Reported Speech

A. When the verb after the dialogue = v1 dont change the tense.
Ex. Mary is nowhere to be found. Father says Mary is to be found.
Im doing a project, Henry takes pride in. H. takes pride in hes
doing a project.
B. When the verb after the dialogue = v2 you change everything.
Words transformations
I she/he ;
we they
today that day
tonight that night
now then
this that
ago before

Tenses transformation
Dont go didnt go
Didnt eat hadnt v3
Have/has v3 had v3
Will would
Can could
Should go should gave gone
V1 v2

TIPS
Lets / How about? / Why dont we? He suggested we should
v1
Imperatives Go home! / Dont touch it He said to v1/ not to v1
OMG!/LOL!/Merry X-mas He exclaimed
Interrogatives
a). Do you smoke ?
Are you a student?
b). Why are you here?
When did you last see him?

Reported Speech He wanted to know/enquired/asked

1. IF/ WHETHER
2. WH

Passive Voice

She sings a carol. A carol is sung.

Shes singing a carol. A carol is being sung.

Rules:
1. Do never change the tense.
2. Being present/past continuous
3. Sj + TO BE + v3
TIPS
They believe Susan cries her heart out. Susan is believed to cry her
heart out.
Sj2 + am/are/is + v3 + TO v1
We think they did it. They are thought to have done it.
Sj2 + am/are/is + v3 + TO HAVE v3
I gossiped a 16-year-old girl harresed her Math teacher. A 16-yearold girl was gossiped to have harressed her Math teacher.
Sj2 + were/was + v3 TO HAVE v3

Comparison & contrast

Structure :
Introduction : There is common knowledge
Undoubtedly
Admittedly
Everybody knows that
- Define the field/topic/key-word
On the one hand, / Firstly
On the other hand, . / Secondly
contrast
In a nutshell/ Overall / Consequently