ba b~c: so hQe,
tiu hQC va trung hQe. Truong so hQc co cac man chi1 qu6c ngi1, tieng Phap va b6n phep
tfnh, thOi gian hQc la 3 nam, cu6i nam thu ba co ky thi len Idp, d~u moi dU<;JehQe tiu hl)e.
T~i b~c tiu hQe, hQc sinh hQc 3 namvdi
toan, khoa hQc, Ijch
hQc (brevet

cae man ehi1 qu6c ngi1, tieng PMp,

ehi1 Nho,

sit, dja Iy. Cu6i nam thU ba, co ky thi, ai d~u dU<;Jecap van bhng tiu

elementaire)

va dUQc len hQc trung hQc. Trung hQe keo dai 4 nam, co cac

man gi6ng nhu tiu hQc nhung sau rQng hon. Cu6i nam thu 4, hQe sinh thi t6t nghii;p va thi
d~u dU<;Jccap van bhng trung hQc (brevet superieure).
Ngoai vit%erna truang lOp t~i Nam Ky, chfnh quy~n thuQc dja da bal1' hanh nhi~u nghj
djnh lien quan oen vit%c ap d",ng ehi1 qu6c ngi1. Nghj djnh 1878 bilt bUQc nhfi'ng ai mu6n
dU<;Jctuyn d",ng hay thang tr~t phili biet ehi1 qu6c ngi1. Nghj djnh nam 1879 quy d,nh ti~n
thu'(jng eho cac vien ehUc nguai Phap biet chi1 qu6c ngi1. Nghj djnh nam 1882 chi thj dung
chi1 qu6e ngi1 tmng mQi cong van giay to cung voi tieng Phap.
Cho toi dilu nam 1886, t~i Nam Ky co t6ng s6 27.473 hQc sinh, tmng do co 3.567 hQc
sinh cae truang giao hOi Ky To Giao. V~ he th6ng tu th",c, truang tu eua cae thily de}co toi
8.496 hQc sinh, chiem 31 % t6ng s6 hQc sinh. Day la con s6 khong nha. CGng tmng thai ky .
nay, co 10 truang nam va 7 truang ni1 do nguai PMp t6 chUe voi 1.829 nam sinh va 992 ni1
sinh. Cac truang khae la cac truang h6n h<;Jpnam ni1.
2. Gilio dt.Ic thl1i Phap thuQc giai do~n 1886-1929

- Gilio dt.Ic Phap-Viet

va giao d",c

VietNam
Nam

1885, Phap hoan tMnh cuoe do hi) tren toan lanh th6 Vit%t Nam. T~i Nam Ky,

Hnh hlnh chinh tr, t~m 6n djnh, giao d",c dU<;Jcthiet I~p, nay ehinh quy~n bao ho chuffn bj
chuong trlnh blnh djnh va giao d",e t~i mi~n Bilc va mi~n Trung. Tuy v~y, tmng hit%n t~i,
cae phong trao ch6ng PMp dang bung n6 manh lit%t t~i day. Phai d<;Jimot vai nam ni1a,

442

Ciao

dl;tC

Vi?! Nam t6i hi?n {(Ii

Phap mdi co ca hQi khdi su chuang trlnh giao dl)c tai hai mii\n nay.
2.1 PMt tritln giao dl)c giai dOl.ln1886-1916, cac truong Phap-Vi~t, h~ thilng giao
dl.Jc,Vi~n Dl.IihQc Dong Duo'ng
a. Cac truong PM p - Vi~t
Til nam 1886, th6ng su Bilc Ky va Trung Ky Paul Bert dil thl)'Chi~n mOt so' cili til vdi
ml)c drch gioi thi~u va phat tri6n chuong trlnh giao dl)c t')i mii\n Bac va mii\n Trung.
Thang 7-1886, Paul Bert ky nghj djnh thanh I~p Bilc Ky Han Lam Vi~n, dat trl) so t')i Ha
NOi, co fTll)Cdrch 16i keo cac sl phu, cac nhan SI vao h6i M truyi\n ba tu tuong, hqc thu~t
Phap t,.li mii\n Bilc. Thang 11-1886, Paul Bert ky nghi dinh thanh laP mOt truong hoang
gia danh rieng cho vi<;c giang d')y tiGng Phap cho con em ton thilt va con em quan I')i t')i
HuG. Vao dilu nam 1866, chi co mOt truong ti<'!uhqc t,.li Ha NQi. Sau mQt nam lam viec,
Paul Bert dil thanh laP dU<;lCdu<;lcmOt he th6ng tnrong Phdp- Vi?! gGm co truong th6ng
ngon, 9 truong ticiu hqc cho nam sinh, 4 truong ti<'!uhqc cho nO'sinh, hai truong d')y nghi\,
mOt truong d,!y ve va 117 truong tu clla tu nhan do chinh quyi\n thuQc dja khuye'n khich
va tili lr,1. MQt so' tinh khac mifn Bac va mii\n Trung ciing khoi sl)' thie't JaP cac truong
Phap-Viet. Paul Bert milt cu6i nam 1886. Trang 10 nam ke tiGp, chinh quyi\n thuOc dia
tiGp tl)Csang kiGn clla 6ng nhung viec phat tri<'!ntiGn hilnh cham ch,!p.
Til thang 2-1897 tdi thang 3-1902, DOUlner, m(Jt nguoi rilt am tuong vi\ giao duc, sang
lilm loan quyi\n D6ng Dudng va day m,!nh chudng trlnh phat tricin giao dl)c. Nam 1897,
ong thanh laP Vien D6ng Bac CG, cd quan nghien ct1u van hqc, nghe thuat. Tiep theo la
Truong Qu6c Hoc du<jc thanh laP Hue do kharn su Trung Ky ki<'!msoar, thu nhan con
em (juan lai til IS dGn 20 tuili, chudng trlnh hoc bao gGm cii ngon ngIT va van hoa Viet,
Han, Phap, thai gian theo hqc la 6 nam, voi muc dich dao t')o nhO'ng nhan vien trung
thanh voi chinh quyi\n bao hO. Cling nam nay, Doumer ky nghj dinh iln dinh ky thi huang
phili co m6n thi chIT(juclc ngITva tiGng Ph,ip, nhung vdi t1nh cach nhi<;m y.
Vao giai do,!n nay, hilu het cac tilng xii Nam Ky dil co truong Mu hoc Phap-Vie'" d,!y
chITqu;'lc ngIT va tiGng Phap, rilt it truong d,!y chO' Han, hoac co d,!y nhung la mOt mon
phl). Rieng Truong Trung hqc Chasseloup Laubat viin cim d,!y mon chIT Han. (j Bilc va
Trung Ky, so' truong Phap-Viet con rilt it, truong d,!y duy nhilt chIT Han viin con tGn t,!i
khap noi. vi\ cac truong ti0u hqc Phap-Viet, th6ng ke nam 1900 cho thily Ha NOi co 15
truong, (j Hai Phong co 5 truong, (j Nam Dinh co 4 trudng, (j Thanh Hoa co 2 truong, <5
Vinh co 2 truong, (j Hue co 2 truong, <5HOi An va Nha Trang, moi noi co I truong. Vf cac
trudng trung hqc, co duy nhilt mQt truong t,!i Ha NOi.
Tdi nam 1903, toan ljuyi\n Beau, thay the toan quyfn Doumer, chi thj man thi chIT
qu6c ngO'va tiGng Phap la nhO'ng man bat buOc trang ky thi hudng. Thang 11-1905, Beau

443

Ciao d{lc Vi~t Nam Mi hi~n t{li

ky nghi djnh thanh I~p Nha HQC chinh Dong DLtdng co trach nhi~m t6 chuc va di~u hanh
chLtdng trlnh giao dl!c tren toan th khu vt!c nay, bao g6m d Vi~t-Mien-Uo.
b. H~ thong gilio dt.Jc
Nam 1906, toan quy~n Beau ky nghj djnh di t6 giao dl!c ti).iBac va Trung Ky voi h~
thong cac trLtong Phap- Vi~t, h~ thong cac trLtong di).y chG"Han va h~ thong cac trLtong
chuyen nghi~p.
H~ thong cac tnfong Ph3p - Vi~t. H~ thong cac trLtong Phap -Vi~t bao g6m cac trLtong
sd dip, cac trLtong tiu h9C va cac trLtong trung h9C. Cac trLtong nay giang di).y bang tie'ng
Phap va chG"quoc ngG".So gio di).y bling tie'ng Phap nhi~u hdn so gio di).y bang chG"quoc
ngii' va d hai ngon ngG"nay dLte;!cgiang di).y voi nhi~u mon h9C k d nhG"ngmon khoa
h9C. ChG"Han chi con la mQt mon ph\! giang di).ymQt gio m6i tufrn. Voi b~c trung h9C, h9C
sinh ch9n h9C mQt trung hai ban: ban van hQc va ban khoa h9C voi nhi~u mon h9f.
H~ thong cac trlfong chIT Han. V~ h~ thong cac trLtong chG".Han, co nhi~u thay d6i lOn,
chi phoi vi~c h9C til' va long Wi thi hLtdng. H~ thong nay chia ra lam trLtong sd hQc, trLtong
tiu hQc, trLtong trung h9C chuffn bj thi hLtdng. TrLtong sd hQc la cac trLtong ti).i lang xii, h9C
chii' quoc ngii', tie'ng Han, tie'ng Phap. TrLtong ti1!u hQC rna ti).i cac phu huy~n, do cac giao
th\!, huffn di).o ph\! trach, tie'p tl!C di).ycac mon chii' quoc ngii' (15 gio), Han (10 gio), Phap
(10 gio). ChLtdng tdnh chG"Han kha nijng, sach giao khoa Nho H9C ngay xLta. TrLtong
trung h9C rna ti).itinh Iy' do cac doc h9C chju trach nhi~m, tie"p tl!C giang di).y cac mon chii'
quoc ngii' (16 gio), Phap (12 giO), Han (7 gio). Cac mon h9C b~c trung hQc chli trQng vao
van h9C, nhiin van nhi~u hdn la toan va khoa hQc. Tot nghi~p trung h9C, dLte;!ccilp bang
"thi sinh" va co du di~u ki~n d thi hLtdng.
Thl!' thuc thi Hlfang. Thi hLtdng g6m co 4 ky: ky nhat co bai van sach lam bang chii' Han;
ky nhl co hai lu~n chii' Vi~t; ky ba co hai djch Vi~t-Phap hoijc Phap-Vi~t va mQt bai dich
Han-Phap; ky bon hay ky phUc hi).chco mQt hai lu~n chii' Han, mQt bai lu~n chii' quoc ngii',
mQt Qjli djch Phap-Han. Tuy theo so di1!m cao thap, thi sinh dLte;!ccffp bang cu nMn hoijc
tli tai.
Ky thi hQi va thi dlnh chLtaco thay d6i.
H~ thong cac trlfong chuyen nghi(lp. TrLtoc nam 1906, dii c6 mQt vai trLtong trung h9C
chuyen nghi~p ti).i Nam Ky. Nghi dinh di t6 giao dl!c cua toan quy~n Beau nam 1906
chia giao dl!c chuyen nghi~p ra lam ba nganh:
- Huiin nghifp Au eMu. Dao ti).o can st! va the;!chuyen mon cho cae xi nghi~p, giao
thong, xay dt!ng, di~n It!c...
- Huiin nghifp ban xu. Dao ti).Ocan st! va the;!chuyen mon cho cac nganh cong nghi~p
ban xu moi phat tri1!n nhLtngh~ d~t, dan, the;!mQc, the;!n~...
444

Gido dl,lc Vift Nam toi hifn t{li

_ My

ngh~. BiIO t~o th(j chuyen man cho cac ngilllh theu, dan, ch~m tr6, kham, g6m,

son mili...
c. Vi~n D~i hQc Dong Dudng
Cling trang nam 1906, toan quy~n Paul Beau ky nghi dinh thanh l~p Vi~n D(li hQc
Dong DUlJ11g, d~i hQc dfru tien clla Vi~t Nam va ciing la clla Dong Duong voi ml,lc dieh
ngan chan vi~c xufrt duong du hQc clla thanh nien Vi~t Nam trong phong trao Dong Du va
Duy Tiln (Xem phfrn 4.1 ben duoi). Vi~n d~i hQc nay baa g6m 5 truong cao dAng: lu~t va
phap chinh, khoa hQc, y khoa, xay dlfng, van chuang.
Truong Lu~t va Phap chinh co ba nganh hQc: truong h~u b6 dao t~o quam I~i, nganh
d~o t~o cae vien ch(k hanh chinh cho chinh phu bao hi), nganh dao t~o vien chuc chuyen
man v~ thuang m~i va thue quan.
Truong Khoa hQc giang d~y cac nganh toan, v~t ly, sinh v~t va hoa hQc daa t~o cae
chuyen vien nghien CUu.
Truong Y khoa g6m nganh y va du(jc.
Truong Cao di\ng Xay dl!'ng g6m ba nganh: nganh du duong, duong s~t, mo; nganh
di~n h1C,bLfUdi~n; nganh nang nghiep, thtl y, dau dim.
Truong van chuang giiing d~y ngon ngil ~a van hQc e6 di~n dong phuong, Ijch
va
dia Iy cac nuoc dong phuong, lich su va van hQc Phap, triet hQc va ngM thu~t. Tit nam thu
hai ban khoa hQc va van chuang, sinh vien co th~ chQn hQc nganh su ph~m t~i truong cao

sa

dAng su ph~m M giang d~y t~i cac truong trung hQc.

Ngay 10-11-1907, D~i hQc Dong Duong khai giiing voi 94 sinh vien, da s6la cac cong
chuc dang tung sl!'t~i cac van phong. VI the, nhi~u lOp hQc du(jc t6 chuc sau giO lam vi~c.
Chuang trlnh giao dl,lc do Paul Beau chil truong keo diii cho toi cu6i giai do~n vaa nam
1916. Mi)t vai con s6 th6ng ke v~ s6 hQc sinh nhu sau:
_ H~ th6ng cac truong Phap- Vi~t.- d Nam Ky co 51.137 hQc sinh ti~u hQc, 353 hQc
sinh trung hQc. d B~c Ky co 4.620 hQc sinh ti~u hQe va 600 hQc sinh trung hQc. d Trung
Ky s6 hQc sinh ti~u hQc khong r6 va 67 hQc sinh trung hQc.
_ H~ th6ng cae tn/ong chil Han.- d Bac Ky co 14.124 hQc sinh so hQc, 3.904 hQc sinh
ti~u hQc, s6 hQc sinh trung hQc khong r6. s6 hQc sinh t~i Nam va Trung -Ky khong r6.
2.2. Phlit triin gilio d\lc giai do~n 1917-1929 Giao d\lc Vi~t Nam
Vao dfru giai do~n nay, Khai Dinh ra chi d\l bai bo ky thi hi)i (1919). Ky thi huang dii du(jC
hai bo vao nam trUde. Che di) thi ca anh huang Kh6ng HQCda chi ph6i chuang trinh giao dl,lC
nude ta c:l nghln nam nay dii cao chung, nhuong chi) cho chuang mnh giao d\lc Vi~t Nam
DfrU nam 1917, Albert Sarraut dU(jc ~u lam toan quy~n Dong Duong. Cu6i nam nay,
445

Ciao

dl}c

Vi~t Num toi hi~n tt;li

6ng ky nghi dinh ciii td n&n giao dl)c Vi~t Nam. Td chuc giao duc dulJc chia lam cac
tntong Phap d~y hQc sinh nguoi Phap va truong Phap-Vi~t d~y hQc sinh Vi~t Nam.
H~ th6ng giao dl)c Phap-Vi~t hay Vi~t Nam dU(1Cchia ra lam cac b~c: ti6u hQc, trung
hnc, huan nghi~p, cao ding va dai hl/c. HQc sinh ngay ttt cac ltJp s(1 cap dii bat bUQc
phiii hnc tie'ng Phap. Cdc mon hQc phd th6ng tdng quat dii du\ic giang day tai cac cap lOp,
d 0 b~c ti6u hQc va trung hoc, chju anh huilng nen giao dl)c Phap 0 chinh qu6c.
a. Giao dvc tiiu hQc
B~c nay chi a ra lam hai loai truong: Irt(Ung .W cdf}, giang daY 2 hoiic 3 ltJp cu6i cling
ti6u hqc, m0 tai cac lang maC ma phdn d6ng hoc sinh chi cftn biet dl/c viet, tinh toan din
b,ln; Irt(Ung ti2'u hQc, giiing d~y du 5 lop ti6u hoc, mil tai cac phu huy~n va tinh lX, sau lOp
5, hqc sinh thi lay bfrng ti.:!uhoc, thi d~u moi dU(ic hoc trung hQc.
b. Giao dvc trung hQc
B~c nay ding chia ra lam hai loai tru(Jng: 1n(llng ClIO <fling liiu h(}c, daY 4 nilm ddu
trung hnc, sau nam thCt 4, hqc sinh thi lay bfrng Ihdnh chung (dipl6me), thi d~u hqc sinh
m(ji dlt(!C thea hqc trung hoc; Irtlung Irung hec, day 2 nam cu6i cung trung hqc, thi lay
bfrng Iii liii ban XL?,bfrng nay kh6ng c6 gia tri nhu van bfrng Iii Idi lay.
c. Giao dvc huiln nghil)p
C6 hai loai truong huan nghi~p: truling daY nhi:"tngngh& nghi~p phf) thong nhu thq ren,
mile, n&...; truang lo~i hai giiing d~y cac nghe chuycn m6n co tinh cach sau rQng hem.
d. G'iao dvc cao d~ng va d"i hQC.
Vi~n D,li hqc D6ng Duong tie'p tl)c phat tri6n. M(it s6 truang can dang m(ji m0 sau nay
d&u thuQc vi~n dai hoc trcn nhu Truong Cfmg chfnh, Truong Sl( pham, Truang Thudng
m~i. Sau 5 nam ciii td (1919-1923), s6 hQc sinh va sinh vien Vict Nam co gia tang nhu
sau: t'.li Nam Ky co 1.077 truong cac loai vdi t6ng s6 hqc sinh Ia 74.961; t~i Bac Ky co
1.142 tru(Jng "oi tdng sf) h(.'c sinh la 55.4H I; tai Trung Ky co H20 truang voi t6ng so hQc
sinh la 32.665. V& nganh dai hnc,tdng s6 sinh vicn la 436 va chia ra: y due1cco 106, cong
chinh ell 104, thu(jng mai co 55, lu~t va phap chinh co 51, canh n6ng co 45, Sl( ph~m CO
41, thd y co 34.

..

e. Truong ph6 ci,ip giao dvc hay truong hudng hQc

Nam 1923, Merlin du\jc clf lam toan quycn thay the Sarrau!. Nam nay, Merlin ky nghi
dinh huy bi\ mon tieng Phap t\li cac s(i cflp tai cac Iilng m':lc VI qua kho doi voi hqc sinh
446

Gido dl;tc Vift Nam tai hifn t(li

c
g
>,

g
n
p

u
h

I,

g
u'

5
c
g
5

11

than que vii cling khong dn thie't vi rilt nhi~u hQc sinh 10\li nily thai hQCM giup da gia
dinh sau 3 nam so dp. Trang nhii'ng nam ke' tie'p, (\Ii Bric vii Trung Ky, nhi~u truang do
cae ong d5 giang d\lY chii' Han I\li thinh hilnh. Vi v~Y, nam 1926, Merlin kY,nghj dinh cho
phep md mQt 10\li truang moi gQi Iii "trulJng phf/ cij.p giao dl,tc" hay "truiJrig hucmg hQc"
do lilng xa t6 chU'c vii tuy~n dllng giao vien. Do quy che' rQng rai vii co tieng noi dia
phuong nen chuang trinh nily philt tri~n nhanh chong. Cac truang nily d\lY chii' quoc ngii',
bon phep tinh can ban cung cac man khoa hQc thuang thuc, vi; "sinh phong ngua bi;nh t4t.
3. Phat tri~n n~n giao dliC Vii;t Nam giai do:)n 1930-1945
3.1 Giao dliC t:)i cac vung dan t(lc thi~u 56
T\li Nam Ky, hQc sinh Khmer hQc chii' quoc ngii' vii duc,lCkhuye'n khich vii;c hQc t~p
ngon ngii' sric tQc Khmer vii can co th~ hQc tieng Phap. Chinh quy~n thuQc dia cling
khuye'n khich viec thilnh I~p cac truang nhil chua 00 cac su' sai Khmer di~u khi~n. Nhi~u
truang so dip t\li cac khu vl!c co dan tQc thi~u so sinh song t\li mi~n Trung vii mi~n Bilc
du'c,lCthie't I~p. Tinh Mn cuoi nam 1930, so hQc sinh sric tQc t\li Nam Ky Iii 6.111, qi Bile
Ky Iii 7.377, t\li Nam Ky Iii 8.233. Trang s6 cac truong, mi~n Bilc 7 truang nQi tru, mi~n
Trung co 3 truang vii mi~n Nam co 3 truang.
3.2 Tu tai Vii;t Nam co gia trj nhlt tu tai Phap
Ngily 12-10-1930, chinh quy~n thuQc dia ky nghi dinh xac nh~n gia tri bang tu tili ban
xu tuong du'ong vdi bang tu tili tay, nhung hqc sinh Viet Nam phai hQc them mQt nam
trung hQc nii'a Wc Iii 3 nam thay vi 2 nhu tru'dc va phai thi tu tai mQt, cQng vdi tu tai hai
nhu van bAng cua Phap. Nhii'ng man hQc giii'a hai van bang cling tuong tl! nhu nhau.
3.3 Hi; th6ng !lOa cac trltong ti~u hQc
Sau khi cac ky thi huang, thi hQi bi huy bo, cac truang sci hQc, ti~u hQc, trung hQc thuQc
hi; thong giang d\lY chii' Han cling bi giai tan. Nhu v~y, chi can I\li mQt hi; thong giao dliC
duy nhilt la truang hUclnghQc, truang so hQc va tru'ang ti~u hQc Philp- Vii;t hay truang Vii;t
Nam danh cho hQc sinh Vii;t Nam. Vilo giai dO\ln nay, viec t6 chuc cac truang du'c,lchoan
bi han, ngoili nhii'ng man hQc cli nhu chii' quoc ngii' hay" quae van ", toan, str ky, dia Iy, can
co them nhii'ng man hQc mdi nhu' ve sinh thuang thuc, cach tri, luan Iy vii d(lc bii;t co sl!
xuilt hien cua bQ sach o\lY quoc van rilt co y nghia va hii;u qua Iii bQ Quoc Van Giao Khoa
Thu. V~ ngon ngii' giang d\ly, cac truang so dp giang d\lY hoiln toiln bAng tie'ng Vii;t vii
tuy theo nhu du, chii' Phap, chii' Han duc,lCd\lY nhu mQt ngo\li ngii', m6i tufrn mily gia. HQc
sinh muon hQc trttang ti~u hQc phai thi d~u bang so hQc.
T\li truang ti~u hQc, cac man hQc cling tuclng tl! nhu truang scicilp nhltng man tie'ng
447

Ciao dt,tc Vi~( Nam ((Jihi~n

(!,Ii

~~cM~~,~ang~yn~ugili~.M~qu&vln~~a~~ydu~
han va chia lam cac philn: am ta hay chinh ta, t~p d\lC, ngiI V\fng, vln ph':lm (ngrt philp), t~p
lam vln, lu~n vln. Tit nlm 1933 tra v6 sau, chliong trlnh giao dl,lct<;lib~c nay da c6 nhiIng eli
t5 hi1u hi~u va tien bi) d6ng d6u tai d ba mi6n, chiI qu6c ngiI dli<jCdung lam chuy~n ngiI a
b~c so h9c, ti~u hoc, tieng Phap t<;lib~c ti~u h9C tiep tl,lccM1c chu tr9ng M chu1ln b, cho dip
cao dng ti~u hC)ccan ap dl,lng tieng Philp la ngon ngiI giang d':lY.Cling titnam nay, vi~c di6u
hanh cap h9C nay dlNc giao l':Iicho tri6u dlnh Hue. M9t vai con so thong ke cho thay: vao
nlm 1939, t;ti [jnh VTnhYen, m(lt tlnh mi6n nui Bac Ky voi dan sola 246.958 nguoi kinh va
2.655 ngu'oi thi~u so, da t5 chli'c (lu'<;lc85 tru'ong g6m 7 truong ti~u hqc, 28 trltor:g so hqc, 50
tru'ong huang hqc, co tong so h~lCsinh la 5.554; ngoai ra tinh nay can c6 m9t tli thl,lc va 3
trliong cua giao hOi Ky To Giao voi 200 hC)csinh; ty so hC)csinh dU~1cdi hC)cla 2,31 %. T':Iitlnh
Ben Tre, Nam Ky, voi 315.500 dan so, co 165 truong va 31.396 h\lC sinh, ty so h\lC sinh du<jC
di hC)cla 9,95%. Nhu' v~y, nganh ti~u hoc du'e,lCphat tri~n khac cac qu~n, huy~n va nganh so
cap du'e,lcphat trien nhi6u lang xa t':licac dnh khap 3 mi0n Vi~t Nam.
3.4 Ciii titn chu'dng trinh giao dt.Ic cao ddng tiiu hQC va trung hQC
HC)csinh phai diiu bang tieu hC)cmoi h9i du di0u ki~n thi vao hQc trliong cao dng tiu
h9C. Tuy tieng Philp la ngon ngiI chinh thuc giang d':lYcac mon hC)c,tliong tLfnhli nhiIng
man hQcchliong trlnh Phap, nhu'ng quoc van d6ng vai tro rat quan tr9ng VI so gio giang
d':lY hang tuiln rat cao. Nghj djnh nam 1938 cua Nha HC)cchinh Dong Phap quy d,nh
chuang trlnh quoc van biic cao dng ti~u h9C bao g6m ve, ca dao, tl,lCngu, cac th6 tho Illc
hat, tho Duong; trich giang tho cua cac tac gia nhl.( Le Thanh Tong, Nguyen Trai,
Nguyen Gia Thi6u, Doan Thj Di~m, Nguyen Khuyen ...; trich gilng van xuoi cua cac nha
van nhu Nhat Linh, Khai Hltng, Tu Ng9C...
T':li cac nam trung h9C, chliong tdnh quoc van can duc;1cphat trien them nua va rat
phong pM. H9c sinh du'e,lCgioi thi~u man van h9C slt Vict Nam va anh huang cua vln h9C
Trung Hoa vao van h9C Vi~t Nam; vit)c thilnh hlnh chu quoc ngu; h9C hoi v6 ca dao tl,lC
ngrt, v6 cac th tho, ngam, hat noi; trich giang tho cua Nguyen Blnh Khiem, Le Quy Don,
Doan Th, Dim, Nguyen Du, Nguyen Khac Hieu ...; trich giang dn xuoi cua cac nhil vln
trang nhom TT! LT!C Van Docln va cac nha van d9C liip; trich giang van nghj lu~n cua cac
tac gia nhu' Ph<;lmQuynh, Nguyen Vln VTnh, Nguyen Thai HC)c...Sach giao khoa quoc van
cln ban la hai cuon Vi?/ Nam Van HQc Sit Yeu va Vi?/ Nan! Thi Van HlJp Tuyln cua giao
sli Duong Quang Ham, nha giao noi tieng vao giai dO':lnnay. Cuon Vit)t Nam Van H9C SU'
Yeu, cho den hit)n t':li v~n la mi)t tai lit)u quy gia nhat cua vln h9C Vit)t Nam, sap xep
theo chuang trlnh h9c cua ban trung h9C thai do. Bi) sach nay tra thanh sach giao
khoa chinh thuc mon quoc van t(ji nlm 1975 t':li mi6n Nam.
448

Giao

Vi~t Nam /(ji hi~n t(li

Dudng Quang Ham (1898-1946), nguoi Hu'ng Yen, t6t nghi~p Truong Cao d~ng Suph\lm
Ha N(\i nam 1920, d\lYt\li Truong BuCli,nay 1a Truong Chu Van An trong su6t cu(\c doi mo
ph\lm. Dng m~ vao nam dllu ella cu(\c chie'n tranh Vi~t-Phap. Dng 1a nha giao gudng m~u,
duc di?, du'<;Icd6ng nghi~p ciing nhu hqc sinh kinh trqng va yeu quy. Ngoai hai cu5n sach
giao khoa tren, ong con sang tac m(\t so' tac phffm v~ van hqc va ljch su Vi~t Nam.
Nam 1941, toan quy~n long DUdng ky nghj dinh thanh I~p ban c5 dien Phap, d\lY
them cac mon trie't hqc c5 d.;1iHy L\lp va La Mli; nam sau, ban c5 dien Dong Phudng
du<;lcthanh l~p, d\lY them cac mon trie't hqc long Phudng va c5 van Trung Hoa.

dlfC

3.5 Ph:it triin chu'dng trinh gi:io dt.Jc cao d~ng va d~i hQC
Vi~n l~i hqc long DUdng dli du<;lcthanh l~p W nam 1907 bao g6rri m6t s6truong cao
d~ng. Vi khong du sinh vien, m(\t so' truong cao d~ng dli phai thu nh~n sinh vien chi co
bang thanh chung, sau cao d~ng tieu hqc. Vao gfrn cu6i giai do~n nay, t5chuc d~i hqc
du<;lCnang cao, nhi~u truong cao d~ng tra thanh d~i hqc, nhi~u nganh hqc dU<;lC
gidi thi~u.
Thang 4-1941, Truong Cao d~ng Thu y, trudc kia chi c1ln bang thanh chung, nay phai
co bang tu tai. Thang 7-1941, thanh I~p Truong l~i hqc Khoa hqc, dao t~o cac cu nhan
khoa hqc nhu cac truong d~i hqc ben Phap va bao g6m nhi~u nganh hqc nhu toan, 1y hoa,
sinh hqc. Thang 10-1941, Truong Cao d~ng Y Du<;lCtrClthanh D~i hqc Y Du<;lC,dao t~o
Cal; hac Sl va dU<;lC
Sl long DUdng. Nam 1942, cai tie'n Truong Cao d~ng Nong Lam, dao
t~o cac k)i su nong .nghi~p va lam nghi~p. Nam 1944, mClTruong Cao d~ng Cong chinh
dao t\lo cac k)i su. Hllu he't cac nganh hqc tren diii hoi co bang tu tai loan phfrn, mi?t vai
nganh hqc chi doi hoi van bang tu tai phlln mi?l..
Nho nhii'ng cai tie'n, so' sinh vien d~i hqc gia tang hang nam: nam 1939-1940 co 682
sinh vien, nam 1940-1941 co 704 sinh vien, nam 1941-1942 co 845 sinh vien, nam 19421943 co 981 sinh vien va nam 1943-1944 co 1.111 sinh vien. Trong so' 1.111 sinh vien,
sinh vien truong lu~t dong nhilt vdi 594 nguoi, qua m(\t nua, tie'p theo la 175 sinh vien
khoa hqc, 84 sinh vien cong chinh, 63 sinh vien nong lam, 39 sinh vien thu y.
Giao dl,lc thai Phap thu(\c, khoi sl! ttt nam 1861 t~i Nam Ky, phat triin ra mien Bl{c va
mien Trung sau Dam 1886. Vao thai ky dllu, nen giao dl,lc nay phat trien ch~m vi suc phan
ung cua giao dt.Jc truyen th6ng chiu anh huClng Nho Hqc. Sau khi chudng trlnh thi cu cii
chilm dill vao nam 1919, chudng trinh giao dl,lc Phap-Vi~t sau la giao dt.Jc Vi~t Nam dli
phat trien m(\t cach kha quan tren toan qu6c ttt tieu hqc Mn d~i hqc, nhilt la vao nhii'ng
n~~gi~~\lnnay.Thyv~y,nengiao~dycW~p~~~~~PellaCOO
em giai cilp thU<;lnglu'u, quan l~i, cong chuc va kinh doanh thanh thi. l~i da so' can em
nong dan, th<;lthuyen v~n thilt hqc ho(lc chi co m(\t so' it hqc qua nganh sd hqc. Tinh cho
Mn cu6i giai do~n nay; Bl{c Ky co 8 truong cao d~ng tieu hqc va !rUng hqc: TruOng Buai,
449

Gido

df:lc

Vi~t Nam t<J'ihi~n tqi

sau la TruClng Chu van An, TruClngNil' hQe, sau la Truong Tnrng VUdng, Truong Bao H(l t~i
Ha N(li; mbi tinh Hai Phong, Nam Djnh, B~e Ninh, Thai Blnh, L~ng Sdn e6 m(lt truong;
Trung Ky e6 4 truong: Truong Qu6e HQe, TruClng Nil'D6ng KMnh (j Hue', m6i tinh Vinh va
Quy Nhdn e6 m(lt trI1ong; Nam Ky e6 4 truong: Truong Petrus Ky, nay la Truong U: H6ng
Phong va Truong Nil' t~i Sai Gon, sau tra thanh Truong Nil' Gia Long, nay la Truong Trung
hQe Nguy6n Thi Minh Khai, m6i dnh My Tho va cin Thd e6 m(lt truong.

4. Gilio dQc Vi~t Nam voi tinh thiln quilc gia, dlln tQCva Iii quile
Tai dfru the' ky thU 20, cae eu(le khai ngh1a eftn vUdng va each m~ng eh6ng PMp dii
suy ye'u VIsue m~nh vli khi ella thlfe dan. Cae SI phu, cae nhan SI ehuyn huang tranh dau,
tranh d1Iu b~ng van h6a, b~ng giao dl)e, e6 vli tinh thfrn dan t(le, tinh thfrn yeu nuae ella
toan dan, llie d6 mai hy vQng sue tranh d1Iuella toan dan e6 kha nang eh6ng l~i ehinh saeh
no l~ ella thlfe dan, doi quy6n d(le lap. Day la nhil'ng nguyen nhan dua Wi slf xu at hi~n
ella phong trao Dong Du, phong trao Duy Tan, Dong Kinh 'Ngh1a Thl)e, H(li Truy6n ba
Qu6e ngil'.

4.1 Phong trao Dong Du

Dong Du (j day e6 ngh1a la tIm sang phi a dong, We la Nhat Ban M hQe hoi nhil'ng
tie'n b(l va van minh ella xu nguoi. Phong trao nay do Phan B(li Chau (1867-1940) va
Cuong D (1871-1951) liinh d~o. Phan B(li Chilu dii tie'p xlie voi nhi6u nhan SI va nhiin
ra r~ng dung vli life eh6ng I~i thlfe dan khong e6 hi~u qua, eftn phai giao dl)e dan truae
dii. Cae ong cling nhan ra r~ng, khong th nho cay a Trung Hoa rna phai huang v6 Nhat
Ban M hQe hoi. Nam 1904, phong trao Dong Du ra doi, Phan B(li Chau va cae d6ng chi
ton Cuong D,.mQt ton that lam hQi ehil M d6 gay thanh the' va thu hUt sinh vien. Vi~e
tuyn ehQn va gii'i du hQe sinh sang Nhat du'Qe t6 ehue ehu dao. ChinhPhan B(li Chau
sang Nhat truae, s~p xe'p ndi an (j hQe taP eho cae sinh vien. Tai nam !907, s6 du hQe
sinh len Wi 100, nam 1908, s6 nay len toi 200. Cling nam nay, thlfe dan tim ra manh
m6i ella phong trao va !lm caeh dan ap. Phap giao thi~p vai ehinh phil Nhat, danh eho
Nhiit mQt s6 quy6n IQi thudng m~i a Dong DUdng. Cu6i nam 1908, sinh vien Vi~t Nam
bi ehinh phll Nhiit trl)e xuat, m(lt s6 phai v6 nuae, m(lt s6 Ii!'n tranh sang Trung Hoa.
Thang 2-1909, hai ong Phan BQi Chilu va Cuong D cling bi tfl)e xuat. Phong trao Dong
Du tan ra. Mij.e dfru bi tan rii, phong trao nay dii gay m(lt tie'ng vang lOn, it nhi6u canh
dnh giai hQe sinh, sinh vien va tri thUe.

4.2 Phong Trao Duy Tlln

Duy Tan e6 ngh1a la theo mai. Khae vai Dong Du, phong trao nay hQe hoi trong nuae
450

"

Giao dW Vift Nam tdi hifn t(Ii

Ii
,.

"
g
g

ii

do cac nha ai qu6c Phan Chu Trinh (lH72-1926), Huynh Thuc Khang (1976-1947) 1iinh
d(lo va hO(lt dQng m(lnh vao cac nam 1906 ae'n 1908. Phong trao t6 chU'c cac hQi kinh
doanh, san xu5t hang thll cong, I~p vttan tr(li san xu5t, mil trttong 119Cgiang d,!y ttt tttdng
ttt do dan chll, dien thuyet khilp noi M quang ba long yeu nttac, da pha cae hll tl)C, c6
dQng viec hQc t~p qu6c viin. MQt so' co sd giao dl)c clla phong trao dii dtt<;Jcthanh l~p do
viec v~n dQng va dien thuyet clla cae liinh tl). Vao nam 190H, mQt Vl)biu tJnh ch6ng nQp
thue d Trung Ky bung n6, d6ng th(ji voi vu dilu dQc ngtfai Phap t(li Ha NQi, thlfc dan bilt
b6 nhieu nha ai qu6c, trang do cac nhii ai qu6c trang phong trao Duy Tan, bUQc tQi cac
nha ai qu6c nay dii t6 chUc cac Vl)b,!o dQng tren. Cac nha lanh d(lOphong trao phai ra toa
va bi tu dily. Phong trao diln diln Ian rii.

"

1
1

4.3 Dong Kinh Nghia Thl.Jc

Dong Kinh Nghia Thl)c la mQt t6 chuc ttt thl)c do ong Lttong Van Can (IH54-1927) lam
hieu trttdng va ong Nguyen Quyen (I H69-1941) lam giam hQc. Ca hai ang deu la hQC
quan clla trieu dinh, u:rchUc d hO'!t d(lng giao dl)c ch6ng chinh sach cai trj clla thlfC dan
va truyen ba nhung ttt tttdng ti0n bQ, dan chll trang giOi hQc sinh, sinh vien, c6 vU tinh
thiln ai qu6c ngo hilu giai phong <liltnuac. Truong du(Jc t6 chuc va giang d(lY nhu nhung
hQc vien giao dl)C ti0n bQ clla NMt Ban. Truong chinh thUc du<;Jcphep khai giang vao
thang 3-1907 t,!i so' nha 4 Hang Dao Ha NQi, nha ella hi.;:u trtfdng Ludng Van Can, khdi
dilu voi khoilng 50 hQc sinh, con em clla cac cam tinh vien clla phong trao, con em cua
cac nha ai qu6c va mQt so' con em thuang dan t(li Ha NQi. Vao cu6i nam, so' hQc sinh len
ae'n ca nghin va chia lam ba c5p: ti6u hQc cho hQc sinh duoi 13 tu6i, trung hQc cho hQc
sinh tit 14 Mn 24, 25 tu6i va d,!i hQCcho cac sinh vien tit 25 tai 50 tu6i. Trttong giang d(lY
cac man toan, khoa hQc, qu6c van, tieng Phap, chu Han, su dia. Cac man hQc co nQi dung
ch6ng 16i hQc lit chtf(1ng khoa b,lng, ch6ng hu nho, c6 dQng phong trao hQc t~p qu6c van,
phat dQng nep s6ng mai trong nhiin dan, cilt toe ngiln, trang phl)c theo tay phuong, tuyen
truyen tu ttti\ng tlf do dan chll. Cae thily cung hQc sinh ban lu~n cac ae tiii giang d,!Y.
Nhieu bu6i dien thuyet dil dU<;Jct6 chU'c. Cae ong Phan B()i Chau vii Phan Chu Trinh cUng
co tham truong va thao lu~n vai cac thily va sinh vien. Dong Kinh Nghia Thl)c t(li Ha NQi
co tieng vang va anh httdng lOn, nhieu chi nhanh clIa truong dii dU<;Jcthiinh l~p t(li cac
tlnh. Vi anh httilng clla Nghia Thl)C qua lOn, vi thlfc dan th5y dtf<;Jcml)c tieu t6i h~u clla
truong, nen chinh quyen thuQc dia thu h6i gi5y phep hO'!t dQng viio cu6i nam 1907 vai 19
do Iii truong gay nao dQng long dan. Cac bu6i dien thuyet, hQi hQp cung bi c5m, cac tai
lieU giao khoa cua truong bi tjch thu. Do Vl) bii!u tlnh ch6ng thue d Trung Ky va Vl)dilu
dQc Hnh Phap t(li Hii NQi, cac nha liinh d(lo Dong Kinh Nghia Thl)c bi bilt vii bi tu dily.

451

Giao dt,tc Vi~t Nam tiJihi~n tgi

4.4 HQiTruy~n ba Qu6c ngii'
Vao d~u tht ky tM' 20. dan s6 Vii;t Nam bitt doc bitt vitt con thilp, d;:ti da s6 nong
dan, cong nhan khong bitt doc bitt vitt. De giup cac t~ng Idp dan chung doc vitt va ciing
la M tuyen truytln c6 dQng long yeu nudc va tinh th~n ch6ng thvc dan b6c IQt, HQi Truytln
ba Qu6c ngu da ra doi vao thang 8-1938 do ong Nguym Van T6 (1889-1947) lam hQi
truong. Tt't nam 1938 dtn nam 1940; giai do;:tn pMt trien, mQt s6 chi bQ clla hQi dUllC
thanh I~p; tt't nam 1940 dtn nam 1944, giai do;:tn ho;:tt dQng m;:tnh me; nam 1944-1945 la
nam phong trao ho;:tt dQng soi n6i nhilt, cac chi QQdUllc thanh l~p tren toan qu6c, !dp hoc
khong nhung dUllC t6 chuc a thanh thj rna con ciI a thon que; vung nui.
Nhung phong trao van h6a giao dl)c tuy khong ho;:tt oQng lau dai VI sV theo d6i b~t bd
clla thVc dan, nhung da c6 anh huang !dn cho cac phong trao chfnh trj each m;:tng t;:tiVii;t
Nam vtl sau.

