Exercise: The Gravity Model

Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue

Emission and Attraction Data

Europe
North America
Oceania
Latin America
Africa
Asia

Urban population (2000)

545,000,000
239,000,000
21,000,000
391,000,000
295,000,000
1,352,000,000

Parameters
Constant k
Beta

0.00001
1.34

Lambda Alpha
1
1
1.08
1.08
1.07
1.07
1.01
1.01
0.91
0.91
0.99
0.99

Distance
(in km)
Europe
North
America
Oceania
Latin
America
Africa
Asia

North
Latin
Europe
America
Oceania
America
Africa
Asia
1,000
8,000
15,000
9,000
4,000
12,000
8,000
15,000

2,000
14,000

14,000
2,000

8,000
14,000

11,000
14,000

12,000
13,000

9,000
4,000
12,000

8,000
11,000
12,000

14,000
14,000
13,000

3,000
7,000
17,000

7,000
3,000
10,000

17,000
10,000
3,000

Spatial Interactions of Air Passengers

North
Europe
America
Europe
283,656,673
35,886,050
North
America
35,886,050
472,018,773
Oceania
944,515
2,126,340

Oceania
944,515

Latin America
13,055,998

Africa
4,141,657

Asia
20,415,525

2,126,340
1,762,662

31,378,175
905,861

2,191,500
96,940

41,901,907
2,300,157

Latin America
Africa
Asia
Attraction

31,378,175
2,191,500
41,901,907
585,502,745

905,861
96,940
2,300,157
8,136,475

49,757,044
1,710,823
11,193,448
108,001,349

1,710,823
569,815
2,438,962
11,149,697

11,193,448
2,438,962
263,021,571
341,271,570

Europe
20.09%

North
America
2.54%

Oceania
0.07%

Latin America
0.92%

Africa
0.29%

Asia
1.45%

2.54%
0.07%

33.43%
0.15%

0.15%
0.12%

2.22%
0.06%

0.16%
0.01%

2.97%
0.16%

0.92%
0.29%
1.45%
25.36%

2.22%
0.16%
2.97%
41.46%

0.06%
0.01%
0.16%
0.58%

3.52%
0.12%
0.79%
7.65%

0.12%
0.04%
0.17%
0.79%

0.79%
0.17%
18.63%
24.17%

Oceania
1

Latin America
8

Africa
3

Asia
12

2
2

19
1

2
1

25
2

1
1
2
9

30
2
7
67

2
1
2
11

7
2
155
203

13,055,998
4,141,657
20,415,525
358,100,418

Share of Total Interactions

Europe
North
America
Oceania
Latin America
Africa
Asia
Attraction

Number of Air Modal Flights per Day

North
Europe
America
Europe
167
22
North
America
22
278
Oceania
1
2
Latin America
Africa
Asia
Attraction

8
3
12
213

19
2
25
348

Emission
358,100,418
585,502,745
8,136,475
108,001,349
11,149,697
341,271,570
1,412,162,254

Emission
25.36%
41.46%
0.58%
7.65%
0.79%
24.17%
100.00%

Emission
213
348
9
67
11
203
851

Yearly Generation of Passengers Per Continent

700,000,000

600,000,000

500,000,000

400,000,000

300,000,000

200,000,000

100,000,000

0
Europe

North America

Oceania

Latin America

Africa

Asia