IV. Giao dl}c Vi~t Nam thOi dQc I~p, tit nam 1945 toi hi~n t~i - Giao dl}c qu6c gia
ph3t triln
'.
.
1. Giao dl}cgiai do~n 1945-1954:giao dl}ctie'p tl}Cgiai do~n tntoc
Day la giai do;:tn chitn tranh Vii;t-Phap. Chfnh quytln PMp titp tl)Cduy td hi; th6ng cac
truong nhu wdc va da khongc6 cCih9i pMt trien them VI nnh hlnh chitn tranh dng ngay
dng soi dQng, nhilt la t;:ti mitln B~c va ni.itln Trung. Tuy nhien, t;:ti mitln Nam, mQt s6
truong d tH~uhoc lfin trung hoc da dUllC thanli I~p. Hi; th6ng giao dl)c bao gam: tieu hoc,
5 nam hoc; trung hoc, 7 nam hoc, 4 nam di; nhilt cilp (cao dng tieu hoc cO) va 3 nam di;
nhi cilp (trung hoc cO); cao dng va d;:tihoc, 3 hay 4 nam hoc tro len. Nhitlu lang m;:tc vfin
con duy trl tru'ong sCicilp, d;:ty 3 nam d~u clla truong tieu hoc. Hoc sinh ph3.i thi d~u tieu
hoc mdi c6 the ghi ten thi vao ldp di; thilt, !dp d~u clla trung hoc. Rilt nhitlu hoc sinh ghi
ten thi, nhung s6 cho c6 h;:tn, hoc sinh thi hong theo hoc t;:ti cac tu thl)c. Hi; th6ng trung
hoc tu thl)c pMt trien kha m;:tnh trong giai oo;:tn nay. ChuCing trlnh giang d;:ty bao gam
chuCing tdnh Vii;t va chuCing trlnh PMp. T;:ti mitln Nam, la thuQc dja clla Phap, chuang
trlnh PMp dUllC nhitlu hoc sinh theo hoc. Trong khi d6, t;:ti mitln B~c va mitln Trung, la
dilt bao hQ, da s6 hoc sinh hoc chuang trlnh Vii;t. T;:ticilp cao dng va d;:tihoc, h~u htt cac
nganh hoc giang d;:tyb~ng Mng PMp.
Chuang trlnh Vii;t t;:ti mitln Trung va mitln B~c kha nang; ngoai nhung mon hoc ph6
thong t6ng quat, hoc sinh tieu hoc, hoc titng PMp ngay tt't !dp nam, nam d~u tieu hoc,
moi tu~n mily gio; hoc sinh trung hoc, phai hoc hai sinh ngu (ngo;:ti ngu) la Mng Phap da
hoc tt'tcilp tieu hoc va Mng Anh ngay tU Idp di; thilt len tdi !dp di; nhilt. Rieng titng PMp,
do anh huang chuang trlnh giao dl)c Phap- Vii;t truac Ida nen hoc sinh ph3.i hoc khong
nhung ngon nglf rna con van hoc PMp vdi vii;c trich giang cac khuynh huang tha van
Phap, cac tac gia n6i titng trang van hoc PMp, nhil'n ffi;:tnh va:a tht ky th1119, tuang tV
452

----

--------

Giao

~I

lng

ing

'en
hOi
lc;Jc

la
19C

dl:lc

Vift Nam toi hifn t(,li

nhu chuong tdnh Phap nhttng nht; hon. D hoan tilt chuong trlnh trung h9C, h9C sinh phii
thi hai ky thi tu tai, ph~n I va ph~n II. Chuong trlnh giao duc cao d&ng va d(li h9C duc;Jc
tiep tl,lc.
T(li cac khu v\!'c giai phong, Mat tr~n Vi~t Minh co t6 chuc h~ th6ng giao dl,lc ph6
lhong g6m 9 nam h9C voi lruang liu h9C 5 nam h9C va truang lrung h9C 4 nam h9C. ve
giao dl,lc huiln nghi.;p, co 8 lruang d(lY nghe duc;Jc16 chUc l(li khu Vi.;l Bile. ve phuong
dii)n giao dl,lc cao d&ng, co 16 chuc cac lruang Y khoa, my lhu~t, su ph(lm, cong chinh voi
sinh vien tU cac truang cao ding Ha Noi so tan ra sau khi cUQc chien tranh Vi~t-PMp
bung n6 VaGcu6i nam 1946 va mot 56 sinh vien khac t(li khu v\!'cgiai phong.

b(j

i~t

~ia

2. Giao dt.Ic giai dOl,ln 1954-1975

Day la giai dO(ln lanh th6 Vii)t Nam chia doi, Vi.;t Nam CQng hoa (mien Nam) va Vii)t
Nam Dan chu CQng hoa (mitln BJc), moi mien co chuCfngtrlnh giao dl,lc rieng bi.;!.
2.1 Giao dt.Ic tl,li mi~n Nam - Chu'dng trinh giao dt.Ic qu6c gia va khdi stf ph3t

ac
lY

56
l~
in

:u
hi
tg
11

tril!n
Giao dl,lc t(li mi6n Nam co co hQi phat trin va chi can mQt chuong trlnh giao dl,lc Vii)t
Nam duy nhil!. Tuy nhien, mot s6tu thl,lc t(li Sai Gon va mQt sO'tinh duc;Jcchinh quyen cho
phep tiep tl,lCgiang d(lY chuong trlnh Phap va chuong tdnh Trung Hoa. Chuong tdnh giao
duc Trung Hoa duc;Jcthanh l~p trang giai dO(ln 1945-1954. Vao giua lhai ky D.; nhilt CQng
hoa (1954-1963), chinh quyen ban hanh lu~t bai bii chuong tdnh giao dl,lc nuoc ngoai, bat
bUQcngo(li kieu mu6n buon ban phai d6i ten sang tieng Vi.;t, tit bo qu6c tjGb g6c. Hang
trii)u nguai Hoa sinh s6ng t(li mi6n Nam phai lily ten Vi.;t, gia nh~p qu6c tjch Vi.;t, phai
glti can em ve Dai Loan h9C neu mu6n tiep tl,lcchuong trlnh Trung Hoa. Cac truang Phap
dong clta, giao vien, kieu dan Phap trd vf:.nuoc.

a
c

"

"

g
1

a. Giao dt.Ic til!u hQc

Giao dl,lc tiu h9C duy trl 5 nam h9C, cu6i nam lOp 5, hqc sinh di thi lily bAng ti6u h9C.
D~u ky thi nay moi co th thi vao lOp d.; thilt, sau d6i la lOp 6, nam lhli nhill trung h9C.
Giao dl,lc lii!u h9C khong cuong bach, nhttng hoan loan mi&n phi. VI v~y, hi~u tmung cac
lruang lii!u h9C khong co quyf:.n lit ch6i khi phl,! huynh dia phuong ghi len cho con em theo
h9c. Do do, sl s6lOp hqc kha cao, co noi len toi 70 h9C sinh VI thieu giao vien va phong
h9C. SI 56 trung blnh la 60. D co lh cung ling d~y du giao vien cho cac truang, nhif:.u
lruang qu6c gia su ph(lm duc;Jcthanh I~p l~i Sai Gon va cac lhanh ph6lOn. Tuy v~y, giao
vien liu h9C van thieu ldm tr9ng, BQ Giao dl,!c dii cho luyn giao vien phl,l khuyet co
bAng trung h9C d.; I dp. s6 giao vien nay sau mQt lhai gian t~p s\!', duc;Jclham d\!'ky thi
453

Gido d",c Vi~t Nam trJihi~n t(li

ng~ch (bien che'). Gan nhung nam cuoi cua giai do~n nay, so hQc sinh ti~u hQc
gia tang nhi~u hon trl1dc, nhi~u trl1ang ti~u hoc t,!i Sai Gon dil phai giang d~y ba ca hQc:
sang, trl1a va chi~u thay VI hai ca sang va chi~u nhl1 trl1dc. Hau het cac lang m~c t~i
mi~n Nam d~u c6 trl1ang ti~u hQc, !t nhat la trl1ang so ca'p. Sach giao khoa do Trung
tam HQc li~u BQ Giao d\!c va cac nha xuat ban tl1 xua't ban, giao vien d~y ldp tily y Il!a
chon. BQ Giao d\!c kh6ng t6 chuc cac ldp vl1an tre va mau giao. Chl10ng trlnh giao d\!c
nay hoim toan do ttl nhan sang I~p. Ngoiii h~ th6ng giao d1,lccong I~p, nhi~u trl1ang ti~u
hQc Iii cac tl1 th1,lc do giao hQi Ky To Giao, cac giao hQi khac va tl1 nMn t6 chUc.
Chl10ng trlnh giiing d,!y Iii cac mon ph6 thong, chl1a c6 sinh ngu (ngoai ngu). Tuy nhien,
nhung m6n hQc chuyen bi~t nhl1 nh~c, nght) thu~ t, th~ d1,lcth thao khong dl1<Jcquan
tam nhi~u VI thieu giao vien va ti~n nghi. Phl1(jng phap giang d~y c6 tien bQ so vdi
trl1dc, giao vien t~o co hQi cho hQc sinh d6ng gop y kien, nhl1ng VI ldp hqc qua dong,
phl10ng phap giang d~y nay ra't kh6 thl!c hit)n.
VilO

b. Ciao d",c trung

hQC

Tat d cac qu~n t~i mi~n Nam d~u co mQt trl1ang trung hQc, it nhat la trl1ang d~ nhat
cap, giang d,!y 4 nam dau trung hQc. Trang trl1ang h<Jpnay, hQc sinh dl1ac tie'p t1,!ChQc len
ldp d~ tam, sau d6i thanh Idp 10, t,!i mQt qu~n gan k~ ho~c len tinh M hoan ta't 3 nam
cuoi cung d~ nh! cap trung hQc. T~i m6i tinh, c6 it nhat mQt trl1ang trung hQc d~y 7 nam
hQc. Nhi~u tlnh ldn, c6 nhi~u trl1ang vii c6 trl1ang danh rieng cho nu sinh. SI s6ldp hQc la
60 hQc sinh.
Ht) th6ng tl1th1,lcphat trin m,!nh me van giai do,!n nay t,!i khap cac tlnh vii d~c bi~t la
t,!i Siii Gan VI so hQc sinh thi vao ldp d~ that trliang cong qua dong, rna so ldp c6 h~n. Do
d6, da so hQc sinh phai hQc trl1ang tl1. T~i Sai Gan, 56 trl1ang tl1 gap nhi~u Ian so trl1ang
cong. Cac trliang nay do cac giao hQi ho~c tl1 nhan t6 chuc va so II1<Jngcao nhttng chat
II1<Jngkern VI 51so ldp hQCt~i nhi~u trl1ang tl1 Jen Wi 80 hay hon nua, giao 511(giao vien)
thieu kha nang chuyen man, nhi~u ngl1ai khong dl1\Jcdao t~o t~i cac trl1ang 511ph~m. MQt
so hQc sinh theo hqc cac TruOng Ban Cong, thu hoc ph! nh!; hon tl1 th\!c, da so cac trl1ang
ban c6ng t6 cht1c t~i cac tlnh. Vao !Ilia sau giai do~n nay, VI tlnh tr,!ng kinh te kh6 khan,
nhi~u hQc sinh phai bo hqc VI ph\! huynh khong c6 khii nang d6ng hQc ph! t,!i cac tl1 th\!c,
nen BQ Giao d1,lct6 chilc LOp HQc Bu6i TOI t,!i .mOt so trl1ang trung hoc c6ng l~p cho
nhung hQc sinh d~u dl! khuyet vao d~ that, thu hQc ph! ra't h,!, cac trl1ang nay ciing thu
nh~n h~c sinh cac ldp cao. Ban giang huan la cac giao sli d,!y ban ngay, d,!y them vao
bu6i t6i va nhung giao 511khac. D6ng thai, mOt so trliang tiu hqc dl1<Jcphep bie'n
ciii thanh Truong Trung Tilu HQc, ne'u c6 du di~u kit)n v~ phang OCva Mt trong d xay
dl1ng them, hQc sinh Idp 5 t,!i trl1ang dl10ng nhien trl! thanh hQc sinh ldp 6 (d~ tha't) va c6
454

Ciao dl:lc Vift Nam trJi hifn t;li

thi tuyi'n them mQt s6 hqc sinh khac. Hoc sinh cac truang nay khong phai dong hqc phi
nhung phai d6ng g6p chi phi xay dt!ng ldp hqc trang nam d~u. Giao su do BQ Giao dl!c
cung cap va nhi~l\ giao vien tii'u hqc c6 bang cap d(li hqc dU<;Jccai ng(lch len d(lY trung
hqc. ChulJng trlnh 'thanh l~p cac truang trung ti~u hqc rUt thanh cong va ph\! huynn tich
ct!c ung hQ VIcon em du',Jc hqc t(li mQt trullng giln nha trong 12'nam li~n tit ti~u hqc de'n
he't trung hqc. Cac truang trung ti(!u hqc nay tach rai ra thanh truang trung hqc va tntang
ti~u hqc sau khi s6 hqc sinh trung hqc len cao.
Chuang trlnh giang d(lY g6m cac man ph6 thong: qu6c van, lOan, ly hoa, V(ln v~t, sU'
dia, cong dan giao d\!c, nh(lc, vi: va hai sinh ngii'la Phap va Anh, tie'ng Phap vftn rUt n~ng
nhu truck kia. Mon thi' d\!c th(! thao chi OlI'<Jcgiang d(lY t(li cac ldp de I cap do cac huUn
luyen vien thi' dl!c th~ thao ph\! trach. T(li cac truang d(li hqc su ph(lm, chua co ban th~
dl!c thi' thao. T(li cac tu thl!C va mQt s6 cac truang cong, mon hqc nay da bi quen lang VI
thie'u thily, thie'u tien nghi. Vao giUa giai dO(ln nay, chuang trlnh giao dl!C duc;Jccai t6, hqc
sinh chi hqc mQt sinh ngii', Anh ho~c Phap tit ldp 6 (de tha't) de'n ldp 12 (de nha't). Sinh ngii'
thl1 hai duc;Jchqc tit lOp 10 (de tam) ne'u hqc sinh chqn hqc mon van chuang (j de nhj ca'p.
Hqc sinh tit lOp 10 trO len chqn mQt trong ba ban la toan, khoa hqc hay van chuang. Voi
ban toan, hqc sinh hqc qu6c van, toan, Iy, h6a la cac mon chinh, cQng voi ta't ca cac mon
phl! khac la sinh ngii', sU, dia, v(ln v~t, cong dan; voi ban ban khoa hqc, hqc sinh hqc qu6c
van, Iy, hoa, v(ln v~t la cac mon chinh, cQng voi cac mon ph\! khac la toan, sU'dia, sinh
ngii', cong dan; voi ban van chu(1ng, hqc sinh hqc qu6c van, sinh ngii'l, sinh ngii'2, sU',dia
la cac mon chinh, cac mon ph\!.khac la toan, Iy, h6a, v(ln v~t, cong dan. Cu6i nam ldp de
nhi, hqc sinh thi til tai I, d~u til tai I moi duc;Jchqc ldp de nha't M thi til tai II, hay til tai
toan ph~n. Bang thi til tai c6 2 ph~n vao giai dO(ln nay rUt kh6, trung blnh chi co khoang
30% hqc sinh thi d~u bang til tai I, nhi~u hqc sinh thi hong vUn dap, bang til tai II c6
khoang ll160% de'n 70% hqc sinh thi d~u. Vao cu6i giai dO(ln, hqc sinh chi thi mQtl~n ky
thi til tai vao cu6i !llp 12 va ty s() hoc sinh thi d~u c6 cao han. Ben qnh chuang trlnh giao
dl!c phiS thong, co mQt s6 truang trung hoc ky thu~t t(li cac thanh ph6 ldn, giang d(lY
chuang trlnh ky thuattoi Idp 12 va hqc sinh thi IUy bang til tai ky thUal.
Chuang trlnh giang d(lY khong du'<Jccai tie'n nhi~u, giao su d6ng vai tro quan trqng
trang ldp, th~y co giang, hqc sinh lang nghe va lam bai t~p. Tuy vaY, mQt s6 giao su c6 ap
d\!ng phuong phap giao duc tie'n bQ, d~t cau hoi, cho phep hqc sinh neu tbilc mik, bat hqc
sinh I~n IU<Jtd6ng g6p y kie'n. Sach giao khoa kha d6i dao, mQt man hqc c6 nhi~u sach
khac nhau. Cac sach giao khoa do cac giao su kinh nghiem bien sO(ln va do cac nha xua't
ban tu Un hanh, thily co day lOp tuy tien chon va hqc sinh mua sach t(li cac hieu sach. Cac
tien nghi gi,io duc nhu thu vii;n, phtll1g thi nghiem, phong taP thi' dl!C h~u he-t chua co,
hoac c6 nhung r:it ngheo nlm, trit mQt 56 truang trung hoc ldn thanh laP ll1thai Phap. 56
455

Ciao dlfC Vi?t Nam tai hi?n tf;li

hQc sinh trung hQc gia tang rift nhanh, cac tru'ang su' phll-m khong san xuift du s6 giao su',
nen cac tru'ang du'<;1cphep tuyn dl,mg cac giao su' khe' u'oc (h<;1pd6ng). Cac giao su' niiy
du'<;1C
nh~p ngll-ch sau mQt s6 nam giang dll-Yvii tiiy theo b~ng cifp du'<;1C
xe'p viio ngll-ch
giao su' d~ nhift ho~c d~ nhi cifp.
c. Gi:io dl,lc cao dhg va dl,li hQC
Viio d~u giai do<)n, Nam Vi~t Nam chi co mQt vi~n dll-ihQc. Do Iii Vi~n DlI-ihQc Siii
Gon, g6m co nhieu tru'ang nhlt f)lI-ihQc Van khoa, DlI-ihQc Su' phll-m, f)lI-ihQc Y Du'<;1C,
f)lI-i
hQc Kie'n truc, f)lI-i hQc Lu~t khoa, f)<)i hQc Khoa hQc. ve rigiinh ky thu~t, co Trung tam
Ky thu~t Phd ThQ, giang d<)ycac ngiinh ky su', cac can Slt chuyen nghi~p vii su' phll-m ky
thu~t. Ngoiii ra con co cac tru'ang cao d~ng bi~t I~p cac ngiinh. D~n d~n, nhieu vi~n dll-i
hQc khac du'<;1C
thiinh I~p Iii Vi~n f)lI-ihQc Hue' g6m co cac tru'ang f)<)i hQc Van khoa, f)lI-i
hQc Su' phll-m, f)lI-ihQc Y khoa, f)lI-ihQc Lu~t khoa; Vi~n f)lI-ihQc C~n Tho voi f)<)i l'lQcSlt
phll-m, f)lI-i hQc Van khoa, f)lI-i hQc Nang nghi~p; Vi~n f)lI-i'hQc f)ii LlI-t, dll-i hQc tlt thuQc
giao hQi Ky To Giao, voi f)lI-i hQc Su' phll-m gioi. hll-n voi ban trie't vii Phap van, DlI-ihQc
Quan trj Kinh d6anh, DlI-ihQc Van khoa; Vi~n DlI-ihQc Minh f)uc tll-iSiii Gon thuQc giao
hQi Ky To Giao voi f)lI-ihQc Y khoa, DlI-ihQc Van khoa; Vi~n f)lI-ihQc VlI-nHlI-nhtll-iSiii
Gon, thuQc giao hQi Ph~t Giao, co f)lI-i hQc Van khoa, f)lI-i hQc Nhan van; Vi~n DlI-ihQc
Hoa Hao a Long Xuyen, moi thiinh l~p, thuQc giao hQi Ph~t Giao Hoa Hao. ve phu'ong
di~n diio tll-onhan vien hiinh chinh cao cifp, Sai Gon co HQc vi~n Qu6c gia Hiinh cMnh,
rna toi lop cao hQc. Vi~n dll-i hQc nay dlt<;1C
chinh quyen d~c bi~t chu y vii co Slt vi~n tr<;1
cuamQt dll-i hQC a My. Ngoai ra con co nhieu tru'ang cao d~ng chuyen nghi~p ve cac
nganh ky thu~t va my thu~t tll-icac thanh ph6 nhu' Siii Gon, Nha Tra'ng, f)a Na:ng, Cfrn
Tho, My Tho .
. ve cac tru'ang slt phll-m, Nam Vi~t Nam co 6 tru'ang dll-ihQc su' phll-m tll-iVi~n DlI-ihQc
Sai Gon, Vi~n f)lI-ihQc Hue', Vi~n f)lI-i hQc Ciin Tho, DlI-ihQc Su' phll-m Ky thu~t va f)lI-i
hQCSu' phll-m f)a LlI-t.Cac tru'ang nay dao tll-Ogiao su' trung hQc d~ nhi dp, giao su'trung
hQc ky thu~t d~ nhi dp, hQc t~p trang 4 nam; ho~c hQc 2 nam d tra thilnh giao su' d~
nhift dp. f) dao tll-Ogiao vien tiu hQc, co 5 tru'ang qu6c gia slt phll-m IOn hQc 2 nam voi
b~ng tu tai I, t<)icac thanh ph6 Sai Gon, Quy Nhon, Long An, VTnh Long, C~n Tho. Khi
b~ng tu tai I du'<;1chuy bi) vao cu6i giai dOll-n,giao sinh co b~ng tu tai sau lop 12 du'<;1C
thi
vao va hQc mQt nam. T6ng s6 sinh vien cao d~ng va d<)ihQCa mien Nam vao nam 1975
khoang 166.000 ngu'ai.
H~th6ng cac tru'ang cao d~ng va dll-ihQCtll-imien Nam chu'a co d~y du ti~n nghi; trir
Tru'ang Y khoa Sai Gon, Y khoa Hue' voi Slt tr<;1giup d~c bi~t cua mQt s6 dll-ihQCa My.
HQc vi~n Qu6c gia Hanh chanh va Trung tam Ky thu~t Phu ThQ, mQt lo<)itru'ang dll-ihQc
456

Ciao due
.. Viet Nam tcJihien
. tai
.
bach khoa, oUeJcchtl '1 oi)c bii;t.
Cac truong cao o~ng va o')i hQc thie'u giang su mQt cach tdm trQng. Nhi~u giang su
d')y 3, 4 truong t')i nhi~u thanh ph6 khac nhau. HQ khong c6 thl gio chilm bai, so')n bai,
bai giiing oUeJcnh~c I')i nhi~u Ifln trang tufln. Lop hQc nam thu nhilt cua cac o')i hQc Ion
nhu Khoa hQc, Lu?t khoa, Van khoa t')i Sai Gon c6 toi may tram sinh vien; c6 sinh vien
chi c6 mat khi ghi ten theo hQc vI giiing ouong nho, nhi~u sinh vien oung ngoai hanh lang
nghe giang stt oQc bai tren may vi am; oa so' sinh vien mua sach cua giang su v~ nhi! tl!'
hQc. Nhung nam hqc thu hai, thU ba, so' sinh vien it, nnh tr')ng kha quan han.
Vao nhung nam cu6i cua giai oo')n nay, nnh hlnh chie'n sl!' m6i ngay mQt kh6c lii;t,
nhi~u truong tilu hqc C1than que khong th ho')t oQng, mQt so' truong qu?n cling bi anh
hUC1ng,rat nhi~u giao chUc bj uQng vien, sinh ho')t giao d\lc vI the' bi gioi h')n phfln nao.
2.2 Ciao dl,lc t~i mi~n Bilc - Ciao dl,lCqUllc gia khdi st! pMt trie'n
a. Ciao dl,lCtie'u hQC va trung hQc
Khi Chinh phu Vii;t Nam Dan chu CQng hoa tie'p thu mi~n B~c vao nam 1954, khu vl!'c
nay c6 hai h~ th6ng giao d\lC: h~ th6ng giao d\lc 12 nam hQc do thOi Phap M l')i va h~
th6ng giao d\lc 9 nam cua cac khu vl!'cgiai ph6ng. Hai h~ th6ng giao d\lc nay tie'p tl,lCho')t
oQng trang khi cho oeJi mQt h~ th6ng giao d\lc th6ng nhilt va heJp 1'1cho toan mi~n B~c. Do
06, van thang 8-1956, BQ Giao d\lc oa ban hanh quy che' giao dl,lc moi bao g6m ca 1'1
thuytt t')i hQc ouong va cGng tac thl!'c t?P ngoai xa hQi va xi nghi~p voi ml,lc oich oao t')o
mQt tflng Idp cong dan moi trung thanh voi t6 qu6c va c6 khii nang thuc hi~n nhung m\lC
tieu M titn Wi chu nghla xa hQi. H~ th6ng giao d\lc ph6 thong nay g6m 10 nam hQc chi a
lam ba b?c: tiu hQc 4 nam, ttt Idp 1 Wi Idp 4; trung hQc cilp I c6 3 nam, ttt Idp 5 toi lOp 7
va trung hoc cilp II c6 3 nam, ttt lOp 8 Wi lOp 10. Hqc sinh phiii c6 t6i thiu 7 tu6i moi c6
thl ghi ten theo hoc lOp I; tu6i nay h') xu6ng 6 vao nam 1974. D chuiln bj cho cae hQc
sinh truoc khi buoc bao b?c tilu hQc, cac vuon tn~ thu nh?n tre em W so sinh toi 3 tU6i va
tru(Jng milu giao thu nMn tre em ttt 3 toi 6 tU6i cGng oUeJcchinh quy~n quan tam toi. Nam
1960, mQt kt ho')ch giao d\lc rQng IOn 5 nam (1961-1965) dl1eJckhC1isl!' thl!'c hi~n voi m\lc
oich ph6 thong h6a va wang bach n~n giao d\lc tilu hoc cho cac tre em ttt 7 trC1len, tang
s6 gio d')y cac cilp hqc. Ke ho')ch nay kh6ng thl)'Chi.~n oUeJctrQn v~n vI 1'1do chien cUQc
gay ra. Ngoai chuang trlnh giao d\lc ph6 thong, giao d\lc huiln nghi~p cling ou(jc 1l1u'1 Wi
va phat trin m')nh ttt nam 1965 voi cac truong do trung uong va oia phuong quan trio
b. Ciao dl,lCcao d~ng va d~i hQC
Nam 1954, cac tWang cao o~ng ttt khu giai ph6ng trC1I')iHa NQi. Nam 1956,. mQt so'

457

Gido d(tc Vift Nam tiJi hifn t(li

trllong cao d~ng moi dll<;1C
thanh l~p. D6 la Trllong Sll pham, Trll<lng Bach khoa, Trllong
Y khoa, Trllong Nang nghi~p, Trllong Kinh te, Trllong My thu~t. Dan dan, cac trllong nay
dll<;1cphat trii!n rQng IOn them va mQt so trllang cao d&ng kh3c dll(Jc thiet I~p tai cac thilnh
pholOn nhll Thanh H6a, Hai PhOng, Nam Dinh, Vinh. Trang thai gian My nem born mien
Bilc, cac trllang cao d~ng va dai hoc tai Hi! NQi phai so tan ra cac khu vl!c chung quanh
va gi;ip rilt nhieu kh6 khan ve phllong di~n hoc t~p ding nhll giang daY. Nien hoc 19741975, sau khi cac co so giao d\lc dii tra ve Ha NQi, mien Bilc Vi~t Nam c6 30 trllong cao
d~ng va dai hoc, giang daY 23 nganh hoc, voi 56.000 sinh vien, tning so d6 c6 40% la nu
sinh vien, so giang vien la 8.400, trang d6 c6 8.9% la ph\l nu ..
c. Gilio d\lc d;.Jichung
Dang ki! nhilt trang giai doan nay la nen giao dl,lc uai chung, x6a bo nan mll chu cho
nhieu tri~u nang (liin va cang nhan. Thl!C ra, chllang trinh nay uii khai sl! tu thOi Phap,
trlloc cUQc chien tranh Vi~t-Phap voi HQi Truyen ba Quoc ngu (Xem them ml,lCV, 4.4
chllang nay), nay dll<;1C
phat tri6n quy rna h(1n. MQt chien djch rQng Ion chong nan mll chu
ba nam (1965-1968) dl1<;1c
ph3t di)ng manh me tren toan liinh th6 mien Bilc. Vao thai ky
nay, c6 Mn 3 tri~u nglloi mll chu trang nh6m tu6i tu 12 de"n 50. De"n cuoi chie"n djch, tuc'
la van cuoi nam 1968, c6 toi 93% diin so thui)c nhQm tu6i 12-50 tai khu vl!c u5ng b~ng dii
c6 thi! bie"t doc vie"t. Trlloc d6, mi)t chien djch tliang tl! keo dai 5 nam (1961-1965) dli<;lC
phat di)ng tai cac mien rung nui voi cac nhom dan tQc thii!u so, giup hang tri~u nglloi biet
doc vie"t.
Nen giao d\lc tai mien Bilc Vi~t Nam giai doan 1954-1975 phat trii!n uang ki!, chinh
phu dii c6 nhieu co gang thiet l~p cac co so giao d\lC W tii!u hoc Mn dai hoc tai khu vl!c bj
chie"n tranh tan pha miinh Ii~t nhilt. Tuy nhien, chinh phu gi).p kh6 khan ve phllong di~n
kinh te",tie"p theo d6 la cui)c chien tranh giib ph6ng mien Nam, vi~c My nem bom tan pha
ni;ing ne Ha Ni)i va cac khu vl!c chung quanh, nen nen giao d\lc nay ua chju anh hllang
khangit.
3. Giao d\lc Vi~t Nam giai dO;.Jntit 1975 Wi hi~n t;.Ji- Giao d\lc quilc gia pMt triin
Sau khi hoa binh dl1<;1C
viin h5i va dilt nlloc dll<;1C
thong nhilt, chinh quyen dil co du dieu
ki~n va thOi gian <.Ii!phat trii!n mi)t nen giao d\lc thong nhilt tren toan quoc. Sau nam
1975, chinh quyen quoc hUll h6a cac t6 chl1c giao dl,lc tll nhiin tai mien Nam va hai h~
thong giao dl,lc khac bi~t Nam Bilc dll<;1C
tam thai duy tr!. Tuy nhien, ni)i d~ng chllang
trlnh giang daY c6 thay d6i. Toi nam 1979, mi)t chllong trinh ciii t6 c6 ml,lCdich h~ thong
h6a chllong trinh giao d\lc tren toan quoc. H~ thong giao d\lc nay bao g6m vllon tre mau
giao, tii!u hoc, trung hoc, huiln nghi~p, cao d&ng va dai hoc va giao d\lc dai chung.
458

Ciao dlfc Vi~t Nam tiJi hi~n tt;li

3.1 Giao dl.Jc nha tre, rndu giao
Chl.Wng trlnh nha tn~ va mau giao dil khoi slf ttr tru'oc, nay tiep tllc phat tri~n. T~i mi~n
Nam, tru'oc nam 1975, cac nha tn~ va tru'ong mau giao do cac td chuc tu' nhan t&chuc, nay
dltqc chinh (juy~n dung ra chju trach nhi~m va khi\i Slfphal trii!n. MQt vai con sel thelng ke
du'l.~iday cho thily slf tang tru'ong cua b~c giao dl)c nay. V~ cac nha tre, nam 1975, c6
550.810 em va 78.590 nhan vien; nam 1986, sel cac em len tOi 1.127.831 va 157.964 nhan
vien. V~ cac tru'ong mau giao, nam 1986, c6 6.117 tru'ong, voi 1.768.938 hQc sinh va
76.059 co giao; nam 1995, c6 7.213 tru'ong, voi 1.931.611 hQc sinh va 75.034 co giao.
Chu'ong trlnh giao dl)c nha tre va mau giao khong cu'ilng bach, nen mQt sel tre em khong
den lru'ong va c6 thi! du'qc phI) huynh san s6c va d~y do tai nha.
3.2 Giao dl.Jc tiii'u hQc
Giao duc tii!u hQc hay con gQi la cilp I, giim 5 nam hoc ttr lOp I de'n lOp 5, du'qc xay
dlfng lai lilt d cac lang mac tren toim (juelc. Tai milt so khu vlfc, cilp tii!u hQc du'qc sat
nh~p voi la tru'ong cilp II hay trung hQc co so giang daY tlr lOp 1 den lOp 9. Chu'dng tdnh
giang daY cac lop lii!u hQc giim c6 cac man ticng Vi~t, loan, cong dan giao dl)c, khoa hoc
tlf nhien, ngh~ thU~I, am nhac, th~ dl)c th~ thao. Ngoai ra, hQc sinh can tham dlf bu6i chao
(juelc ky sang thu hai, thi! dl)c t~p thi! giUa budi hQc, cong tac cQng diing. Tai cac khu vlfc
c6 dan tQc thii!u sel, ngon ngu sac dan nay cUng du'qc giang daY. VII)' go thie'u giao vien,
nhilt la tai cac vung xa, vung nui, nhii\u tru'ong tii!u hQc dil khong' thlfc hi~n du'qc vi~c
giang daY till cii cac man hQc, nen dil taP trung vi~c giang daY vao cac 4 man hQc chinh la
tieng Vi~t, loan, cong dan giao dl)C va khoa hqc tu' nhien. Nam 1996, chinh quy~n d~t ke
hoach vao nam 2000, tilt cii cac man hQc se du'qc giang daY tai tilt cii cac tru'ong tii!u hQc
tren toan quel~. Vao nhung nam giln day, mQt sel man hqc mai du'qc giOi thi~u bac tii!u
hQc nhu' tin hQc, ky thua t, ngoai ngu. Nhung tru'ong tiEu hQc tai lhu do ho~c cac thanh phel
lOn, neu c6 dii\u ki~n v~ trang bj va giao vien, c6 thi! giang daY cac man hQc nay. Sach
giao khoa do BQ Giao dl)c bien SOan va iln hanh cho tilt d cac man hQc va cilp lop, c6
philn cho hQc sinh va philn hu'ong diln giang daY cho giao vien. Theo dlf djnh, sach giao
khoa se du'dc lhay the' djnh ky 5 nam cho phu hqp voi nhung slra d6i va ciii tie'n giao dl)c.
Phu'dng phap giang daY viin d~t n~ng vao cac s,kh giao khoa; trang khi d6, sach tham
khao khong nhii\u VI h~ thelng thu' vi~n hQe du'ong chu'a phat tri~n; nen giao vien d6ng mQI
vai tra quan trQng trang lOp hQc. Tuy vaY, voi Sl so lOp hQc tu'dng deli it la 40 hQc sinh,
nhi~u giao vien c6 thi~n chi va 6c sang tao c6 thi! thlfc hi~n phuong phap su pham tie'n bQ
voi slf d6ng g6p )' kien cua hQc sinh. Mi)t vai con so thong ke sau day cho thily sel hQc
sinh tii!u hQc trang thaP nien ttr lam 1986 den nam 1995. Trang nien kh6a 1986-1987, sel
hoc sinh tiEu hQc la 8.484.685, trang d6 c6 4.018.226 nu sinh; tai nien kh6a 1995-1996, sel
hQc tang len 10.218.169, trong d6 c6 4.869.986 nO'sinh.

459

1
Gido d{tc Vi~t Nam tui hi~n tf,li
VI thieu phong hQc, nen hfru het cac trtfang ticSuhQc chi d~y co mQt bu6i, bu6i sang
hoac bu6i chi~u. MQt 56 trtfang co t6 chuc ban tn], hQc sinh a l~i bu6i trtfa va hQc them
bu6i chi~u. Day chi la hQc them, hQc sinh tnl thu lao kern them cho giao vien rna khong
phiii mQt he th6ng giao dl)C giiing d~y nguyen ngay. Trong HQi ngh! giao dl)c t~i Da Nilng
nam 1995, mQt ke ho~ch giiing d~y nguyen ngay t~i cac trtfang tiu hl)c tren toan quac
phai dtf<;1cthtfc hien va holm tilt vao nam 20 I0 oii Otf(Jcchilp thu~n. Trong nien hQc 20012002, mQt 56 trtfang ticSuhQc t~i Ha NQi va mQt 56 thanh ph6 khac dii khai 51!thl!C hien
chtfdng trlnh giao dl)c nguyen ngay, hQc sinh hQc cac mon hQc vao ca bu6i sang va bu6i
chi~u, dtf<;1cnghi ngay thU bify va chu nh~t. D6ng thai vdl viec thl!c hien giang d~y
nguyen ngay, cae tien nghi giao dl)c nhtf thtf vien, phong hQc ngo~i ngu, phong hQc ky
thuat, phong taP th dl)c cling dtf<;1C
thiet lap. Diiy la mQt dim tien bQ oang kcSva rilt t6n
kern. Dtfdi thai Phap thuQC, 56 trtfang rilt it, viec giang d~y nguyen ngay oii co thcSthl!C
hien mQt cach d~ dang.
Sau Wp 5, hQc sinh thi lily b~ng ticSuhQc. TY s6 thi dau rilt.cao Iii' 80% Mn 100%. HQc
sinh thi dau Mu hQc, tiep tl)Ctheo hQc Wp 6 t~i trtfong trtfang cilp II, can gQi la trung hQC
cd 50.
V~ 56 ltf<;1ng,n~n giao dl)c ticSuhQc trong nhung nam qua, co thcSnoi da d~t dtf(Jc tieu
chuifn chung cua cac ntfdc tien bQ t~i A Chau. Tuy nhien, nhi~u nha giao dl)C dli quan tam
v~ chilt Itf<;1ng
giao dl)c bac hQc nay. DicSmquan tam thu nhilt la chtfdng trlnh tieng Viet va
loan qua nang va thieu thl!C te'. Nhi~u phI) huynh dii phan nan r~ng hQc sinh Wp 3, Wp 4
dii phai t6n hai ba ti6ng o6ng h6 m6i bu6i t6i rna v~n khong lam het bili, v~n chtfa hQc
thuQc bai. Nhi~u bai lam tieng Viet cua con em dtf(Jc phI) huynh chi d~n, rna co giao v~n
phe la kern. Co Ie di~u quan tam Wn nhilt cua cac nM giao dl)C, cua phI) huynh va cling la
cua chinh quy~n la hQc sinh phai hQc them, ngoai bu6i hQc chlnh thUc. HQc sinh otf(Jc d6n
ep trong cii hai bu6i hQc nen met moi, khong tiep thu dtf(Jc cac kien th(i'c, rilt co h~i cho
viec phat tricSnthcSxac va tinh thfrn cua 1U6itre, ph3n I~i phtfdng phap giao dl)C la hQc sinh
phai co hUng thtl va linh thfrn thoai mai trong vii;c hQCtaP thl viec giao dl)C mdi co ket
qua. Di~u dang bu6n a day la cac Wp hQc them l<,lido chlnh thfry co d~y ldp t6 chUc trong
nhung can nhii chat heP, thieu tien nghi, hQc sinh dua nhau theo hQc, deSdtf<;1C
dicSmcao,
khong mu6n thfry co bU6n, nhi~u phI) huynh ban ri)n vdi sinh ke, cling mu6n thfry co vita
d~y vita trong con cho. VI qua b~n vdi viec d~y them, thfrYco khong co nhi0u thl giO quan
tam Mn Wp hQc chlnh. yiec t6 chuc giang day nguyen ngay se lam giam bOt tlnh tqng
hQc them, d~y them.

3.3 Giao dt.Jctrung hQc, huffn nghieP va di)c biet

Giao dl)c trung hQc bao g6m 7 nam hQc, Iii'Wp 6 tdi Wp 12. B6n nam dfru, tit Idp 6 den
460

Ciao dl;lc Vi~tNam tdi hi~n t\li

lop 9 tai tnrang c1lp II hay trung hQc co sa, hQc sinh hQc cac mon tdng quat: tiilng Vi~t,
van hQc Vi~t Nam, sU',dia, cong dan giao d\!c, toan, Iy, hoa, sinh hQc, ngh~ thu~t, th~ d\!c
th~ thao va huan luy,~n quan st!, ngoai ngu, ky thu~t, cong tac cQng d6ng, th~ d\!c t~p th~
giua bu6i hQC, chao qu6c ky sang thu hai, cong tac thttc te ky thu~t, hll'ong nghi~p, thao
lu~n v~ de tai dac bi~t. Nhln qua danh sach cac mon hoc, ta thay hQc sinh c1lp nay dll'oc
hQc ddy au cac mon t6ng quat. V~ mon hQc ngoai ngu, da so' hQc sinh chQn tiilng Anh,
tiilp theo la tiilng Phap, tieng Nga.
HQc hilt lOp 9, hQc sinh phai thi vao lOp 10 cua trll'ang cap III, hay con gQi la trung hQc
ph6 thong. so' trll'(lng lo~i nay co gioi h~n, hQc sinh thi hong phai hQc trttang dan l~p, phai
tn\ hQc phi. Nhi~u hQc sinh than que phai nghi hqc VI ph\! huynh khong co kha nang tai
chinh. Hqc sinh hQc 3 nam t~i trll'ang nay vii.cu6i nam lOp 12, thi lay bling tu tai. d cap
hqc nii.y, hqc sinh chqn ba nganh hqc Iii.Ban A, Ban B hoac Ban C. Ban A la ban toan va
khoa hQc, nhan m~nh vao cac mon toan, Iy, hoa. Ban B Iii.ban khoa hQc ky thu~t, nhan
m~nh vao cac mon Iy, hoa, sinh, ky thu~t, toano Ban C Iii.ban khoa hqc xii hQi, nhan m~nh
vii.o cac mon van hqc Vi~t Nam, sU',dia, ngo~i ngu. Ngoii.i m6n hqc chinh, hqc sinh viin
phai hqc cae mon ph\! t6ng quat khac. Qua danh sach cac man hqc tren, ta thay v~ng bong
mQt s6 mon hqc nhll' kil toan, quan trj kinh doanh, Wm ly hqc, lu~t phap, xii hQi hqc, tin
hqc, truy~n thong dll'<Jccac trll'ang tay phttong giang d~y tu may mttoi nam qua. Cac mon
hQc nay chuan bi cho hQc sinh hqc t~p sau rQng hon b~c d~i hqc.
Trll'ang trung hQc co S(J hay trll'ang cap II dll'<Jcmil t~i kh5p noi, k~ ca t~i cac lang m~c
tai mien trung chau. Nho vay, da so' hQc sinh thon que co co hQi hQc hilt lop 9. Tuy nhien,
t~i cac vung xa, vung rung nui, so' trll'ang tren co gioi h~n va con em dan tQc thi~u so'
khong co nhi~u co hQi holl11tat bac hQc nay. Cac trll'ang cap III hay trll'ang trung hqc ph6
thong dll'<Jcrna t~i cac huy~n, it nhat mQt trll'ang tai mili huy~n. MQt vai xii Ion hoac hai
ba xii Ion Ian Can, v(ji nhi~u hqc sinh, cling dll'<;IC
rna lo~i trttang nay. Vi~c thi dau vao hQc
lOp 10 Iii.d mQt van d~ VI thi cU'kho, VI hqc hii.nh xa nhii. t6n kem tren huy~n. Cling nhll'
cac trll'ang ti~u hqc, hqc sinh trung hqc, nhat Iii.hqc sinh cac lOp 10, II, 12 phai hqc them
cac man hqc chinh ngoii.i gia hqc t~i trll'ang voi hy vQng dau cao lOp 12, voi hy vqng thi
d~u vao cac nganh hqc ll'a thieh
b~c d~i hqc. Day Iii. m6i 10 au IOn lao nhat cua ph\!
huynh tren bll'oc dll'ang vao d~i hqc cua con em va nhi~u ph\! huynh dii hy sinh ca co
nghi~p M dii.nh trong nhi~u nam cho tll'ong lai hqc van cua the M sau.

Cling nhll' bac ti~u hqc, sach giao khoa do BQ Giao d\!c xuat ban, hqc sinh phai mua.
Tuy nhien, fJ bac trung hqc co nhi~u sach giao khoa cua cac giao vien co kinh nghi~m
bien so~n. Tuy kh6ng phai la sach giao khoa chinh thuc, nhll'ng cac sach nii.y dll'<;Icnhieu
hqc sinh mua d~ hqc them, dE lii.mthem bili t~p. Phll'ong phap giang day van dat nang vao

461

Giao

dl:lc

Vi~t Nam ((ji hi~n t{li

sach giao khoa va vai tro cua giao vien tra thanh rilt quan trQng. Tuy nhien, nhi6u giao
vien ciing co khuye'n khich viec dong gop oj kie'n cua hQc sinh.
Mqt vai con s6 th6ng ke sau day cho thily s6 hQc sinh b~c trung hQc Cd sa ti:t Idp 6 de'n
Idp 9 trang th~p nien ti:t nam 1986 de'n nam 1995. Trong nien khoa 1986-1987, s6 hQc
sinh nily lil 3.264.520, trang do co 1.576.397 nii' sinh; de'n nien khoa 1995-1996, s6 hQc
sinh nay len tdi 4.312.074, trong do c6 2.016.094 nii' sinh. V6 s6 hQc sinh t'li cac tru'Clng
trung hQc ph6 thong ti:t Wp 10 de'n Wp 12, cGng trong th~p nien t~en nhu' sau: trong nien
khoa 1986-1987, s6 hQc sinh nay la 917.593, trang do c6 428.220 nii' sinh; tdi nien khoa
1995-1996, s6 hQc sinh nay tang len 1.019.480, trong do co 457.793 nii' sinh. Nhin qua
nhii'ng con 1>6th6ng ke tren, ta thily du'l;JCs6 hQc sinh a cac tru'Clngtrung hQc ph6 thong
chu'a du'l;JC1/3 s6 hQc sinh a cac tru'Clngtrung hQCCd sa, co nghia la co tdi tren 2/3 hQc sinh
Wp 9 khong thi d~u vao Wp 10 va phai nghi hQC.So sanh nhii'ng con s6 th6ng ke nay vdi
con s6 th6ng ke v6 s6 hQc sinh b~c tiu hQc, ta thily du'l;JCvao nien khoa 1995-1996, co tdi
10.218.169 hQc sinh tiu hQc, nhu'ng a cac tru'Clngtrung hQt cd'sa trang cung mqt nien
kh6a, chi co 4.312.074 hQc sinh. Nhu' v~y, rilt nhi6u hQc sinh Mu hQc d1i nghi hQc sau b~c
hQc nay. Theo ke' hO'lch cua Bq Giao dl)c va lao t'lO thi vao nam 2000, se co 60% hQc
sinh h1a tu6i 12-15 hQc he't Wp chin va 40% hQc sinh lUa tu6i 16-18 hQc he't Wp 12. Nhu'
v~y c6 nghia la khoiing 70% hQc sinh hQc he't Wp chin' theo hQc t'li cac tru'Clngcilp III,
cong l~p ho1jc dan l~p. Bq Giao dl)c va lao t'lO cGng co ke' hO'lch thie't I~p cac tru'Clng
trung hQc hQc hai bu6i, cii bu6i sang va bu6i chi6u nhu' mqt s6 tru'ang tit!u hQc. Hien t'li,

mqt s6it tru'Clngtrung hQc dii khai sl)'chu'dng tdnh nay.

Chinh quy6n co chinh sach nang do d1jc biet cac nhom dan tqc thit!u s6. Nhi6u tru'Clng
nqi trU danh cho cac d5c dan nay du'l;Jcthanh I~p t'li nhi6u ndi. Cac sac dan nay du'l;JChQc
t~p ngon ngii' s5c tqc, ne'u di6u kien cho phep, cung vdi tie'ng Viet la ngon ngii' chinh thuc.
l6ng thClivdi viec phat trit!n chu'dng tdnh giao dl)c ph6 thong, chu'dng tdnh giao dl)c
huiln nghieP cGng du'l;JCpMt trin song song va phat trit!n m'lnh ti:t nam 1985. Vao nam
1991, s6 tru'Clnglen Wi 270 giiing d'lY nhi6u nganh kMc nhau nhu' cong ky ngIte, nang
nghieP, lam nghieP, ngu' nghieP, van hoa, nghe thu~t, my nghe, dien kinh ... Cac tru'Clng
10'li nay chu'a du'l;JCtrang bi d~y. dil cac dl)ng cl) nhilt la cac may moc hien d'li. Vao nien
khoa 1986-1987, cac tru'Clngtrung hQc huiln nghieP co 52.984 hQc sinh; s6 nay tang len
69.057 hQc sinh vao nien khoa 1995-1996. V6 phu'dng dien hQc ngh6, tdnh dq thilp hdn,
nien khoa 1986-1987 co 119.783 hQc sinh; vao nien khoa 1995-1996, s6 nay giiim xu6ng
con co 79.488 hQc sinh.
~
Giao dl)c d1jc biet mdi du'l;JCphat trit!n t'li Viet Nam. Tru'dc kia, chu'dng trinh giao dl)c
nay d1ico, nhu'ng chu'a du'l;JCt6 chuc hoan bi va chu'a co tinh cach qu6c gia. Mily nam g~n
day, nha vien trl;Jcila Chinh phil Ha Lan (Holland), mqt chu'dng tdnh hufrn 1uyen giao vien
462

Gido d(tc Vi~t Nam toi hi~n t(li

d(ic bi~t dimh cho giao chUc da dl1,!c t6 chuc t,!i l,!i hQc Qu6c gia Ha NQi va l,!i hQc
Quac gia Thanh ph6 H6 Chi Minh. T,!i lai hqc SI1ph,!m Hit NQi, Khoa Giao d~c d(ic bi~t
da dl1e1cthanh l~p. BQ Giao D~c va lao T,!o cung da c6 cd quan chju trach nhi~m v~
nganh giao d~c nay. Vi~t Nam c6 hang nghln hqc sinh khuye't t~t t,!i m6i tMnh ph6 va'
m6i dnh do may ch~c nam chie'ntranh va t~ h,!i nhat la do chat dQCda cam My da tha
xu6ng til may bay t,!i nhi~u neli tren lanh th6 gay ra.
3.4 Giao d\lc cao diing va dl.li hQC

Sau khi Vi~t Nam dl1,!c th6ng nhat, hai h~ th6ng giao d~c cao dAng va d,!i hqc t,!i hai
mi~n Nam, B~c dl1(Jcth6ng nhat va khdi sl! thl!c hi~n til gjai do,!n 1975-1979.
Vao nien kh6a 1980-1981, Vi~t Nam c6 85 trl10ng cao dAng va d,!i hqc, trong d6 co 33
trl10ng sl1ph,!m. Toi nien kh6a 1989-1990, so' trl10ng len toi 105 va g6m co 60 d,!i hQC,45
cao diing. Toi nien kh6a 2000-2001, s6trl1ong len toi 138, trang so' do co 36 d,!i i19Cdan
l~p va mQt trl10ng cao dAng dan I~p. Cac trl10ng dai hqc va cao dhg duqc t6 chuc nhl1

c
c
n
g

g
n
n
1,

sau:
D(li h9C Quik gia: hai l,!i hqc Qu6c gia. l,!i hqc Qu6c gia Hit NQi dl1,!c thanh I~p vao
nam 1994 va l,!i hqc Qu6c Gia Thanh ph6 H6 Chi Minh dl1,!c thanh laP vilO nam 1995.
D(li h9C Khu v,!c: l,!i hQCThai Nguyen g6m cac trl10ng l,!i hqc SI1 ph,!m, l,!i hqc Y
khoa, l,!i hQc Ky thu~t Cong nghi~p va l,!i hQCCel va li~n hQC.l,!i hQc Hue' g6m l,!i
hqc SI1ph,!m, l,!i hqc Nang Lam, l,!i hqc Y khoa, Trl10ng Cao dAng Ngh~ thu~t. l\li hqc
la Nang g6m l':li hqc SI1ph,!m, l':li hqc Ky thu~t, l,!i hQc Kinh te', l\li hqc Ngo,!i ngii'.
Ngoai ra, con c6 cac d':li hQc khac la l,!i hqc Ciln Thel, l,!i hqc la L'!t, l,!i hQc Tiiy
Nguyen (Buon Me ThUQt), l,!i hQc HJi Phllng va l,!i hQc Thanh H6a.
D(li h9C bi?t l(ip. Ngoai cac d,!i hqc bao g6m mQt so' trl1ong, nhi~u d,!i hQc khac dUng
rieng re, hoan toan dQC laP, c6 trl10ng kha !dn nhl1 l,!i hQC Bach khoa Hi! NQi, l\li hQc
Ngo\li thl1e1ng,l,!i hqc SI1ph,!m, l,!i hqc Thl1e1ngm,!i, l,!i hQc Giao thong, l,!i hqc Kinh
te', l,!i hoc Lu~t, l,!i hQc Van h6a ... t,!i Hi! NQi va mQt s6d,!i hQc tl1e1ngtl! t\li mQt so'
thanh ph6!dn khac.
Tn.liJng Cao ddng. C6 nhi~u trl10ng cao diing chuyen nghi~p v~ mQi li:nh vl!c nhl1 cong
ngh~, ngan hang, btfU di~n, di~n anh, truy~r\ thong, am nh,!c ...dl1,!c tMnh I~p t,!i tho do
cung nhl1 cac thiinh ph6 Ion. V~ cac trl10ng sl1 ph,!m, ngoai cac truang l,!i hQc Su ph,!m
dao t'!o giao vien cac truang cap 111, hQc 4 nam, nhl1 da neu tren; mai dnh, m6i thi!nh ph6
d~u c6 mQt trl1ang cao dAng sl1 ph,!m, dao t'!o cac giao vien trl10ng cap I va cap II, hQc
trang 3 nam. Ngoai ra, con c6 mQt s6trl1ong sl1ph,!m m~u giao.

n
n
463

Giao d{lc Vift Nam Mi hifn t(li

55 sinh vien da gia tang mQt cach dang ki\' nhilt la sau ngay rna ctYattt cu5i th~p nien
1980. Nien kh6a 1986.1987 c6 127.312 sinh vien; nien kh6a 1989.1990 c6 138.566; nien
kh6a 1995-1996 c6 414.183 sinh vien; nien kh6a 2000-2001 c6 Wi 1 tri~u sinh vien, trong
d6 sinh vien cac trll'ong dan I~p len toi 80.000, tuc la 8%. Nhin vao nhiIng con s5 th5ng ke
tren, ta thily 6 nam sau ngay rna cU'a tU nam 1989 Mn nam 1995, s5 sinh vien tang g5n
gilp 3 lfin, ttt 138.566 len Mn 414.183 va sau 11 nam sau ngay rna ctYattt nam 1989 Mn
nam 2000, s5 sinh vien tang le'n Mn 7 Iftn, ttt 138.566 Mn 1.000.000. 55 sinh vien tang
nhi~u, nhll'ng vlln chll'a thoa man nhu du hqc t~p cua s5 hQc sinh hoan tilt ldp 12 VI rilt
nhi~u hqc sinh khang thi d~u vao cac d<j.ihqc qu5c l~p, mQt.s5 c6 khii nang tai chinh theo
hqc t<j.icac d<j.ihqc dan I~p, mQt s5 khac nghi hqc.
. Hqc sinh mu5n theo hqc d<j.ihqc, phai qua mQt ky thi tuyi\'n. Ky thi vao ldp 10 da kh6,
ky thi nay con kh6 hdn nhi~u. Ngay sau khi hoan tilt ky thi t5t nghi~p trung hqc ph6
thang, hqc sinh phai chuyen chli vao vi~c luy~n thi d<j.ihqc. Phl) huynh I<j.iphai chi tieu
them, gtYicon em len thanh ph5hqc t~p. Giang \lien b~n rQ!1..voi.viec luy~n thi, khang c6
ngay nghi he. Hfiu he't cac nll'oc tren the' gidi da ap dl)ng viec tuyi\'n sinh vien vao cac
nganh hqc d<j.ihqc qua s5 dii\'m thi lop 12. Viet Nam chll'a ap dl)ng thi\' thU"cnay, c6 Ie e
ng<j.inhii'ng I<j.mdl)ng do ky thi t5t nghieP trung hqc ph6 thang. Ap dl)ng thi\' thUc lily
dii\'m thi ldp 12 se tranh dll'CJct5n kern cho phl) huynh; h<;>csinh, giang vien dll'CJcnghi ngdi
sau mQt nam lam viec.
V~ chll'dng trinh giao dl)c, ngoai cac man hqc chuyen nganh, sinh vien con hqc cac
man: chu nghla Mac-Lenin (Marxism-Leninism) va lich stYDang, Them vao d6, trll'oc khi
t5t nghi~p d<j.ihqc, sinh vien phai hoan tilt chll'dng trinh h9C t~p ngo<j.ingii'. Tren Iy thuye't,
vi~c hqc man ngo<j.ingiI rilt c6 ich ICJi,giup sinh vien cd hQi nghien CUu va h9C hoi them
cling nhll' c6 lCJidii\'m trong nhan dl)ng. Nhll'ng thl)'c te', cac trll'ong t6 chuc viec h9C ngo<j.i
ngii' chll'a dll'CJchoan hao, nen sinh vien phiii theo hqc them t<j.icac ldp h9C tll'. Viec giiing
d<j.yt<j.icac lop h9C ngo<j.ingii' tll'.hay cang it dem I<j.ike't qua thl)'c te'vi thie'u giiing vien va

ldp h9C dang, sinh vien it c6 dip thl)'c hanh.

V~ viln d~ t6 chUc va di~u hilnh, mQt s5 trll'ong khang chi thuQc BQ Giao dl)c va Dao
t<j.omacon thuQc cac bQ khac nhll'D<j.i h9C Van h6a thuQc BQ Van h6a, D<j.ihqc Lu~t
thuQc BQ Tll' phap ... BQ Giao dl)c va Dao t<j.odll'CJcthilnh I~p voi ml)c dich giao dl)c, VI the',
tilt c~ cac trll'ong ttt tii\'u h9C len Mn d<j.ih9C phai do bQ nay t6 chUc va kii\'m soat. V~ cac
ti~n Iighi giao dl)c, cac d<j.ih9C con thie'u th5n nhi~u. Phong thi nghiem cli ky, thie'u nhan
vien chuyen man, nhi~u man khoa h9C ky thu~t chi giang d<j.yIy thuye't, s5 sinh vien qua
dang, 'dil c6 mu5n thl)'Ct~p cling kh6 khan. He th5ng thll' vi~n con kha ngheo nan, rilt it thll'
vien c6 khii nang cung cilp du 10<j.isach tham khiio cho sinh vien, rilt it thll' vi~n c6 M
thGng sach bao mo, c6 nghla la sinh vien c6 thi\' tt! ch9n tai lieU dn thie't mQt each dil
dang.
464

"

Ciao due
., Viet Nam tai hien
. tai
.

v 6 thanh

ph~n nhin vien giang huan, so giang vien con thie'u nhi6u. Nhi6u giang vien
phai d~y nhi6u truong, kh6ng du thai gian danh cho truong chinh. H~u nhu kh6ng mOt
giang vien, mOt giao su d~i hC)cnao danh trC)nthai gian cho truang voi giO d~y, gia ng~ien
cW, gia tiep xuc voi sinh vicn di! chi dan them. Giao trlnh phfrn nhi~u la t~p tai li(:u cG
ky, rat it giang vien doi hoi sinh vien phili dC)cthem nhii'ng sach tham khao khac. Phudng
phap giang d~y c6 di~n, th~y giang bai, ho(ic dQc ch~m cho sinh vien ghi chep, co rilt it
d~i hC)ct6 chuc giang d~y theo phudng phap tien bO theo dung tinh th~n d~i hC)c,ngoai gia
giang, c(ln co cae gia thao lu~n, sinh vien co th6 neu nhii'ng th~c m~c, cung voi giang vien
va lop hoc thao lu~n, co it truang doi hili sinh vien lam bai ki6m, bai lam sau m6i chu d6,
bai nghien cuu trang nam hC)c.Vicc ki6m tra danh gia dUl)Ccan cu vao thi cli' cuoi hC)cky,
c.u6i nam qua giao trlnh cua giang vien. Nhi~u sinh vien luoi bie'ng, kh6ng hC)cbai thuang
xuyen, hC)ctil gan ngay thi ho(ic quay cop bai vi1.
so' sinh vien tot nghicp d~i hC)chang nam, chua dap ung nhu cau giao dl)c cua sinh
vien va cGng kh6ng dap ung dUl)Cnhu cau nh5.n dl)ng. Co nhii'ng nganh hC)cthie'u nh5.n
vien nhu cae nganh ky thuat ung dl)ng, cac truang kh6ng dao t'io duo Trang khi do s6 sinh
vien t6t nghicp cac nganh t6ng quat nhu giao dl)c, khoa hC)cxii hOi, kinh te'... qua nhi6u.
MOt s6 sinh vien tot nghicp d~i hC)c,khong tlm du<Jcvi(:c lam, s6ng quanh qu11nt~i thU do
ho(ic cac thanh pho lOn, tlm bat cu cong vi(:c gl dii khong hqp voi kha nang, cho cd hQi.
VI nhu cfru nh5.n dl)ng, 80 Giao dl)c va Dao t~o dii cho phep mi1 nhii'ng khoa hC)ct~i
chuc. Nhii'ng kh6a hqc nily ch1(,JC t6 chuc taj nhiu neli M giup cac hC)cvien hi(:n dang lilm
vicc c6 e(l hOi thang tien ngh~ nghi(:p. Chudng tdnh nay cGng tuelng tll nhu chUelng tdnh
G~i hQc mil ho(ic giao dl)c ham thl) cua nhi6u d~i hQe tren the gioi. Tuy nhien, i1 Vi(:t
Nam, chinh 80 Giao dl)c eGng kh6ng danh gia dung mile chudng trlnh nay VI tren van
bhng co ghi "/1,1; ehUe", co nghla la kh6ng co gia trj tUdng duelng voi van bhng chinh thuc.
Do do, nhi6u nguoi nghi nga thtfc chat va ke't qua hC)ct~p cua chuelng trlnh nay. d cac dai
hoc khac tren the' gioi, ke't qua hC)ctaP i1 Gai hC)cmi1 hay ham thl) cGng c6 gia trj nhtt dai
hQc ehinh thuc.
V~ nganh cao hqc va tien sl, Vi(:t Nam dllO tao m6i nam mOt s6 kha IOn van bhng th~c
sl (cao hqc), va tien sl, m(ic dau cac tai lieu nghien CW, cae saeh tham kMo t'ii cae thu
vi(:n con thieu thon, nhat ia v6 cac nganh khoa hoc, ky thuat.
V6 phudng dicn giao dl)c dai chung, ehUelng tdnh giao dl)c ch6ng nan mu chii' tie'p t\lC
phat tri~n tai kh~p neli. Trang hi(:n t~i, Viet Nam co s6 nguoi bie't dC)cbie't vie't kha cao
voi 94 % diin so'.
Chuelng tdnh giao dl)c tai Vi(:t Nam phat tri6n rat dang khich 1(:,m(ic d~u d5t nuoc trai
qua gfrn 100 nam Phap thuOc, may ehl)c nam ehie'n tranh, mOt phfrn tu the ky phiin chia
dat mtoc vii nhii'ng kh6 khan v~ kinh te sau ngay th6ng nhfft. Stf pMt tri~n nily v~ phudng
465

Gido d(lc Vi~t Nam t6i hi~n tf,li

di~n cha't ht<;lngdn phai dU<;lCciii tien, quan tam nhieu dn cac phuong di~n t6 chuc va
dieu Mnh, phuong pMp giang d~y, chlrong trlnh giao dlfC va c6 Ie dieu quan tam IOn nha't
d day Ia nang cao doi s6ng v~t cha't cua giao chUc d8 hq c6 th8 danh trqn thai gian cho
c6ng tac giao dlfC. Nhung kh6 khan ma Vi~t Nam phai duong d~u cGng la kh6 khan chung
cua cac qu6c gia tren duong phat tri8n. Sau ngay md cU'a vao cu6i th~p nien 1980, tlnh
tr')ng giao dlfC dil pMt tri8n dang k8. Hy vqng r~ng nhung nam ke' tie-p, Vi~t Nam se nang
cao gia trj giao dlfCve mqi phuong di~n, tuong tl! nhu dil pMt tri8n ,ve s6Iu<;lng.

Tizi li?u tham khdo:

- DUlfng Qudng Hilm, Vift Nam Thi van Hr;p Tuyin. Sili Con. BI) Ciao D~e, 1968.
- Duong Quung Hilm, Vift Nam van H<;eSit Yeu. Sili Cr)n, BI) Ciao D~c, 1968.
-Doiln Huy Oanh, QuJc van hlp 7. Sili Cr)n, Nhi1n wai, 1973.
- Nguyln Di1ng Tii!n, Lich sit giao d~c Vift Nam trutJc Cach Mang ThUng Tam 1945. Hil N(Ji, Nhil Xuul Bun
Ciao D~L', 1996.

- Nguyln QuJc Thiing, TU dii!n nhi1n vQtlieh sit Vift Nam. Hil N(ii, Nhil XU"t Bun Van HrJa, 1993.
'":Phgm Minh Hf;lC, Vietnam's Education, the current position and future prospects. Hil N{)i, The' Gitii
Puhlisher, 1998.
- Pham van Son, Vift Sit Toiln Thu. Sili Con, Thu Lam An Quan, 1960.
- Phan Tr9ng Bau, Cicio d~e Vift Nam IMi cQn daL Hil N(ii, Nhil XuJt Bun Khoa H(JCxa HI)i, 1994.
- Tien H<;cLl. TP Ht, Chi Minh, Nha Xudt Bun Tri!, 1993.
- T,,1n H,1ng Dl1e, Cae Vi Trang Nguyen, Bung Nhdn, ThUm Hoa. Hil N(ji, Nhil xual Bun Van Hoa ThOng Tin,
1998.
- Trinh van Thanh, Thanh Ngil, Din Tich, Danh Nhi1n TU min. Sili C,)n, Ban Tu Thu Sieng H<;c,1966 .

.,

466

. Chlidng 31

Ngimh sli phfJ-mthi

ky

thu 20 va tfJi hifn tfJ-i

'.
I. Nganh su phl,lm vao ti~n ban the' ky thu 20
1. Truong Su' phl,lm dao tl,lOgiao vien tilfu hQc
2. Tru'ong Su phl,lm dao tQa giao vien trung hQc clip I
3. Truong Cao d~ng Su phl,lm dao tl,lo giao vien tiiu hQc va trung hQC
4. Truong Dl,Ii hQc Su phl,lm dao tl,lOgiao vien trung hQc
II. Nganh su phl,lm vao hiju ban the' ky thu 20 va toi hi\ln tl,li
1. N(li dung chudng trinh giang dl,lY
2. Phudng phap giang dl,lY
3. Danh gia

Nganh su' ph(lm trong the' ky tM 20 dii c6 nhung tie'n bQ Wn, ph at xullt t(li cac nl10c tay
phu'dng, Ian trim ra khiip the' gioi. Chu'dng nay se ban Wi t6 chti"cnganh su' ph(lm vaa ti~n
ban the' ky voi tht!c tr(lng va nhung cai tie'n; sau d6 la thai ky hoan thi~n nganh 511ph(lm
trang Mu ban the' ky va Wi hi~n t(li.
I. Nganh su phl,lm vao ti~n ban the' ky thu 20
Nhung quan dil5m giao dl)C moi dii philn ilnh tlnh ~r(lng kinh te', xii hQi, chinh tri, van
h6a, ky thu~t, dan 56 the' gioi tu dfru the' ky thti"20. Giaa dl)c hi~n t(li khong con la d~c
quy~n cua con em giai clip thu'<;1ng1u'U,trung 1u'U;rna con la cd hQi cha mQi hQc sinh thuQc
moi tfrng Wp dan chung tu tMnh thj de'n than que. Le dI nhien, cd hQi nay con tbuy thuQc
tlnh tr(lng kinh te' cua mili qu6c gia. D6i voi cac qu6c gia ch~m tie'n, nganh 511ph(lm <:'1
dfru
the' ky thti"20 con 0 vaa thoi ky kh<:'1i
st!. D6i voi cac qu6c gia tie'n bQ, nganh 511ph(lm da
phat tril5n m(lnh vao cu6i the' ky thti" 19, nay dl1<;1C
t6 chti"c hoan bj va d(lt toi trlnh dQ sl1
ph(lm d(li hoc va cao hoc.

I. Tru'ong Su phl,lm dao tl,lo giao vil!n tilfu hQc

T(li hfru het cac qu6c gia ch~m tien va ngay cii t(li mQt 56 cac qu6c gia Au Chau, nganh
sl1ph(lm dao t(lOcac giaa vien til5u hoc vao dfru the ky tM 20 thl1ang chI doi hoi trlnh dQ
haan tllt nganh til5u hoc voi 5 ho~c 6 nam hQC.T(li cac trl1ang 511ph(lm 10(li nay, giaa sinh
dl1<;1C
hoc t~p tu 3 Mn 5 nam tuy theo qu6c gia va dl1<;1C
hoc t~p cac man hoc M giang
d')y t')i cac trl1ang til5u hQc cung voi cac giO tht!c t~p. Cac man hQc tam Iy su' ph(lm,
phl1dng phap 511ph(lm, so')n thaa chl1dng trlnh chl1a dl1<;1c'
giang d(lYchi tiet nen trlnh dQ
467

N ganh sil ph(,Im the' ky thu 20 va tcJi hifn t(,Ii

kien thd'c chuyen nghi~p cua cac giao sinh con rat gioi h<)n.
2. Truong Su ph~m dao t~o giao vien trung hQc dip I
T<)icac tru'ang su' ph<)m lo<)inay, hQc sinh phai hoan tilt b~c cao d~ng ti~u hqc, tU'cIll.2
ho~c 3, 4 nam dgu cua b~c trung hqc. Giao sinh hqc t~p trang khoang thai gian tll 3 den 4
nam, voi cac mon hqc tdng quat M giang day mQt vai mon hqc t<)icac cilp lOp dgu cua
b~c trung hQc. Cung nhu'tru'ang su' ph<)m dao t<)ogiao vien ti~u hqc, cac mon su' ph<)m 0
day con rat ddn gian.
3. Truong Cao d~ng Su ph~m dao t~o giao vien tiiu hQc va trung hQc
Tru'ang su' ph<)m lo<)inay co trlnh dQ cao hdn cac tru'ang su' ph<)m tren. Hqc sinh muon
ghi ten hqc phai hoan tilt b~c giao dl)c trung hqc, co nghia Ill.phai co it nhilt ti't 5 den 7
nam hqc trung hqc. Nhu' v~y, trlnh dQ hqc viln cua cac sinh vien nay cung tlf(Jng Ili nhu'
cac sinh vien d<)ihqc. Thai gian hqc t~~ t<)icac tru'ang cao d~ng su' ph<)m tll 2 den 3 nam.
T<)iday, cac giao sinh dU<Jchqc t~p cac mon hqc giang d<)yva cac mon su' ph<)m nhu' tam
ly su' ph<)m, phu'dng phap su' ph<)m va cac gia thlfC t~p. Cac mon su' ph<)m (j day co tinh
cach sau rQng hdn VI cac giao sinh nay da co ou kien thd'c tdng quat M hqc hoi va tiep
nh~n. Hoan tilt khoa hqc, cac giao sinh dlt<;Jcbd nhi~m giao vien ti~u hQc ho~c trung hqc
tuy theo nganh hQCva tuy theo m6i qu6c gia.
4. Truong Vl.Ii hQc Su phl.lm dao tl.lOgiao vien trung hQc
Vil co mQt sO'qu6c gia (j Au Chau, Bac My Chau va Nh~t Ban co chu'dng trlnh giao
dl)c su' ph<)m o<)i hqc vao cu6i the ky thd' 19 va tiep tuc phat tri~n vao the ky thd' 20.
Thong thu'ang, cac giao sinh (j clay ou'<;JchQc t~p 3 nam cac mon hqc tGng qual IUYtheo
mon hoc giang d<)ycung voi mi)l nilm su' ph<)m. Trang nam su' ph<)m nay, cac giao sinh
hqc cac mon ly thuyet cung voi mon thlfc t~p keo dai trang nhi~u !Ugn. Cung co qu6c gia
td chd'c nganh hQc nay voi 3 nam hqc. Trang tru'ang h<;Jpnay, 2 nam danh cho cac mon .
hqc tdng quat va mQt nilm su' ph<)m. Cac mon hqc su' ph<)m thu'ang clu'<Jchqc xen ke voi
cac mon hqc tdng quat ti't nam thd' 2 ho~c nam thd' 3 va nhiln m<)nh vao nam cu6i cung.
Mon thlfc hanh ou'<;Jcchu trqng d~c bi~t vao nam cu6i. Tuy nhien, giao sinh du'<;Jchu'ong
dan trang khi quan sat cac gia d<)yt<)icac tru'ang trung hqc tll nilm thd' nhilt.
II. Nganh sit phl.lm vao Mu ban the' ky thu 20 va Wi hi~n tl.li
Nganh su' ph<)m clu'<;Jc
hoan bi tll nhting nilm clfrucua h~u ban the kyo Nhting tru'ang su'
ph<)mdao t<)orieng re giao vien ti~u hqc, cao o~ng ti~u hQc, trung hqc clu'<;Jc
dfrn diln thay
the bang cac tru'ang cI<)ihoc su' ph<)m giang day 4 nam M ciao t<)ogiao vien ti~u hqc hay
468

I,

Ngimh su phqm the' ky th({20 va tai hi~n t(ji

trung hQc va sinh vien phai holm tat chuong trlnh giao dl)c trung hQc. Tuy nhien, cho de'n
hi<$nt,!i, mot so quoc gia dang phat tritn van c6 cac truang su ph,!m giang d,!y 3 nam. T,!i
nhi~u truang dai hqc su ph,!m, mot so sinh vien da hoan tat chuong trinh d,!i hqc, c6 van
bfrng Cll nhan duoc ghi ten theo hQc su p1wm va thai gian hQc t~p lil tu mot toi hai nam.
Nhu v~y, cac sinh vien nay trClthanh giao vien sau 4 cte'n 6 nam hQc, 3 ho(i.c 4 nam cit
nhan va mot ho(i.c 2 nam su ph,!m.
1. N(li dung ehu'dng trlnh giang d~y
Cac giang vien huang dan giao sinh chQn nganh hqc can cu vao sCIthich ca nhan va ke't
qua hQc taP lOp 12. Giao sinh d,.IYcac truang trung hqc chqn hai mon va se d,!Y ha~ mon
nay ttt lOp khili su Wi lOp cao nhat b~c trung hqc sau khi tot nghi<$p.Hai mon nay c6 tht la
hai mon lien quan nhu toan va Iy, h6a va sinh hqc ...Nhung cilng c6 tht la hai mon khong
lien quan tuy theo sCIthich cua giao sinh nhu toan va dja Iy, ngo,!i ngu va Ijch sit...Ngoai
nhung mon hqc cll ditn nhu toan, Iy, h6a, Ijch sit, dia Iy, ngo,!i ngu ..., nhi~u mon hQc moi
du'Qc giang d,!y nhu ke toan, quan tr! kinh doanh, truy~n thong; thu vi<$n,thuong m,!i, lu~t
phap, triet hqc, xa hOi hqc, tam Iy hqc, kinh te, kinh te gia dlnh, cac mon ky thu~t...
Giao sinh d,!y Idp tai cac tru'ang ti~u hQc phai hqc cac mon tllng quat la ngon ngu,
toan, khoa hqc, nhan van, xa hoi, tam ly. Nganh titu hqc con co cac giao vien chuyen bi<$t
giang d,!y cac mon hqc nhu thu vi<$n,ky thu~t, ngh<$thu~t, am nh,!c, tht dl}c thi! thao,
ngo,!i ngu. Giao sinh chQn hqc mot trong cac mon hqc nay cong voi cac mon hQc tllng
quat. Giao vien chuyen bi<$tc6 tht day lOp hOac chi d,!y mon chuycn bi<$t.Trang khi d6,
giao vien d,!y lOp khong tht d,!y mon chuyen bi<$t.Trong hai, ba nam hqc d~u, giao sinh
dUQchuang dan di quan sat t,!i cac truang titu hqc va trung hqc cilng nhu tham dl)' nhung
giai d,!y cua cac Wp dan anh s~p ra truang .
. Nam thu tu hay nam hqc cu5i cung la nam su ph,!m, giao sinh trung hqc hqc mon
phuong pMp giang d,!y I va phuong phap giang d,!y 2. Giao sinh co van bfrng cit nhan
hqc hai phuong phap tuy thuoc van nOi dung van bfrng cit nhan. Giao sinh d,!y titu hqc va'
giao sinh co van bfrng cit nhan hqc mon phuong phap giang d,!y tllng quat. Giao vien
chuyen bi<$thqc mon phuong phap gi:l.ng d,!y chuyen bi<$tva ca mon phuong phap gi:l.ng
d,!y tllng quat. Ngoai fa, cac giao sinh phai hqc cac mon triet ly giao dl)c, tam Iy giao dl)c,
tam Iy xa hOi, tam Iy tulli tn~, chuong trlnh giang d,!y, quan tr! hqc duong. Mot vai mon
hqc su ph,!m dUQcgiang d,!y xen ke voi cac mon tllng quat tu nam thu 2. Quan trqng nhat
Iil thai gian thuc t~p. Thai gian nay t5i thifu lil 45 ngay, toi da la 60 ngay hay hon nua,
tuy theo quoc gia. Giao sinh phai thl)'Ct~p it nhat (j hai truong khac nhau. Cu5i giai do,!n
thl)'c taP, giao sinh phai hoan toan di~u khifn lop hqc nhu mot giao vien thl)'c thl) trong

469

N gi'mh sl1 ph(}m the'

ky

thri 20

va tai

hifn t(}i

mQtthoi gian tu mQt toi hai tugn l~. C6 nghia Iii giao sinh phai so~n biii, giang biii, cham
bili voi khoang 18 gia (18x60 phut) d~y trang tugn ding nhu tham du cac bu6i hop. Giao
vien huang dfrn t~i truang dong mQt vai tra quan tn.Jng trang vi~c thlfc t!ip cua giao sinh.
Sau moi gio thlfc t!iP, giao sinh tlf ki~m di~m VilOban ket qua thlfC t!ip, giao vii:n huang
dfrn nh!in djnh va phe blnh tiep theo. Cueli giai do,!n thlfc t!ip, gitio vien hudng dfrn se
quyet dinh "dgu" hay "hong"sau khi da thao lu!in voi giao sinh. Truang h<Jpphi: "hong",
giao vien huang dfrn thuang thao lu!in voi giang vien d~i hQc su ph,!m huong dfrn giao
sinh. Giao sinh bi phe hong, phai hoiin tat ky thlfC t!ip trong nam !Oi.
2. Phlidng ph3p giang d~y
Phuong phtip giilng d,!y til phuong phap dii\n giang, thao lu!in va di:it trQng tam vao
giao sinh. Thong thuang moi mon hQc co 4, 5 giO (60 phut) g6m 2 giO giang va 2-3 giiJ
thilo tu!in vai nh6m nho. Giao sinh phili hi~n di~n teli thi~u 80% trang cac giO thilo lu!in,
phili tham gia d6ng g6p y kien trang cac gia thao lu!in, phili'lgn lu<Jttdnh bay bili tham
lu~n trang cac giO thao lu!in, phai hoiin tat biii ki~m sau m6i chi! d~ hQc t!ip, phai hoiin tat
biii nghien cuu diii cu6i hQc ky, cu6i nam hQc. Van d~ thilo lu~n can quan trQng hon trang
nam hQc su ph~m. Giilng vien chi dong vai trQ huang dfrn.
3. Danh gia
Ket qua hQc t!ip du<;1cdanh gia qua cac phgn: vi~c thao lu!in trang cac gia thilo lu!in,
hi~n di~n trang cac gio thao lu!in, biii tham tu!in !rong giO thilo lu!in, biii ki~m sau chu d~
hQc t!ip, biii nghien cuu diii sau hQc ky, bili thi cu6i nam, ket quil thlfc t!ip. Biii ki~m, bili
nghien cuu khong d~t dU<Jctieu chu5n se phai liim t,!i mQt phgn hay d bili. Giao sinh
khong d'!t du<;1cket qua my man trong ky thlfC t!ip, phili thlfc t!ip I,!i trang nam hQc sau.
MQt so' d,!i hQc khong b~t bUQcgiao sinh phai thi bili thi cuoi m6i nam hQc vii thay viio do
Iii biii nghien cuu diii.
Nganh su ph~m da du<;1choan thi~n vaa cuoi the ky thli 20 vii cho den hit;n t~i. Tuy
nhien, giaa d~c cung nhu cac nganh khac can phai co nhuiig di tien theo voi thOi gian VI
tien bQ cua ky thu!it va bien chuy~n khong luang du'<;1C
cua xa hQi..ch~c ch~n cac nhii giao
d~c se nh!in biet du<;1cnhung bien chuy~n nay vii se co nhung di tien giao d~c cho phil
h<;1pvoi hoiin dnh mai.
Tiii lifU tham khdo:
- Monash UniwReJourceity Handhook, Education, 2001. Clayton, Vic. Monash Univesrity, 2001.
- Organization of teacher education in the 20" century. The New Encyclopaedia Brtannicu, Multimedia
Edition. 1998.

J;

470

Chltdng

T6 chuc

va chltdng trinh

3~

giao dl;lCtiiu hfJc trong hi~n t{li

I. Til chuc va iJi~u h3nh m(lt tru'O'ng tiiu hqc

1. Hi~u tru'dng, hi~u phO va H(li d6ng Nh3 tru'O'ng

2. Giao vien chU nhi~m

3. Giao vien d~y lap
4. Hqc sinh tiiu hqc va til chuc hi~u doan
5. Cac ti~n nghi giao d\!c
6. Ph\! huynh, H(li Ph\! huynh hqc sinh va hqc du'O'ng
II. Chu'dng trlnh giao d\!c
III. Phu'dng phap giang d~y "lily hqc sinh lam trung tam"
IV. Thi thuc kiim tra danh gia
Truang ti~u hQc dUl;!Ct6 chUc M giang d~y cac tre em tu 5 hay 6 tu6i toi 12 hay 13
tu6i. Nhi~u qu6c gia t6 chac truang ti6u hQc co 6 lOp tu lop mi?t Wi lOp sau. Mi?t so' qu6c
gia kMc t6 chac truang co 5 ho~c 7 lOp. Mi?t so' truang ti6u hQc co lOp va long truoc khi
hQc lOp mi?t. Hgu het cac qu6c gia co chuang trlnh giao dl)c vuan tre va milu giao rieng
bi~t voi giao dl)c tii!u hQc. Nhi~u qu6c gia danh quy~n giao dl)c nay cho tu nhiin, cac hi)i
doan ho!ic chinh quy~n dja phuong. (Xem them chuang 17, ml)C Ill, 3: Froebel va chuang
trlnh vuan tre; Xem them chuang 21, ml)C V,3: Maria Montessori va chuang trlnh giao
dl)c lily hQc sinh lam trung Him trang giao dl)c vuan tre, ll'l1lugiao). Hgu he't cae qu6c gia
tren the' gioi thi hanh chinh sach Wang bach va mi~n phi giao dl)c b~c Mu hQc. Hgu he't
cac qu6c gia cho pMp va khuye'n khich vi~c thanh l~p cac truang ti6u hQc dan I~p co thu
hQc phi. Cac truang ti6u hQc thuang do chinh quy~n dja phuong yi!m trl;! tai chinh
nhl1ng do d~i di~n Bi? Oiao dl)c t~i 9!a phuong nhu Khu Oiao dl)c, SCI Oiao dl)c t6 chac va
ki6m soat.

I. Til chuc va di~u hanh mt)t tru'O'ng tiiu hqc

Truang ti6u hQc dul;!c t6 chac t~i mai khu ph6, mai lang m~c, mai than xom, M vi~c di
chuyi!n cua cac em nho dul;!c de dang. VI v~y, so' hQc sinh mai truang thuang khang lOn,
trung blnh khoang tu 100, 200 CI truang than que d8n t6i da la 300, 400 t~i truang thanh
thi. T~i cac qu6c gia' ri?ng Ion thua dan nhu Dc (Australia) hay Canada, nhi~u truang
471

TrJ chuc va chu(/nx trinh Xido d{lc tilu h(JCtronx hi~n t~i
ti~u hQc than que chi c6 tren duoi 10 hQc sinh va van tOn t;li. T~i cac truang nhl\ nay, chi
c6 m(\t thay co, vll'a la giao vien, vll'a chiu trach nhil;m v~ tilt cii cac viln a~ khac c6 li~n
quan oe'n giao dl)c va thong thliang auqc phu Huynh thay phien giup dB.
1.Hi~utrlfdng, hi~upho va HQi dilng Nha trlfong
Truong ti~u hQc do hil;u truling chiu trach nhil;m, co hil;u pho phu. tao Nhung truang IOn
c6 hai hil;u ph6, moi nguai chiu tnich nhil;m m(\t phfrn hanh rieng bil;t nhu ky lu~t, chuong
trlnh giang d;lY. D~ ki~msoat, theo d6i sinh ho~t hQc duang v~ mQi phuong dil;n, truang
ti~u hoc t;li cac nuoc tie'n b9 c6 HQi Dang Nhil Tnt/lng. H(\id6ng nay bao g6m dai dil;n
giao vien, a~i dil;n chinh quy~n aia phuong, dia dil;n c(\ng a6ng dia phu(jng va a~i dil;n
phI) huynh, aliqc bfru ct\', c6 nhil;m ky m9t hoijc hai nam. M9t trach nhil;m quan trQng cua
h9i a6ng la vil;c tuy~n chQn hil;u truong va B9 Giao duc hoijc aai dil;n t;li dia phuong nhu
giam doc Khu Giao dl)c b6 nhil;m. H9i a6ng hQp m6i thang m9t Ifrn vao bu6i tai hoijc cuai
tufrn va hil;u truong c6 nhil;m vI) tuang trlnh cac chuong trlnk giao due
altqc thu'c hil;n
cling voi cac chi phi, cac chuong trlnh nay phai duqc hQi a6ng chilp thu~n va tuang trlnh
len Khu HQc chinh hoijc So Giao duc aia phuong. H9i vien cua h(\i d6ng lam vil;c tlnh
nguyl;n, khang c6 phI) c1lp tai chinh.
Ngiln sach chi phi cho cac tru'ang tiiu hQc thuang do chinh quy~n aia phu(Jng chiu
trach nhil;m bao g6m luong b6ng cho giao vien, chi phi v~ xily du'ng, chi phi v~ bolo quan
tu b6 cac co so v~t chilt, mua sam trang bi va sach bao ...Luong b6ng auqc tra thAng vao
tai khoan cua giao vien t;li ngiln hang aia phuong.

se

2. Giao vien chii nhi~m

Ngoai hil;u truong, cac nhan vien khac cua trliang tll' hil;u ph6 oe'n giao vien do B(\
Giao dl)c hoijc a,!i dil;n cua B(\ t,!i aja phuong b6 nhil;m. Ngoai cac VI) chinh thuc nhu
hil;u truong, hil;u ph6, trliang con c6 cac giao vien chu nhil;m. Day la cac giao vien c6
tham nien cao, c6 kinh nghil;m giang d,!Y. Cac chti'c Vu nay auqc ban giam hi<;u chQn Iu'a
va b6 nhil;m hang nam. Giao vien chu nhi<;m c6 quy~n auqc b6 nhi<;m nhi~u nhi<;m ky
lien tiep. Giao vien chu nhil;m duqc hu<1ngngan khoan phI) c1lp chuc vu, duqc mie;n m(\t
so' giiJ d,!y va la di~u ki~n can ban M c6 thti n(\p d(Jn vao cac chuc VI)nhu hii;u tntdng,
hi~u ph6. Cac chuc Vu chu nhi<;m t~i truang titiu hQc duqc ban giam hi<;u quyet dinh va
thuang bao g6m: chu nhiem c1lp lOp 1&2,3&4,5&6,
chu nhi<;m cac man d,!y ph5 thong
va chuyen bi<;tva quan trQng nhilt la giao viCn chu nhit$m chlJ'Ongtrlnh. Cac giao vien chu
nhiem nay cGng la cac giao vien d;ly lop. M6i giao vien d~y lOp c6 trach nhil;m trang lOp
hQCva giao vien chu nhiem cilp lop co trach nhit$m t6ng quat nhu ky lu~t chung, chap
nh~n vit$c ghi ten theo hQc, chuy~n truang, lien I;lCthuang xuyen voi phI) huynh, tlf viln
472

;-.

To' chi:(C va chu(Jng trinh gida dlfC trang hifn t{li

cho giao vien d<).yldp trang vi~c di~u himh lop hqc m6i khi cac giao vien nay gilp kh6
khan v~ phuang di~n ky lu~t, nhat la vi~c huang dan cac giao vien moi ra truong. Giao
vien chu nhi~m man d<).ydong mot vai tra quan trang v~ nghi~p VI)nhu hoi hqp voi cac
giao vien day ldp trang vi~c SOan thao chuang trlnh giang d<).y,chqn hta ~~ch giao khoa
va cac tai li~u giang day khac, huang dan giao vien day lop nhat la cac giao vien moi ra
truang trang vi~c so,!n bai va di~u hanh lOp hqc. Giao vien chu nhi~m chuang trlnh chju
trach nhi~m t6ng quat v~ chudng trlnh giang d<).ytrang truong, dua ra sang kie'n v~ chudng
trlnh va chu tqa bu6i hqp hang tuan, hang thang v~ chuang trlnh giang d<).y,phudng phap
ki~m tra danh giL T<).ihau het cac qu5c gia, Bo Giao dl!c chi dua ra nhii'ng huang dftn
t6ng quat trang vi~c thiet laP chudng trInh, vi~c so<).nthilo chudng tdnh giilng d<).ychi tiet
dUdc danh cho cac truong VI mlli truong co thanh phan hqc sinh khac bi~t, thanh thi hay
than que, d6ng bang hay mi~n nui...
3. Ciao vieD dl.lY lop

S5 giao vien t<).im6i truong ti~u hqc tuy thuoc vao tbng 55 hqc sinh cua truong. Ne'u 55
hqc sinh tang so voi nam ngoai, se co themgiao vien; ngut;jc lai, neu 55 hqc sinh giam, 55
giao vien ciing giilm theo. Giao vien thilng du dut;jc thuyen chuy~n de'n cac truong Ian can
hi~n thie'u giao vien.
'
Cac ldp hqc bac tiu hqc co phang hqc nhat c1inh.Hqc sinh chi hqc phang khac voi cac
mon hqc chuyen bi~t nhu ngoai ngii', thu vi~n, ky thuat, am nh<).c...Phang hqc nhat dinh
nay la ngoi nha cua Wp hqc va giao vien d<).ylOp la chu nha. Vi~c trang hoang lop hqc la
nhi~m Vl! cua giao vien d<).ylOp, voi ml)c dich tao mot khung dnh s5ng dong, t<).odong
Il!c thuc day va khuyen khich hqc sinh trang vi~c hqc tap. Giao vien chuyen bi~t ciing co
trach nhi~m tudng tl! v~ trang hoang lOp hqc chuyen bi~t.
Giao vien tiu hqc giang daY cac mon hqc tbng quat trang Idp hqc. Tdi gio hqc man
chuyen bi~t, giao vien d,!y lOp hudng dan hqc sinh tdi lOp hqc chuyen bi~t va dung thl gio
tr5ng nay d chuan bi gia d<).yke' tiep. Trung blnh, giao vicn d<).ylop hay chuyen bi~t vao
lOp giang d<).ytit 19 c1Cn20 giO (m6i gio 60 phut), chia ra lam nhi~u tiet hqc, m6i tie't co 45
phut hay 50 phut tuy theo truong. Ngoai gio daY, giao vien ng6i t<).ilOp hqc hoilc phang
rieng cua giao vien M so<).nbili, cham bai, 11mtai Ii~u t,!i thu vi~n ciing nhu tiep xuc v.oi
ban giam hi~u va d6ng nghi~p v~ mqi van d~ giao dl)c ciing nhu tie'p xuc vdi phI) huynh.
Tbng 55 giO lam vi~c cua giao vien hang tuan la tit 37 c1Cn40 gio tuy theo qu5c gia, tudng
II! nhu 55 gio lam vi~c eua nhan vien cong so va tu so. Ngoai vi~c giang d<).y,so<).nbai,
cham hili, cac giao vien can phai thay phien giam sat sinh ho<).tsan truClng truoc gio hqc,
trang giO ra chdi, trang giClan trua, sau giClhqc. Nhu YaY,giao vien phili co milt t<).itruClng
it nhat 20 phut truoc giClvan hqc va 20 phut sau giO tan hoc. Giao vien phili hqp voi hil;:u
473

TiJ chilc va chuung trinh giao d(tc tdu hqc trang hi~n t{li
tnfdng veScac van deSchung cua truong, phili hQp voi giao vien chu nhi~m cap lOp veScac
van deSdieSu hlmh lop hQc, phai hQp voi giao vien chu nhi~m mon d'fY va chu nhi~m
chuong trinh vc vi~c phat trie'n chuong trinh giang day, phuong phap giang day, phuong
phap kie'm tra danh gia. Trung cac bulli hoi thilo, hoi hQp chuong trinh, hi~u trudng, hi~u
pho tham dl! nhu mot giao vien cua truong. Vi<;c h()i hQp it nhat mot tuan mot Ian sau gio
hQc. Ngoai ra, moi hQc ky, giao vien tham du mot ngay hoi thao chuong trinh, thong
thuong voi cac truong Hin c~n voi cac thuyet trinh vien la cac nha giao dl)c kinh nghi~m,
cac giao su dai hQc su ph~m, d trao d6i kinh nghi~m va sang kien giao dl)c.

4. Hc,csinh tiiu hc,c va tli chuc hi~u doan

HQc sinh ti<'!uhQc t'fi hau het cac quoc gia hQc nguyen ngay, thuong khdi sLtvao 8 gio
30 hOac 9 giO sang va cham dUt vao Ilk 3 gW hOac 3 gi<'J30 chieSu. Bu6i sang, thai gian
hQc dai hon nen co gio ra ch(ji la ttt 20 uen 30 phut. Bu6i trua, hQc sinh ngh! mot giO dl! an
trua, thuang khdi su ttt 12 gW 30. Bu6i chieSu, hoc sinh hQc lien tl)C toi luc tan hQc. Nhu
v~y, t6ng so thai gian hQc cua hQc sinh trong ngay la 5 tieng d6ng h6. HJu het cac truong
ti<'!uhQc co t6 chuc chu(jng trinh giam thj hQc sinh truoc va sau gio hQc, giup phI) huynh di
lam sam va di lam veSmuon gui can ern truac gio vao hQc va sau gia tan hQc: PhI) huynh
phai tra mot l~ phi nht; hOac chinh quyeSn dia phuong tai trej d thanh toan chi phi giam
thj. Giam thi kh6ng phai la cac giao vien ma thueJng la sinh vien hOac nhung phI) huynh
muon lam them.
Truong ti<'!uhQc co t6 chuc hi~u Uoan. Moi Wp hQc co bau ban d~i di~n voi lop trudng
lop pho va cac uy ban, moi cap lOp c6 ban u~i di~n va toan truong co ban d~i di~n. D6i
voi cac cap lOp thap, hQc sinh duejc giao vien huang dan lam quen vai cac sinh ho~t hi~u
doan. Sinh hO'ft hi~u doan giup hQc sinh hQc h(Ji nhung dUc tinh tl! I~p, uieSuhilnh, lanh
d~o va giup giao vien trung nhieSu!Tnhvl!c.

5. Cac ti~n nghi giao dl)c

Cac ti~n nghi giao dl)c nhu thu vi~n, phong thi nghi~m, phong the' dl)c th<'!thao, phong
hQc ky thu~t... rat quan trQng vi d6ng g6p mot cach trl!c tiep vao chuong tdnh giao dl)c
thl!c dung. Moi tuan, mot hai Ian, hQc sinh cac lOp tie'u hQc duejc giao vien thu vi~n huang
dan veSvi~c tim sach, veSgia tri cua cac loai sach. Cu6i gid hQc, moi hQc sinh duejc muejn
mot hai CUO?sach M uQc va tra sach vao ky hQc sau. HQc sinh lOp mot, hai can duejc co
giao thu vi~n ke' chuy<'!n hOac uQc cho nghe nhung cau truy~n c6 tich, than tho~i, Ijch su.
Vi~c hQc t~p va muon sach trong thu vi<;n t~o cho hQc sinh thu dQc sach, tim dQc nhUng
sach co noi dung lanh m~nh, tranh vi~c cac em nh6 dm cui vao dQc cac lo~i sach nham
nhi re tien, chu nh6 Ii ti cua bQn con bu6n van h6a. Thu vi~n cung la noi chien phim,
474

/-

To' cMlc va chuang tr1nh giaa

d(IC

tdu hQc trang hifn tt;li

ehi6u bang hlnh ve du mqi lTnhv1!'e,bG tue eho ehltc1ng trlnh giao dl,le.
Ngoiii phfrn giao dl,lc tri oc, hoc sinh can dU\Je giao due \;e th~ xae. Do d6, phang hoc
tap th~ thao dong mQt vai tra rilt quan trqng. Hqc sinh t~p th~ d\!c ngoiii san, hqe cae man
th~ thao trong phang hoc IOn. Phang hoc IOn niiy ciing Iii ndi hqe t~p man th~ due vao
mua mua. Phong t~p nay ding la mQt hQi truong trlnh di&n van ngh~ eua hqc sinh, eung la
neJi hQi hqp IOn cua trut'lng khong th th1!'chi~n ngoai trt'li. Cac ti~n nghi khac nhu phong
hqe am nhi!e, phang hqc I<;ythu~t, phong hoc ngh~ thu~t deu dong g6p vao chuang chlnh
giao d\!c chung.
6. Phl,l huynh, HQi Ph~1hynh hQc sinh va hQCJuong
Rilt nh,ieu phl,l huynh hqc sinh c5p ti~u hqc hang ngay dua don con ti!i CI1alOp va vi~c
li6p xuc voi giao vien rilt de dang. Thoi gian nay kh6ng nhieu nhung ph\! huynh ch~c
chan dudc giao vien tham khao y kie'n ve thai dQ va kha nang hqc t~p cua con em. Day la
hoan ranh ti~n l<;Jinhfrt Mph\! huynh theo doi vi~e hqc cua hqc sinh. N6u ciln, phl,l huynh
c6 lh~ xin gaP giao vien nam ba phut sau git'l hqc M th6ng bao eung nhu !lm hiu s1!'ti6n
bQ nay. Khi\ng mot nha giao nao co th~ tli choi Wi yeu cau tren VI vi~c thao lu~n voi ph\!
huynh ve lie'n bQ hqe taP cua hqe sinh la nhi~m Vl,lcua giao vien. Ph\! huynh khong co dip
de'11truong co lh~ xin tie'p xuc voi giao vien qua eu6n s6 tay hay Ijch hqc sinh hang tufrn
phu huynh phai dqc va ky hoac cung co the di~q th0i!i hO(lCuen thang trut'lng xin gaP giao
vien. NhO'ng phu huynh co kha nang van hoa dlrcJc hoan nghenh tham gia cong lac ph\!
giao trang !dp, ti!i ngay !dp hqc cua can em ph\! huynh hoac bilt ell lOp hqc nao, giup vi~c
taP dqc, lam toan cho nhling hqc sinh cham hiEu va d6ng lMi quan sat vi~c hqc t~p cua
con em. Ngoai ra phl,l huynh can gia nhaP HQi Phl,l huynh hqc sinh M lham gia nhieu
cong lac khac lai lruang gay quy cho lrU(lng, dqn dt;p v~ sinh, tu b6 d\!ng C\!...
II. Chudng trlnh giao dl,lc
ChlrCJngtrlnh giao d\!c cac !dp bac tiEu hqc duac chia lam 4 lTnh v1!'cchinh. Thu nhfrt la
ngon ngli va pilat tri~n ngon ngli hay mon qu6c van; voi vi~c taP dQC, t~p viet, t~p nghe,
t~p n6i, t~p lam van; c6 I1II,lCdfch ti!O cho hQc sinh kha nang sang t')o ve dQc hi~u, trlnh
bay ro rang va gqn gang cac y kien, vi61 van xuoi gqn trong vi~c hQc t~p ngon ngiJ' dan
lQC..Thu hai lit lOan, khoa hoc va ky thuat; giup hoc sinh hqc taP ve nhling con so', nhling
phcp ([nh can ban, nhling bai toan dO'co tinh each thuc Ie', nhling quan din can ban ve
hlnh hoc, nhO'ng bai hoc ph6 thong gian dj ve khoa hQc nhu cay co, sinh v~t, phung b~nh,
suc khne cong ca nhan va cQng d6ng, cung ung cho hqc sinh nhling kilai ni~m so khoi ve
ky lhua t voi nhO'ng hlnh anh va philn thifC hitnh song dQng co lien quan den cUQc song
hang ngay. ThU ba lit khoa hqc xa hoi vit m6i lruang; voi cac mon hQc cong dan giao dl,lc,
475

Td chuc

va chu(mg

trinh gido dl:lc tii!u-hoc trang hifn t(li

ca nhan voi gia mnh va xa hqi, luan Iy va OliOOUe,sa ky, o!a Iy, moi tnfong. Thu tu' la cac
man hQc nght:\ thu~t nhu' hqi h<.Ja,am nhlic, thi! d\lc thi! thao va ngolii ngii'. Ngolii ngii' a
day con co nghTa la giiing dliY ngon ngii' sac tqc cho nhii'ng hQc sinh co chung tqc khac bit:\t
voi chinh qu6c.
Chu'ong trlnh giao d\lc tren ou'<;icsalin thao cho phil h<;ipvoi hoan dnh dia phu'ong va
trlnh dq hii!u biet cua h<.Jcsinh. Chu'ong trlnh du'<;iCthiet I~p dl!a tren 4 Hnh vl!c tren va
cling dl!a tren thai gian h<.JCt~p cua moi hQc ky trang nam hQc. Chu'ong tdnh c!LfCic
chia
thanh cac chu dii!m h<.Jct~p; mlii chu dii!m du'Cich<.Jct~p trang mqt so' tufrn Ie, moi tufrn Ie
may tiet, may gio; moi h<.Jcky h<.Jct~p may chu dii!m. Di':;m quan tr<.Jng day la nhii'ng
chu diem hQCt~p phai co tinh cach thu'c te; lien ht:\ voi sinh hO'!t cOng dong, de cao tfrm
muc quan trQng cua cac ngay Ie ky nit:\m qu6c gia va dia phu'ong, mOt bai hQc gian tiep ve
cong dan giao d\lc. Vit:\c so,!n thao chu'ong trlnh giang d,!y la trach nhit:\m cua chu nhit:\m
chu'ong trlnh cilng voi sl! dong gop y kien cua cac chu nhit:\m man d,!y va y kien cua tilt d
giao vien trang tru'ong .. Chu'ong trlnh du'<;iCSalin thao va ap.d\lng nhu'ng vai tro cua chu
nhit:\m chu'ong trJnh con la di tien chu'ong tdnh nay qua cac buili hOi thao, hQi h<.Jphang
tufrn, hang thang, moi h<.Jckyo Ngoai chu'ong tdnh giang dliY chfnh thuc, tU hit:\u tru'ong Wi
giao vien phai tham gia cac chu'ong trlnh giao d\lc dijc bit:\t nhu' ngay truyen th6ng cua
tru'ong, cac bu6i van nght:\, ngay gidi thi~u tru'ong voi cqng d6ng dia phu'ong, cac ngay Ie
ky ni~m qu6c gia.

III. Phu'dng ph3p giang dl;ly "lily hQc sinh lam trung Him"
Vit:\c dQc bai cho h<.Jcsinh chep, khao bili h<.Jcsinh moi gio hQC,bat h<.Jcsinh hQc thuqc
long la phu'ong phap c6 oien cua nhii'ng the ky tru'oc. Phu'ong phap tien bO va tich cl!c hit:\n
t,!i la phu'ong phap giang dliY lily h<.Jcsinh lam trung tam; thuc dily, khuyen khich h<.Jcsinh
phat bieu y kien, t~p ghi chep, tham gia tich Wc trang sinh hO'!t lOp hqc MOt khi hoc sinh
tham gia tich cu'c trang cac sinh hO'!t lop hoc, cac em se am tu'ong van de va de dang tiep
nh~n kien thuc, vit:\c on t~p bai vel t,!i nhil sau gio h<.JC tru'ong tra thilnh gian d!. Giao
vien dong vai tro hu'ong dlin va oieu hanh lOp hQC M sinh hOlit giao d\lc du'CiCdieu hOa va
tr~t tl!. Di! vic:c hQc t~p thu du'<;iC
ket qua my man, giao vien phai SOlinbili voi dgy du chi
tiet, tai lit:\u giao d\lc ngoai sach giao khoa con co nhii'ng tili lic:u khac nhu' hlnh anh, phim
anh neu co the, h<.Jado tren bang voi cac mau sac khac bic:t, tili lic:u hQc sinh dem toi nhu'
cay co, rna hlnh ...Cac tai lit:\ugiao khoa co the tim kiem trong thu' vic:n.
Mel dfru giO hqc la mqt so' cau hoi thuOc bili tru'oc, giao vien chi dinh hQc sinh tra !Oi va
ghi diem. Voi bili h<.Jcmoi, oi! khuyen khich h<.Jcsinh dong gop y kien, giao vien phai
chuiln b! nhieu cau hoi lien quan den nOi dung chu de, thay d6i diu hoi cho phil h<;ipvoi
trlnh dO kien thuc cua tUng h<.Jcsinh, dijt ciiu hoi de cho h<.Jcsinh ch~m hii!u, khen ng<;ii

476

T6 chuc

va chuang

trinh gido dlfc tifu hQc trang hi~n t(}i

nhO'ng hQc sinh nMt nhat m6i khi phat bii!u '1 kien, xep hQc sinh ch~m hii!u ben c~nh
nhO'ng hqc sinh nhanh nhen va khuyen khich tinh thiln tuong than tuong trq, tranh ghen ti
nho nhen, eli! cac hqc sinh hQc hoi Ian nhau. Nhu v~y, vi~c so~n bai cua giao vien khong
chi of giang day mQt lOp hqc c6 trlnh aQ hifu biet ngang nhau, ma con giang day mQt lOp
hqc c6 nhO'ng hoc sinh kM, nhung hQc sinh thuang va mQt vai hQc sinh cMm hifu. D6 la
chu aich cua phuong phap giang d~y lay hQc sinh lam trung tam, giao vien quan tam toi
tung ca nnan v~ cii phuong di~n hQc van Ian tam tinh. Nha giao khong nhung chi giang
d~y ma con Ia mQt phl) huynh, mQt nM tam 1'1 hqc, mQt nhan vicn xa hQi, c6 b6n ph~n
d~y d6, san s6c va huang dan hQc sinh nen nguui. VI v~y, vai tro cua nhii giao con quan
trqng h'1n d vai tro phl.! huynh. Cu6i gio hqc la bai thl)'c hanh. Bai thl)'chanh c6 thi! la hQc
sinh phai tra Wi m(it s6 cau hoi ap dl)ng dua van sach giao khoa, c6 th la biii t6m tat voi
mot s6 dong nhat c1jnh tu m(it philn bai giang trong sach giao khoa, c6 th Iii mQt so diu
hoi c6 tfnh each thong minh doi hoi hqc sinh 6c suy lu~n. Philn thl)'c hanh nay la bai lam
t~i nhil, hQc sinh phai hoan tat vii nQp bai cho giao vicn trang bai hQc tiep theo.
M6i giao vicn c6 cuon siS tay hay Ijch giao vien M ghi ro nhung chi tiet dn thiet v~
hQc sinh nhu ca tinh, phl) huynh, bai liim, bai t~p, biii kim, da hoan tat hay thieu s6t,
dim so cua m6i biii lam cua m6i hqc sinh cho cii n5m hqc. Ljch giao vicn chu nhi~m con
au<;icghi nhi.?u chi tiet hon nua.
D15 c6 the theo dBi viec hQc t~p hang ngay, mi\i hQc sinh tii!u hQc c6 mQt cuon s6 tay
hay lich hqc sinh theo mau nhat ainh, thui'1ng la cuGn t~p in san c6 ngiiy thang, tuiln l~
trang n5m hQc. Hqc sinh ghi chep nhO'ng dic3u can dan dn thiet cua giao vicn, cua ban
giam hieu, ngay gio nop bai, ngay giu lam bai trong IOp...Cuon s6 nay au<;icgiao vicn
kii!m tra m6i cuoi tuan, voi Wi phe van !iit, hQc sinh v.? nhii tdnh phl) huynh dQC va k'1 xac
nh~n Wi phc blnh cua giao vicn cling nhu du<;icbiet nhung bai VO con em phai hoiin thanh
trang tuiln Ie toi. Neu dn, giao vien viet trang s6 tay moi phl) huynh den truang vao gfO
nghl trua, gii'1fa choi, bu6i sang truoc khi vao hQc, bu6i chi.?u sau khi tan hqc, at! thao
luiln v.? phuong di~n nao d6 cua hqc sinh. NgUdc I~i, neu c6 nhung tMc mac, phl) huynh
auqc giao vien han hoan ncu nhO'ng thac mac trong lich hQc sinh va yeu du du<;icgaP
giao vicn di! giai toa nhUng thac mac v.? thai d(i hQc t~p cua con em. Ca hai ljch tren
thuang dW1Cin san theo mau va tWong phan phat mien phi cho cii giao vien Ian hQc sinh.
Cac nha giao dl)c d.?u (I6ng '1 rhng khong ncn to chuc lOp hQc g~n lQc, c6 nghIa Iii xep
nhung hQc kha vilo mQt lOp va nhO'ng hqc sinh kem vilo mQt lOp. Nhu v~y, nhO'ng hQc kem
se luon luon kelO cac hQc sinh nay kem khong phai VI giGt ma VI khong c6 co hQi at! tien
boo Lop hQc khong gan lQc se gidp cac hQc sinh kem c6 co hQi tien bQ va theo kjp cac hQc
sinh khac. MQt dim quan trQng khac nua la ldp hQc gan lQc c6 Hnh cach chia re va phan
bi~t neu khong mu6n n6i la ky thi.
477

Ttf chllc

va chuang

trinh gido dlfC tiiu hqc trang hi?n t(Ji

Vi~c s~p xe'p ban ghe'trang lOp hQc cOng la di~u quan trQng, dUQcnhi~u nha giao d~c
d~ c~p Mn, c6 m~c dich h6 trQ cho phuong pMp giang d,!y lily hQc sinh lam trung Him. SI
s6Iop hQc hi~n t,!i khoang til 25 Mn 30 hQc sinh. Voi sl s6 nay, han ghe' c6 th~ xe'p theo
hlnh vong cung, giao vien di chuy~n de dang truoc m~t mQi nguai, hQc sinh d6i di~n voi
giao vien va d6i di~n voi b,!n be, vi~c d(it diu hoi va chi dinh nguai tni lai de dang hon,
hQc sinh nhUt nhat kh6 lfin tranh giao vien, hQc sinh nghjch pha khong c6 co hOi di ra
ngoai vong ky lu~t. Giao vien cOng c6 th~ xe'p ban ghe' thanh tUng nh6m nho trong gia
thao lu~n nh6m voi khoang 5,6 hQc sinh m6i nh6m. Lop hQc hi~n' d,!i khong im l(ing nhu
ta, khong qua am th~m nhu ngay truoc: tro c(im c~i chep bai tren bang, th~y co ng6i im
l(ing tren ghe' giam thj hQc sinh hQc t~p; rna la mot lOp hQ~ sinh dong, th~y tro cung lam
vi~c, c6 nguai hoi, co nguai tra !Oi, co tie'ng cuai nho, c6 !Oi blnh philm, nhung trang tr~t

tl)' va khong 6n ao.

IV. Thi thuc kiim tra danh gia
HQc sinh dUQc ld~m tra danh gia qua vi~c phar bi~u

.
ki'~n trang lOp hQc; qua hai t~p

ap d~ng sau m6i hai hQc; qua bai ki~m sau m6i chu d~, chu di~m; qua hai ld~m sau m6i
hQc kyo Nhu v~y, giao vien phai ghi di~mm6i khi hQc sinh tra !Oi, phai chffm bai va cho
di~m m6i khi hQc sinh nop bai ap d~ng. D6i voi nhung bai ld~m c6 tinh cach on t~p sau
m6i chu d~, chu di~m, sau mot hQc ky, vi~c chilm hai cho di~m con phii th~n trQng han.
Chffm hai khong c6 nghla Ia chi cho di~m va tra bai l,!i cho hQc sinh, rna con 1a sll'a chua
cac 16i I~m, dua ra !Oi phe blnh t6ng quat v~ hai lam, neu ra nhung 16i Him thong thuang
cua d lOp trang khi tra I,!i bai va giao vien s1l'nsang tra lOi nhung th~c m~c cua hQc sinh
v~ bai t~p, bai lam. Theo quan di~m giao d~c tan tie'n, giao vien khong cho di~m qua con
s6 ttl 1 Mn 10 diem, rna cho diem theo thu h,!ng: A+, A, B+, B, C+, C, 0+,0, E+,E. A+ la
diem cao nhfft, E la diem kern nhilt, 0 la diem trung blnh VI cac nha giao d~c nh~n djnh
r~ng cung mot bai lam, hQc sinh c6 the dUQC7 diem, co the dUQC6 diem, c6 the dul;JC5
diem nu bai do ba giaD vien chffm. Nhu v~y, khong c6 viln d~ cho di~m hoan toan chinh
xac, trtl mon toan.
Giua nam hQCva cu6i nam hQc, hQc sinh nh~n dUQcthanh tich bieu hay hQc b,! voi thu
h,!ng ABC cua m6i mon hQc cling voi !Oi phe blnh t6ng quat cho d thai gian hQCt~p v~
phuong di~n hQc vffn cOng nhu h,!nh kiem va vi~c d6ng g6p vao sinh hO'!t lOp hQc. Miiu
thiinh tich bieu do sang kie'n cua m6i truang. Ojp nay cOng la co h(li M giao vien tie'p xlic
voi ph~ huynh, M trlnh hay ke't qua hQCt~p cua hQc sinh va cOng la M thao lu~n vdi ph~
huynh v~ mQi vffn d~ lien h~. D6i voi hQc sinh tieu hQC, khong c6 ky thi .cu6i nam hQc
cOng nhu ky thi sau nam cu6i cling VI khong c~n thie't, VI thi cll' t'!o ap II)'C,gay cang thiing,
lam t6n h,!i Mn tri OCnon not cila tu6i tho. Cu6i nam hQc, mQi hQc sinh d~u len lOp, kif d
478

II

T6 chuc

va chuang

trznh gido dt,tc ti!u hQc trong hifn t{li

nhii'ng hQc sinh VI dau,ye'u hay vlly do nao kMc phai v~ng m~t mot th(ji gian ng~n, Nam
hQc ke' tie'p, 'hQ se phai c5 g~ng hdn va c6 cd hQi theo kjp b:j.n be. D5i voi mot vai hQc sinh
ch~m hiSu hay khuye't t~t nh!;, vi~c len lOp ciing la mot vi~c lam khuye'n khich hQc sinh
hQc t~p, Truang h<;lp!ruang mu5n hQc sinh a I~i lop, phai c6 51)'thao lu~n va d5ng y cua
ph\) huynh, Oiao vien khong nen neu Iy do hQc sinh ch~m hiSu ne'u tie'p t\)C len lOp, gay
tra ng~i cho vi~c giang d~y chung, Khong c6 Idp hQc nao d6ng d6u Iy tuang theo y mu5n
cua giao vi~n. Ne'u giao vien chi mu5n d~y hQc tra gioi thl hQc tra ch~m hiSu se do ai d:j.y.
HQc sinh khuyt t~t khong thS haa nh~p voi lop hQc blnh thuang, dtt<;lCgiang d~y t:j.icac
trung tam giao d\)c d~c bi~t se. dtt<;lCd6 c~p vao mot chudng sau.

Ngh6 mo ph:j.m la mot ngh6 kh6 khan yilt va trang hi~n t:j.iVIcang ngay hQc sinh cang
c6 nhi6u thu vui do n6n van minh ky thu~t dem den va sao lang vi~c hQc t~p, giao vien
phai c6 kha nang dap ung voi hoan canh d~c bi~t cua thai d~i. VI v~y, t:j.i hau he't cac
qu5c gia, d:j.i da s5 giao vien tiSu hQc la ph\) nu VI nu gidi tl mi va kien nhfrn hdn nam
gidi. $1)'ki~n nay gay 10 ng:j.i cho cac nha giao d\)c vi hQc sinh tiSu hQc khong hQc du<;lc
nhung ca tinh cua mot giao vien pMi nam, nhilt la cac nam sinh. Do d6 cac nha giao d\)c
keu gQi nam gioi d6ng g6p vao chudng trlnh giao d\)c hQc sinh cilp tiSu hQc. Lai keu gQi
nay da du<;lCdap ung, nhilt la !rong hi~n t:j.i, vi~c giang'd:j.y t:j.icac dip lOp trung hQc cang
ngay cang tra thanh kh6 khan hdn VI tuSi truang thanh thai d~i rilt bilt thuang, nen mot s5
nam giao sinh dii ghi ten theo hQc su ph:j.m cilp tiSu hQc. Hy vQng dng !rong tudng lai, 55
nam giao vien t:j.i cac tr!fang tiSu hQc cang ngay cang tang va hQc sinh se c6 cd hQi hQc
hoi dU<;lC
nhi6u ca tinh nhiin v~t ca phai nam Ifrn pMi nu do cac thiiy co truy6n d:j.t.

.,

479

----_._-

Chiidng 33
Td chilc va chlldng trinh gilio d(lc trung h(Jcphd thong,
trung h(Jc kj thuijt, hu{{n nghifp va cao diing kj thuijt
. trong hifn t{li
I. T6 chU'c va di~u hanh mqt tru'ong trung hQc
1. Hi~u tru'dng, hi~u pM va Hqi d6ng Nha tru'ong
2. Giao vien chii nhi~m
3. Giao vien d:;ty lop
4. HQc sinh trung hQC va t6 chU'c hi~u doan
5. Cac ti~n nghi giao dl}c
.,
6. PhI} huynh, Hqi PhI} huynh hQc sinh va hQCdu'ong
II. Chu'ong trinh giao dl}c
III. Phu'ong pM p giang d:;ty "Illy hQc sinh lam trung Him"
IV:Thi tMc kiim tra danh gia
1. Thi thU'c kiim tra danh gia cac !Up du'oi lop 12
2. Thi thU'c kiim tra danh gia \Up 12
V. Trung hQc ky thu~t, hulln nghi~p va cao d~ng ky thu~t
Truong trung hQc duqc thie't l~p di) giang d?y cac hQc sinh tft tu6i 12, 13 Mn 17, 18
tu6i. Da s6 cac qu6c gia t6 chilc b~c trung hQc voi 6 nam hQc, mQt s6 qu6c gia khac t6
chUc 5 nam ho~c 7 nam hQc. Chuang trlnh giao d\lC trung hQc duqc chia lam 2 cilp: cilp I
va cilp II. ciip I la 3 ho~c 4 nam ct5u, cilp II la 2 ho~c 3 nam cu6i; cilp 1 hQc cac mon c6
ttnh each t6ng quat, ciip II hQc cae mon c6 tinh each chuyen bi~t. C6 qu6c gia t6 chUc
rieng re cac truong trung hQc cilp I va cilp II; c6 qu6c gia t6 chUc mQt truong trung hQc
cho ca cilp I va cilp II. Nhi~u qu6c gia c6 chinh sach giao d\lC cuong bach va min phi toi
he't trung hQc cilp I; mQt s6 qu6c gia c6 chinh sach giao d\lC cuong bach he't trung hQc cilp
II, tlie la he't tU6i 18. Truong trung hQc dU<;lct6 chilc t?i cac qu~n, thj triin, khu ph6, !fmg
m?c IOn va mili truong c6 toi ca nghin hQc sinh hay han nITa.
I. T6 chU'c va di~u h3nh mQt tru'ong trung hQc
1. Hi~u tru'dng, hi~u ph6 va Hqi d6ng Nha tru'ong
Truong trung hQc do hi~u truClng chiu trach nhi~m, c6 mQt ho~c hai hi~u ph6 ph\! tao
480

T6 chilc

va chliClngtrinh gido dl;lctrung hQc trang hi~n t(li

Cling nhu' tru'ong ti~u hQc, hi~u tru'dng trung hQc do Hili Dbng Nhii Truong tuy~n chQn va
do Bi) Giao d\!c hay Khu HQc chinh, d~i di.;n cho Bi) bG nhi~m. Hi)i dong Nha tru'ong con
Cp nhi~m V\!ki~m soat cac chu'ong trlnh sinh ho~t cling nhu' chi phi cua tru'ong.
Truong trung hoc thuong co d nghln hQc sinh va d tram giao vien. Vai tra cua hi~u
trudng d day rat quan trQng. HQ khong nhii'ng la cac giao vien kinh nghi.;m, da tung giii'
cac chuc V\! giao vien chu nhi.;m khac nhau trang nhi~u nam, rna con la nguoi co kha
nang lanh d~o trang nganh giao d\!c. Cac dijc tinh va kha nang chuyen bi.;t nay giup hQ
di~u hanh mQt tG chuc giao d\!c quan trQng mQt cach t6t dyp va hi~u qua, dap ung du'<;lC
chuong trlnh giao d\!c cho thieu nien, gay du<;lCsl!' kinh ph\!c cua d tram dong nghi~p co
cung kha nang kien thuc va t~o dUeJcni~m tin cho ph\! huynh. Ngoai cac cong tac d6i nQi,
hi~u tru'dng con COcac cong tac d6i ngo~i VIcon phai tiep xuc voi cQng dong dia phuong,
voi chinh quy~n dia phuong M quang b:i chuong trlnh giao d\!c, M tim them nguon tai tro,
tiep xuc voi phu huynh v~ mQi van d~ lien quan dCn giao d\lc. Duoi hi~u trudng, co hi~u
pho ph\! tao Cac hi~u pho duqc hi~u trudng uy nhi~m mi)t v~i !Tnhvl!'c dijc bi~t.
2. Giao vien chi! nhi~m
Giao vien chii nhi~m chuang trlnh la nhan v~t thu ba trang truong. Ngoai ra, con co
cac chu nhii;m khac la chii nhii;m bi) man, chu nhi~m cap lap, chii nhi~m thoi khoa bi~u,
chu nhi~m sinh ho~t hQc duong, chu nhii;m hi~u doan vii xa hQi...s6 giao vien chu nhi~m
vii nhiem vu do sang kien ciia moi tru'ong. Cac chu nhi.;m dUeJchudng ph\! cap chuc v\l,
neu la giao vien thuong, du'<;lC
mien mQt so' gio d~y va Iii cac hi.;u trudng hi.;u pho tu'ong
lai.
Vai tro ciia cac giao vien chii nhi.;m t~i cac tru'ong trung hQc quan trQng va kho khan
hon t~i cac tru'ang ti~u hQc VItru'ang 10n hon, VI hQc sinh trung hQc viio tuGi tntdng thiinh
kho ki~m soat hon. Giao vien chii nhi.;m cap 10p co trach nhi.;m cho moi cap 10p khoang
4, 5 10p. Cac truang 10n co toi 10 10p hQc moi cap 10p, co 2 giao vien chu nhi.;m cap lap.
Giao vien niiy theo doi hiing ngay so' hQc sinh vang mijt, k.i~m soat h~nh k.i~m va thai dQ
hQC taP cua hQc sinh, tiep xuc voi ph\l huynh v~ mQi van d~, ghi ten hQc sinh moi, cap
giay chuy~n truong ...Giao vien chii nhi.;m cap 10p du'eJccac giao vien 10p ph\l tao Giao
vien chii nhi.;m bi) man ci)ng tac voi giao vien chii nhii;\m chuong trinh trang cong tac
thiet laP vii ciii tien chuang trinh giang d<)y, hQi hQp hiing tu~n hiing thang voi cac giao
vien thui)c bQ man M nhan djnh v~ chuong trlnh giang d~y, dua ra nhii'ng 1iU khuyet di~m,
gop y kien v~ phuong di.;n so<)n biii, v~ phuong di.;n ki~m tra danh gia, hu'ong d~n cac
giao vien moi ra truong trong mQi !Tnh vI/c. Quan trQng nhat Iii giao vien chii nhi~m bi)
man heJp tac voi giao vien chii nhi.;m chuong trinh phan ph6i man daY, cap 10p d~y cho
giao vien thuQc bQ man voi sl/ chap thuan ciii hi~u trudng va hii;\u pho.
481

T6 chtic va chuiJrlg trinh

gido d(tc trung hQc trong hi~n tt;li

Khac vdi truong tiGu hQc, trltong trung hQc c6 gi<\o vien chii nhi~m thoi kh6a biGu.
Thoi khoa biGu t(li truong trung hQc kha phUc t(lP VI ngoai cac man hQc chinh thuc, hQc
sinh con c6 cac man hQc nhi~m y, hQc sinh cling mQt ldp chQn man nhi~m y khac nhau,
chQn man ngo(li ngu khac nhau, man nhi~m y I(li c6 thG thay d6i tu hQc ky mQt sang hQc
ky hai. T(li cac lOp trung hQc ca'p II, hQc sinh c6 quyn chQn Il)'a mQt cach rQng rai cac
man hQc, ldp hQc chia thanh cac nh6m nho. Thoi kh6a biGu c6 thG thay d6i hang thang
ne'u c6 giao vien dau ye'u hay thuyen chuyGn vlly do d~c bi~l. Vi v~y, vi~c thie't I~p thoi
kh6a bi~u phUc t(lP nay rilt kh6 khan va milt thoi gian, dn phiii c6 mQt giao vien kinh
nghi~m giang d(lYHlu nam dam trach.
Ci1ng khac vdi truong ti~u hQc, truong trung hQc c6 giao vien chii nhi~m sinh hO(lt hQc
Mong. Giao vien dau ye'u, di~n tho(li de'n truong cho giao vien chil nhi~m nay. Giao vien
chii nhi~m tim nguoi thay the'. Giao vien thay the' c6 thG la giao vien trang truong khong
c6 gio d~y, ho~c giao vien ben ngoai mu5n d(lY them. Hang nam, t(li cac truong trung hQc,
thuong t6 chuc cac bu6i tranh giai thG thao, cac bu6i van ngh~, cac chuclng trlnh dm tr(li
vdi nhiu hQc sinh tham dl)' va mQt s5 giao vien hudng diin t~ong thoi gian c6 thG la mQt
bu6i, c6 thG la mQt ngay, c6 thG la ba b5n ngay. Truong h<;Jpnay, giao vien chii nhi~m
sinh hO(lt hQc duong tim nguoi thay the' cho cac giao vien yang m~l. Giao vien chii nhi~p
nay phai c6 m~t t(li truong trudc ca Mng d6ng h6 trudc gio vao hQc M thie't I~p thoi kh6a
biGu d~c bi~t ap dl)ng trang ngay, niem ye't thoi kh6a biGu nay t(li cac phong giao vien.
Giao vien de'n trltong vao bu6i sang, nhi~m VI) d:1u tien la xem thoi kh6a biGu d~c bi~t M
d(lY thay the' cac giao vien yang mal. Dli v~y, doi khi, giao vien da quen khong de'n ldp
d(lY gio the'dG hQc sinh ch(lY chcli ngoai hanh lang, lam milt tr~t tl)', gay 6n ao. Cong tac
sinh hO(lt hQc duong hang ngay 0 truong tiGu hQc thuong do hi~u ph6 chju trach nhi~m va
sinh hO(ltdcln gian hcln.

3. Giao vil!n d~y lop

Giao vien trung hQc vao ldp giang d(lYtU 18 de'n 19 gio mQt tu:1n. Rilt it truong sap gio
d(lY60 pMI. Ph:1n dong cac trltong sap tie't d(lY50 phd I. Truong h<;Jpnay, giao vien d(lY24
tie't mQt tuffo. MQt s5 truong sap tie't d(lY45 phdt va giao vien d(lY mQt s5 tie't nhiu hcln.
Ngoai gio d(lYchinh thuc, giao vien phai d(lYmQt s5 gio d(lYthay the' nhilt djnh hang nam,
phai tham dl)' cac bu6i hQi hQp vdi hi~u truOng, voi cac chii nhi~m it nhilt mQt l:1n m6i tuffo
I~. Them vao d6, giao vien con tham dl)' nhi1'nggio hQp bilt thuong vao gio chcli bu6i sang
ho~c bu6i an trua, vua an vua hQp. Giao vien trung hQc ci1ng nhu giao vien tiGu hQc phai
hi~n di~n t(li truong truoc hQc sinh va ra v sau hQc sinh.
Giao vieh trung hQc ci1ng nhu tiGu hQc c6 IUcing b6ng ngang nhau vi cung c6 mQt s5
nam hQc, phiii d(lYt~p sl)' mQt nam, trO thanh giao vien chinh tht1c (bien che') ne'u dlt<;Jc
482

'.:"

",

T6 chuc va chliang trlnh giao dl;lctrung hQc trong hi?n t\li

hi~u tniang d~ nghj len BQ. Lai d~ nghj ci!a hi~u tniang can cu vilO hiang trinh ci!a giao
vien chi! nhi~m bQ man va giao vien chi! nhi~m cap lOp v~ giao vien t~p sl! trang nam
qua. Sau khi tra thanh chinh thuc, giao vien duac tang b~c luong tu dQng hang nam va sau
khoang 10 nam, giao vien c6 muc luang cao nh!lt ci!a mQt giao vien thuang, khming 60%
den 70% cao han so voi muc luang giao vien t~p sl!. Sau d6, giao vien nQp dan xin d.i
ng~ch thanh giao vien tham nien. Muon tra thanh giao vien tham nien, di~u ki~n can ban
la giao vien nay dil c6 giu cac chuc VI)giao vien chi! nhi~m cQng voi lai d~ nghj tot ci!a
cac giao vien chi! nhi~m tham nien va hi~u truang. Giao vien tham nien c6 ba, bon b~c
luang sau ba, bon nam cang tac. Oil tra thanh giao vien tham nien, giao vien nay phai
dam nh~n cac chlic VI)giao vien chi! nhiem quan tr9ng trong truang va khang c6 phI) cap
VI luang giao vien tham nien cao hon luang giao vien tlutang cQng voi phI) cap chuc VI)
chi! nhi~m. Sau d6, giao vien xin di sang ng~ch hieu truang. Hieu tntang ciing c6 ba, bon
b~c luang va tuy theo truang lOn truang nhi\, luang hi~u truong tuy theo truang lOn trt1ang
nhi\ va cao nhit la bhng khoang hai liln luang cao nhit cila mQt giao vien thuang. C6
nhi~u giao vien an ph~n voi chuc VI)giao vien thuang, nhit la phai nu c6 gia dlnh va mQt
so nam gioi, khong nQp don vao cac chuc VI)giao vien chi! nhiem va khang dil di~u ki~n
cai sang ng~ch giao vien tham nien. MQt khi dil tra thanh giao vien tham nien hay hi~u
truong, giao vien nay luan luon phai dam nhiem chUc VI)chi! nhi~m ho;:ic hieu truong,
khong th tro 1:.ling~ch giao vien thuang. Neu cac giao vien nay thit b'.li trang nhi~m VI),
giai phap duy nhit la ttt chuc, tim vi~c lam khac ho;:ic xin v~ hu'u sam neu di! tu6i.
4. HQc sinh trung hQCva t6 chuc hi~u doan
Hoc sinh trung hoc hien dien t'.li truang cii ngay nhu hqc sinh tiii'u h9C. H9C sinh trung
hoc cap I hoc cac mon t6ng quat ttt sang !Oi chi~u, khong c6 tiet nao trong. H9C sinh trung
hoc cap II, h9C m(lt so mon h9c chuyen biet, c6 mQt so gia trong. Trong cac giO trong nay;
h9C sinh c6 th van thu vien hoc bai, lam bai; c6 th van phOng h9C t~p danh rieng cho
c!lp lOp nay h9C t~p hay v~ nha sam. MQt so truang t6 chuc "chuang trlnh giao dl)C phI)
giao", keu g9i h9C sinh trung h9C cap II, try lOp 12, tham dl! cac nh6m giao dl)Cnay trang
cac tiet h9C trang, giup h9C sinh cac lOp cap I khi g!ip cac kh6 khan t{ong Iuc h9C t~p.
H9C sinh trung h9C khang c6 phong hqc co djnh nhu h9C sinh tiu h9C; hang ngay, h9C
sinh di chuyn ttt khu h9C quoc van sang khu h9C khoa h9C, sa'ng khu h9C ngo'.li ngu ...Moi
bu6i sang va sau khi an trua, h<)c sinh moi lOp dUljC giao vien lop dim danh t'.li mQt
phong hoc dil du(,Jcchi djnh. Sau d6, h9C sinh di chuyn den cac phong h9C khac lily theo
mon h9C. Ngoai viec dim danh tren, giao vien mbi mon h9C dim danh h9C sinh vao mbi
gia h9C.
Truang trung h9C c6 t6 chuc hieu doan. Mbi lOp h9C c6 lOp truong, lOp ph6, cac trt10ng
483

To chuc va chul1ng trinh giaa

dlfC

.
trung hQc trang hi~n tq.i

ban chuyen mon; du<;1cchi a tMnh doi. M6i c1lp IOp co ban dZii di~n rieng va toan truong
co ban dZii di~n hQc sinh. T6 chuc hi~u doan co m\!c dich tZiocho hQc sinh lam quen voi
sinh hOZitcong d6ng trong hQc duong, ph\! ta ban giam hi~u va giao vien tronf: mQi Hnh
vl)'c. Hi~u doan hQc sinh cong tac voi cac giao vien trong chuang tdnh giao d\!c ph\! giao.
Nhic3u qu6c gia rilt chu trQng vao sinh hOZithi"~u doari, sinh hOZitnay du<;1cxem nhu mot
mon hQc va du<;1cki~m tra danh gia. Kinh nghi~m cung cho thily, nhung hQc sinh tham gia
tich cl)'c cac sinh hOZithi~u doan thl!'ong Ia cac hQc sinh nhi~t thanh, chlim chI, co kha
nang lanh dZiOva rilt thanh cong trong hQc viln cung nhl!' trong nghc3 nghi~p. T6 chuc hi~u
doan do giao vien chu nhi~m hi~u doan va xa hQi chiu trach nhi~m.
5. Cac ti~n nghi giao d\!c
Ti~n nghi giao d\!c tZiitruong trung hQc bao g6m thu vi~n, cac phong thi nghi~m, cac
lOp hQc ngoZii ngii', cac IOp hQc ky thu~t, cac lop hQc tin hQc, khu hQc kinh t gia d1nh, san
v~n dong, san t~p th~ d\!c, nha t~p th~ d\!c th~ thao, hoi trl!'ong.
Thl!' vi~n thuong la mot cd sCikin truc IOn giln c6ng truong. Day la mot trung Him htu
tru saeh bao, tai li~u du IOZli,cung ung cho giao vien cung nhl!' hQc sinh mQi nhu du kin
thU'c vc3giao d\!c. Giao vien co th~ dem ca IOp Mn thl!' vi~n hQc t~p vao mot so' gio nhilt .
dinh VIchi thu vi~n moi co du cac tai li~u dn thit vc3dc3tai giang dZlY.Giao vien cung co
thE yeu du thl!' vi~n cung c1lp cho IOp hQc mot so' sach bao, tai li~u vc3dc3tai trong mot
thai gian nhilt dinh. Giao vien cung co th~ gii'i mOt nhom hQc sinh Mn thu vi~n tim tai li~u
M lam bai nghien cUu. D6i voi cac lop cao, hQc sinh vao thu vi~n lam bai, hQc bai vao
cac gio tr6ng. M6i thl!' vi~n cua trl!'ong trung hQc voi t6ng so' hQc sinh la mot nghln, co tit
hai dn ba giao vien thu vi~n va mot ho~c hai nhiin vien ph\! ta, trong do co nhiin vien ky
thu~t ph\! trach cac d\!ng C\!tai li~u thinh thi. Giao vien thl!' vi~n vita co khii nang giiing
dZlYIdp vila co khii nang dic3uhanh thl!' vi~n. Cac giao vien nay co trach nhi~m tim tai li~u
hQc t~p cho hQc sinh, chi dan hQc sinh lam bai. Nu tai lieu hQc sinh yeu du khong co
trong thl!' vi~n, giao vien thl!' vi~n co b6n phiJn tlm toi cac tai lieU nay tZiicac thu vi~n
khac nhl!' thl!' vi~n dZiihQc, thl!'vi~n tMnh ph6,va kh6ng co quyc3n til ch6i loi yeu du nay.
Tuy khong pMi la mot giao vien bo mon, nhu'ng voi kin thuc t6ng quat, giao vien thl!'
vi~n co kha nang hl!'ong dan hQc sinh cac c1lp trong mQi Hnh vl)'c hQc hili. Ngoai sach Mo,
thl!' vi~n con la mot trung tam tin hQc va thinh thi bao g6m may vi tinh, phim iinh, truyc3n
hlnh, bang hlnh, bang nhZlc..., hQc sinh dl!'<;fC
sii' d\!qg cac tai lieU tren voi sl)'huang dan cua
nhan vien ky thuiJt thu vi~n. Nhan vien nay chiu trach nhi~m cung c1lp va chiu cac bang
hlnh, phim iinh tZiim6i IOp hQc tZii m6i khu hQc nhu khu hQc khoa' hQc, khu hQc ngoZii
ngu ...Thl!' vi~n mCicii'a truoc va sau giO hQc M hQc sinh co th~ on t~p bai vClva lam bai
nhilt la d6i voi hQc sinh cae ldp cao va hQc sinh ldp 12 chu5n bi di thi. Cung VInhu du thi
484

T6' chilc

va chuang

trinh gido dl,lc trung hQc trang hi~n tt;li

g
Ii
h
'.
,t

cU',thll' vi~n c6 thE phai mo cU'a viio bu6i t6i, VilOcu6i tufrn, gfrn ngiiy di thi.
Trll'ong trung hqc c6 mi)t so phong thi nghi~m: phOng thi nghi~m v!!t Iy, phong thi
nghi~m h6a hqc, phOng thi nghi~m sinh hoc, phong thi nghii)m khoang chilt. Khu thi
nghii)m c6 mi)t nhan vien ky thu!!t ph\! trach va dll'c;lCdij.t dll'oi quy6n giam sat cua giao
vien chu nhii)m bi) man khoa hqc. Phong thi nghi~m Iii mi)t phong lOn, tru'ng bfry cac d\!ng

C\!cung nhll'chilt li~u va du cho cho cii mi)t lOp hoc Mn thlfc t!!p.
Khu hqc ky thu!!t g6m cac phong hqc v6 ngh6 mi)c, ngh6 s~t, ngh6 dii)n. Day chi Iii
vii)c hqc t!!p mi)t cach can ban v6 cac ngh6 tren voi vi~c che' t~o cac d\!ng C\!thong d\!ng.
Hqc sinh cii nam 11lnnii' d6u dll'c;lChqc t!!p v6 cac man hqc niiy. Khu hqc ky thu!!t dij.tdll'di
quy6n di6u hiinh cua giao vien chu nhii)m bi) man ky thu!!t kE cii vii)c mua s~m cac d\!ng

I
J

C\!va v!!t Iii)u.

Khu hqc kinh te' gia dlnh g6m cac phong hqc v6 nilu nll'ong, liim banh, may va. Hqc
sinh nam cung nhll' nii' d6u dll'c;lChqc v6 cac man nau nll'ong, liim banh. Tuy nhien, man
hqc may va thll'ong danh rieng cha nii' sinh. Khu hqc nay do giao vien chu nhii)m bi) man
kinh te' gia dlnh ph\! trach.
Moi trll'ong trung hqc co hai ba lOp hqe tin hqc vdi cac trlnh di) khac nhau. Moi phong
c6 du may cho mi)t lOp hqc Mn hqc hoi vii thlfc t!!p. Khu tin hqc do chu nhi~m bQ man tin
hqc chiu trach nhi~m.
San Van dQng Iii neii tranh cac giai the' thao, neii luyen t!!p cac man thE thaa. San t!!p
thE d\!c kha ldn c6 kha nang huan luy~n mi)t Ide nhi6u ldp hqc. Nhii thE d\!c Iii neii luy~n
t!!p cac man thE d\!c trang nhii. Hi)i trll'ong la n[1i hi)i hqp taan trll'ong, neii tdrih dien van
ngh~, cung la neii hqc t!!p the' thao vaa Idc troi mll'a. Cac cei sO tren do giaa vien chu
nhi~m ba man thE d\!c thE thao chiu trach nhii)m.
Khu hqc ngai,li ngii' Iii nhii'ng lop hqc rieng bii)t c6 trang bj d\!ng C\!thinh thi d hqc sinh
e6 thE thltc t!!p.
6. PhI;! huynh, Hi)i PhI;! huynh hQc sinh va hQCdLii1ng
De' cang tac giaa d\!c gij.t hai dll'c;lCnhiu ke't qua tot dt;p, ph\! huynh dn phai cong tac
m!!t thie't voi hqc dll'ong. Slf cQng tac nay the' hii)n qua nhi6u hlnh thuc. Ph\! huynh hiing
ngay nhiic nho can em lam bai, thea doi giO giac can em di hqc, ne'u thay con em tre nai
vi~c hqc, dn phai tim hiEu nguyen nhan bang cach lien li,lc voi trll'ong, voi cac giao vien
d~y lOp cung nhll' giaa vien chi! nhii)m qua Ijch hqc sinh hay qua di~n tha~i. Ph\! huynh
gia nMp Hi)i Ph\! huynh hqc sinh d thlfc hi~n cac cong tac ho trc;lcho chll'eing tdnh giao
d\!c nhll' gay quy cha trll'ong; tham gia cac cong tac liim vi) sinh, tu b6, bao quan Wp hqc,
san cheii, dung c\!...D~i di~n ph\! huynh chfc;lCmoi tham dlf HQi d6ng Nhii trll'ong d d6ng
g6p trlfe tiep vaa vii)c quye't dinh cac chll'eing trlnh giaa d\!c. Ph\! huynh hqc sinh c6 kha
485

T6 chuc va chucJng trinh giao dc trung hQc trang hi~n tqi

nang van h6a ciing dU\1Cmai tham gia cong tac phI) giao trong Wp h9C khi ranh r6i.Vi~c
tham gia tich cl)'c cua phI) huynh trong vi~c h6 tr<;1cac cong tac giao dl)c se khuytn khich
va thUc dlly thai dQ h9C t~p c6 gang cua h9c sinh.

II. Chu'dng trinh giao dl)c

Cac mon h9C thu9C cac IInh vl)'c sau day du'<;1cgiang d~y t~i cac lap trung h9C: qu6c
van, toan, 19, h6a, sinh h9C, ngo~i ngit, con ngu'ai va sac khoe, khoa h9C xii hQi, kinh tt va
tai chinh, th~ dl)c va th~ thao, tin h9C, ngh~ thu~t, kinh tt gia dlnh va ky thu~t. Qu6c van
la mon h9C quan tr9ng nhilt du'Qc giang d'l-Ytil' nam tM nhilrde"n nam cu6i cilng. Toan la
mon quan tr9ng tha nhl du'Qc giang d'l-Yvao cac lOp cilp I, tra thiinh mon chfnh ch9n Il)'a
cilp II. Nhieu qu6c gia bat bUQCh9c sinh theo h9C mon h9c nay n!llt la m9t mon chfnh vao
cac lOp II vai trlnh dQ cao thilp tily theo kha niing nhu toan h9C can ban, toan h9c thu'dng
m'l-i, toan h9C cao d~ng. Khoa h9C vai cac mqn Iy, h6a, sinh du'Qc giang d'l-Yvao cac lOp
cilp I va la mon chfnh Ch9n Il)'a cac lOp cilp II. H~u htt cac qu6c gia tren tht giai bift
bU9C h9C sinh trung h9C theo h9C mon ng0'l-i ngit It nhilt htt cilp I va mon nay
thiinh
mon chfnh ch9n Il)'a vao cac nam cilp II. Th~ dl)C va th~ thao la mon h9C blft bUQC cilp I
va la mon chfnh ch9n Il)'a cilp II. Linh vl)'c con nguai va sac khoe bao g5m cac mon h9C:
phat tri~n th~ xac va tinh th~n, giao dl)c tlnh dl)c, lien h~ con ngu'ai, thl)'c phllm va dinh
duong, sac khoe va dan s6. H9C sinh cilp I dUQcgiang d~y m9t s6 de tai gian dj; h9C sinh
cilp II ch9n Il)'a cac mon trong IInh vl)'c nay nhu cac mon chinh. Linh vl)'c khoa h9C xii hQi
bao g5m cac mon h9C: Ijch sU',dja Iy, cong dan giao dl)c, van h6a, tritt h9C, tam Iy, xii hQi
h9C. Nhitng mon Ijch sU',dja Iy, cong dan giao dl)c la mon h9C bat bU9C cilp I va
thanh mon chfnh ch9n Il)'a cilp II cilng vai cac mon con I'l-i.Linh vl)'c kinh tt va tai chfnh
g5m cac mon h9C: kt toan, lu~t phap, kinh tt, quan tIi kinh doanh dUQc giang d'l-Ynhu
mQt mon chinh ch9n Il)'a' cilp II. Mon nay tudng drSi kh6 nen thuang khong dUQc giai
thi~u a cilp I. Tin h9C tuy la mon h9C mai me nhttng dii dUQcgiang d'l-Ynhu mQt mon h9C
bift bUQC m9t vai lOp cilp I va la mon chfnh ch9n 19C cilp II. Linh vl)'c nghe thu~t bao
g5m cac mon h9C nhu am nh'l-c, kjch, vii, hoi h9a, nhitp anh, truyen thong ...; tily theo
truang, c6 mon la mon h9C blft bUQc, c6 mon la mon h9C Il)'a ch9n
cilp I va
thanh
mon chinh Il)'ach9n cilp II. Kinh tt gia dlnh g5m cac mon'h9c nhu nilu nu'ang, lam banh,
theu dan, may va; h9C sinh cilp I ch9n h9c m9t ho~c hai mon; cac mon theu dan, may va
thuang chi danh cho nit sinh; cac mon nay thuang khong dUQc giang d'l-Yt'l-i cilp II. Ky
thu~t g9m c6 cac mon nhu nghe m9c, nghe silt, nghe di~n va la cac mon ch9n Il)'a a cilp I
va thuang khong du<;1cgiang d'l-Y cilp II. Cac mon nay ciing nhu cae mon 'wc kinh tt gia
dlnh dUQc h9C mQt cach chi titt vai vi~c thl)'Chiinh
cac truang huiln nghi~p hay cac
truang cao d~ng ky thu~ t.

tra

tra

"

486

tra

Ttl chuc

va chtidng trinh gida dl:lctrung hQc trang hi~n t{li

Trang hi~n t",i, nhi~u quoc gia, nhllt la cac quoc gia tay phuong, co nhi~u hQc sinh di
dan til nhi~u quoc gia khac. BQ Giao d~c cac quoc gia nay chiip nh~n va thie"t I~p chuang
trlnh giao d~c "da wIn h6a", hQc sinh di dan dUl!c hoc ngon ngG'dan tQc, van hoa dan tQc
va ngay d hQc sinh chinh quoc cling co th theo hoc cac m.on hoc moi me nay.
Hoc sinh clip I hQc du mQi gia til sang dn chi~u, khong co gia trong. Ne'u tie"thoc co
50 phut, hoc sinh hoc mQt tufrn 30 tie't, mQt ngay 6 tie't: 4 tie't bu6i sang va hai tie't bu6i
chi~u sau khi an trua. GiG'a hai tie't hQc bu6i sang, hoc sinh ra choi 20 dn 30 phut. Voi
cac man chinh, hQc sinh ci\ lOp hQc chung; voi cac man nhi~m '1 chQn hfa, hQc sinh mQt
lop c6 th chQn man hoc khac nhau. HQc sinh clip II c6 th chQn ilIa theo hQc it nhiit la 4
man va nhi~u nhllt la 6 man. Trung blnh m6i man hQc c6 5 tie't, hQc sinh chQn hQC4 man
se hQc 20 tie't mQt tufrn va c6 10 tie't trang, hQc sinh hQc 6 man se phai hQc 30 tit mQt
tufrn va khong c6 gia trong. HQc sinh c6 th chQn hQc quoc van, toan, kinh te",lu~t, ngo",i
ngii' M chuii'n bj hoc nganh lu~t a d",i hoc; hoc sinh muon hoc nganh ky su <'J d",i hQc se
hoc cac man: quoc van, toan, Iy, h6a, tin hoc, ngo;ti ngii'; hoc sinh muon hoc nganh tin h()c
dai hoc chon hoc cac man: quoc van, toan, tin hQc, ngo;ti ngG' va mQt vai man khac tiiy
'1; hoc sinh muon tra thanh nhiin vien xa hQi se chon cac man: quoc van, tam 1'1 hoc, trie't
hQc, xa hQi hoc, lien h~ cQng d6ng, suc khoe va dan so; hQc sinh muon tra thanh huye'n
luy~n vien th d~c hoijc giao vien th d~c hQc cac man: quoc van, hoa hQc, sinh hQc, th~
d~c th thaD, toan hQCcan ban. Vi~c chQn man clla hQc sinh a clip II con tiiy thuQc so giao
vien truang hi~n c6 cling nhu so hQc sinh trang m6i man hoc. Thong thuang, m6i truang
dua ra mQt so nh6m cac man hQc M hQc sinh Il!a chon. So cac nh6m man hQc nay dUl!c
thie't I~p tiiy thuQc vao so giao vien hi~n hOOva cac man hoc giang d;ty. Truoc khi chon
Il!a man hoc a clip II, hoc sinh dUl!c cac giao vien cM nhi~m bQ man va chil nhi~m clip

lOp a clip II phong vlln va huang d!\n M chon man hQc.

Chuang trlnh giao d~c til lOp 10 tra xuong do truang quye't dinh dl!a VaGnhG'ng huang
d!\n clla BQ Giao d~c cung voi hoan dnh, tr1nh dQ kie'n thuc t6ng quat clla hQc sinh dja
phuong va la nhi~m v~ chinh clla giao vien Chll nhi~m chuang tr1nh voi sl! hl!P tac clla cac
giao vien chil nhiem bQ man. Rieng chuang tr1nh lop 11, 12 do BQ Giao d~c so",n thao VI
la chuang tr1nh thi clin phai c6 sl! thong nhllt. Tuy nhien, BQ Giao d~c cling chip nh~n cac
moh hoc phii hl!P voi hoan canh dja phuong. Lop 11 chua phai la lOp thi nhling-chuong
tr1nh giao dl)c ciln phai thong nhllt M chuii'n bj cho lOp 12.
III. Phu'dng phap giang d~y "lily hqc sinh lam trung Him"
Cling nhu <'J ti~u hQc, phuong phap giang d;ty "Illy hQc sinh lam trung tam" dUl!Cap
dl)ng a cac clip lOp trung hQc. Viec ap dl)ng nay con tiiy thuQc VaG chinh sach giao dl)C
cila m6i quoc gia. Cac nha giao dl)c Mu cong nh~n ding phuong phap giao dl)Cnay la
487

T6 chlic va chuang trinh giao dl:lctrung hQc trang hi~n t{li

dU'ang 16i hi~u nghi~m nhat d giup miSi ca nhan hQc sinh titn b(\. Voi sl so' lOp hQc hi~n
t~i khoang ttt 25 Mn 30 hQc sinh, vi~c ap dl,mg phU'ong phap giao dlJCtitn b(\ tren khong
kh6 khan. Tuy nhien, t~i cac nuoc voi phuong ti~n tai chinh eo h~p, lOp hQc voi SI so' cao
40, 50 hQc sinh, vi~c ap d~ng phU'ong phap tren c6 gijp kh6 khan. Tuy nhien, voi thi~n chi,
co' gling va lU(1ngtam nha mo ph~m, giao vien van c6 th ap d~ng phU'ong phap giao d~c
nay.
Cung nhu a liu hQc, cac lOp hQCa trung hQCkhong c6 tinh cach g<)nIQc, hQc sinh kha
va hQc sinh thuang dU'<;Jc
hQc chung voi nhau. HQc sinh thuang va ngay ca nhung hQc sinh
ch~m hiu c6 co h(\i hoc hoi lan- nhau va hQChoi nhi~u a cac hQc sinh kha. Nha v~y, cac
hQc sinh thuang c6 co hQi tro thanh cac hQc sinh kha, cac hQc sinh ch~m hiu c6 co h(\i tra
thanh cac hQc sinh thU'ang. Vi~c chu truong slip xtp cac lOp hQc khong g~n IQCva voi sl!
khuytn khich cua giao vien v~ tinh than tuong than tU'ang tn1, da t~o co h(\i cho vi~c hQc
hoi va titn b(\ cua miSi ca nhan. T~i cac truang c6 t6 chac chuang trlnh giao d~c ph~ giao,
vi~c ph~ giup cua cac hoc sinh lop cao t<)icac lOp th-ap cung t~o dU<;Jctinh than tinh than
tuong than tuong trQ cao d~p nay. T6 chac hi~u doan, chi a lOp thanh tUng d(\i, cung t~o co
h(\i cho hQc sinh chang to tinh than tuong than tuong trQ M cung nhau hQc t~p va titn b(\.
Day la nhung khia c<)rihd6ng gop vao sl! thanh cong cua phuong phap giao d~c lay hQc
sinh lam trung tam.
Khi so<)n bai, giao vien !rung hQc phai quan tam Mn cac hQc sinh kha, cac hQc sinh
thltang va cac hQc sinh ch~m hiu co th gijp kh6 khan, ap d~ng vi~c giang d~y cho tUng
ca nhan cac lo~i hQc sinh. Vi~c khuytn khich hQc sinh ph<it biu y kitn hoijc neu ra nhii'ng
cau hoi a day con quan trQng han otiu hQc VI van d~ giao d~c phac t<)phan, VI kha nang
suy tuang cua hQc sinh cao han. Khong c6 m(\t van d~ nao hoan toan xac dang va Iy
tU'ang, trit nhung nguyen tlic bat di bilt dich cua khoa hoc; VI v~y, ta ncn ton trQng y kitn
cua nguai khac; giaa vicn ton trQng y kitn cua hQc sinh du khong d6ng y; tuy nhien, giao
vien Ou'ara nhung Wi giai thich chinh dang d thuytt ph~c hQc sinh. HQc sinh tay phuong
thuang b~o d~n, vi~c ap d~ng phuong phap giao d~c titn b(\ lay hQc sinh lam trung tam
dU'Qcap d~ng m(\t cach de dang; hQc sinh A Dong thuang e I~, nhut nhat, giao vien nen
khuytn khich hQc sinh lam vi~c, Ian IUl)tdijt cau hoi M tat d hQc sinh trang lOp c6 co h(\i
ph<it biu y kitn. Ap d~ng vi~c chia nh6m hQc t~p trang lop, giup cac hQc sinh nhut nhat
lam vi~c trang nhom truoc, titp thea c6 th sinh ho~t m(\t cach de dang voi ca lOp. cac
Idp 11, 12, lOp hQc c6 SI so' thap, vi~c giang d~y va hQCt~p ca nhan de dang han.
Ngoai sach giaa khoa, giao vien trung hQc con IQi d~ng tri~t M cac tai li~u giang d~y
thl!c tt khac nhu phim anh, bang hlnh, bang nh~c, may vi tinh d s6ng dOng hoa khung
canh lOp hQc, o hQc sinh de nh~n biet va de titp nh~n. Vi~c tham quan !lm hiu thl!c tt
tai chiScung rat quan trQng, giup hQc sinh ap d~ng nhung gl da dUQchQc qua sach va.

488

T(J chac va chuang trinh giaa dl;lc trung hQc trang hi?n tl,li
M(\t oi~u quan tn~ng va cung la di~u khac bi~t kha IOn giii'a hQc sinh ti~u hQC va trung
hQc la hQc sinh trung hQc bueic vao tu6i d~y thl, khi thi! xac va tinh th5n phat trii!n dUa Mn
vi~c phat trin tam tinh, doi khi bat thuang va co nhii'ng bii!u hi~n ch6ng dOi thllm quy~n
gia olnh cung nhu thii'm quy~n hQc dUang. Nhieu
hay tu6i tre nay la
d6i makhong
ky lu~t VI can

nha tam Iy oa m~nh danh tu6i d~y thl

"tudi n6i lOl}n". HQ ch6ng 06i mQi thu, k ca Ie phai, ch6ng d ch6ng

c5n bie't Mn Iy do. Veii m(\t hai Wp 05u trung hQc, hQc sinh can
hanh di~n veii vai tra dan anh oan chi

a b~c

a trang

vang

trung hQc. C1leip 9, ](jp 10 la

lUa tuili phat trii!n bat thUang va kh6 giao dl,!c nhat VI vao 14, 15, 16 tu6i, hQc sinh Ua
thich nhii'ng cau chuy~n

xa h(\i, thich giao du tam tlnh !veii b,!-n be nhat la b,!-n be khac

phai, kh6 t~p trung veii vi~c hQc t~p trang leip, Ua ma mang han la thl!C te'o C1leip II, 12
hQc sinh tra I,!-ivang ky lu~t VI trUang thanh hon, VI t~p trung VaG vi~c hQc t~p oi thi nhat
la a leip 12. Giao vien, han ai he't, han cii phI,! huynh, han ca cac nhan vien xa h(\i hiu ro
tam Iy va tlnh tr,!-ng phat trin tinh th5n va th chat clla hQc sinh VI oa OU<,1c
hQc t~p ve cac
nganh tam ly va giao dl,!c

a o,!-i hQc cung

nhieu nam kinh nghi~m

giang d,!-Y. Giao vien

can phai c~p nMt h6a, thich nghi h6a veii hoan ciinh xa hQi meii, ap dl,!ng phUong philp sU
ph,!-m cung nhu ap dl,!ng nganh tam ly gj(ji tinh va tam Iy lua tu6i d c6 th giang d,!-y m(\t
each thich oang va c6 hi~u qua. Giao vien chilc chiin c6 OU<,1c
nhan oinh r~ng: tu6i tre 10
nam trUdc day va hi~n t,!-i cach biet. kha xa. Hiu oUac
. nhu v~y, giao vien se chIl trQng
oe'n thai 0(\ hQc t~p clla mQi hQc sinh trang lOp, phat hi~n oung Illc cac thay 06i tam tinh
va thai 0(\ clla hQc sinh, d c6 th thong bao kip thai cho giao vien chll nhi~m va phI,!
huynh, d tim bi~n phap thich oang ngo hfiu thuye't phl,!c hQc sinh tra I,!-i con OUang hQc
van. Da c6 nhii'ng cau truy~n dang buon x1ly ra t,!-i cac trUang hQc lily phuong

va c6 th

xily ra a bat Cll trUang hQc nao la cha me lai xe dem con de'n t~n c6ng trUang vao bu6i
sang va 06n con cung t,!-i oay moi ngay s~u khi tan hQc; the' nh'ung sau khi cha m~ ra v~,
hQc sinh tra ngU<;Jcra dUong, nh~p bQn veii cac hQc sinh tr6n hQc khac di choi teii gh

giG

tan hQc, tra l,!-i c6ng trUang cho cha m~ 06n v~ nha. Ne'u chi tr6n hQc m(\t hai ngay, hQc
sinh m<)o chii' ky clla cha m~, n(\p giay cho phep nghi hQc clla phI,! huynh. Nhi~u hQc sinh
tr6n hoc ca tu5n, cii thang,
huynh nhUng khong

giao vien chll nhi~m cap lOp di~n tho,!-i thong bao cho ph~

gaP VI cha m~ viing mat hOac hQc sinh dUa cho giao vien so' oi~n

tho,!-i gia va nhieu lfin di~n tho,!-i van khong gap phI,! huynh du phI,! huynh van c6 mijt t,!-i
nha. Cu6i cung, giao vien chll nhi~m phai lai xe Mn t~n nhil d gap phI,! huynh vavi~c
tr6n hQc cii thang clla con em da phat hi~n. Vi~c tron hQc cii thang nay rat c6 th dUa Mn
vi~c b6 hQc. Di~u quan trQng hon nii'a la trang cii thang vilng mijt, hQc sinh oi dau va lam
gL Hau qua

la nhieu

hQc sinh oa di vao con duang

xau

xa nhu nghi~n

hIlt, ph,!-m

phap. Giao vien con phai quan tam Mn vi~c thay oili bat thUang trang thai d(\ hQC t~p
hang

ngay clla hQc sinh; hQc sinh cham

chi tra thanh 10 dang; hQc sinh nang

489

o(\ng tra

To' chac

va chuang

trinh gida

dl;lC

trung hQc trang hifn t(li

thanh thl,! dong; day la tril%uchung cua ngo(li dnh co anh huang va chi ph6i hil%uthai di)
hQc tij.p cua hQc sinh. Giao vien d,!Y lOp c6 g1\ng tim hi~u Iy do, khuyen khich va thuyet
phl,!c hQc sinh tra I(li con duang hQc van. Neu can, giao vien chu nhil%mcap lOp va giao
vien xa hQi cua truang cung voi phI,!huynh hQp tac giai quyet cac kho khan tren.
)~ co th~ theo dBi vil%chQc tij.p cua hQc sinh mot cach thich dang va chi Mt, m6i giao
.vien co cuon s5 tay hay Ijch giao vien. Trang Ijch nay, giao vien ghi cM nhung d~c di~m,
tie'n tri~n hQc tij.p,bai tij.phili ki~m da nop, hili thieu sot, di~m so cho m6i bai cua hQc sinh
m6i lOp. Giao vien chu nhil%mcon ghi nhi~u chi tiet han nua.
)~ phI,! huynh va giao vien til%nvil%ctheo dBi thai d(\ hQc tij.p cua hQc sinh, m6i hQc
sinh trung hQc co cuon s5 tay hay Ijch hQc sinh chi tiet voi ngay thang tufrn lli hQc tij.p.
Trang Ijch nay, hQc sinh ghi chep nhung di~u dn thiet trang khi hQc tij.p, ngay giO nop bai
lam, bai ki~m, bai thi. Giao vien d(lY giO cuoi cung trang tufrn ki~m soat s5 tay va ky xac
nhij.n; phI,!huynh dQCva ky xac nhij.n. Neu phI,! huynh ho~c giao vien mon hQc cung nhu
giao vien chu nhil%mmuon co cac cUQc tiep xuc khong chinh thuc, Ijch nay la nhjp cfru
lien l(lc. Ngoai ra, mQt nam h<;Jcit nhat hai Ifrn, phI,!huynh va giao vien g~p m~t M thao
luij.nv~ tien tri~n hQc tij.pcua h<;Jcsinh vao cuoi m6i h<;Jcky.
Vil%cslip xep eac mon dij.y, cap lOp d(lY cho giao vien rat quan tr<;Jng bij.c trung h<;Jc,
dong gop mot each thiet thtfc vao vil%cdi tien chuang trlnh va phuang phap giang d(lY lay
h<;Jcsinh lam trung tam. MQt nguyen t1\c trong vil%cs1\p xep mon d(lY cho giao vien la
"khOng gido vien new giang df,ly mQI man hai lop va mQI ldp hai man" tru tru(Jng hl)p thieu
giao vien ho~c tra ng(li trang vil%cthiet Iij.pthai khoa bi~u. MQt truang trung h<;Jcco 5 lOp
12, mlli lOp d~u phai h<;Jcmon quoc van, voi 5 tiet mQt tufrn. Nhi~u ngu'ai cho ding xep
mQt giao vien gioi va kinh nghil%md(lYqu6c van d 5 lOp se vua til%nIQi vua dli dang cho
giao vien va cho truang. Nhung vil%cnay g~p mot s6 kho khan la di nguQc I(li voi nguyen
dc su ph(lm trang vil%cslip giO dij.y; khi hoi h<;JpM di tien chuang trlnh va phuang phap
giang day thl chi co mot thanh vien duy nhat la giao vien d,!y lop, khong th~ gQi la hoi
hQp hQi thao va lam sao co nhi~u y kien M di tien; nhi~u giao vien khac cung mu6n
giang d,!y mon qu6c van lOp 12 va tra thanh mot giao vien gioi rna khong co ca fiQi thtfC
hil%ny dinh; cuoi cung, khong nen d~t trach nhi~m giang d(lY mQt mon h<;Jct(li nhi~u lOp
12 trong tay mQt giao vien. Nhu vij.y, mon qu6c van cua 5 lOp 12 se do 5 giao vien giang
d,!Y.)i~u nay khong nhung t(lo dUQcvi~c ganh dua, vi~c hoi thao se co nhi~u y kien dong
gop vil%ccai tien chuang tdnh va phu'cJl}gphap giao dl,!cco hi~u qua hcJn. Han nua, cac lOp
12 thuang dUQcs1\p xep hQc mon qu6c van cung mQt Iuc, sau do, hQc sinh trang mot
lOp xe Ie ra theo h<;Jcnhiu mon khac nhau. Do do, vil%cxep mot giao vien d,!y mon
quoc van cho ca 5 lOp khong th~ thtfc hi~n dU<;lc.Cac giao vien d(lY qu6c van lop 12, co
thi! d,!y them quoc van lop 7, qu6c van lop 10, qu6c van lOp II voi t5ng s6 tiet d(lYqu6c

490

T6 chuc
(l

ft
o
o
I,

va chuang

trinh gido dl;tctrung hqc trang hi~n t(Ji

van la 20; d~y mon hQc tM hai la lich slt voi hai lOp cilp I nii'a, m6i lOp 2 tiet moi du s6
tiet bilt bu(\c phai d~y la 24,25. Nhu v~y giao vien nay d~y hai mon la qu6c van va lich sit
t~i hilu het cac lop. Vi~c silp xep gio d~y nay co nhi~u It;1idim la giao vien cilng d~y
1 nhi~u cilp lOp cilng t6t vi nh~n biet duae kien thae cua hoc sinh mQi ciip lOp, rat co It;1i

I
I

trang vi~c h(\i thao.

IV. Thi thac kiim tra danh gia
1. Thi thac kim tra danh gia cac lop du'oi lop 12
. Vi~c kiii'm tra danh gia cae lOp trung hQc dlft;1cdl!a vao thai d(\ hQC t~p cua hQc sinh
trong lOp; vi~e tra !Oi cac cau hoi thao lu~n; hoan thanh t6t dyp cac bili lam sau m6i bai
hQc, bai kiii'm sau moi chu d~ hqc t~P. bai lam t6ng quat, bili nghien cltu sau m6i hQc ky
va co thii' bili thi cu6i nam hQc. Giao vien ghi chU mQi chi tiet v~ sl! tien b(\ hQc t~p, v~ ket
qua cae bai lam bai kiii'm cua moi hQc sinh trang eu6n s6 tay. HQc sinh tre mii, hQc t~p sa
sut du<,jcpMt hi~n kjp thai, du<,jccac giao vien va cii ph\! huynh thUc Oily va khuyen
khich. HQc sinh lam bai kern se phai lam bai I~i M dap ung voi tieu chuii:n chung. Nhii'ng
hqe sinh lLtoi bieng, thieu c6 gilng, thieu kien thuc can ban, khong thich h<,jpvoi chuang
trinh giao d\!c trung hQc, dLtt;1ethong bao cho ph\! huynh va du<,jckhuyen cao dJeo hQc t~i
trLtong ky thu~t ho~c huan nghi~p. Voi vi~e theo doi va thUc dii:y nay, co thi noi, tat cii
hQc sinh trung hQc d~u len lOp. D6i voi nhii'ng hQc sinh phai vilng m~t vi b~nh, vi theo cha
my di nghi he hay cong tac a nLtoc ngoai, phai lam bai b6 tuc thoa dang sau khi tra l~i va
vi~c len lOp kh6ng co gi tra ng~i. D6i voi nhii'ng hQc sinh vilng m~t m(\t thai gian dai co Iy
do chinh dang, neu da s6 giao vien d~y lOp xac nMn ding hQc sinh co kha nang theo kjp
b~n be trang nien hQc t(li, vi~c len lOp cling kh6ng co tra ng~i. D6i voi nhii'ng hQc sinh
xuat silc, vi~c nhay lOp cling dLtt;1ccltu xet. Mi)t s6 hQc sinh thong minh co thi theo hQc
cac lop II, 12 khi tu6i moi co 12, 13. Nhi~u qu6c gia t6 chuc cac truong d~c bi~t ho~c cac
lOp hQc d~c'bi~t M giang d~y cae hQc sinh nay.
Vi~c cho dim a b~c trung hqc voi A, B, C, D, E dLt<,jcap d\!ng, kern them voi !Oi pM
binh chi tiet cua giao vien. Tuy kh6ng co diim s6 ro rang tit 0 den 10, nhLtng ph\! huynh
cling co thi thay du<,jcket qua hQc t~p cua con em qua A,B,C va loi phe cua giao vien.
Voi lOp II, thi thU'ckiim tra danh gia du<,jcthl!c hi~n m(\t each chi tiet han. Di chuii:n
bi cho vi~c hQc t~p a lOp 12, mi)t s6 bai kiii'm va vai nghien cltu quan trQng dut;1cgi(li
thi~u, nhLtng vi~c cho diim van chila A,B.c...
2. Thi thac klim tra danh gia lop 12
V(Ii lOp 12, lop di thi cu6i chuang trlnh giao d\!c trung hQc, hQc sinh phai lam nhi~u bili
kim han, phai hoan thanh voi ket qua t6t nhi~u bai thi. Cae bai lam bili kiim chi co m\!c
491

TrJ chuc

va chuang

trinh gido dl;lc trung hQc trung hi?n t(,li

dich on tap va ket qua dli<;1cgiao vien thong bao cho hQc sinh. Can cU'vao cac bili kic5m
nily, giao vien s6 thuc dffy viec hge t~p clla h9C sinh ng6 hftu d'!t dli<;1cket qua t6t trang
cae bili thi. Cae bili thi dli<;1C
danh gia voi nhilng dic5m s6tlt I den 10 hoae phftn tram nhli
99%, 15%, 100% ...va se dli<;1C
ap dl!ng !lim tieu chuffn cho viec ch9n l\fa sinh vien VaGcac
nganh hQc (j d,!i h9C. C6 nhi~u thE thlic kic5mtra danh gia (j lOp 12. Thc5thac nao c(1ng c6
muc dich clanh gia viec hQc t~p clIa hQe sinh mQt cach xac th\fC, c6 th6 th\fC hien mQt cach
tliang cl6i dij dang, khong gay xao trQn viec hQc t~p clla hQc sinh, danh gia viec hQc t~p
clla hQc sinh trang nam hQc va cu6i nam hQc, tranh viec d6n ep thi cit VaGcu6i nam. Th6
thac thong thliang la hQc sinh phai hoiin thanh hai bili thi moi man hQc (j lOp 12, mQt bai
t,!i trliang VaGkhoang cu6i hQc ky II, mQt bai thi chung cae trliang vao cu6i nam h9C. Bai
thi t,!i trliang c6 thi! Iii bili nghien cU'u sau rQng cho cac mon nhan van hoac mQt bili thi
g6m b6n nam phftn, m6i tuftn thi mQt phftn cho cac man khoa hQc ky thu~t. Ngoiii ra, hQc
sinh chQn hQc man ngo,!i ngil phao thi them bai th\fc hilIih.
2,1 Bai thi tl.li tru'ong: bai thi nghien cUu ho~c blti thi g6m co nhi~u philn nhO
Bai thi nghien cU'u sau rQng voi thai gian tlt 4 toi 6 tuan 1&voi khoang 3.000 tit hay 3
hoae 4 trang gi5y kh6 A4. Bai thi nay dli<;1C
hoan thilnh trang nhi~u giai clo,!n. Giai clo,!n I
la hQc sinh tt! chQn cI~tai voi st! hliong dan va chap thu~n clla giao vien d,!y IOp~giai clo,!n
2 lil h9C sinh tIm tili lieu lien he voi st! hliong dan clla giao vien lOp vii giao vien thli vien;
giai do,!n 3 la h9C sinh hoan thanh diin bili voi st! hliong dan vii ch5p thu~n ella giao vien
d,!y lOp; giai do,!n 4 Iii ban nhap biii nghicn cU'u, phai dli<;1C
giao vien lOp thong qua; giai
clo,!n 5 la bili liim chinh thuc, bai lilm nay cling nguyen bQ h6 so bili nghiCn cU'uclla m6i
giai clo,!n , nQp cho giao vien lOp dung ky h,!n. Bai nghien cU'u sau rQng do giao vien d,!y
lop clanh gia, khong cho cliEm rna chi xep h,!ng tit cao nhat oen th5p nhat, viec cho cli6m
se clli(jCclinh clo'!t VaG giai clo,!n sau. Bien phap kh6ng cho di6m mil chi xep h,!ng tren
tranh clli<;1C
viec giao vien trliang nay cho cliEm dij, giao vien tntang khac cho cliEm ngiit.
Bai thi nghien cU'uc6 thc5c6 nhilng I,!m dl!ng nhli viec hQc sinh nha ngliai khac gop y
kien, bili lam chinh thuc clli<;1c
ngliai khac clQc va sita nhilng 16i lam, giao vien dli nh~n
biet cli~u nay nhling khong thc5bUQc16i cho hQc sinh, kh6ng thc5cho hQc sinh clic5mthap,
nen biii thi nghicn cU'u clli<;1C
d6i thilnh bai thi t,!i lOp. Biii thi nay g6m nhi~u phan, m!)t
phan c6 thc5la cae cau hoi tdc nghii;m, phan khac lil cac cau hoi ngi\n, phan khac nila la
mot bili lu~n van ngi\n v~ mQt d~ tai gian di voi so' tit nh5t dinh khoang 500, thi trang hai,
ba giiJ. Moi cau hoi, m6i phan clla bai thi c6 mQt so' cli&mnh5t dinh. Bili thi t,!i lOp do giao
vien d,!y lOp so,!n, clanh gia, xep h,!ng tlt cao nh5t toi th5p nh5t. Dic5mchinh thac se clli<;1C
quyet clinh sau.

(
c
492

T6 chu.c

va chuang

trinh gido dl,lc trung hQc trong hifn t(,li

2.2 Bai thi chung cac truong cu6i nam

Day la bai thi quan trQng nhat, danh gia mQt cach xac thl/c kha nang clla hQc sinh.
D,il'!ms6 ella bai thi nay du<,1cap d\lng M tinh dil'!m bai tl,1it~i truClng. HQc sinh thi bai thi
nay t~i cac trung tam kMo thi, bai thi dI1<,1c
t~p trung, giao vien cac truClng du<,1ctri<%ut~p
M danh gia. Bai thi du<,1ccham hai Idn voi hai giam khao, voi dil'!m s6 I oen 10 hay phdn
tram. Sau khi du<,1ccho dil'!m, dil'!m s6 clla m6i man hQc clla m6i truClng voi s6 ky danh
du(1c xep h~ng tit cao den lhap nhat. Can cu vao bang xep h~ng dil'!m s6 clla bai lhi nay,
may vi tinh se tim ra dil'!m s6ludng ung clla bai lhi t~i truClng. Neu bai thi chung cu6i nam
lhi sinh d~l 75% va xep h~ng 10 trang lOp; lrang khi do, bai lhi l~i IruClng xep h~ng 14 lhl
dil'!m s6 ludng ung clla bai lhi nay vao khoang 72%. Neu giao vien cham cac bai lhi mQt
cach cang lam, dil'!m s6 ci!a cac bai lhi ludng d6i ludng ung va khang co khac bi<%lIOn.
Cac nha giao d\lC cang nMn ding day Ia mQI hlnh lhuc kil'!m tra danh gia kha chinh xac co
lhl'! chap nh~n du<,1c.Trang khi lhi cii, hQc sinh gijp lai n~n, dau yeu se du<,1ccUu xel rQng
riii, cho phep thi cii b6 tuc va ket qua hQc l~p khang bj anh hudng.
HQc sinh lOp 12 phai hQc 16i thil'!u 4 man va t6i da la 6 man. Kel qua ky thi lOp 12 hay
tot nghi<%ptrung hoc can cu VilO t6ng sb dil'!m 4 man chinh cQng voi 10% cho hai man ph\l.
Neu khang phan bi<%tman chinh hay ph\! thl ket qua se la 16ng sb dil'!m clla 4 man co sb
dil'!m cao nhat, cQng voi 10% ci!a hai man con l~i.

V. Truong trung hQc ky thu~t, truong huan nghi('p va truong cao ruing ky thu~t
1. Truong trung hQc ky thui.lt

Nhieu qu6c gia thiet I~p IruClngtrung hQc ky thU~1song song voi cac truClng trung hQc
ph6 thong. HQe sinh nam cubi cung til'!u hQc du<,1cdi tham quan cac lo~i truClng, du<,1cgiao
vien d~y lOp cling nhu giao vien chi! nhi<%mhuang d~n ghi ten theo hQc truClng trung hQc
ph6 thong hay ky thu~t sau khi tham khao y kien clla ph\! huynh. Thong thuClng, hQc'sinh
. khang co y dinh hoe len d~i hQc trang tuang lai, hQc II/c duoi trung blnh, thieu chuyen
cil.n, du<,1ckhuyen cao theo hQc cac truClng trung hQc ky thu~t. MQt sb hQc sinh lrung hQc
ph6 lhong, khong dap ling thoa dang vi<%chQc t~p, cling du<,1ckhuyen cao chuyl'!n sang
truClng ky lhu~t. T~i cac truClng nay, ngay lit nam ddu lien, hQc sinh du<,1ctheo hQc cac
man ky lhu~t, huang nghi<%pcung vai cac mon hQc ph6 thong. Cang len cac lOp cao, cac
man ky thu~t huang nghi('p ve mQi nganh du<,1cgiang d~y voi phdn thl/c t~p ng6 hftu daD
t~o cae th<,1chuyen man cho cac xi nghi<%p.Nhieu qubc gia co Chuting lrlnh h<,1ptac giii'a
IruClng ky thu~t va cac xi nghi<%p,hQc sinh hQc ly thuyet t~i truClng va thl/c l~p t~i xi
nghi<%pnhu mQt nguCli th<,1t~p sl/ trang ba hoijc b6n nam, chudng trlnh nay thuClng dudc
chinh quyen tai tr<,1va hQc sinh thl/C t~p du<,1chudng ph\! cap giao d\!c, cling co lhl'! du<,1c
cac cac xi nghi<%ptra IUdng t~p sl!.
493

Ttl chuc

va chuang

trlnh gido dl;tctrung hQc trong hifn t(li

2. Tnfl1ng hulln nghi~p

Nhi~u qu6c gia thiet l~p cae truong huiln nghi~p hay cac trung tiim huiln nghi~p khap
ndi. Dac bi~t la cac trung Him nay khong phai chi do Bi) Oiao d\lc thiet l~p rna con la sl!
ci)ng tac giua Bi) Oiao d\lC va cac Bi) khac nhu Bi) Nong nghi~p, Bi) Cong ky ngM cllng
voi chlnh quy~n dia phudng. HQc sinh dU<;lC
huiln luy~n v~ cac nganh ngh~ cung voi philn
thl!C t~p tuy theo nhu du dia phudng. Thong thuong, hQc sinh phai c6 mi)t sO'kien thuc
can b:ln moi du<;lCghi ten theo hQc, tuc la dii hQc het b~c trung hQc cilp I.
3. Trifling cao d~ng ky thu~t
D~ dao t~o nhung can sl! ky thu~t c6 trlnh di) cao d&ng, hQc sinh hQc het chudng trlnh
trung hQc ph6 thong, khong c6 kha nang va di~u ki~n theo hQc d~i hQc, dU<;lC
theo hQc t~i
. cac truong cao d&ng ky thu~t du<;lcthiet I~p t~i moi dia phudng. Chudng tdnh giao d\lc nay
dii dU<;lC
d~ c~p toi vao cac chuong truoc t~i nhi~u qu6c gia khac nhau.
Oiao vien ti~u hQc dii gaP cac kh6 khan do thai di) hQCt~p Idi la ctia hQc sinh moi ngay
mi)t gia tang VI anh hl10ng cua n~n van minh ky thu~t mol. Oiao vien trung hQc con Mp
nhi~u kh6 kh!'in hdn nua do thai di), tam tlnh cua tu6i tre thai d~i. Do d6, moi ngay mi)t it
sinh vien ghi danh theo hQc nganh su ph~m trung hQc, trit nhUng nguoi thl!c sl! yeu ngh~,
gay tlnh tr~ng thieu giao vien nhilt la voi cac mon toan va khoa hQc. Them vao d6, mi)t sO'
qu6c gia nhl1 cac nudc A R~p Trung Dong, NMt Ban va Trung Qu6c dn nhi~u giao vien
tieng Anh. Vai tlnh tr~ng thieu giao vien trung hQCnhu vita neu tren; nhi~u qu6c gia ban
hanh chlnh sach khuyen khich sinh vien theo hQc nganh sl1 ph~m vai hQc b6ng khi di hQc,
bao dam nhan d\lng sau khi t6t nghi~p; keu gQi vi~c h<;Iptac giua hQc duong, ph\l huynh
va ci)ng d6ng. trong cac cong tac giao d\lc nhu duy td ky lu~t, giam thi~u vi~c hQc sinh
tr6n hQc, ki~m soat gat gao vi~c buon ban cac thu thu6c di)c h~i trong xii hi)i va chung
quanh khu vl!c nha trl1ong; cae Hi)i d6ng Nha truong chilp nh~n vi~c maC d6ng ph\lc cua
toan th~ hQc sinh trung hQc, ngay ca lop 12 M giam thi~u vii;c dua doi !'inmaC, trttng di~n
nhilt la v~ phi a nu sinh. Hy vQng rAng nhung bi~n phap tren diln diln dem I~i ket qua t6t
dt;p, khuyen khich sinh vien hQc nganh sl1 ph~m va hQCdl10ng tro thanh mi)t co sO giao
d\lc dung nghla, thily co giang d~y d~ dang va hung tbU, tro cham chi.

494

,-

Chlidng 34

,.

Giao

dlf,c dijc

hi?t trong hi?n tq,;

I. Trilc nghi~m tri thOng minh hQc sinh

II . Chu'dng trinh giao d\lc hQc sinh khuye't ti)t the cha't
III.Chu'dng trlnh giao d\lc hQc sinh tllm thlln ba't 6n djnh
IV. Chu'dng trinh giao d\lc hQc sinh co cam xuc ba't thu'ltng
V. Chu'dng trinh giao d\lc hQc sinh thOng minh
VI. Chu'dng trinh giao d\lc ~i gia dlnh

Giao dl,lc oijc bi~t 130 chuang tnnh giao dl,lc ou(,1cthie't l~p vai m\lc oich giang d<).y
hhung h<;Jcsinh thong minh. bilt blnh tliuang v~ thf chilt, v~ tinh th~n, hoijc bilt cu ouang
l6i giao dl,lc nao kMc nhu giao dl,lc toan thOi gian t<)igia olnh thay vi h<;Jcduang. Giang
d<)ynhung h<;Jcsinh nay dbi hoi phuong philp va dl.lDgc~ d~c bi~t thich h(,1prna lap hQC
blnh thuang khong co kha nang cung cilp. Tuy v~y, cac nha giao dl,lc d~u 05ng y rling neu
co thf, giao dl,lc nhang h<;Jcsinh nay cung chung vai cac h<;Jcsinh blnh thuang vi h<;Jct~p
rieng re t<)ocho nhang h<;Jcsinh khuyet t~t mijc cam thua kern, ky thi va lam giam oi kha
nang hQc hoi ding nhu kha nang tit sinh t5n trong tuong lai. Nhi~u trU'ang giang d<)yd hai
nhom h<;Jcsinh trentrong m(lt lap va cung cilp cho nhom h<;Jcsinh khuyet t~t nhang djch
v~ dilc bi~t nhu chuang trlnh phl,l giao, dl,lng CI,Iva tai li~u giang d<)y h<;Jct~p dijc bi~t.
Truang h(,1ph<;Jcsinh khuyet t~t nijng, co so giao duc dijc bi~t du(,1cthiet l~p df giang d~y.

I. Trilc nghi~m tri thOng minh hQc sinh. Chi s6 thOng minh IQ
H<;Jcsinh bilt blnh thuang phai du(,1Ccac nha Him ly giao dl,lc tim hifu qua vi~c quan sat
h<;Jcsinh h<;Jct~p, phong viln d h<;Jcsinh va phl,l huynh M tim hil5u cac yeu to' di truy~n
neu co. Quan tr<;Jngnhilt 130trilc nghi~m cac em vai cac bai thi trilc nghi~m dijc bi~t M 00
luang tri thong minh. Tn thong minh hay kha nang tiep nh~n kien thuc cua m6i nguai
du(,1Cg<;Ji130 "chi so" thOng minh - Intelligent Quotation IQ". Chi sO'thong minh cua rn(lt
nguai hay cua m(lt h<;Jcsinh blnh thuang theo ket qua cua bai thi trilc nghi~m 130tit 90 tai
109. H<;Jcsinh co chi so' thong minh cao han 109130 nhung h<;Jcsinh kha, xuilt silc hay thong
minh; chi so' cang cao, tri thong minh cang cao. H<;Jcsinh co chi sO'thOng minh tit 70 oen
89 130ch~m hifu. Ch~m hifu
oay khong co nghla 130 bilt blnh thuang, cac h<;Jcsinh nay
tiep nh~n kien thuc ch~m han cac h<;Jcsinh khac nhU'ng hoan toan blnh thuang. Neu cO'
gang va ou(,1Cgiao vien ql.\an tam dijc bi~t, cac em co thf theo kip cac b<)nva chi so' thong

495

Ciao dl;lCdiJc hiijt trang hiijn t(li

minh trang cac IUn thi trac nghii;m ke tiep co thi\' co tien bQ. Hoc sinh co chi so thong
minh duoi 70 duqc xem nhu cac hqc sinh co tam thUn bat 6n d!nh va phan chia thiinh 4
lo~i: nhc, trung blnh, niing, qua niing. H9c sinh voi tlnh tr(lng tam thUn bat 6n djnh nhy co
chi s6 th6ng minh tU 55 toi 69. s6 cac hqc sinh niiy chiem d(li da so va toi 90% tre cm tam
thUn bat 6n d!nh. MQt s6 cac hqc sinh nay co the tham dl! lOp h9C blnh thuang voi sl! quan
tam dac bii;t clla giao vien va Q5 phlJ giao luon iuon trq giL1p.M(lt s6 khac phai duqc hl)c
tiip tai cac trung tam giao dlJc dac bii;t. Khi cac hl)c sinh niiy Wi het ldp tu6i thieu nien,
tUc la vao tu6i 16, 17, h9 co kha nang h9c Wi khoang lOp 6. Nhieu nguai IOn thuQc 10l)i
nay co thi\' duqc huan luyi;n tra thanh th<Jchuyen m6n hOac pan chuyen m6n va co th tl!
liip ve ddi s6ng cling nhu phuong ui~n tai chinh. Hoc sinh tam thUn bat 6n dinh trung blnh
co chi s6 th6ng minh tU 40 den 54. Cac hoc sinh nay h9C hanh kh6ng tien b(l vii hUu nhu
kh6ng c6 khii nang trang vi~c hqc dqc, viet, tinh toan so d&ng; dU0C giao UlJCtrang cac
trung tam giao UlJCdac bii;t, giang u(lY cac sinh hO(lt thong thudng hang ngay di\' giL1ph9
co th tl! liip trang tuong lai va n0u co th, hO(lt dQng trang cac c<!xuahg thich hQp. Hqc
sinh v{ji tlnh trang tam thUn bat 6n dinh nang co chi so thong minh tll 25 Wi 39. Cac h9c
sinh nay da s6 kh6ng co kha nang n6i nen phai dUQchuan luyi;n dac bi~t ve ngon ngi1 noi,
du,1c huan luy~n dac bi~t ve v~ sinh ca nhan va phai du,ic giang u(lY t(li cac trung tam
giao UlJCdac bi~t, da s6 dUQcsan suc t(li gia hOac t(li cac trung tam suot ddi. H9C sinh voi
tlnh tr(lng tam lhan bat 6n djnh qua niing co chi so thong minh duoi 25 va hau nhu suot doi
kh6ng lien lrii\'n qua dUQcgiai dO(ln tu6i tho. Hq Iii cac thanh nien, cac nguai Ion nhung sl!
hiu biet chi iii mQt dUa tre m(lt, hai tu6i, khong biet di. H9 co th h9C di, h9C noi, co kha
nang nhiin biet nguai quen nhung phiii duqc san suc suot dui l(li gia hay t(li cac trung tam.
II. Chudng trlnh giao dlJc hQc sinh khuyet ti.\t thi! ch3"t
H9C sinh khuyet tiit thi\' chat baa g6m nhi1ng kho khan gay ra do bii'm sinh, b~nh tiit
hay tai n~n gay tra ng(li cho vi~c hqc tiip nhu ma. kem, khiem thj (khong nhln thay),
khiem thinh (kh6ng nghe dUQc), khiem thanh (kh6 g noi dUQc), noi ng,mg, nao bQ bat
blnh thuang, dj u(lng d! hlnh ...
V{ji khuyet tiit nhy nhu mat kern, henh hang, nui ng9ng, tay chan co tiit..., h9C sinh co
th dap ung voi khung canh lOp hl)c blnh thuang vdj sl! quan tam dac bii;t ella giao vien,
cu sl! ho trQ clla chuang trlnh phlJ giao VOl giao vien ho trQ vii b(ln be. H9C sinh khiem
thinh, khiem thanh tuy khong nghe dU0c, kh6ng n6, dUQcnhl(ng h9 c6 th co nao bQ blnh
thuong, c6 kha nang tiep nMn kien thuc qua hlnh iinh, chi1 viet, am thanh.
H9C sinh khuyet tiit th chat nang nhu khiem thi dUQc giang d(lY trang cac co so giao
UlJCdac bi~t, h9C chi1 n6i vii d9C sach qua dlJng ClJnhu sach truy~n ghi am, sach chi1 n6i.

496

III. Chu'dng trlnh giao d\lc hQc sinh tiim than bilt 6n djnh
San soc va giang d~y tn:; em tam thlln bfft 6n dinh trang qua khl1 t~p trung vao vi!)c
nuoi duBng va thieu tfnh cach giao dl,lc. Glln day, dli co nhieu c6 gang kham pha ra
nguyen nhan va tlm cac phuong phap trj li!)u y khoa, giao dl,lc gia dlnh, giao dl,lc d~c bi!)t,
huffn nghi!)p va nhieu hQc sinh dli tra thanh glln nhu til l~p. Tuy v~y, vi!)c lien tl,lCquan
tam va huffn nghi!)p nhung thanh phlln nay viin elln thiet trong su6t cUQcdoi cua hQ.
D6i voi hllu het hQc sinh tiim thlln bat 6n djnh, ghio dl,lc d(ic bi!)t la duong 16i giao dl,lc
thleh dang va co hi!)u qua nhfft. Chinh quyen trung uong va dja phudng t~i cac qu6c gia
deu quan tam ve chudng trlnh nay. np trung hQc sinh lo~i nay vao mQt cd sa giao dl,lc
chua du, chuffn bj tam ly va giao dl,lc tam Iy a day cling quan trQng khong kern. Cac
phuong phap d5u tien lip dl,lng M giang d~y tre em tam thlln bfft 6n djnh kh6i sl! v(Ji Jean
Marc Gaspard !tard (Xem them chudng 17, ml,lc VI, 1) va Edouard Seguin (Xem them
497

Gido dl,lc dgc bi~t trong hi~n tqi

chu'ong 17, mlJc VI, 2), ea hai Mu la cac nha giao dlJc ngu'oi PMp. Hard dii ap dlJng
phuong pMp giao dlJCd(ic bi~t, ap dlJng tam Iy, giao dlJc tht)'c dlJng ca nhan d~ giang d~y
trang b6n nam mot em be trai I I tu6i, kh6ng quftn ao, ch~y lang thang trang rung. Seguin
dii nghien CUllva du'a ra mot phu'ong pMp giao dlJc vua dt)'a vao th~ chilt vua dt)'a vao tinh
thftn M ph<it trii\'n vi~c hQc t~p tie'p nh~n kie'n thuc cua cac tre em tam thftn bilt 6n djnh.
M\!c tieu cua chu'<1ngtrlnh giao dlJCcac tre em cMm hii\'u, tam than bilt 6n djnh cling
tuong tt)' nhu' nhii'ng tre em blnh thuong, giup cac em tie'p nh~n kie'n thuc. Nhii'ng tre em
kha hay thong minh thu'ong hQc dQc vie't ti),igia nga y tru'ac khu'ac khi hQc Wp mol. Trang
khi do, nhii'ng tre em tam thftn bilt 6n djnh ci\n co mot thoi. gian dai, hu'ang diin ca nhan
vai phu'ong phap hQc t~p gian dj, kern them vai tai Ii~u ClJ thi\', hQc t~p nhi~u Iftn M thu
hut st)'theo doi cva hQc sinh t~i gia dlnh tru'ac va Wp hQc sau.
HQc sinh tam thftn bilt 6n djnh du'<;IC
giang d~y rieng bi~t tr~i cac trung tam giao dlJC
d(ic bi~t vai st)' quan tam d(ic bi~t cua giao vien va phlJ giao. MQt thii\'u s6 rilt nho, co
nhii'ng tie'n bQ dang ki\', du'<;ICchuyi\'n sang thea hQC ti),i cac tru'ong trung tii\'u hQc blnh
thuong. T~i cac trung tam giao dlJC d(ic bi~t, nhi~u tru'ong h<;lp,mQt phlJ giao co trach
nhi~m san soc mQt hQc sinh tam thftn n(ing vai st)' hu'ang diin va giam sat cua giao vien;
nhi~u tmong h<;lpkhac, hQc sinh tam thftn n(ing du'<;ICsan soc 24 gio trang ngay VI ph\!
huynh kh6ng du di~u ki~n ciing nhu' kha nang san soc. Nhi~u qu6c gia cilp pMt phlJ cilp
d(ic bi~t M phlJ huynh co thi\' san soc con em t~i gia cling nhu' co du di~u ki~n dem con
em de'n tru'ong hang ngay. Giao dlJc tht)'c dlJng la phu'ong phap giang d~y quan trQng nhilt
CIday. Dang thoi vai vi~c hQc t~i tru'ong, hQc sinh d(ic bi~t nay du'<;IC
hu'ang diin quan sat
ph6 phu'ong, 16i s6ng chung quanh, v~t dlJng, tht)'c phii'm, tht)'c hanh vi~c mua sifm, tieu
ti~n hang ngay. MlJc tieu cua du'ong 16i hQc t~p nay la giup cho nhii'ng hQc sinh tam thftn
bilt 6n djnh lam quen vai 16i s6ng hang ngay, 16i s6ng rna chu'ong trlnh giao dlJChy vQng
hQc co thi\' ap'dlJng sau khi th6i hQc, co thi\' tt)' I~p, kh6ng phai nho c~y ngu'oi khac. Vi~c
huiln nghi~p tht)'c dlJng chI co thi\' xdc tie'n ne'u hQc sinh co kie'n thUc can ban v~ cUoc
s6ng. D6i vai nhi~u thanh phi\n hQc sinh nay, chinh quy~n va xii hoi chI hy vQng hQ co thi\' .
s6ng tt)'I~p, tranh m(ic earn tiiy thuQc nguoi ngoai, tai chinh sinh hOi),thang ngay cling nhu
noi cu' tru do xii hQi chu cilp. Trang cUoc s6ng blnh thu'ong va lau dai, cac cong dan bilt
h~nh nay tie'p tlJCdu'<;Iccac t6 chUc xii hQi cua chinh quy~n cling nhu' co quan thi~n nguy~n
quan tam tai qua cac cUQctham hoi, hu'ang diin du Ijch tham quan cac co sCichinh quy~n,
giao d.1Jc,tham dt)' cac cUoc tranh giai thi\' thao vai tu' cach khan gia cling nhu vai tu' cach
v~n d6ng vien. Nhu v~y, chu'ong trlnh giao dlJc nay la chu'ong trlnh giao dlJc cho ca doi
s6ng rna khong chi giao dlJc trang hQCdu'ong.
Giao dlJc cac hQc sinh tam thftn bilt 6n djnh kh6ng phai chiia nhi~m vlJ cua giao vien
dU<;lchuiln luy~n d(ic bi~t, rna con la nhi~m VlJcua cac nha tam Iy giao dlJc vai vi~c theo
498

"

I
J

Gida d!/c dijc bift trang hifn t!;li

:
I
1

dbi dien tien tam Iy, cac nhan vien y te trang vi~c san soc suc khoe, cac nhan vien xii hoi
voi vil;c huang diln va theo dbi dai s6ng s6ng blnh thuang .va quan tn;mg khong kern la sl!
dong gop va san soc cua gia dlnh VIhan ai het, gia dlnh gftn giii nhilt voi con em.

IV. Chudng trinh giao dlJc hQc sinh co dm xuc bat thu'ifng
HQc sinh co nhung dm xuc bilt thuang gay ra do holm dnh gia dlnh nhu bl).odong, cha
mte say sua ca bac, cha mte Iy than Iy di; holm canh xii hoi nhu chien tranh, thien tai.
Nhung hQc sinh nay khong kieim soat dU<;lC
cac xuc cam va co thei co nhung hlmh dong bat
miin, ch6ng d6i xii hoi ho(ic bilt cu th~m quyen nao. Cac cam xuc bilt thuang nay dn phai
co nhung giiii phap thich dang dei dap ung qua duang 16i giao dl)c d(ic bi~t voi sl! h<;lptac
cua giao vien va cac nha chuyen mono HQc sinh voi nhung dm xuc bilt thuang n(ing phai
du<;lcquan tam d(ic bi~t voi chuang !flnh giao dl)c phan tam hQc, ngoai chuang tdnh giao
dl)c blnh thuang. Cac nba phan tam hQc thuang xuyen gij.p go, tiep xuc, gi3i thleh nhung
hoan dnh d(ic bi~t ve gia dlnh ciing nhu xii hoi luon luon am iinh, giup hQ dnh ngo, tim ra
sl! thilt, diln diln trd Il).ivoi nhung cam xuc blnh thuang. Dai sang hQc duang hang ngay
ciing giup cac hQc sinh nay dnh ngo.
day, vai tra va dai s6ng gia dlnh ciing dong gop
mot cach khong nho. HQc sinh co cam xuc bilt thuang do hoan dnh gia dlnh gay ra
thuang du<;lCcha mte nuoi san soc. HQc sinh co cam xuc bat thuang do hoan canh xii hoi
gay ra phai dU<;lcphI) huynh quan tam d(ic bi~t. Chuang tdnh nay con co sl! dong gop cua
cac nhan vien xa hQi, hQ la nhip du giU'a hQc duang va xii hQi, giU'a giao vien, hQc sinh va
phI) huynh. D6i voi nhung hQc sinh co dm xuc bat thuang nhte; giao vien trang lOp quan
tam d(ic bi~t, tranh nhung bai giiing de gay ra xuc dong; co sl! theo doi cua giao vien chu
nhi~m xii hoi va cac nha tam ly giao dl)c voi vi~c tiep xuc thuang xuyen tl).igia dlnh; co
sl! giup do va an ui cua b,!n be ve mQi phuong di~n nhu h<;lptac lam bai, di chai chung, di

hQc cung gia ...

V. Chu'dng trlnh giao dlJc hQc sinh thong minh
HQc sinh thong minh la nhung hQc sinh c6 chi so' thong minh cao til' khoang 120 !fa len.
Cac hQc sinh nay co kha nang d(ic bi~t ve mot vai linh vl)'c nhu toan, khoa hQc, van hQc,
ngh~ thuilt, am nh,!c. Hilu het cac quac gia c6 chuang trlnh giao dl!c d(ic bi~t danh cho cac
hQc sinh thong minh voi ml)C dich khai thac khii nang tiep nMn kien thUc rna mot ldp hQc
blnh thuang kh6ng co dieu ki~n cung ung. Chuong tdnh giao dl!c d(ic bi~t co thei dU<;lC
giiing dl).y t,!i truang sd t,!i voi man hQc d(ic bi~t, lop hQc d(ic biet; c6 thei dU<;lC
giang day
t,!i cac truang d(ic bi~t, thiet lilp <leigiiing d<)ycac hQc sinh thong minh. T<)itruang
t<)i,
hQc sinh co kha nang d(ic bi~t ve linh vl!c nao dU<;lCgiang d<)y d(ic bi~t ve lInh vl!c do.
Hoc sinh gioi toan lop 7, c6 thei dU<;lC
hQc toan ldp 8 ho(ic ldp 9 vao gia hQc nay. HQc sinh

sa

499

Ciao dlfc dijc hift trang hifn tt;li

xuat silc v~ nhi~u man hqc, co th~ dUQcnhay lOp mQt I~n ho(ic hai ba l~n. VI the', co nhi~u
hqc sinh 14 tu6i, hqc lOp 12 t(li mQt so' truang trung hqc. Vi~e giang d':lYd(ic bi~t va nhay
lOp nay do eac giao vien d':lYlop cung nhu cac giao vien chu nhi~m quye't dinh dl)'a van
huang dan eua BQ Giao dl,!c. BO Giao dl,!c cac qu6c gia d~u khuye'n khich chuang trlnh
giao dl,!e nay. Ne'u mQt truang co mQt so hqc sinh thong minh, mQt lOp hqc d(ic bi~t dUQc
til chUc d~ giang d':lY.T(li nhiu quae gia, hqc sinh thong minh do ke't qua clla bai thi trilc
nghiem chi so thong minh, dU<;Jet~p trung theo hqc t':li cac trung tam giao dl,!c rieng bi~t
t':li thu do va cae thanh pholOn. T':Ii day, hq du<;Jchqc t~p mQt chuang trlnh giao dl,!crieng
va nhi~u hoc"sinh
hoc buoc vao dai
'.
. hoc
. voi tU6i 13, 14.

VI. Chu'dng trlnh giao d.,e t~i gia dinh

Tai nhi&u quae gia, chuang trlnh giao dl,!c t':li gia dlnh dli<;JCchap nh~n nhu mQt dliang
16i giao duc chinh thUe, th~ theo nguy~n vqng clla phI,!huynh. Tai My, co khoang 1 tri~u
hqc sinh dli<;Jegiao dl,!c t':li gia dlnh. Nhi~u phI,! huynh kh6ng hoan toan thoa man voi
chu(jng trlnh giao duc cong l~p hay dan l~p nhat la v~ phliang di~n giao dl,!c truy~n thong
gia dlnh va ton giao; khong d6ng 9 voi cac man hoc qua moi me v~ xii hQi va tlnh dl,!cclla
trut'1ng;khong d6ng 9 voi eac tai li~u giang day clla truClng; quan trqng nhat, phI,!huynh 10
ng(li tlnh tr':lng bao dQng nhli biln sung, chern gie't xily ra t':li trliang hqc, n':ln nghi~n hut,
tron hqe di bl,!idai xily ra khilp nai. Hq dli<;JeBQ Giao dl,!ccho phep viec giao dl,!ccon em
t':li gia v(Ji diu ki~n phai thl)'c hi~n dfry dll nhung chi thi va hliong diin t6ng quat cua BQ.
Ngoai chuang trlnh ehinh thuc, phI,! huynh giiing d':lYcon em them v~ luan 19, d(lo dU'c
truycn th6ng gia dlnh va ton giao theo 9 muon. MQt so' gia dlnh t6 chuc lOp'hqc nhli mQt
trlit'1nghoc blnh thuang voi lOp hqc dien ra hang ngay. MQt so' quan niem giao dl,!c la viec
hoc h6i tat cii nhung gl do eUQcsong hang ngay dem l':Ii, t6 chuc lop hqc linh dQng va thl)'c
dung giln li~n voi sinh hO':ltgia dlnh thuang nh~t. Da so' t6 chuc lop hqc vua co tinh cach
gia dlnh, vua co tinh each thifc dl,!ng va tinh each thl)'c dl,!ng nay co ich IQi va thie't thl)'c
h(jn t6 chuc giao dl,!c hoc duong voi eac cUQc tham quan thuang xuyen cac C(j so chinh
quycn cung nhu cac co sa xii hQi, thuang m':li ky ngh~; tham gia cac cong tac thl)'c te' nhu
lam vU(jn, quan trj nang tr':li, san soc gia suc ...Giao dl,!c gia dlnh co toan quy~n chqn Il)'a
sach giao khoa va tl)' t':l0 nhieu tai lieu giao dl,!c thich dang khac. Giao vien giao dl,!c gia
dlnh la phI,!huynh va thuang la nguai m<e.Co sa giao dl,!cgia dlnh nay du<;Jchuang tr<;Jcap
tai chinh cua chinh quy~n tuang tif nhli t6 chuc giao dl,!c cong l~p hay dan li)p voi lliang
cho giao vien cQng voi cac chi phi giao dl,!ckhac tuy theo so' hqe sinh trang lop hqe.
MQt so' nha giao dl,!c chi trich chuang trlnh giaOodl,!c gia dlnh la hqc sinh khong co
nhiu co hoi tie'p xuc voi b':ln be cung nhu hq dii chi trich chuang trlnh giao dl,!c gia su

500

Gido df;lC dt;ic bi~t trong hi~n t(li

y
o

h
c
c

viio cac the' ky tnlac. Tuy nhien, a <'lay,vi~c tie'p xuc thuang xuyen vai b~n be hiing x6m
viin c6; khac vai chuang trlnh giao dlfC gia su ngiiy truac chI diinh cho con em giai guy
phai: thu(,1ng1u'U,xa cach vai <'I~ichung. Cac nhii giao d!)c cling chI trich phlf huynh thie'u
kie'n thuc vii kha nang chuyen mon cua mQt giao vien. C6 Ie ta pMi hi~u ding, phlf huynh
c6 y tuang giao d\!c gia <'Ilnh,ch~c ch~n c6 nhung chuang trlnh vii kha nang tuy khong
chuyen mon nhung <'IuM huang diin con em. Them viio <'16,nhi~u phlf huynh c6 kha nang
van h6a cao, ne'u c6 chu <'Iichvii thi~n chi, hQ c6 th~ hoiin thiinh nhi~m Vlf. VI the', cac
cUQcnghien cUu <'I~ucong nh~n ding chuang trlnh giao dlfC gia <'Ilnhrilt thanh cong VIlOp
hQc it, cha me, t~n tlnh giang d~y con em, chuang trlnh giao dlfC thl!c d\!ng vii Jinh <'IQng,
hQc sinh vita hQc vita thl!c hiinh, khong go b6 nhu a nhii truang.
Chuang trlnh giao dlfC <'Iiicbi~t <'Iii<'lapung <'Iu(,1C
kha nang tie'p nh~n kie'n thuc cua cac
nh6m hQc sinh <'Iijcbi~t.. HQc sinh thong minh c6 nang khie'u <'Iiicbi~t <'Iu(,1c
tie'p nh~n kie'n
thuc mQt cach mau chong, tranh lang phi thai gian. HQc sinh khuye't t~t <'IU(,1C
chu trQng vai
nhung phuang ti~n giao d\!c <'lacbi~t, giup hQ thiinh cong vii c6 cUQcs6ng truang thiinh tl!
l~p. HQc sinh tam thiln du'(,1C
guan tam v~ mQi phuang di~n M san bling nhung bilt h~nh hQ
phai ganh chju trangcii <'Iais6ng. HQc sinh trang chuang trlnh giao dlfC gia d1nh du'(,1cph\!
huynh giilng d~y voi chu <'Iichbilo tBn van h6a vii truy~n th6ng gia d1nh.

rai lieu tham khdo:

Ashman, Adrian. Educating children with special needs. Sydney, Prentice Hall, 1998 .
Hammond, Lorraine. Ehen hright kids}ai/. East Roseville, NSW., Simon, 1996,
- Home schooling. The World Book Encyclopedia, Multimedia Edilion, 2001,
- Selikowitz, Mark. Dyslexia & other learning difficalties - The.facts. Oxford, Ox}"rd u.P., 1993 .
. Special education. Encyclopaedia 8riltJnnica, Multimedia Edition, 1998.
. Umger, Harlow. The learninx d(fjiculties trap. Chicago, Contemporary 8oks, 1997 .

501

Chlidng35
Ttl chuc va chlidng trinh'gitio d~c d{li h(Jctrong hien t{li
I.Phanlo~id~ihqe
II. T6 ehue d~i hqe
1. Hqi dilng D~i hqe
2. Vi~n trliO'ngva van phong d~i hqe
3. Trliitng va eae khoa
4. NMn vien giang hulln
5. Cd sO'xay dlfng
6. Tai ehfnh d~i hQe
III. Quy~n tlf trj eua d~i hqe
IV. Sinh vien va quy~n ehqn Ilfa nganh hQe
V. Phlidng phlip giang d~y
VI. Thi thUe kiim tra danh gia
VII. Diti's6ng d~i hQe
1. Ky tde xa

2. Diti s6ng d~i hQeva xa hqi

3. Tai ehfnh sinh vien
E>'.Ii hqe Ia cd

sa

giao
thUc, ngh6 nghi~p chuyen
hqc kMc voi t6 chuc giao
tMnh vi h~u htt tren tu6i
oong gop y kitn.

dl.lc sau !rung hqc. Cd sa giao dl.lc nay oao t'.lo tMnh ph~n tri
mon nhu bac sl, Iu~t su, giao SU, giao vien, ky su...T6 chuc o'.li
dl.lc trung hqc, sinh vien o'.li hqc oUQc coi Ia nhung nguoi truang
18, co nhi6u quy6n tlf do va trong vi~c hqc t~p, co nhi6u cd h9i

I. PMn Io~i d~i hQe

"

Co nhi6u IO'.li-1'.1ihqc nhu o'.li hqc qu6c gia, o'.li hqc t6ng hQp, o'.li hqc tiu bang, o'.li hqc
khu vlfc, o'.li hqc rna, O'.lihqc oQc I~p, o'.li hqc dan I~p. Tl,li nhi6u qu6c gia, cac hqc vi~n,
cac truong cao o~ng ciing co t6 chuc va dp pMt cac van Mng tudng tlf nhu o'.li hqc.
E>'.Ii hqc qu6c gia Ia IO'.lio'.li hqc oUQc chd y nh!t trang nuoc vi oUQc chfnh quy6n trung
udng tai trQ, oUQc thitt I~p t'.li thii 00 va cac tMnh ph6lOn. Sinh vien theo hqc t'.li cac o'.li
hqc nay thuong hanh di~n vi vai tra ciia truong; do 06, vi~c hqc t~p co thi oUQc khfch l~.
502

Tt/ chuc

va chllCfng trinh gido dlfC dc}i hQc trong hifn t(li

Voi danh nghla o(li hQc qu6c gia, sinh vien tren toim qu6c co quy~n ghi danh theo hQc neu
hOi au cac oi~u kii;n nMp hQc. D(li hQc qu6c gia thliaag bao gom o~y au cac 10(litrliang,
moi trliang giang d(lY mot ngimh kien thI1c, olie;!Cxay dlfng tren mot oja oii!m rong IOnco
kha nang thu nh~n nhi~u nghln sinh vien. D(li hQc nily cGng co thi! olie;!Cxay dlfng tren
nhi~u oja oii!m.khac nhau nhling ke c~n, moi oja oii!m giang d(lY mot hay hai nganh hQc.
VI vj the quan trQng, moi nuoc chi thiet I~p mot so' nho o(li hQc qu6c gia. Nhi~u nlioc
khong co t6 chU'co(li hQc qu6c gi;i nhling co nhi~u o,!i hQc IOn. Cac o,!i hQc IOn nily co gia
trj nhli o,!i hQc qu6c gia.
D,!i hQc t6ng he;!pcGng Iii mot lo,!i o,!i hQc IOn nhung kh6ng co t~m muc qu6c gia, co
nghla thuoc oja phlidng hay thilnh ph6lOn, thu nMn sinh vien trang khu Vlfc, gioi h,!n vii;c
thu nh~n sinh vien ngoili khu vlfc. D,!i hQc nily bao gom mot so' trliang nhling chli trQng v~
cac ngilnh hQc thich he;!pvoi oi~u kii;n phat trii!n oja phudng.
D,!i hQc tii!u bang la o(li hQc do tii!u bang t6 chU'c va oi~u hanh, cGng la mot lo,!i o(li
hQc t6ng he;!p,giang d(lY mot so' nganh hQc. T,!i cac qu6c gia IOn nhli My, An Do, o,!i hQc
tii!u bang rilt lOn, rilt n6i tieng VItieu bii!u cho ngilnh giao d\lc tii!u bang vii moi tii!u bang
co thi! COhai, ba o(li hQc lo,!i nily. D(li hQc tii!u bang hay o,!i hQc tinh An co kha nang

tiep nh~n mot hai tram nghin sinh vien.

D(li hQc khu v\fc la o,!i hQc Ol1e;!c
thiet I~p t,!i moi khu vlfCkMc nhau tuy thuoc vilo nhu
cftu giao d\lc oja phlidng, giang d,!y mot so' it ngilnh kien thU'c, l1Utien danh cho cac sinh
vien oja phlidng, thliang do chinh quy~n oia phlidng t6 chuc voi tili tre;!cua chinh quy~n
trung udng.
D,!i hQc ooc I~p giang d(lY mot nganh kien thuc nhli o,!i hQc su ph,!m, o,!i hQc ngo,!i
ngG', o,!i hQc kien truc, o,!i hQc lu~t khoa ...Cac o,!i hQc nay thliang n6i tieng vi giang d(lY
chuyen bii;t mot ngilnh, olie;!cthiet laP tu lau, rilt hanh dii;n va khong mu6n sat nh~p voi
cac o,!i hQc khac di! tra thilnh o,!i hQc t6ng he;!p.Lo,!i o,!i hQc nily xuilt hii;n t,!i cac thanh
ph6lOn khap ndi.
D,!i hQc dan I~p Iii o(li hQc do tli nhan, cong oong xii hoi, ton giao t6 chU'c. Nhi~u qu6c
gia khuyen khich vii;c t6 chuc cac o(li hQc dan I~p M Iilm giam ganh n(ing giao d\lc cho
chinh quy~n. Nhi~u qu6c gia co t6 chI1c o,!i hQc dan rilt phong phu, thanh l~p tu xa xua
nhli My vii NMt Ban. so' o,!i hQc dan l~p t,!i hai qu6c gia nay g~n bang so' o(li hQc qu6c
I~p vii n6i tieng khong kern. D,!i hQC 10(li nay la cac o,!i hQc t6ng he;!p,giang d(lY nhi~u

ngilnh kien thU'cva Ol1e;!c

thiet I~p t,!i cac thanh ph6lon.
VI nhu cftu hQc t~p cua sinh vien gia tang qua nhanh, chinh quy~n khong au phudng
tii;n tai chinh va nhan slf M t6 chI1c cac o(li hQc, nen vao tMp nien 1970, D(,li HQc Mo
Ol1e;!c
thiet I~p khai slf t(li Anh, sau Ian truy~n ra khap the gioi. D,!i hQc nay cho phep sinh
khap ndi trong nlioc ghi danh theo hQc. HQ Ol1e;!c
cung cilp tai lii;u hQc t~p ki! d. bang hlnh,
503

T6 chuc va chudng trinh gido dt,lcd(li hQc trong hi~n t(li

J;

bang noi, cac hl1ang dan clla giang vien; al1<;1C

theo doi cac hai giang clla giang vien tren
aai phat thanh, aai truy~n hlnh; al1<;1ctham dt! cac bu6i hQi thao bilt bUQc vao cu6i tuan,
cac ngay nghi; nQp bai lam, hai nghien cUu qua bl1u ai~n hay qua cac bu6i hQi thao; tham
dt! cac ky thi cu6i hQc ky, cuoi nam t,!i cac trung tiim giam thj aja phl1ong. Chl10ng trlnh
aai hQC rna thanh cong, al1<;1C
thie't l~p tren kh<'\pthe' giGi k ca nhitng nl1ac co kha nang
kinh te'. Nhi~u a,!i hQc rna rat lOn, thu nMn ca tram nghln sinh vien.Mot a,!i hQc rna a An
Do va Trung Qu6c co kha nang thu nh~n nii'a tri~u sinh vien.
Nhi~u quoc gia t6 chuc cac hQc vi~n, thl1ang la cac hQc vi~n ky thu~t va ngh~ thu~t.
Cac hQc vi~n ky thu~t clla My rat n6i tie'ng, aao t'!o nhi~u nha hac hQc, cac ky 511, cac
chuyen gia ai~n tii', tin hQc n6i tie'ng, cilp phat van b~ng cii' nhan, cao hQc, tie'n si. Nhi~u
hQc vi~n ky thu~t t,!i An Do hang nam san xuat hang v,!n chuyen gia v~ ai~n toan, tin
hQc, cung cap cho nhu cau phat trin tin hQc IOn lao trang nl1ac cun& nhl1 cung cap chuyen
gia cho nganh nay kh<'\pnoi nhl1 My, Anh, Duc ... T,!i Thung Lung Di~n Tii'Silicon Valley
thuoc tiu bang California
My, tran ng~p cac chuyen gia ai~n toan va tin hQc ngl1ai An.
Cac chuyen gia ngl1ai An cung xuat hi~n t,!i rat nhi~u cac phang thi nghi~m n6i tie'ng
khilp noi tren the' giai. CachQc vi~n ngh~ thu~t al1<;1chau he't cac qu6c gia t6 chuc, n6i
tie'ng la cac hQc vi~n am nh,!c t,!i cac nl1ac Bilc Au va Nga. MQt sO'qu6c gia duy trl cac
trl1ang qo a~ng ky thu~t va vai tra clla cac tWang nay khong so sanh al1<;1cvoi cac hQc
vi~n ky thu~t, nhl1ng cung la cac t6 chUc tl10ng al10ng voi a,!i hQc, cap phat van b~ng cii'
nhan.

II. T6 chuc d~i hl,lc

T6 chuc mot a,!i hQc quoc gia hay a,!i hQc t6ng h<;lpbao g6m nhi~u co so. Cac a,!i hQc
aoc I~p co t6 chuc aon gian hon.
I

1. H(li d6ng D~i hl,lc

M6i qu6c gia co quy che' rieng v~ t6 chuc Hili D6ng Difi Hqc. Thong thl1ang cac hQi
vien clla hOi a6ng do chinh quy~n b6 nhi~m va bao g6m cac nha giao dlfC, cac hQc gia,
cac nhiin v~t co uy tin trang cQng a6ng. HQi a6ng co nhi~m ky nhat ajnh. Nhi~m vlf
quan trQng thU nhat clla hOi a6ng la tuyn chQn va b6 nhi~m vi~n trl1ang va vi~n trl1ang
chju trach nhi~m trl10c hoi a6ng. Nhi~m Vlfquan trQng tie'p theo la ding voi vi~n trl1ang
ho,!ch ajnh chl10ng trlnh giao dlfc, theo doi vi~c quan trj ai~u hanh clla a,!i hQc v~ mQi
phl10ng di~n. Vi~n trl1ang phai tl1ang trlnh thl1ang xuyen va ajnh ky v~ cac hO'!t aOng
clla a,!i hQc len hQi a6ng, thl1ang la hang thang ho~c hai thang trang phien hQp thl1ang
I~ da hoi a6ng.

504
I

!.

T6' cMc va chuang trinh giao

dl;lC

dgi hqc trang hi?n tgi

3. Vi~n trudng va van phong dl.li hQc

Vii;n trliang Dai hoc do H(li dong D~i hoc tuy~n chqn vii b6 dl)ng, Iii nhan v~t Hinh d~o
dai hoc, co nhieu kinh nghii;m giang d~y, kinh nghii;m quan tri dieu hilnh cd
giao dl)c
rQng lOn, dii dlidc b6 nhii;m chuc giao sli trang nhieu niim. Chuc vI) nily thliang dlidc
thong cao tuy~n dl)ng rQng riii trang nlioc va ngoiii nlioc. Nhieu vii;n lrliang, ph6 vii;n
trliang cac vii;n d,li hqc dia phlidng nQp ddn vilo cht1c vI) vi~n trliang cac d~i hqc t6ng hl;1p
hay d,!i hqc quoc gia. HQ Iii nhang nhii giao dl)c c6 kinh nghii;m vii c6 nhieu hy vqng dlidc
tuy~n chQn. Vii;n trliang c6 ph6 vii;n lrliang phI) ta, dli<jCvii;n lru'ang b6 dl)ng vii ciing Iii
cac nha giao dl)c kinh nghii;m. Ngoili ra. vii;n trliang can c6 hilng tram nhan vien chuyen
mon phuc VI)t<)icac van phang.
Van phang d<)i hqc gom co nhieu phOng nhli nghien cUu, nhan vien, hilnh chanh, kt
toan. Moi phang c6 trach nhii;m rieng trang t6 chuc vii dieu hilnh mQt co
giao dl)c'lOn
c6 toi cii tram nghln sinh vien, hang nghln nhan vien giang hulln vii nhan vien hilnh chfnh.

so

sa

3. Truong va cac khoa

D,!i hQc quoc gia, d,!i hQc t6ng hl;1phay d,!i hQc hQc khu vl!c bao gom mQ~so tru'ang.
Cac dai hQc qu6c gia c6 th~ c6 toi chl)c tru'ang hay hon naa. Dung d~u moi lru'ang Iii hii;u
trliang. Hii;u trliang cling phai Iii mQt nhil giao dl)c c6 kinh nghii;m, da du'<jcb6 nhii;m
chuc VI) giao sli trong nhi8u nam. Hic$u tru'ang do vic$n lru'ang tuy~n chqn vii b6 nhic$m.
Hii;u tru'ang d,!i hqc c6 van phang voi mQt s6 nhan vien ve mqi ngilnh.
Tru'<'Jngchia Iilm nhieu khoa, moi khoa chju trach nhii;m ve mQt ngilnh hQc. Khoa c6
chu nhii;m khoa chiu trach nhic$m, c6 mQt van phang nho phI) tao Chu nhii;m khoa phai Iii
mQt nhii giao c6 kinh nghi~IV, dlil;1chii;u tru'ang tuy~n chqn vii vic$ntru'ang b6 nhic$m. Chu
nhii;m khoa dieu khi~n m6.t.'.>angiang hulln bao gom mQt so giang vien nhieu it tily thuQc
vilo s6 sinh vien ghi danh t,!i khoa.
4. Nhiin vien giang huiln
Nhan vien giang hU:ln bao gam giang vien, giang su', ph6 giao su', giao su'oBan giang
hU:ln do trli<'Jngtuy~n chqn vii vii;n trliang b6 dl)ng, chiu trac9 nhic$m tru'ac hii;u trliang.
Thong thliang, nhan vien giang hU:ln phai c6 t6i thi~u van b~ng cli nhan, c6 kinh nghii;m
giao duc. Tuy nhien, nhieu d,!i hqc mai cac hqc gia nhil van, nhil bao, cac nghi; si cQng
tac va v:ln de b~ng ctlp i'Jday khong diit ra.
Ban giiing hU:ln d,!i hqc c6 nhang nhii;m vu va quyen l<ji tu'ong tl! nhu' giao vien trung
hqc hay ti~u hqc. E>ieu khac bii;t day Iii mQt giang vien kinh nghii;m c6 th~ du'l;1c!hang
chuc giao sl! va nhii;m VI)chinh chi lit giang d,!y mil khong dn phai tranh chuc vI) chu
nhii;m khoa. Ban gdng hU:ln d,!i hQc c6 van b~ng cao hqc hay titn si c6 ll;1itht hon trang

505

T6 chuc

va chuang (rinh

gida

dl;lC

d(Ji hQc (rang hifn

((Ii

vi~c b6 nhi~m hQc vi ph6 giao su hay giao SU.Tuy v~y, hQc gia, nha van, ngM SIc6 thlfc
tai va kinh nghi~m chuyen mon ciing c6 thtl dUQcb6 nhi~m cac hQc vi nay.
Vi~c giang di}Y a di}i hQc khoi sl! voi nganh giang vien. Sau mQt s6 nam cong tac, vi~c
thang chuc vao nganh giang su phai dUQc chu nhi~m khoa, hi~u truong de nghi va vi~n
truong chap thu~n. Voi hQc vi ph6 giao su va giao SU,cac giang su phili c6 nhii'ng cong
trlnh sang tac c6 gia trj thuQc nganh giang di}Y. VOi hQc vi giao su, cac nha giao dl,lc xuat
sac nay dUQc phep va dUQc moi tham gia cac cong trlnh nghien cUu cua cac xi nghi~p
cling nhu t6 chuc chlnh quyen ve cae van de chuyen mon va dU<;lC
tTil.phl,lcap.
Ban giang huan di}i hQc lam vi~c nhu mQt cong chuc. Thoi gian thl!c slf giang di}Y
khoang 16, 17 giO mQt tu~n. Ngoai gia d~y, giang vien c6 van phong rieng dtl dQc sach
tham khao, SOi}nbai, cham bai, thao lu~n voi d6ng nghi~p, hQi hQp trong khoa va quan
trQng nhat la tie'p xuc voi sinh vien M giai thleh nhii'ng thac mac cling nhu huang dan
them ve hili va M hoan tat cac bai lam, bili nghien cUu.
Luang b6ng khoi sl! cua giang vien d(li hQc tuang tlf ho~c cao han luang b6ng giao
vien trung titlu hQc mQt it VI cling c6 mOl s6 nam hQc la b6n hoij.c nam nam. Luang cua
giao su dai hQc tuang puang voi luang hi~u truong trung hQc. Luang cua hi~u truong, vi~n

I
1

I
I
I

I,
,
I

truong cao han luang giao SU.

5. Cd

sd xay dtfng

Cac ca so xay dl!ng cua mQt di}i hQc qu6c gia hay t6ng h<;lpr5t Ion lao, tuang tl! nhu
mQt thanh ph6 nho, chie'm mQt khu vl!c Ion trong tMnh ph6 hoij.c ngoi}i 0 thanh ph6.
Nhieu di}i hQc IOn chie'm cu hai ba cd so tTOng tMnh ph6, mlli cd so giang di}Y mQt s6
nganh hQc. Cac ca so nay bao g6m van phong di}i hQc, van phong cac truong, cac phong
thl nghi~m du IOi}icho mlli IO(litruong, cac phong thtl dl,lc, san v~n dQng IOn va cac ca so
phl,l thuQc khac. B6 sQ nhat la thu vi~n di}i hQc, thuong la mQt toa nha nhieu t~ng, c6 du
chll ng6i hQc t~p cho may tram sinh vien mQt luc. Thu vi~n voi Mng tram nhan vien, rna
caa hang ngay ktl d cu6i tu~n tii' sang Mn khuya. Vao cu6i nam, g~n ngay thi
hoij.c
lam bai thi, thu vi~n tap n~p va b~n rQn. MQt vai truong chuyen bi~t nhu truong kie'n truc,
y l>hoa, lu~t con c6 thu vi~n rieng. Ngoai ra, nhieu d(li hQc con c6 khu ky tuc xa, nha an,
pholJg hQc danh cho sinh vien a xa.

ca

6. Tid chinh dl,li hQc

Btl c6 thii' dieu Mnh mQt t6 chuc giao dl,lc IOn lao, dn phai c6 ngu6n tai chlnh.d6i dao.
Thong thuang, ngan sach d(li hQc du<jc chlnh quyen trung udng yii'm tr<;l,chlnh quyen dnh
hay tiii'u bang d6ng g6p mQt ph~n va ph~n sinh vien d6ng g6p qua hQc phi. Ngan sach nay
du<jc sa dung M dai tho luang b6ng cho giao chuc va nhiln vien hanh chlnh, xay dlfng cac
co so, tu b6, bao quan thuong xuyen, mua s<1mcac dl,lng Cl,lgiao khoa va cac v~t dl,lng
506

I
rr
;'

1i

I;

L
H

g
ji
.~

j
~
i!
\

T6 Chlk va chuong

trinh gida dl,lc dt;li hQc trang hifn tt;li

khac. Rat it qual' gia c6 chinh sach hoim toiln mien phi d~i hqc. Da so Cal' qual' gia cho
phep d~i hqc thu hqc phi nilng nht; tily theo ngilnh hqc. Ngilnh hqc it ngu'oi ghi ten nhll
ngilnh giao dl)c trang hii;n t~i c6 thi! du'<;1C
mien phi, nhieu quae gia con cap hqc b6ng M
khuye'n khich ngilnh nily. Sinh vien kh6ng e6 kha nang d6ng hqc phi du'<;1c
ky giffy n<;1,hQc
phi se du'\Je tra d~n hilng thang sau khi tim dll9C vii;c Iilm. vdi liii xuat nht;. Sinh vien
nlldc ngoili d6ng hqc phi gap nhieu l~n sinh vien trang nu'dc vii Iii ngu6n tili chinh Idn cua
d~i hqc.
III. Quyl!n ttl trj eiia dlJi hQe
Ngay til' khi cae d~i hqe dau tien du'9C thimh I~p vilo the' ky thu II, 12 t~i Au Chau,
quyen III trj eua d<ti hqe dii dlt9C Cal' qual' vu'ong c6ng nh~n. Quyen til trj nily m6i ngily
m(lt r(lng IOn. Dai voi d~i hqc, quyen tl)' tr! c6 nghia Iii quyen thie't I~p ca.: ngilnh hqe thie't
thl)'Cvii hUll dl)ng, e6 quyen thie't I~p cae chu'cing trlnh nghien cUu lien quan Mn cac ngilnh
giang d~y trang pham vi cua d~i hqc; d6i voi ban giang huan, quyen tl)' tr! c6 nghia Iii hq
c6 quyen gi:ing d<tYmqi de tili do d~i hqc de ra, c6 quyen nghien cUu mqi lo~i de tili, c6
quyen tham dl)' cae cu(lc thao lu~n ve mqi van de M rna r(lng kie'n thuc, c6 quyen so<tn
thaD bili giang theo quan dim rieng mil kh6ng b! de dqa hoile sa thai; doi vdi sinh vicn,
quyen tl)' tr! c6 nghia Iii quyen tham gia y kie'n trang cac giO thaD lu~n, quyen du'a ra y
kifn ca nhan dil Iii Y kifn qua cilp tifn hay qua baD thu, di ngu'<;1C
IlJi vdi y kie'n eua giang
vien vii b<tnbe.
VI co quyen tl)' tr! r(lng riii, cI~i hqc Iii trung tam cac eu(lc thaD lu~n vdi nhieu y kie'n
cilp tifn cua ca giang vien Ian sinh vien, c6 thi! di ngu'9c I~i ehinh sikh cua nhil dm
quyen. Cling nho quyen tl)' tr! nily, nhieu van de cilp tifn, tuy qua mdi me Idc moi de c~p
Mn, nhung sau d6 dlt9c nhieu gidi ung h(l vii cac tu' tu'ang cilp tie'n nily d~n d~n clll<;1C
ehinh quyen cling nhu' xii h(li chap nh~n.
Tuy dlt9c e6ng nh~n Iii quyen tl)'tr! ve tl1 tu'ang cua cI<tihqc, quyeh nily dil kh6ng du'9C
hoiln toiln tl)' do hilnh xU'ngay t<ticac quac gia tl)' xung'liI dan ehu vii dlJi hqc co tu' each tl)'
tri til' lau nhu' My. Sau The' chie'n thu II (1939-1945), ehu nghia e(lng san bilnh tru'ong
D6ng Au, chinh quyen My S9 ding anh hu'ang cua chu nghia nily tham nh~p vilo oat My
qua quyen tl)' trj cua d<ti hQc vdi Cal' cu(lc tranh lu~n tl)'do ve cae tu' tu'ang mdi. Do d6, voi
ap Il)'ccua chinh quyen, m(lt so' giao su' clai hqc c6 tu' tu'ang cap tien dil b! nghi ngo kh6ng
c6 bang cd Iii ung h(l vii;c phat trii!n chu nghia cQng san vii phai til' chilc. SI)' thl)'c, ne'u hQ
c6 ung hQ cac tu' tu'dng mdi dil Iii tll tlldng c(lng san, thl vii;c ung h9 nily cling chi phan anh
quyen tl)' tr! cua d~i hqc vii quyen tl)' do tu'tllang cua cae giao su'o VI v~y, chu nghia
c(lng san vii clang c(lng san dil kh6ng thi! xuat hii;n tren oat My. Khac h~n vdi My, cac
quae gia c6 tll tu'ang tl)' do dan chu, chap nMn mqi quan dii!m chinh trj ta phai cling nhll

507

Ttf chuc

va chu(fng trinh

gido

dl;lC

d{li hQc trang hi~n t(Ii

hau pMi nhll' Phap va Y, chu nghia cQng san <.Ill'<;1c

tl! do thao lu~n tai d"i hoc va dang
cQng san van tl! do ho"t dQng t"i day.
Vao th~p nien 1960, khi My dem quan vao Vi~t Nam va chien tranh.leo thang, may
bay My nem born tren lOan liinh thiS Vii;t Nam, sinh vien tren h5u het cac d"i h9C 0 day
bi~u tlnh phan <.I6ichien tranh, ch6ng nMp ngil tham chien, yeu du str dung chi phi chien
tranh vao cac chi phi giao duc. Cac cUQc bieu tlnh dii bi dim ap va tuy kh6ng ngan chan
dll'<;1C
chien tranh nhll'ng <.Iiibieu IQ quy~n tl! trj cua <.Iaih9C va quyi!n tl! do pMt bieu y
kien cua sinh vien. Chinh phu My tiep tl)Cchinh sach chien tranh cho aen ngay that b"i.
D6ng thoi voi phong trilO ch6ng chien tranh, sinh vien My pMt dQng tll' tll'ong tl! do
luyen ai, tl! do tlnh dl)C <.Ill'<;1c
mi;nh danh la cUQc "cach m(lng tinh d.,c- sexual revolution".
Tll' tll'ang qua moi me nay bj phl) huynh, cac nha d"o duc gia va cac nh6m baa thu cong
kich kjch lii;t, nhll'ng dll'<;1C
giOi tre 0 My ung hQ. Tll' tll'ang va hanh dQng cap tien va tao
baa nay d5n d5n tra thanh phiSbien, dll'<;1c
ohii!u gioi chap nh~n va la 16i s6ng moi cua tueli
tre thOi d"i My, khong con xa I" nua trang hien t"i.

IV. Sinh vH~nva quy~n chQn It/a nganh hQc

Ngay tu khi bdt d5u nien hqc lOp 12, hge sinh <.Ill'(Je cae giao vien ehu nhii;m hll'ong dan
viee eh9n ll!a nganh h9C <.I"ih9c, phiS bien <.Iiems6 chap nMn vao h9C moi nganh moi
d"i h9C. Hang nam, cae d"i hge d~u c6 t6 ehue "ngiiy ma cLla" vao cu6i tuftn, gioi thieu
trll'ong voi cae sinh vien tll'ang lai va phl) huynh. Djp nay, cac sinh vien tll'ang lai dll'<;IC
thea d6i cae thuyet trinh, dll'<;1C
phan phat cac tai lii;u lien quan vi! eac kh6a h9C va cac
th~c m~c cua h9C sinh, phl) huynh <.Ill'<;1e
cac giang vien va cac sinh vien dan anh giai thich.
Vii;c ch9n nganh 0 d"i h9c con tuy thuQc vaa ngill1h h9C so thich cilng nhll' tll'ang lai nhan
dl)ng sau khi ra trll'Ong. Neu tll'ang lai nhan dl)ng khong kha quan, h9C sinh phai ch9n
nganh h9C it ll'a thich nhttng c6 Wang lai nhiin dl)ng.

II
1
j

H5u het cac qu5c gia ch9n ll!a sinh vien vao d"i h9C can cu vao diem thi lOp 12. Th~
thuc nay tranh dll'<;Icnhung t5n kern vi! thi tuy6n vao d"i h9C, tranh dll'<;Icvii;c IUYen thi
vao d"i h9C voi ml)c dieh tai chinh, giang vien va h9C sinh e6 the nghl ngoi sau mQt nam
hge taP va giang d"y met moi.
Vao giua nam h9C lOp 12, h9c sinh nop <.Idnehqn nganh h9C 0 d"i hge. H9C sinh c6
quyi!n chon mQt s6 nganh hge lien he voi cae mon h9C lOp 12 thea thu tll' u'u tien,t"i mQt
s6 d"i hoc cilng thea thu tl! u'Utien. Viee chon nganh h9c, eh9n trll'ong hqc tuy thuQc vao
s5 dirr! chap Ilhan nam trll'oc eilng nhll' s5 <.Iiemh9C sinh dl! doan d"t dll'<;Ictrang ky thi
nam nay. Ngay sau khi c6 ket qua thi lOp 12, h9C sinh c6 m0t thoi gian ngAn d~ thay
deli vii;c eh9n Il!a nganh h9C va trll'Ong hoc. Thea ket qua thi lOp 12, H(ji D6ng Phan Phifi
Sinh Vien se phiin ph6i sinh vien vao cac nganh hoc thea thu tll' u'u tien nhll'trang don.

508

h
~

To' chac

va chuang

trinh gido dl;/c dr,li hQc trong hifn t(li

HQc sinh khong dtf[Jc tfUtien nganh hQc I, co th~ dtf[Jc tfUtien 2 va tiep theo; khong dtf[Jc
tfU [ien trtfang hQc I, se dtf[Jc trtfang 2, trtfang 3... Sinh vien voi s6 di~m khong kha, trang
don chQn nganh se ghi nhii'ng d?i hQc khong n6i tieng, ho!ic d?i hQc khu vl!c, hoijc trtfang
cao d&ng xa nha va hy vQng dtf[Jc phan phoi noi hQc. Sau khi phan phoi sinh vien, m(Jt so
sioh vien ngh! hQc, m(Jt so tim dtf[Jc vi~c lam, cac d?i hQc se thong cao tren bao chi m(Jt
so ch6 trang, sinh vien co th~ [I! d(Jng Mn ghi danh [heo hQc rna khong ciln phai qua h(Ji
d6ng phan phoi. Day la m(Jt th~ thac rat chi tiet va phac t?P, nhtfng cac quoc gia da thl!c
hi~n dtf<;Jcvoi sl! tr[J giup cua ky thuat di~n ttl'va tin hQc. Ket qua thi lop 12, vi~c phan
phoi sinh vien, thil t\lC ghi danh d?i hQc phai dtf[Jc hoan tiit trang ky ngh! he, trtfdc ngay
nhiip hQc nien khoa moi. Sinh vien co bang lOp 12, ngh! hQc di lam, muon di hQc trd I?i
cung phai lam don chl,m nganh nhtf cac hQc sinh lOp 12.
Ngoai cac sinh vien dtf[Jc phan phoi chinh thac, chinh quy~n cho phep cac d?i hQc n6i
tieng thu nMn m(Jt s6 gioi h?n sinh vien ntfoc ngoai dong hQc phI' cao. Sinh vien ghi ten
hQc ban thai gian M co th~ vll'a di lam vll'a di hQc, ghi danh t?i d?i hQc vI so nay kh6ng
nhi~u va khong anh htfdng Mn vi~c ch<}nnganh cua cac sinh vien khac. D6ng thai d~
nang dB nhii'ng ngtfai trtfdng thanh co kien [hac, nhtfng khong co bang lOp 12, d?i hQc
danh m(Jt so ch6 cho cac thanh phfrn nay. HQ dtf<;Jcnhiip hQc qua m(Jt cUQcphong van.
M(Jt s6 d?i hQc n6i tieng muon giOi h?n so sinh vien n(Jp don chQn m(Jt nganh hQc nao
do, yeu cilu sinh vien ttfong lai phai>tham dl! mOt cuOc phong van hoijc tham dl! m(Jt ky thi
di;icbi~t trang nam hQc lop 12 v~ m(Jt vai mon hQc thu(Jc nganh hQc ttfong lai. M(Jt d?i hQc
n6i tieng yeu cilu cae sinh vien muon ghi ten nganh hQc ky stf phili co di~m toan va viit Iy
lOp II la A+ hoi;ic A, phai tham dl! m(J[ ky thi nhiip hQCv~ toan va viit Iy; m(Jt d?i hQc n6i
tieng khac yeu cilu cac hQc sinh muon chQn nganh hQc y khoa phiii co di~m quoc van,
hoa, sinh lOp II it nhiit la B+ trd len, phai tham dl! mOt cu(Jc phong viin vao thai gian nhiit
djnh. Cac bai thi hoi;ic nhii'ng cu(Jc phong viin phai hoan tiit trtfoc khi hQc sinh n(Jp don
chQn nganh hQc d~i h<}c.
V. Phtidng phap giiing d~y
Phtfong phap giang d?y d d?i hQc ia phtfong phap dien giang, thao luiin va liiy sinh
vien lam trung tam. Chtfong trlnh giang d?y d d?i hQc co hai phffn: phfrn dien giang va
phfrn thao luiin. D6i voi cac nganh hQc toan, khoa hQc, gia thilo luiin la gia lam bai taP va
gia thl!c tiip trang phong thi nghi~m. Gia dien giang la gia hQc chung cho cii lOp voi so gia
tll' 2 Mn 3 gia, so sinh vien trang lop co th~ len tOi cii tram. Trang gia hQc nay, giang vien
dien giang d~ tai qua bai so?n dl!a vao sach giao khoa do giang vien Il!a chQn va
sinh vien phai mua, sinh vien theo doi va ghi chep. doi khi giang vien viet tren bang,
dung cac tranh anh va cac tai li~u giao khoa khac trang khi dien giang. Nhii'ng th~c m~c
509

To' chile

va chLtdr'..gtrinh

gida dt,tc d(,li hQc trang hifn t(,li

cua sinh vien se dUQc giai <'hip!rong gio thao luan hay thl)'C tap. C1 d~i hQc khang co
chuang nhu i'! ti~u hQc vii trung hQc, giO hQc Iii 60 phllt, giang vien co th~ chilm dl1t hili
giang truoc viii phllt M sinh vien co du thl gio di chuy~n sang phOng hQc khac. GiO thao
IUan hay thl)'c tap khoang 3 gio. Lop hQc chia Iilm 4,5 nhom, moi nhom co khoang 20 sinh
vien. Trang gio thao IUan vii thl)'c taP nily, tilt d sinh vien trang nhom Mu phai dong gop
y kie'n ho~c tham dl)' cac thl)'c tap. Giangvien huang dan vi~c thao IUan vii thl)'CtaP, ghi
nhan nhung dong gop cua moi sinh vien trong nhom. Vi~c thao IUan hay thl)'c taP cling co
th~ dUQct6 chuc nhu Iii mQt ph~n dong gop cua mQl nhom nhi'>3, 4 sinh vien 'hay ca nhan
ve mQl de tili trang mQt thai gian ngiin khoang 10 phil!. Gio -thao IUan hay thl)'CtaP dong
mQt vai tro quan trqng trang chuang trlnh hoc, sinh vien phai hi~n dien t6i thi~u 75% so'
gio hQc nily.
Sau gio dien giang khi'!i sl)' chu di~m hQC taP; giang vien phan ph6i cho sinh vien
chuong trlnh sinh ho~t trang cac gio thao IUan hoilc thl)'CtaP, kern theo Iii danh sach mQt
so' tili li~u hoilc mQl so' chuang !rong cac sach tham khao, mQl so' sach tham khao M Iilm
bili; sinh vien phai dQc M chuffn bj thao lUan, chuffn bi thl)'c taP hoilc M lilm bili nghien
CUu.Nhung tili li~u tren dUQcthu vien dilnh rieng cho lOp hqc, sinh vien co th~ mUQn M
sao chl!P m(\t s6trang dn thie't nhling khong dUQemuqn ve nM. Thong lhuong, mQt giang
vien ehi d~y mQt mon hQc t~i mQt lop hQc co so' sinh vien khoang 100. Ne'u so' sinh vien
nhieu hdn 100, lOp hQc chi a Iilm hai vii do hai giang vien ph\) trach. Nhu vaY, mQt giang
vien giang d~y ttt 16 Mn 18 gii'l k~ ca so' gio di6n giang vii gio thao IUan ho~c thl)'Ctap.
Sau gio giang d<)y, giang vien ng6i t~i phong Iilm vi~c M so~n bili, ehilm hili cling nhu
dqc them sach. Sau gio hqc, sinh vien co th~ de'n Mp giang vien tij,i phong lilm vi~c d~
xin giang giai them nhung thiic mk vii day Iii nhi~m V\) eua giang vien.
Ngoili vi~c tham dl)' cac gio dien giang, thao IUan hay thl)'c taP, sinh vien phai hoiln
thilnh cae bili Iilm sau m6i chu di~m, hili nghien eUu sau m6i hQc ky vii bili thi cu6i nam
hQc. Phudng phap giang dij,y nily gillp hQc sinh on taP thuong xuyen, bili vi'! phai hoan tilt
sau m6i ph~n hoc, sau m6i hqc ky va cu6i nam. Nhu vaY, bili thi cu6i nam chi Iii mQt ph~n
eua phuong phap, tranh dUQcvi~c d6n ep bili vi'!vilo viii thang cu6i.
VI. Th~ thl1c ki~m tra danh gia
Khac voi cae cilp hqc duoi, th~ thuc ki~m tra danh gia i'!dij,i hqc do giang vien dij,YlOp
toan quyen quye't djnh theo quy djnh cua d~i hQc. Sinh vien phai hoiln thilnh mQt cach t6t
dt;p cac bili lilm, bai nghien cUu, bai thi cu6i nam cling nhu phili dong gop mQt cach tich
cl)'c vilo cac gio thao IUan hay thl)'c tap. Ne'u cac ph~n dong gop tren chua dij,t dUQClieu
chuffn, sinh vien phai Iilm them bai taP, phai lilm Iij,ihili lam, phai lilm Iij,imQt ph~n ho~c
toan ph~n bili nghien CUukhoang 5.000 ttt, g~n 10 trang giily. Truoc khi lilm'1ij,iMi, sinh
510

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!

To' chuc

va chuang

trlnh gida

dlfC

dqi hQc trang hifn (qi

vien duoc giang vien giai thich nhung khuyet diem dn phai khi1c ph~c cung nhu huang
dfrn them cte lam bai c6 ket qua. Nhan dip nily sinh vien cung c6 the trlnh bay y kien va
bi~n minh cac khuyet dii!m. Neu sinh vien nhan dinh dUac cac khuyet dii!m va dap ung
dung muc cac doi hoi, vi~c d~t tieu chuan bili lilm, bili nghien cUu se khong kh6 khan sau
khi lilm I~i.
Bili thi cuoi nam hqc quan trqng han so voi cae bili lilm khae, tuy khong phai hoan toan
quyet dinh Van m~ng sinh vien trang d nam hqe. Nhieu d~i hqc quy dinh so diem cua
m6i phftn nhu phftn thao luan hoac bili taP 15%, khoang hai bili lilm sau m6i chU de 15%,
2 bai nghien cUu cua hai hqc ky lil 30% vil bili thi cu6i nam lil 40%. Bai thi nay c6 m~c
dich kii!m tra trlnh dQ hieu biet eua sinh vien qua d nam h9C. Nhu vaY, sinh vien phai
chung to trlnh dQ tiep nhan kien thlie qua saeh giao khoa, qua !Oi di~n giang cua giang
vien, qua nhung y kien qua thao IUan hoae thlfe taP, qua cae bili lilm, bai nghien CUu.Day
la mQt sl! tiep nhan rQng riii vil sau sa ttt nhi011 !Tnh vlfe. VI vaY, bili thi nily phai dU<;jc
so~n thao M c6 thi! danh gia mQt each xae thl!c kien thUc cua sinh vien. Bili thi khong chi
hoi qua sach giao khoa ma phai bao g6m cae kien thuc khac, sinh vien dn phai sllY !inh,
can nMc cte tra !Oi. Bili thi c6 thi! bao gOm mQt so cau hoi ngan mil m6i cau hoi phai tra
l(ji vai 5, 7 dong giOi h~n hoac nhung bili toan nho; eQng them vai mQt bili IUan t6ng quat
ve de tai voi khoang 2.000 tU, sinh vien phai suy nghi M viet hoae mQt bai toan dai cho
](Jp toan. Th(ji gian thi khoang 3 gi(j. TrUoc khi .thi, sinh vien dU<;jcnghi khoang hai tuftn
M chuan bi bili vd. VI lil mot bili thi c6 tfnh cach t6ng quat vil phai Van d~ng tri phan
doan, 6c phan tich, t6ng h<;jpcac kien thue nen nhieu tnlong h<;jpgiang vien cac mon nhan
van cho phep sinh vien dem sach giao khoa eung nhu eae tili li~u ghi chep vao phong thi.
Sinh vien h9c hii!u vil nhan biet cae chi tiet cua kien thue se d~ dilng lilm bai; khong hieu
r5, e6 sach giao khoa, eung chua ehae lilm bili e6 kc't qua tot VIbili thi qua t6ng quat, tlm
cac chi tiet qua sach giao khoa, qua tili Jii;u s(j kh6ng kip thl gi(j. Han nua, vi~c tlm toi
trang cac tili lii;u M viet bai khfll1g nhung milt nhieu th(ji gian, bai lam c6 the trloh bay
v~n vat, thieu m~ch I~e. Trang khi d6, m(H bili lam voi nhan dinh r5 rang se trlnh bay thU
tl! m~ch I~c vil ket qua chac ehiln t6t d<;phon.
Trang ky thi, sinh vien gaP bilt cu kho khan nilo nhu dau yeu, tai n~n... dU(jc CUuxet
dac bi~t nhu cho phep thi I~i; hoac neu c6 tham dt! ky thi nhung VIhoan canh dac bi~t, bai
thi kh6ng d~t dU(jc ket qua dung trlnh dQ kien thlie cung dU(jc cUu xet dac bi~t va kh6ng bi
danh hong. Quyen quyet djnh nay phai dU(jc khoa chilp thuan, nhltng y kien quan trQng
thuQc giang vien d~y ](Jp. H9C hilnh cham chi, lam bili deu dan, sinh vien d~i h9C se len
](Jp hang nam.
De e6 thi! giang d~y mot cach co hi~u qua eho mQt ](Jp h9C voi 100 sinh vien, giang
vien phai c6 toiln th(ji gian lilm vi~c eho trUong. Ngoili vi~e giang d~y hang tuftn gan 20
511

Trj'chac

va chuang

trinh gido dl:lc dr,li hQc trong hifn t(,li

gia, giang vien con phai cha'm bili Him sau mai chu oi~m, cha'm bili nghien CUlldai sau
mai h9C ky, so')n va cha'm bai thi cu6i nam, 09C them sach bao M trau d6i kien thuc. 0
o')i h9C, nhi~u sinh vien nhan van 09C sach bao ou lo')i, tiep nh~n nhi~u kien thUc moi rna
06i khi giang vien kh6ng c6 co hQi tiep nh~n. VI v~y, trang gia thaa lu~n, ra't nhi~u y kien
moi I') oil oUc;Jctrlnh bfry, y kien cua sinh vien d6i dllO heJn y kien giang vien. Bay la
truyl)n thuang VI sinh vien la nhii'ng ngu'oi truang thanh, c6 nhi~u ngu'ai thOng minh, hi~u
biet hon nguoi.

sling ~i hQc
1. Ky toc Xli

VII. Di'Ii

Nhi~u o')i h9C c6 ky toc xa danh cho cac sinh vien a xa. 0 oay, sinh vien ouc;Jccung
ca'p noi an a voi gia re VI oUc;Jcchinh quy~n cling nhu tru'ong tai trc;J.Tim oUc:Jccha noi a
trang ky toc xa la oi~u may miin VI ky toc xa nam trang khu vl!c o')i h9C, c6 cho cho sinh
vien h9C t~p, I')i gfrn thu vil)n, ra't til)n cho vil)c tim toi va mUc;Jneac tai lil)u cfrn thiet M
holm ta't cae bili lam va bai nghien CUlltoi khuya a oay. Hon nii'a, trang ky toc xa, sinh
vien c6 dip lam quen voi nhi~u b')n be k~ d cac b')n cling lOp nen vil)c h9C t~p cang d~
dang hon.
so' cho trang ky toc xa ra't gioi h')n, chi c6 th~ thoa man mQt phfrn nho nhu cfru cua sinh
vien. Do 06, mQt so' sinh vien oia phuong a nha voi cha my va hang ngay oi h9c. MQt so'
sinh vien khac a xa tOi phai thue phOng, thue nha a chung voi b')n be.
2. Di'Ii

sling d~i hQCva xii hQi

Sinh vien phai c6 m~t t')i Idp khoang tU 16 oen 18 gio mQt tufrn. Sinh vien cac nganh
c6 nhi~u hili thl!c t~p nhu ky su phai lam vil)c nhi~u hon. Nhu v~y, sinh vien c6 m~t t')i
lOp khoang mta s6thl gio trong ngay. Sau gio h9c la nhii'ng gio tr6ng. Sinh vien thuong lc;Ji
dl)ng cac gia tr6ng trang ngay o~ hoan ta't cac bili lam, cac bili nghien CUll,09c them sach
bao tham khal'J. Sinh vien h9C hanh cham chi c6 th~ hoan ta't vil)c 09C cac tai lil)u tham
khao, lam bili, lam bili nghien CUllmQt cach d~ dang trang mta ngay kh6ng phai len lop
cQng voi nguyen bu6i t6i. Sau nhii'ng gio h9C va lam bai, sinh vien con c6 thai gian nhan
roi nha't la vao cu6i tufrn M sinh ho')t xii hQi voi b')n be. Sinh vien la nhii'ng nguai tNang
thanh v~ d th~ cha't lfin tinh thfrn, nen vil)c giao thil)p voi b')n be nha't la b')n be khac phai
~6 co hQi phat tri~n. T6 chuc hil)u ooan sinh vien cling voi truong cling thuong t6 chuc cac

!,
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l,

~~~~c~c*~~~ai~~~cacb~van~M~~en~~a,~
dl! va ket than b')n be. Nhi~u lien hI) tinh dm t6t Oyp lau dai ouc;Jcphat tri~n trang ooi
s6ng o')i h9C va ooi s6ng nay oil thl!c sl! chwln bi cha ooi s6ng ngh~ nghil)p va gia dlnh
cho sinh vien a tuong lai.

512

T6 chac va

chuang tflnh gida dlfC d(li hQctfang hi~n t(li

3. Tai chinh sinh vien

Ngu6n tai chinh can ban d sinh vien theo hoc d<)ihoc la slf tr<;fgiup cua cha mt;. Tuy
nhien, nhi6u phI,! huynh ngheo da khong co kha nang lam vit;c nay. Do do, nhi6u sinh
vien phai tlf tuc, co nghTa la vua di hoc vua di lam. Ho lam bfft cu cong vit;c gl nhu gia su,
rlra bat rna trang cac nha hang, lam lao dQng trang cac xi nghit;p ...vua di hoc vila di lam
co th co anh huang den kEt qua hoc t~p. Cac sinh vien hoan toan tlf tuc nay thuang chi
thea hoc khoang 50% dEn 80% so cac man hoc trang nam. Ho se hoan tfft khoa hoc sau 5
haac 6 nam thay VI 4 nam. Nhi6u quoc gia co chinh sach tai tr<;fcho sinh vien d<)ihoc rna
ph\! huynh co l<;fituc thffp. Ngu6n tai tr<;fnay t<)mdu cho sinh vien va co th ho chi lam
them it gio cuoi tu~n. Nhi6u quoc gia khac co chinh sach cha sinh vien vay ti6n theo hoc.
Sinh vien sau khi tot nghit;p, tim ra vit;c lam se hoan tra hang thang so ti6n n<;f.
T6 chuc d<)ihoc rfft quan !tong va ciing rilt ton kern, chinh quy6n cac quoc gia tu trung
uong tai dia phuang d6u quan tam v6 chuang trlnh giao d\!c nay. KEt qua tot dt;p cua cong
cUQcgiao d\!c nay vai chuong trlnh giao d\!c thich dang se dao t<)omQt tMnh ph~n tn thuc
tuang lai phu h<Jp voi nhu du nhan dl)ng, phal trin ti6m nang kinh tE M xay dljng dilt
nuac. Cac nuac tay phuong co ngan sach hang nam rfft caa cho giao dl)c d<)ihoc va co t6
chlic d<)ihoc hoan thit;n nen kEt qua Ia dii dao t<)odu'<;fC
khong nhung du lo<)inhan vien
cho nhu du nhan dl)ng trang nuac, con dap ung nhu du nhan dl)ng quoc tE. Trang khi do,
cac nuac dang rna mang VI thiEu tai chinh nen t6 chU'c d<)ihoc con thiEu nhi6u trang bj
thiEt yEu cung nhu thiEu nhan vien giang huffn co kha nang chuyen man, nen vit;c daa t<)o
sinh vien co kha nang thlfc slf con rilt giai h<)n. D t6 chuc d<)ihoc d<)tdU<;fC
kEt qua my
man, dn phai co slf quan tam dac bit;t cua chinh quy6n, dn phai co t6 chuc va quan tli
h<;fp19 cua cac nha giao dl)c co khii nang va kinh nghit;m cung nhu dn phai co thanh
ph~n giang vien co lhlfC Ilfc va t~n tl)Y.
Ti'li lifU tham khdo:
- Academic Fredom. The World Bok Encyclopedia. Multimedia Edition, 2001.
- Cochrane. Kerry. Researching Colleges World Wide. Watts, 1997.
- Home Jcholinf.:. The World Book Encyclopedia, Multimedia Edition, 2001.
- Universities and colleges. The World Book Encyclopedia. Multimedia Edition, 2001.

513

Chltdng 36

Cac t6 chuc gitio dlJ-cquoe tt

I. Cae Tnfong Quile te
II. Van biing Ttl tai Quile te
1. Sl! th3nh I~p va rnQe weh eua ehu'o'ng trinh giang dl)Y
2. NQi dung ehu'o'ng trinh
3. Thi thue kiirn tra danh gia

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I. Cae Tru'ong Quile te International Schools

Truong Quoe Ttlii co guan giao d1)c bilt V1)l<;iidu<;ict6 chac M giang d(lYcon em nMn
vien su guan, con em nMn vien nuac ngoiii vii vi chuong trlnh giao d1)c dia phuong khong
dap ung du<;icnhu du giao d1)cclla cac hoc sinh niiy.

Co rilt nhiu Truong Qu6c te n~m riii rac khap the gioi. Cac truong niiy thuong Iii cac
tnfang h6n h<;ipnam nu, thu nMn hQc sinh tu 3 tu6i tdi 18 tu6i. HQc sinh voi hang tram
gu6c tjch khac nhau vii co nhiu hoc sinh noi du<;icnhiu thu tieng. MQt hQc sinh g6c
nguai Hii Lan, sinh t(li Dan M(lch, co th noi tieng Hii Lan vi Iii tieng my de, co thi! noi
tie:lg Anh vi theo hoc Truong Qu6c te ng6n ngu chinh Iii tieng Anh, co thi! noi tieng Dan
M(lch vi sinh s6ng t(li day, co th noi tieng Phap vi Phap van Iii ng6n ngu thu hai trang
Truong Qu6c teo Neu ph\! huynh hoc sinh niiy thay d6i nhii,\m sCI,em co thi! noi them mQt
ng6n ngu dia phuong khae nua. Co thi! noi du<;icding, m6i hoc sinh trang Truong Qu6c te
co thi! noi it nhilt hai ng6n ngu, ngon ngu chinh clla truang vii tieng my de. Cac giao vien
ng6n ngu co nh~n dinh r~ng, hoc sinh CIday noi thong th(lo nhiu ng6n ngu nhung tren
th1/c te cac em khong co tieng my de vi khong sinh s6ng t(li chinh qu6c vii ket qua Iii kha
nang viet clla cae em dn phai du<;icchd y nhiu.
Truong Qu6c te du<;icthiinh l~p M giang d(lY con em cac phai doiin guan s1/, con em
cac nhan vien su guan t(li thll do mQt so' qu6c gia. Cac Truong Qu6c Te khac du<;icthanh
I~p t(li cac khu v1)'cco cac cd sCIkinh doanh hoac ky nghi,\ qu6c te voi nhiu nhan vien,
cong nhan nuoc ngoiii c6ng taco Cac truang niiy du<;icchinQ quyn dja phuong cilp giily
phep hO(lt dQng vii chI nhling hoc sinh thuQc cac thiinh ph~n. tren moi co thi! ghi ten theo
hoc. Truong co hii,\u truClng do Hfji D6ng Nhil Truong b6 nhii,\m vii phai tuang trinh
thuang xuyen cho HQi dclng v chuong trinh giao d1)c, tlnh hinh tiii chinh. HQi vien HQi

514

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Cdc t5 chuc gido dl,lcqu6c tt

d6ng Nha tntang bao g5m d~i di~n phl) huynh, d~i dK';n giao vien, d~i di~n e!)ng d5ng dja
phl1ang. V~ phl10ng di~n tai ehinh, phl) huynh hoae cae co quan rna phl) huynh e6ng tae,
phai dong gop hQe phi kha eao. Neu trl1ang co da sa hQe sinh quae tjeh gae nao do, chinh
quy~n qual' gia nay co th dong gop m!)t philn chi phi eho lrl1ang. Chinh quy~n dia
phl1(1ngcung co th tai tn;! eho ehl1ang trinh giao dl)e nay vi trl1ang nam trang lanh thll eua
hQ. Chinh phu My tai tr(J kha nhi~u eho cae trl1ang nay vi eo rilt nhi~u nhan vien My
c6ng tal' a nl1(k ngoai va vi the tieng Anh cung la ng6n ngii' ehinh eua nhi~u Trl1ang
Quacte.
Cae Trl1ang Quae te co khae bi~t kha !On v~ Sl sa hQe sinh. Co trl1ang t~i cae khu vt)'e
xa chi co 40, 50 hQe sinh hay it han ttt !Op mau giao toi lop 10. Co trl1ang t~i cae thanh
phaldn co toi cii nghin hQe sinh ttt 3 oen 18 tulli. Cae truang nay co ng6n ngii' giang d~y
chinh va ng6n ngii' thti' hai.
Khi cae Trl1ang Qu6e te moi dl1(Je thiinh liip, ehl10ng trinh giao dl)e eua Anh va My
dU(jc ap ol)ng lam ehl10ng trinh din ban. Theo voi thai gian, dan sa hQe sinh tang nhanh
va baa g6m hang tram quae tjeh khae nhau, cae giao vien kh6ng hai long v~ ehl1ang trinh
giiing d~y nay nen thanh liip Uy ban Chl10ng trinh d~ xay dt)'ng mot chl1ang trinh moi phil
h(;!pvan hoa va trinh d!) eua hQe sinh eung nhl1 st)' ki~n nhi~u hQe sinh se chi hQe t~i m!)t
trl1ang trang hai ba nam, sau do ehuyn den m!)t trl10ng khae co th~ co ng6n ngii' ehinh
khae bi~t. Nhl1 viiy ehl1ang trinh giao dl)e a day co th~ co khae bi~t giii'a cae trl1ong.
Nhit!u Trl1(Jng Quae te rna lOp hQe thi lily van bling Ttl tai Quae te International
Baccalaureate - IH. Van bang nay dl1(Jetat d cal' d~i hge tren the gioi e6ng nhii.n va chap
nhiin eho ghi ten thea hQe nam thti' nhat. (Xem them philn ke tiep). HQe sinh phai hoan tat
hai nam h9C lOp 11,12 voi chl1ang trinh hQe da dlt(Je iln dinh va phai d~t dl1(Jeket qua tat
trang ky thi cu6i nam. HQc sinh khong tham dt)' ky thi lay van bang Ttl tili Qual' te nhl1ng
hoan tat hai nam h9C lOp 11,12 voi chl1ang trinh h9C eua cae Trl10ng Quae te va d~t dl1(Je
ket qua tat trang ky thi eu6i nam eung dl1<,1e
ghi ten theo hQc t~i cae d~i hQe. Cae hQe sinh
nay chi dl1(Jc cap phat van bang Ttl tai Truong Quae te rna khong phai van bang Ttl tai
Quacte.
Giao vien tai cae Trl10ng Quae te thl10ng dl1(Je tuy~n dl)ng t~i cae quae gia nhl1 My,
Anh, Uc, Canada, New Zealand, Phap, Tay Ban Nha va cal' quae gia khae noi tieng Anh,
Phap, Tiiy Ban Nha vi ng6n ngii' giang d~y t~i de trl10ng nay la tieng Anh, Phap va Tiiy
Ban Nha. Tuy nhien, tieng Anh la ng6n ngii' phil thong nhat. Cae giao vien phai hQi du
cae dit!u ki~n v~ bang cap, kinh nghi~m eung nhl1 di~u ki~n nhii.p dnh eua quae gia so
t~i. M!)t di~m quan trQng a day la giao vien phiii chUng til eo.so thich va kha nang thich
nghi voi voi moi trl10ng sinh hOl).tdja phl1ong; co so thich va kinh nghi~m giang d~y m!)t
lOp hQc co nhi~u quae tjeh, van hoa, trinh d!) ngon ngii' khong d5ng d~u. H(Jp d5ng giang
515

Cac

t5 chUc

giao dl:lc

quae tt

d(lY la hai hay ba nam va e6 th~ gia h,.ln. Ngoai chu'dng trlnh giang d<)ychinh, giao vien
thu'ang tl! nguyi;n a6ng g6p vao cac sinh ho<)tvan h6a, van nghi;, hii;u aoan, th~ thao ella
tru'ang.
H~u he't cac Tru'ang Quilc te' ap d\lng nien hQc tu'dng tl! nhu' cac nu'oc Au Chiiu, khai
giang VaGthang 9 va chilm dUt vao cu6i thang 5, voi 36 tu~n Ie hay 176 ngay hQe thl!c 51!.
Nien hQc au'<;!echia thanh hai hQc ky, giua hai hQc ky la nhiYng ngay nghi va ky nghi he
dai cuili nam hQC.Cac Tru'ang Qu6c te' cung t6n trQng nhung ngay Ie ky nii;m ella quilc
gia sCIt<)iva a6ng cua vao cac ngay nay.
II. Van bling Ttl tai Qu6c te' International Baccalaureate .IB
Chu'dng trlnh hQc thi lily Van Bling Tli Tili Qu5c TiE'au'<;!enhiu tru'ang quilc te' giang
d<)y. T<)i nhung ndi khang c6 cac'tru'ang nay, hQc sinh v~n e6 th~ dl! thi ne'u tru'ang aja
phltdng du'<;!ccd quan t6 chuc thi lily van b~ng Tu tai Quilc te' chilp nM-n vii;c mClnhung
man hQc theo aung aiu kii;n do van b~ng nay abi hoi va ph~i alt<;!ctru'ang chinh thuc ghi
ten tham dl! ky thi cu6i nam.
1. St! th3nh I~p va m\lC dfch cua chtfdng trlnh giang d(lY
C6 hai Iy do alta dtn vii;c thanh I?p Van b~ng Tu tai Qu6c te'. Cac nha thanh I?p van
bang nay nh?n ajnh r~ng the' gidi c6 nhiu viln d kh6 khan dn phai c6 cac giai phap c6
tinh cach quilc te'. Nn giao d\lC c6 ai~n clla the' giOi chi e6 th~ au'a ra mQt 56 it giai phap
aa khang th~ giai quye't au'<;!ccac kh6 khan tren. VI V?y, aiu dn thie't la phai trang bj
cho hQc sinh nhiYngkie'n thuc moi M hQ c6 th~ du'dng a~u voi cac kh6 khan, thu thach clla
nhung th?p nien cu6i clla the' ky thu 20 va nhung nan a~u clla the' ky thu 21. Ly do thU hai
c6 tinh cach thl!c te', cac tru'ang trung hQc tren the' gioi tily thuQc VaG cac hi; th6ng giao
d\lc qu6c gia va cac hi; th6ng nay kha khac bii;t v nhiu khia c(lnh. Van B~ng Tu Tili
Qu6c Te' alt<;!ccac t6 chuc giao d\lC qu6c te't6 chUc, voi cac man hQcth6ng nhilt tre!! kh~p
the' gioi se giai quye't au'<;!cviln a kh6 khan nay.
Chltdng trlnh thi lily van b~ng Tu tai Qu6c te' au'<;!ct6 chUc t(li g~n mQt nghln tru'ang
. trung hQc thuQC 95 qu6c gla tren kh~p the' gioi. Moi nam, l(li c6 them mQt 56 tru'ang xin
ghi ten tham dl!. Ke't qua g~n day la c6 74% thi sinh aa a<)t au'<;!cke't qua t6t trong ky thi
cu6i kh6a.
.
Tropg vii;c so<)nthao chu'dng trlnh giang d<)y,b6n nguyen t~c aa du'<;!cneu ra:
- Thu 'nhilt la van b~ng Tu tai Qu6c te' cung dp mQt chu'dng trlnh giao d\lC toan dii;n va
tranh vii;c qua cM trQng VaGnhung man hQc c6 ml.lCaich chuifn bi cho vii;c thi VaGa<)i
hQc. Chu'dng trlnh nay cung tranh au'<;!cvii;c hQc t?P qua nhiu man rna moi man chi au'<;!c
hQc hai, ba tie't mQt tu~n nhu' ali xify ra t<)inhiu hi; th6ng giao d\lC t<)iAu Chiiu va A
516

!
j

Cdc

t6 chuc gido dW qu6c te'

so

Chau. Them VilOd6, h~ thong giao dl!c t~i My cling nhlt )i m(jt ti)i m(jt
tiu bang 0 Dc
lai da qua hnh d(jng trang vi~c h,ra chQn man hoc, chltdng trinh giao dl!c Til tai Quac te'
xac djnh ro rang chltdng trinh, hQc sinh de dang nh~n bie't va chQn h,(a.
- Thu hai la van bang nay cung ung m(jt khuon milu c6 kha nang dap ung nhu eliu hoc t~p
khong nhii'ng cho cac hQc sinh c6 trinh d(j kie'n thuc sau r(jng rna can cho ca nhii'ng hQc
sinh trung blnh nhltng c6 y muon hoc t~p chltdng trlnh Til tai Quac te'o
- Thu ba va quan trQng nhat la chltdng trlnh giao dl!c cua van bang Til tai Quac te' c6 th~
phan anh dlt\lC ban chat quac te' cua cac hQc sinh va ml!C tieu quac tt cua van bang.
- Thu tlt la chudng trlnh giao dl!c cua van bang TIl tai Quac tt thich nghi voi chuang trlnh
giao dl!c dia phuong.
Nhieu quac gia chap nh~n van bang Til tai Quac te vi van bang nay
r(jng t~m hiu
bitt cua hQc sinh va trlnh d(j kitn thUc t5ng quat cua hQc sinh thea hQc chudng trlnh nay
kha cao. Them vao d6, van bang nay dlt'Jc danh gia cao va du'JC chap nh1.inghi ten thea.
hQc ti)i cac truC1ngdi)i hQc dja phuong cling nhlt cac d~i hQc quac tt.
Van phOng chinh cua t6 chl1c van bang Til tai Quac tt d~t ti)i thanh pha Geneva 0 Thl!Y
STduoi quyen dieu hilIlh cua m(jt t6ng giam dac voi nhieu giam dac chju trach nhi~m cac
philn hilIlh rieng bi~t nhu chltdng trlnh giang di)Y, tai chinh, kim tra danh gia, hanh chinh
v.v. Ngoai van phong chinh; t6 chuc nay can c6 cac van phong khu vlfc d~t ti)i Geneva,
New York (My), Buenos Aires (Argentina) va Singapore. Moi van phong khu vlfc chju
traeh nhi~m m(jt
quac gia Ian c1.in.Van phOng khu vlfc Singapore kim soat m(jt lanh
th6 qua IOn lao baa gam An D(j, Trung Quae, Nam A, Dong Nam A, Dc, Nh1.it, New
Zealand va cac quac gia 0 Thai Blnh DUdng. VI so' quac gia i'J khu vlfc nay qua nhieu, nen
m(jt tiu khu vlfc dil du'Jc thanh 11.ip,d~t trl! sO t~i Sydney (Dc) phl! tnich cac quac gia Dc,
cac nuoc Ian c~n, An D(j, Nh1.it.

mo

so

2. NQi dung chu'dng trJnh

Chuang trJnh van bang Til tai Quac tt c6 tinh each toan di~n, hQCt~p trong hai nam va
ky thi cuai nam thu hai, danh cho hQc sinh W 16 Mn 19 tu6i. Chuang trinh nay khong dl)'a
VilOchuang trJnh cua m(jt quac gia nao, c6 ml!C dich cung cap cho hQc sinh m(jt nen giao
dl!c thich dang, hoa h\lp dU\lc voi cac khac bi~t ve dia Iy va van h6a, c6 vli tinh th~n thong
earn va c(jng tac quac tt qua vi~c hoc t~p. Trai qua tren 30 nam W ngay thiinh 11.ip,van
bang nay dli tro thanh m(jt biu hi~u tat dyp cua tinh thiln h'Jp tac va trau dai kitn thuc
quac tt. HQc sinh m(jt khi dlt\lc chap nh~n vi~c ghi ten dil chung to m(jt tinh thiln hoc t~p
tich clfc voi ml!c dich khong nhii'ng di)t dlt'Jc ktt qua cao rna can tim hiu m(jt cach sau
r(jng n(ji dung man hQc.
Chltang trlnh van bang Til tiii Quac tt ap dl!ng ba ngon ngii' chinh Iii titng Anh, titng
Phap, titng Tay Ban Nha va baa gam sau nh6m cac man hQc:
517

Cac

t6' chuc giao dl,lc quae te

I. Ngon ngii' I: ngon ngii' chinh tMc : Anh, Phap hay Tiiy Ban Nha, k~ ca hQc t~p trich
giang van hQCthe gioi
2. Ngon ngii' 2: ngon ngii' chfnh thuc thu hai hoac Ngo<:tiNgii'
3. Ca nhan va Xa hQi: lich st!, dja Iy, kinh te, triet hQc, tam !y, xii hQi hQc, kinh doanh,
tin hQc, t6 chuc quac te
4. Khoa hQc tht!c nghi~m: sinh hQc, h6a hQc, h6a hQc thuc nghi~m, v~t Iy, moi tntong,
thiet ke ky thu~t
5. Toan h9C: toan, phuong phap toan hQC,toan hQCthuong m<:ti,loan hQCcao d~ng
6. Man h9C nhi~m y: ngh~ thu~t, am nh<:tc,kjch, ngon ngii' La Tinh, c6 ngii' Hy L<:tp,
dien toan, man hoc thu hai trang nhom Ca nhan va Xii hoi, man hQc thu hai trang nh6m
Khoa hoc thl!C nghi~m, ng6n ngii' thu ba, tin hQc trang to chucquac te, toan h9C cap cao
hoac mQt man do truong dja phuong de:;nghj va phai dUeJc van phong van Mng To tai
Quac te chap thu~n.
H9C sinh phai hQc sau man, mQt m6n trung m6i nh6m cua sau nh6m tren. Trang sau
man nay, phai co til ba den ban man la man chinh voi it nhat 240 gio hQc trong hai nam,
cac man can l<:tila man phI) voi it nhat 150 gio h9C. Ngoiii ra, hQc sinh can phai hoiin
thanh ba di~u ki~n sau day: hoan tat mot bai LuiJn van Nghien Cuu, hoan ttlt kh6a hQc Ly
Thuylt v~ Kiln TMc va tham dl! t1ch cl!c Chllang Trinh Gilio D(4c DiJ.c Birf Creativity,
Action, Service CAS, c6 tinh each sang t(lo ve sinh ho<:ttva djch VI)xii hQi.
Bai Lu~n van nghien CUudai 4000 tu co t1nh cach tlm hiGu sau rQng voi d~ tai lien quan
den cac man hQc. HQc sinh chQn Il!a d~ tai voi sl! huong diln va chtlp thu~n cua giao vien
huong diln. Giao vien nay cling theo doi dien tien thl!C hi~n biii lu~n van. Biii Lu~n van
nghien cUu se dueJc Hoi d6ng Giam khao Quac te thiim dinh. Kh6a hQc Ly thuyet v~ kien
!huc c6 ml)c dich giop h9C sinh hQc hoi ve sl! lien quan cua mQi ITnhvl)'c kien tMc vu'eJtra
ngoai ph<:tmvi hQc duong. Kh6a hQc do truung dja phuong s0<:tnthilo voi (t nhat 100 gio
hQc triii rQng cho ca hai nam hQc, giao vien dia phuong thiim djnh ket quii nhltng phiii
dtteJc HQi d6ng Giam khao Quac te kiGm tra l<:ti.Chuang trlnh Giao dl)c dac bi~t do tntong
dja phuong xep dat va thiim dinh.
HQc sinh ghi ten theo hQc van bhng To tiii Quac te dUeJckhuyen khich d hoan ttlt kh6a
hQc voi ket qua my miin. H9C sinh khong d(lt duoc kC'tquii tat chung cUQcse chi dUeJc cilp
chung chi cho tung man hQc dii d~u. HQc sinh khong hQc du sau man hQc cling se chi dueJc
cilp phat chUng chi cho nhii'ng man hQc dii d~u. Nhu v~y, chi nhii'ng hQc sinh !hi d~u ca
sau man hQc moi dUeJc cilp pMt van bhng To tai Quac tC'.HQc sinh c6 khii niing hQc tren
sau man bilt bUQc,cac man hQc them, neu thi d~u, se dUeJc cilp ph<it them
ChUng chi ngoiii van bhng To tai Quac teo Chuang trInh kim ra diinh gia cuai hai nam

518

I
j

Cae

t8 ehue

giao dl:le

quae te'

hQc se du<;1cthl)'Chii;n vao thang nam cho cac hQc sinh t:j.i bilc ban ellu; cac hQc sinh t:j.i .

nam ban ellu se tham dl)' ky thi nay vao thang muai mOt. Hang nam co khming tren 2000
giam khao tren toan the.gioi tham dl)'ky thi t6t nghii;p van b~ng Td tai Qu6c te.
3. Thl! thuc kil!m tra danh gia
Th~ thuc ki~m tra danh gia va xep h:j.ng cac man thi cila van b~ng Td tai Qu6c te Ia tit I
di~m (di~m thilp nhilt) Mn 7 di~m (di~m cao nhilt). Ngoai ra; con co N no grade, co nghia
Ia khong du'<;1cxep h:j.ng hay khong co di~m. Di~m I, qua kern (very poor); di~m 2, kern
poor; di~m 3, thuang mediocre; di~m 4, du'<;1c
satisfactory; di~m 5, kha good, di~m 6, rilt
kha very good; di~m 7, gioi excellent. D~ du<;1ccilp phar van b~ng, hQc sinh phai d:j.tdu'<;1c
it nhilt 24 di~m, k~ ca di~m thuang - t6i da Ia ba di~m - cila bili Luij.n van nghien CUuva
man Ly thuyet v{},kien thuc. Ngoai ra ket qua con tuy thuOc cac di{},ukii;n sau day:
- Voi cac man chinh, chi co mOt man di~m 2 va mOt man di~m 3
- Voi cac man phu, chi co mOt man di~m I va hai man di~m 2
- T5ng quat, phai d:j.tdu<;1cit nhilt ba man di~m 3
- HQc sinh khong d:j.t du<;1cket qua cila inOt trang nhii'ng di{},ukii;n tren, nhttng d:j.tdu<;1c
28 di~m, k~ cii di~m thuang, ci1ng se du<;1ccilp phat van b~ng
- HQc sinh se khong du<;1ccilp phat van b~ng, du di~m chung cuOc cao den mily, neu co
mOt man di~m N hay mOt man di~m I a >;ac man chinh, hay khong kh6ng d:j.t du<;1cket
qua my man trang bib Luij.n van nghien cUu, man Ly thuyet v{},kien thuc hay phan
Chuang trlnh Giao duc Dij.c bii;t (CAS)
Tili li~u tham khiio:
- Brangwin. Christopher. Understanding International Baccalaureate. Teaching Overseas. New Castle NSW,
Global Exchanxe. 1995.
- McGrath. Donna. Teacher's Guide to the World. East Ro.,e~ille, NSW. Kanxaroo Press, 1998.
- Wilcox, Mavis. Teaching in In/ernational Schools, Teaching Overseas. Newcastle, NSW. Global Exchange.
1995.

519

I,
,~~

~"

,,'
t:

re'

I!!
Abelard, Pierre 80
Abraham 29
Academy (Plato) 36
Aeneid 53
Al Biruni 72
AI JS:hwarizmi (nha toan hQc) 71
Alberti, Leon Battista 120
Alexander I 169-170
Alexander The Great 38,40, 42
Alexandria (tMnh pho') 42
Annales 52
Anthony, Mark 15
Antinoch (thanh pho') 47
Aquinas, Thomas 40
Archimedes (khoa hQc gia) 44
Argentina 332,334
Aristophanes 36
Aristotle 38-40
Aryabbatta 21
Asoka (vua An D(J) 20
At Tabari 71-72
Augustine 60-61
Avempace 74
Averroes 74-75
Avicena 72-73
An D(J Giao (Hindu) 17-18
Au Du<1ngTu 101-102, 105
Ba Huy~n Thanh Quan
Kern: Thanh Quan
B?ch tho?i 105-106
Balzac, Honore 148
Barnard, Henry 216-217
Barzizza, Casparino da 119
Basedow, Johann Bernhard 162-163
Bede (hoc gill) 61

Beirut (thanh pho') 47

Bell, Andrew 170-171
Bhudda
Kern: Ph{jt.T6
Boccacio 116-117
Boethius (hQc gia) 61
Btlt lOng 27
Braille, Louis 165
Caesar, Julius 15
Can Long Iff7
Canh Tan ton giao 58
Cao dAng
'"

An D(J lru'dc anh hudng lay phudng 96

c6 d?i Hy L?p 42-43
c6 d?i La Mil 54
ky thu~t
Kern: Gido dl.'c kj thu{jt, hutfn nghifp
trung d?i Byzantine 64-65
trung d?i H6i Giao 70
Cao dAng c(Jng d6ng 281.282
Castiglione, Baldassare 121
Catherine the Great 169
Charlemagne 59-60
Chartres (tru'Clngcao dAng) 81
Chinh Tho'ng Giao 58
Chinh trj hQc (Politics) 38, 75
Cho'ng Canh Tan
Kern: Phdn Canh Tan
Chryroloras, Manual 85, 117
Chrysippus (tritt gia) 45
"
Chu (tri~u d?i Trung Hoa) 22-23, 25
Chu Hi va Kh5ng HQCmdi 103-105, III
Chu Van An 416
Cicero, Marcus 51
Claparede, Edouard 253
520

r,
ti

.',
,

~~
~'.

~!

,,
't'

I',

'J

..

1:

~"

f
J
I
;:

I!

i
,~

1t

D~i h9C
Xem them: Dq; hQc dau lien
Ai qp (Egypt) 359-360

Cleland, James 147

Cleopatra 15
Comenius, John Amos 141-142
Comnena, Anna 65
Constantine 58
Cousin, Victor 154
Ctesibius (Ichoa h9C gia) 44
Cos (dao) 43
Constantinople (thi!nh pho') 48
Ci)ng Hoa (Republic) 36, 75
CIl'(Jngbach giao d\lc
Anh269
d~u tien (Dtl'c), 1873 168
Oia Nii D~i (Canada) 221
My 217,274
New Zealand 224
NMt237
Phap 260,261
Ctfu Il'''c (kinh thanh cil) 30
Dante 115
De Chartres, Bernard 80
De Chartres, Thierry 81
De Champeaux, Guillaume 79
De Cha uJiac, Guy 87
De Conches, Guillaume 79
De Condillac, Etienne Bonnet 161-162
De Condorcet, Marquis 167-168
De la Ramee, Pierre 133
Decroly, Ovide 250
Dewey, John 247-248
Do Thai (diin ti)c) 29
Do Thai Giao 30
Descartes, Rene 139
Diderot, Dennis 165-167
Dong Ten (giao d\lc tu vien)
thili Canh Tan 135
the' ky thtl' 17 143
Dury, John 146
Duy 19 (chii nghia), 139
v"i Descartes 139
v"i Leibniz 139
v"i Spinoza 139

Algeria 345
Anh, the'ky tM 19 211; hien t~i 274
An Di) 375-376
'
Ba Til' (Iran) 363
Bangladesh 380
Brazil 335
Canada 295-296
Chile 332,335
Ci)ng hoa Diin chii Nhan dan Tri~u Tien, 385
Cuba 335
Do Thai (Israel) 367-368
Di!i Loan 387
Dtl'c, the'ky thtl' 19 204-205; hi<$nt~i 268,
269
Ethiopia 348
Hi! Lan (Holland) 310
Han Quo'c 383-384
H6i Quo'c 377
Indonesia 292-293
Iraq 364
Jordan 366
Lebanon (Liban) 362
Liberia 351
Malaysia 394
Mexico 332,333,334
Mie'n Di<$n(Myanmar hay Burma) 401
Morocco 346
Mozambique 347
My, the'ky thtl' 19218-219; hi<$nt~i 280282
Nam Phi (South Africa) 341
New Zealand; the'ky thtl' 19 224; hi<$n
t~i 306
Nga 318
Nhiit, the' ky thtl' 19235,284-285,

hi<$nt~i

286-287, 290

Nigeria 344
Peru 334
Phap, the' ky thtl' 19 209, bien t~i 263-264
521

Philippines 398-400
Saudi Arabia 365
Senegal 351
Singapore 395
Sudan 350
Syria 365-366
Th6 Nhi Ky (Turkey) 361
TMi Lan (Thailand) 397
Th~y Dii!n (Sweeden) 309
Th~y Si (Swizerland)308
Tich Lan (Sri Lanka) 379
Trung Qu6c 325
Oc, the'ky thu 19 223; hi.;;n t~i 303-305
Uruguay 334
Venezuela 335
Vi.;;t Nam 419,446,449,456-457,457-458,
463-466

Salamanca (ray Ban Nha) 90

Salerno (Y) 82-83
Seville (Tiiy Ban Nha) 90
Siena (Y) 85
Sorbone (PMp) 87
Toulouse (PMp)87
Turin (Y) 85
Valladolid (Tiiy Ban Nha) 89-90
D~i H<;lcDong DU'dng 445
D~i h<;lchien d~i
Halle (Duc) 155
D~i H<;lc(h<;lcthuye't Kh6ng Ta) 23
D~i h<;lCrna 274,303,325,376
D~o Duc Kinh (Lao Ta) 25
D.;;Tam C(Jng Hoa PMp 206
D6 Phd 99
Doan Thj Dii!m 425-427
D6i tho~i (dialbgue) 36
Dong Kinh Nghia Th\lc 451
D6t sach chOn h<;lctro 26
Ecole Normale

Xem them: Dgi H(Jc D(}ng Dilling

307
Zaire 343
Zambia 349
D~i h<;lcd~u tien

Xem: Trll()ng slI p/u;lm

Xem them: Dgi hpc

Ennius, Quintus 52
Ephebic (trU'ong) 51
Epictetus (trie't gia) 46
Epicurus (trie't gia) 46
~rasmus (nha rna ph~m) 85.86,122.123
Euclid (toan h<;lcgia) 4243
Fakhr ad-Din ar-Razi 74
Feltre, Vittorino da 119.120
Fichle, Johann Gottlieb 195
Fieino, Massilio 118
Flaubert, Gustave 148
Francke, August Hermann 156.157
Frederick the Great 168
Freud, Sigmund 245
Froebel, Friedrich 190.193
Gailhard, John 147
Galen (bac si) 43
Galileo (khoa h<;lcgia) 84
Giai ca'p xii hQi An D(J 18
Giao d~c

Bologna (Y) 83
Coimba (Tiiy Ban Nha) 91
Cologne (Duc) 89
Florence (Y) 85
Cambridge (An h) 88
d~c dii!m 91-92
Grenoble (Phap) 87-88
Leipzig (Duc) 89
Lisbone (B6 Dao Nha) 91
Montpenllier (PMp) 87
Heidelberg (Duc) 89

>
'
nguon goc 82
Oxford (Anh)88
Padua (Y) 83-84
Paris (Pha p) 86-87
Perugia (Y) 85
Pisa (Y) 86
Prague (TieP Kh~c) 91
Rome (Y) 84-85
"

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205-209; the' ky thu 20260-264

Ai qp (Egypt) 358-360
Algeria 344-345
Anh; the'ky tM 18 170-172; the'ky thtl' 19
209-211; the' ky thtl' 20269-274
An D(\; the'ky thtl' 19 231-234; the'ky tM
20369-375; trudc anh hudng my phu<1ng

Philippines 398-400
Saudi Arabia 364-365
Senegal 350-351
Singapore 394-395
Sudan 349-350
Syria 365-366
Thai Lan (Thailand) 395-398
Th6 Nh1 Ky (Turkey) 360-361

95-97
Ba Til' (Iran) 362-363
Bangladesh 379-381
Canada; the'ky thu 19 219-221; the'ky thu

Thl)Y Din 308-309

Thl)Y S1 307-308
Tich Lan (Sri Lanka) 378-379
Trung Hoa; the'ky thu20 318-326; trudc
anh hUClngtay phu<1ng97-108
Dc, the' ky thu 19 221-223; the' kythu 20

20264-269
C(\nghoa Dan chu Nhan dan Tri~u Tien 384-385
Do TMi (Israel) 255-256, 366-368
Dili Loan (Taiwan) 385-388
Duc; the'ky thu 18 168; the'ky tM 19 200205; the' ky thu 20 264-269

296-305
Vil)t Nam
Xem: Gido d~c Vi?1Nam
Y 306-307
Zaire 342-343
Zambia 348-349
Giao dl)c bao thu 242-243,247
Giao dl)c binh bj 33,42
Giao dl)c blnh dAng tri tul)
Jacotot197
Giao dl)c b6tuc 273,287,297,304
Giao dl)c cii t~o xii h(li
chu ngh1a c(\ng san 255
Do Thai
Giao dl)c cao dAng
Xem: Cuo dling
Giao dl)c chung t(\c
Duc Qu5c xii 266
Nh~t 287-288
Giao dl)c chung vil)n 58-59
suy ye'u 78
Giao dl)c c6 d~i
An D(\ 17-21
Do Thai 29-31
Hy L~p32-48
La Mii 49-56
Trung Hoa 22-28

Ethiopia 348
Ha Lan (Holland) 309-311
Han Qu5c 382-384
H6i Qu5c (Pakistan) 376-378
Indonesia 390-393
Iraq 363-364
Jordan 366
kh6 khan 256-258
Lebanon 362
Liberia 351-352
Malaysia 393-394
'Morocco 345-346
Mie'n Dil)n (Myanmar hay Burma) 400-402
Mozambique 346-348
My,the'ky tM 19 213-219; the'ky thu20
274-283
Nam Phi (South Africa) 338-341
Nga; thc'ky thu 18169; the'ky thu 19 211212; thc'ky thu 20 255,312-318
Nh~t Ban; the'ky tM 19234-238; thHy
thu 20 283-291; trudc anh hudng t,ly
phu<1ng 108-112
Nigeria 343-344
New Zealand; the' ky thu 19 223-22;; the'
ky thu 20 305-306
PMp; the'ky thu 18165-168; theky thu 19
523

Giao d\lc c6 dien

Anh 269,270
dip tie'n. Berullian 143-144
Cleland. 147
Dong Ten. 143
Duc 264-265, 267,268
Phap 261
Giao d\lc c6 truylin La Mii 49-50
Giao d\lc diin t9c
Anh. Elyot 130
An D9. Roy 232,233
Nh~t Ban 234,236-237,283-286.288-291
Viet Nam,; vua Quang Trung 428-431;
Dong Kinh NghIa Th\lc 451; H9i
Truy~n Ba Qu6c Ngil4.'iJ -452
Phong Triio Duy Tan 450-451; Phong
Trao Dong Du 450
Giao d\lc dien thuye't (Sophist) 34-35
Giao d\lc d~i chung
Calvin 133
Luther 128
Viet Nam 458
Xem them: H(,i Truyin Bd Quoc Ngil
Giao d\lc d~c biet
Didcrot 165
Hard 197-198
My 277
Seguin 198- I 99
t6ng quat 495-500
Viet Nam 462-463
Giao d\lc d~n chUa (Nh~t Ban) 109
Giao d\lc d~n th(j (Hdi Giao) 69
Giao d\lc d6i tho~i pM blnh (Socrates) 35-36
Giao d\lc gia dlnh
th<liPh\lc HIfng 120-121
t6ng quat 500-501
Giao d\lc huit'n nghieP
Xem: Cido d~c ky thu(it, hufln nghi?p
Giao d\lc khoa hQc 79
Giao d\lc khuye't t~t
Xem: Cido d~c d(ic bi?t
Giao d\lc ky thu~t, huit'n nghieP

Anh273
An D9 372,373
Canada 292
C9ng hoa Dan chUNhan dan TriC;uTien 385
Dai Loan (Taiwan) 386
Duc 157-158, 267,268
Han Qu6c 383
Indonesia 392
Malaysia 394
My 278,281
Nga 212,315,316,317
Nh~t 234,2-37,284,286
Phap 262-264
t6ng quat 493-494
Trung Qu6c 320,321,322

.-

Dc 297,304
Viet Nam 444,445,446,462
Giao d\lc 1it'y'hQcsinh lam trung tam
Xem: Phil{/ng poop Sil ph(lm
lay hQc sinh tam trung tam '
Giao d\lc lSilu~n lSitIfong (Plato) 36-37
Giao d\lc lSilu~n nhan van (Isocrates) 37-38
Giao d\lc lSilu~n thtfc te' (Aristitle) 38-40
Giao d\lc lSitIfong
Fichte 195
Giao d\lc moi trIfC!ng
Helvetius 162
Giao d\lc my thu~t
TrIf(jng Cao DAng My Thu~t Phap (1648)
145
Giao d\lc ng6n ngil dan t9c
th(ji Canh Tan 130- 13 I
Giao d\lc ngU'(jiIdn
th(ji Ph\lc HIfng 121
Giao d\lc nha th(j 58-59
Giao d\lc nha tre, vU'(jntre
Xem: Nha tre
Giao d\lc nhan cach
Herbart 193-194
Ziller 194
Giao d\lc nhan van th(ji Canh Tan 132
Giao d\lc nhlin van thC1i'Ph\lc HU'og 79, 113524

New Zealand 223-24

Nga 2JJ-212
Nhiit 235
PMp 205-209
Uc 221-223
Giao d\lc quy tQc 69. 143
Gailhard 147
Peacham /47
trung d~i H6i Giao 69
the' ky thu 17 /43
Giao d\lc sang ~oCousin 154
Michelet 154-155
Vico 153-154
Giao d\lc s<1khai 12-16

125
anh huang cac nha nhiin van Y 115-118
anh huang cac trung tam nhan van
JJ9-120

anh huang chu nghIa nhan van 1/4- 115

anh huang H6i Giao 113 "
Anh Qu6c 124- 125
Ail Lan 121-123
a Tay Ban Nha 123-124
Giao d\lc ph\l giao
Bell (Anh) 170- 171
Canada 220
Lancaster (Anh va My) 171-172

a
a

Giao d\lc ph\l nit

Anh 269
Duc, the' ky thu 19 204, the' ky thu 20 265
giao d\lc nQi trc;l,the'ky thu 17144-145
My, the'ky tM 19 218
Nga, the'ky thu 19 212
Nhiit, thHy thu 19 284; the'ky thu 20 286,

AiCiip 13
Aztec 15-16
Inca 16
Maya 14
Mesopotamia 13-14
Trang Hoa /4
Giao d\lc tam th~n bilt lin dinh
Xem: Ciao d",c d{ie birr
Giao d\lc thanh thj 78
Giao d\lc th(ji Canh Tan 127-136
Ascham, giao d\lc truy~n th6ng vdi ngon
ngi? dan tQc 130-131
Bacon. giao d\lc th\l'Cnghi~m 131
Calvin, giao d\lc d~i chung 133-134
De la Ramee, giao d\lc ch6ng nh6i So 133
Elyot, gillo d\lc truy~n th6ng vdi ngon
ngi? dan tQc 130
Luther, giao d\lc d~i chung 128-129
Melanchton, giao d\lc trung hoc 129
Mulcaster, giao d\lc tam 1y va ngon ngi?
dan tQc 131
Montaigne, giao d\lc th\l'Cte' 133
RabeIais, giao d\lc nhiin van va khoa hoc

291
Phlip, the' ky thu 19 209
Rousseau 160
Vi~t Nam 425-427. 436-440
Giao d\lc qu6c gia (h~ th6ng)
Alexander I (Nga) 169-170
Barnard. Henry (My) 216-217
Bell (Anh) 170-171
Catherine the Great (Nga) 169
Condorcet (PMp) 167-168
Diderot (PMp) 165-167
Frederick the Great (Duc) 168
Humboltd (Duc) 196-197. 201-203
Jefferson, Thomas (My) 213-214
Lancaster (Anh) 171-172
Mann, Horace (My) 214-216
Peter the Great (Nga) 169
Giao d\lc qu6c gia (h~ th6ng) t~i
Anh 209-211.269
Canada 219-221
Duc 201-205

My

132
Sturm, tru'(jng grammar 129
Giao d\lc the't\lC 59, 79
Giao d\lc thG d\lc thG thao 41

213-219
525

Xem: Trung h(lc

Giao dl)c truy';n th6ng
Xem: Giuo dc diin I{)C
Giao dl)c tu vi~n
dlp tie'n va thl)'Cdl)ng. Jansesist 144
c6 diiin. Dong Ten 143
c6 diiin cilp tie'n. Berullian 143-144
Giao dl)c Vi~t Nam
ai qu6c 450-452
Bilc thuac 406-408
h~ th6ng 445,452-453
H6 Quy Ly 416-418
Le S(1418-422
Ly-Trh 409-416
M<tc-Le Trung Hung 422-128
Ngo-Dinh-Ti';n Le 408-409
Nguyen 431-436
phI) ni1436-440
Phap thuac 440-450
Ql!ang Trung 428-431
thi'Ji dQc l~p 452-466
Giao dl)c vuClnIre
Xem: Nhil Ire
Giao dl)c xii hai
Schleiermacher 195-19
Grammar (trltClng!rUng hQC)129,156.184.269.
270
Groote. Gerhard 121-122
Han (tri';u d~i Trung Hoa) 27
Han Oil 99
Han Lam Vi~n
Hoang Gia Anh 149
Hoang Gia Tay Ban Nha 149
Khoa HQc Nga 149
Khoa HQc Phap 149
Khoa HQc Toan Tay Ban Nha 148
Khoa HQc TI! Nhien Y 148
Ngh~ Thu~t va Khoa HQc My 149
nha DuClng 101, 105
nM Thanh 106
Phap Qu6c 148-149
Plato 64, 148

Giao dl)c thl)'Cdl)ng

Alexander I 169- 170
Anh 271-272
Basedow 162-163
Catherine the Great 169
Comenius 141-142
Condorcet 167-168
Diderot 165-166
Francke 156-157
Hecker 157-158
Humboldt 195-196
Kant 163-164
Locke 152-153
My 278
Peter the Grea t 169
Giao dl)c thl)'c nghi~m
Bacon 131-132
ClaparMe 253
Piaget 253-254
Whitehe,ad 254-255
Giao dl)c thl)'Cte'. Ratke 140-141
Giao dl)c tich cl)'c
anh huang 248-249
Dewey 247-249
Mann 215
Giao dl)c tiiiu hQc
Xem: Tiiu h(IC
Giao dl)c ton giao
Byzantine 65
Canada 220
Do Thai Giao 30-31
Duc 267
Ky To Giao 61,134-135
Phap 260
thuac dja Tay Au 0 My Chilu 174-184
Dc 221-223
Giao dl)c !rung d~i
Byzantine 63-66
Ky To Giao 57-62
H6i Giao 67-76
chu dich 68-69
Giao dl)c !rung hQc
526

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c6 o?i Hy L?p 46-47

c6 o?i La Mil 54
Hltng Thjnh (thi1i O?i) 152
Hltdng thl! (chu nghla) 46

Quo'c Gia My 149

Sang T?o (Elac) 148
Trial Hgc My 149
Han Phi Ttl 25
Hartlib, Samuel 144-145
Harvard (o?i hgc) 179-180
Harvard,John 179
Hecker, Johann Julius 157-158
Hegius, Alxander 122
Helvetius, Adrien 162
Herbart, Johann Friedrich 193-194
Hero (nM phat minh) 44
H!, tho'ng giao dl!c quo'c gia
Xem: Gitio d",c quae gia (h~ thong)
Hippocrates (hac SI tien khCIi)43
H5 Quy Ly 416-418
H5 Xuan Hltdng 438-439
Hgc gia
H5i Giao 71-75
Ky To Giao 60-61
Hgc thuye'l Kh6ng Ttl 23-24, 27
Hgc thuye't Lilo Til' 24-25
Hgc lhuye'l phap trj Han Phi Til' 25
Hgc vi!,n
Academy cua Plato 36, 37
Kh6ng Ttl Hanko
Lyceum cua Aristotle 38
Hgc vi!,n ky thu~t

In in 99
Isocrates 37-38
Itard, Jean Marc Gaspard 197-198
Jain (ton giao dAn El9) 19
Jacotot, Jean Joseph 197
James, William 244
Jefferson, Thomas 212-213
Jung, Carl 245
Kant, Immanuel 163-164
Khai tam
Xem: NhiJ Ire
Khang Hi 106-107
Kh~c ky (chu nghla) 45-46
Khie'm thanh
Xem: Gitio d",c a(lc bi~1
Khie'm thi
Xem: Gitio d",c a(ic bi~1
Khie'm thlnh
Xem: Gitio d",c a(ic bi~1
Khoa ci\'
chUa Nguyn 425
nM ElIti1ng 100-101
nha H5 (H5 Quy Ly) 417
nha Le Sd 419-420
nha Ly-Tr~n 410-412
nM M?c va Le Trung Hltng 424

no

Xem: D",i h(Jc

Gitio d",c ky thuf)t, huifn nghi~p
Hgc vi!,n Plato 64
Hgc vi!,n Rousseau 253,254
Hgc vi.;n Yverdon 189
Homer 33, 52, 56, 63
H9i El5ng Giao Dl!c 214,216, 217,222,269
285,288,289
H9i Truy~n Ba Quo'c NgiJ451-452,458
H5i Giao 67-68
Huin nghi!,p
Xem: Gitio dW' ky thu(jt, huifn nghi?p
Humboldt, Wilhelm von 196-197

nM Minh 106
nha Nguyen 105
nha Nguyn 432-434
nha Thanh 106-107
nM To'ng 103
thi1i Phap 442,443,444,445,446,447

vo

101, 420

vua Le Thanh Tong 422

vua Quang Trung 429-430
Khoa hgc v?n nang (chu nghla), Bacon 139
Kh6ng Hgc Mdi vdi Chu Hi 103-104,109-110
Kh6ng Til' 23-24,27

Hung bi!'n
527

Kim tra danh gia

dl).ih(lc 5/0-512
su'phl).m 470
tiu h(lc 478-479 '
trung h(lc 49/-493
ttl tili qu6c tt 5/9
Kinh Dich 24
Kinh L6 24
Kinh Thi 24
Kinh Thu' 24
Kinh Xuan Thu 24
Ky To Giao 57-58
Ky To Giao La Mii 58
La Sdn Phu Til'
Xem: Nguyln Thie'p
Lancaster, Joseph /71-/72
Lao Til' 24-25
Le Ng(lc Han 437-438
Le Thanh Tong 421-422
Leibniz, Wilhelm 139
Leon, Luis de 90
Ljch
Gregorian (hi~n tl).i) /5
Julian /5
Maya /4
Livius Andronicus, Lucius 52
Locke, John 152-/53
Luij.n Ngu (h(lc thuytt Khllng TU) 2'1
Luij.t (cao dAng)
cll dl).iLa Mii 54-55
Luther, Martin /28./29
Ly Bl).ch 98
Lyceum (Aristotle) 38
Magnus, AlberlUS 86
Marcus Aurelius (tritt gia) 46
Ml).nhTil' 23-24
Mann, Horace 2/4-2/6
Maurya (tri~u dl).i i'J An DQ) 19.20

Mead, Margaret /2
Meditations (Suy nghi~m) 46
Michelet, Jules 154-/55
Milton, John /46
Mir.>hTrj (Nhij.t hoilng) 234
Mirandola, Pico della / /8Montessori, Maria 250-253
Mophl).m
Xem: NhiJ m(1ph(,lm '
Muhammed 67-68
Nalanda (dl).ih(lc cll dl).iAn DQ) 20-21
Nanda (tri~u dl).i i'J An DQ) /9-20
Ngo Chi Lan 437
Ngii Kinh (h(lc thuytt Khllng Til') 24
Nguy6n Blnh Khiem 425
Nguy6n Dinh Chiu 435-436
Nguy6n Thi LQ 436-437
Nguy6n Thitp.430 '
Nguy6n Triii 420-42/
Nguy6n Tru'ClngTQ 435
Nhil mo phl).m
Abelard, Pierre 80
Alberti, Leon Battista /20-/2/
Aristotle 38-40
Ascham, Roger /30- / 31
At Tabari 7/-72
Barzizza, Casparino da / /9
Basedow, Johann /62-163
Bell, Andrew 170-/71
Castiglione, Baldassare 121
Chrysoloras, Manual/ / 7
Chu Viin An 416
Colet, John /24-/25
Cousin, Victor /54
De Champeaux, Guillaume 79
De Chartres, Bernard
De Chartres, Thierry 8/
De Conches, Guillaume 79
De Condillac, Etienne /61-162
De Condorcet, Marquis 167-168
De la Ramee, Pierre /33
Decroly, Ovide 250

"

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Montessori 250-252
My 275
Viet Nam 454,458-459

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.0-

Plethon, Gemitus 64
Quintilian 53-54
Rabelais, Francois 132
Rousseau, Jean Jacques 158-161
Schleiermacher, Friedrich 195-196

Dewey, John 247-248

Diderot, Dennis 165-167
Boan Thj Bi~m 425-427
Erasmus, Desiderius 85-86,122-123
Feltre, Villorino 119-120
Fichte, Johann 195
Francke, August 156-157
Froebel, Friedrich 190-191
Groote, Gerhard 121-122
Hecker, Johann 157-158
Hegius, Alexander 122
Helvetius, Adrien 162
Herbart, Johann 193-194
Humboldt, Wilhelm von 196-197

Seguin, Edouard 198-199

Socrates 35-36
Sophist 34-35
Sturm, Johannes 129
Tabari, At 71-72
Thorndike, Edward Lee 244,245
Venonese, Guarino 119
Vergerio, Pietro Paolo 117-118
Vico, Giambattista 153-154
Vitoria, Francisco de 90
Vives, Juan Luis 123-124
VO Tru'ClngToan 427-428
Ziller, Tuiscon 194
Nha sach (trung dai H6i Giao) 70-71
Nha tre (vu'Clntre)
Froebe1192-193
Montessori 250-252

Isocrates 37-38
Itard, Jean Marc Gaspard 197-198

Jacotot, Jean Joseph 197

James, Williams 244
Kant, Immanuel 163-164
Kh6ng Tlt 23-24
Lancaster, Joseph 171-172
Leon, Luis de 90
Linacre, Thomas 125
Lily, William 125
Locke, John 152-153
Lucius, Livius 52
Magnus, Albertus 86
Manh Tlt 23-24
Melanchton, Philip 129
Michelet, Jules 154-155
Montessori, Maria 250-253
Mulcaster, Richard 131
Nguyen Binh Khiem 425
Nguyen E>lnhChi~u 435-436
Nguyen Thie'p 430
Nguyen Triii 420-421
Nguyen Tru'ClngTo 435
Omar Khayyam 73-74
Pestalozzi, Johann 187-190

My 275
Nh~t 285-286
Viet Nam 454,458-459
Xem them: Mliu giao
Nhii E>i~n(giao duc) 33-39
Nhiln van JJ4
Xem them: Ciao d",c nhiin van
Nho si 415-416
Nom (chil) 417, 420, 432
Normal School
Xem: TrlliJng 511 ph{lm
Odyssey 33, 52
Omar Khayyam 73-74
Orosius 61
Palestine 29, 30
Pascal, Blaise 149
Peacham, Henry 147
Pergamum (thanh pho) 43
Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich 187-190

Phithagorus 42
Pia get, Jean 245-246

Peter the Great 169

Plato 36-37
529

phan chia cilp ldp, Comenius /42

phan tich, c6 dl!i La Mii 52
phan tich, de Condillac /6/.162
tam Iy, Aristotle 40
tam Iy, Comenius 141
tam Iy, Herbart 193-194
thl!c d\lng, Comenius 141
til' chU'clngcil' nghi.;:p /06, 108
Pi (3,1416) 2/, 44
Pia get, Jean 245.246, 253.254
Plato 36-37
Pythagore
Kern: Pythagoras
Pythagoras (toan hc;>cgia) 41.42
Quang Trung 428.430
Quintilian, tam Iy sU'phl!m 53.54 .
Qu5c ngiY44/,447
Qu5c Til' Giam 27. 10/,418,4/9,421,423,
43/
Rabelais, Francois 132

Petrarch IJ 5-1J 6
Phan Canh Tan 58, /34, /35
Phan Thanh Phuc Minh /07-/08
'",
Phl!n (ngon ngiYAn DI,I)232
Phap tri (hc;>cthuye't), Han Phi Til' 25,26
Phat minh khoa hc;>cky thu~t
c6 dl!i Hy Ll!P 44-45
trung dl!i Hili Giao 7/
Ph~t Giao /9-2/, 27-28
PMtT6/9
Phong Trao Ouy Tan 450-451
Phong Trao Dong Ou 450
Phong Trao Truy~n Th5ng Hili Giao 357.
358
Ph\lc HU'ng 78
PhU'clngphap Socrates 35
PhU'clngphap sU'phl!m
di~n thuye't thao lu~n, Sophist 34.35
dQc va hQc thul,lc long 13.14,18
d6i th0l!i !y lu~n, Plato 36.37
d6i thol!i thao lu~n, Socrates 35.36
giaug giai, c6 dl!i Hy Ll!P La Mii 53
giaug giai, trung dl!i Hili Giao 69
lily hc;>csinh lam trung tam
Anh 27/.273
Baker, Francis 217
Oecroly 250
Dl!i hc;>c5/0
FroebeI191-/92
Montessori 250.253
My 278-280
Parker 2/7
Pesta!ozzi 188.189
Rousseau 158-16/
s\l'pMt trin 249.250
tiu hc;>c476-478
trung hc;>c487-49/
Dc 298
ly lu~n nhan van, Isocrates 37.38
Iy lu~n th\l'c te', Aristotle 39
nghHln CUutham khao, trung dl!i H6i
Giao 70

Ratke, Wolfgang

530

1
1

140-141

Rousseau, Jean Jacques 158.161

Sach giao khoa
An DI,I232
c6 dl!i La Mii 52.53
c6 dl!i dn c~n dl!i Trung Hoa 23.24
hi.;:n tl!i (Vi.;:t Nam) 454,455,46/
nha Le Scl419
nha Ly Trh 4/3.415
NMt 236,237,289,291
trung dl!i Byzantine 63.64
vua Quang Trung 428,429,430
Salomon 30
Sat nhiin gia til' 25
Schleiermacher, Friedrich 195./96
Seguin, Edouard 198.199
Seneca (trie't gia) 46
Sieu hlnh hc;>c39
Socrates 35.36
Sophist.giao d\lc di/;n thuye't 34.35
Spinoza, Benedict de 139
'"
So'" dem
A R~p 71

I
I

I
I

Dai Loan (Taiwan) 386

Due, thE ky thu 19 202-203, 264; the' ky
thu 20 265,267
Ethiopia 348
Ha Lan (Holland) 309,310
Han Quoe 383
H6i Quoe (Pakistan) 376,377
Indonesia 391, 392
Iraq 363
Jordan 366
Lebanon (Liban) 362
Liberia 351
Malaysia 393,394
Mexico 330,331
Mie'n Dicn (Myanmar) 401
Morocco 346
Mozambique 346,347
My, the'ky thu 19 214,217; the'ky thu20
276,277-278
!'lam My Chilu 328-330
l'iam Phi (South Africa) 341
New Zealand. the' ky tM 19 224, the' ky
Ihu20 305
N~a, the' ky thu 19 212. the' ky thu 20 314,
il6,317
NI~t, the'ky tM 19 234,236, the'ky thu20
183-284,286,288,290
Nigeria 343
Peru 331
Pmp, the' ky thu 19 208, the' ky thu 20 260.
262
Ph Lu~t Tan (Philippincs) 398,399
Ph1e Hu'ng Au Cha u 92-93
Sa,di Arabia 364,365
Selega1350,351
Si~apore 395
Sudan 349,350
Syria 365
Thli Lan (Thailand) 396,397
Th6 Nhl Ky (Turkey) 361
Th~y DiGn (Sweeden) 309
Th~y Sl (Switzerland) 308

Sparta (giao d~e) 33

Su' ph~m (tru'ong)
Xem: Trifling .<Ifph",m

Stl' Ky (Tu' Mil Thien) 24, 27

Tam doan lu~n 38
Taxila (trung tam giao d~e) 20
"
Tam Iy su' ph~m
Freud 245
Jamcs 244
lung 245
Mulcaster 131
Piaget 245-246
Quintilian 53-54
slf pMt triGn 246
Thor ndike 244-245
Wundt 243-244
Th Thuy Hoang 25-26
Tang Cung 102-103
Thanh Quan 439-440
Than D~o 237
Thorndike, Edward Lee 244-245
Thoi H(J 98-99
Thu' m~c (doi Han) 27
Thu' vicn dftu tien (Alexandria) 42
Thu' vicn gia dlnh (trung d~i H6i Giao) 70-71

73
TiGu h\lc
Ai qp (Egypt) 359,360
Algeria 344
Anh, the'ky thu 19 210-211,269; the'ky thu
20270,271,272
Argcntia 332
D(J 234,369,371,372,374,375
Ba Tu' (Iran) 363
Bangladesh 379,380
Brazil 331
Canada, the' ky thu 19220-221, the' ky
thu 20 293-295
c6 d~iHy L~p41
c6 d~i La Mil 51-52
C(\ng hoa Dan ehii Nhan dan Tri6u Ticn 384
Do Thai 366,367

An

531

I
\

Indonesia 391,392
Iraq 364
Jordan 366
Lebanon (Liban) 362
Liberia 351
Malaysia 393,394
Mexico 331
Mie'n Di~n (Myanmar) 401
Morocco 346
Mozambique 347
My, the'ky thu 19 217-218; the'ky thu 20

Tich Lan (Sri Lanka) 378

trung d~i Byzantine 63
trung d~i H6i Gilio 69
Trung Qu6c 319,320,322,324
Dc. the' ky thtl' 19 223, the' ky thtl' 20 298299
Venezuela 332
Vi~t Nam 419,428.431,442.443,446.447448.453 -454,457,459-460

Y 307
Zaire 342,343
Zambia 349
Tin Lanh 58
To Thtl'c 102
To Tri~t 102
To Tuan 102
T6c ky 55
dJ d~i La Mli 55
Trie't hoc ly tuClng(Plato) 37
Trie't hoc Plato M(ji 37

276-277.
Nam Phi (South Africa) 341
New Zealand. the'ky thu 19 224, the'ky
thu20336
Nga, the'ky thu 19 212, the'ky tM 20 314.
315.3/6,317.318
NMt, the'ley thtl' 19 235.237. the' ky thu 20
286,290.291
Nigeria 343,344
Peru 331.332
Phap, thay thu 19 208-209, the'ky thu20

Trung hoc
Ai C~p (Egypt) 359,360

261-263
Philippines 399.400
Phuc Hung Au Chau 92-93
Saudi Arabia 364,365
Senegal 350.351
Singapore 395
Sudan 350
Syria 365
Thai Lan (Thailand) 396,397
Th5 NhT Ky (Turkey) 36/
ThuY E>i<!'n
(Sweeden) 308-309
ThuY ST(Switzerland) 308
Tich Lan (Sri Lanka) 378
trung d~i Byzantine 63-64
trung dai H6i Giao 69
Trung Qu6c 320.322.323.324,325
Dc. the' ky thu 19 223. the' ky thu 20300-

Algeria 345
Anh, the'ky thtl' 19211,269; the'ky thu20
270-271
. Argentina 332
DQ 370,374.375
Ba TIt (Iran) 363
Bangladesh 379
Brazil 33]
Canada 220, 293-295
c5 d~i Hy L~p 41'42
c5 dai La Mli 52-53
CQnghoa Dan chi! Nhan dan Tri~u Tien 34,385

An

Do Thai (Israel) 367

Did Loan (Taiwan) 386.387
Ethiopia 348
Dtl'c, the' ky thtl' 19 202-203.265; the':y thtl'
20266,267.268.
Hi!. Lan (Holland)' 3 10
Han Qu6c 383. 'I '
H6i Qu6c (Pakistan) 376.377

302
Venezuela 332
Vi~t Nam 442.443.446,448-449,454-456.
532

..

.,

I
f

f,

Virgil 52-53
Viltoria, Francisco de 90
Vo Trtfilng Toan 427-428
V0 vi thanh tjnh (Lao Tlt) 25
Voltaire 164
Vtfiln tre
Kem: Nhii Ire
Vtfdng An Thach 102, 103
Whitehead, Alfred North 254-255
Wundt, Wilhelm 243-244
Xenophon 36
Y khoa
c6 <lai Hy LaP 43
dai h9C Salerno 83
dai h9C y khoa Luan Don (London) 125
thili La Ma 47
Yverdon (h9C vien stf pham) 189
Zeno (trie't gia) 45
Ziller, Tuiscon 194
Zola, Emile 148-149

457,460-462

Y 307

Zaire 342,343
Zambia 349
Trung tam nhan van thili Ph~c Htfng 119-120
Casparino da Barzizza 119
Guarino Veronese]]9
La Giocosa 119-120
giang day toan h9C s6ng <long 120
khong lrilng phal thii' xac 120
san soc suc khoe 120
tiii'u, trung vil dai h9C 120
Trtfilng htfdng h9C 446-447
Trtfilng Phap- Viet 443,444
Trtfilng stf pham
Anh 211,228
dai h9C stf ph',lm 228-229
Duc, lrtfilng stf pham d~u tien 158, 226
My 215, 216,217,219,228,229
Nga 212,229
Nhat 229, 235,237,284
Phap, 226-227,229, 263

Dc

223

Viel Nam 456-457,457-458

Yverdon 189
Tu tili PMp 262,263,447
Tu tili qu6c tE 516-519
Tu Tili Viet Nam 446,447,455
Ttf Ma Thien 24, 27
TU Thtf (h9C thuye't Kh6ng Tlt) 23
Tildiii'n bach khoa 165-166
chii d6 106
dia 1971
<lja 19 nhil Thanh 106
t6ng quat nhil Minh 106
t6ng quat nhil Thanh 106
Til diii'n bach khoa hien dai vdi Diderot 165166
Til diii'n Trung Hoa 106
Veda (kinh tMnh) 17-18
Vergerio, Pietro Paolo 117-118
Vico, Giambattista 153-154
533

, I

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