Cht c ha hc, nguy

hi cho sc khe & tiu

chun v phi nhim
By
Geok Bee Teh
Phng Ha hc Sinh hc,
Khoa Ngh thut v Khoa hc,
i hc Tunku Abdul Rahman,
Jalan Genting Kelang, 53.300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Mc ch

Hiu cc cch thc phi nhim i vi ha cht trong

con ngi
Hiu khi nim ca dc ng hc -Pharmakokinetics
Hiu mi quan h gia liu lng/mc p ng v
tc ng i vi sc khe
Hiu r cc cch thc phi nhim thng gp trong mi
trng cng nghip.
Hiu cc phng php v thit b c s dng o
mc phi nhim ca cng nhn i vi ha cht c
hi
Hiu r cc khi nim v phi nhim ngh nghip
2

Cc im chnh

Cc nh ngha
phi nhim
Mc p ng thuc
phi nhim cng
nghip
Tc ng vi sc khe
Gii hn phi nhim
nh gi phi nhim
Kim sot di

nh ngha

Cht c hc: nghin cu v tc dng ngc ca ha cht

ln c th sng (xenobiotics).

c tnh : kh nng ha cht gy ra mt tc ng khng

mong mun no .

Nguy c : s xut hin ca mt cht vn c thnh phn gy

nguy hi hoc tim n kh nng gy nguy hi.

phi nhim : S tip xc vi cht ha hc.

Liu lng : lng ha cht c nguy c gy thng tt

Klassen, C. (2001). Casarett and Doulls Toxicology
hoc t vong.

Plog, B. (2002). Fundamentals of Industrial Hygiene

 phi nhim
Vng th
Ht vo
Hp thu

Tiu ha
Tim

Mt

 phi nhim: Ht vo
Con ng phi nhim quan trng nht i
vi cng nhn:
Kh, hi dung mi, sng axit, bi, ht, v khi kim
loi

phi nhim ph thuc vo :

Thi gian v tn sut ca cng vic
Tc th
Nng ha cht
Kch thc ht
Kch thc c th ht phi = 0.1 mm to 10 mm

ha tan ca kh & hi nc
Formaldehyde so vi chloroform

Photo Credit: US OSHA

 phi nhim: Hp thu qua da

Ph thuc vo vng da v dy
Khu vc bn tay l dy nht
Da vng bng l mng nht

Ph thuc vo iu kin ca da
Da kh v c vt thng h nguy c hn
M hi lm tng s hp thu

Thi gian tip xc

Thnh phn ca ha cht

Nng
ha tan (trong cht bo v nc)
Kch thc phn t (ht nano)

 phi nhim: Mt

D ng hoc chn thng gic

mc
Kh, ht

Bng gic mc
Axt, amoniac
Cc cht m tt

Tn thng dy thn kinh

quang
Thallium, methanol (tiu ha)

 phi nhim: Tiu ha

- Cch thc phi nhim him gp nhng vn c
th xy ra
Nut phi ha cht sau khi ht phi
n, ung, ht thuc trong khu vc lm vic
- Cc yu t nh hng hp thu
Cc dng hp cht ion ha >< hp cht phi ion
ha
Thnh phn rt nh hp thu trong rut
Axit nh hp thu trong d dy

Dc ng hc
S hp thu
Ha cht xm nhp vo c th qua tip xc

S phn b hay tch ly

Lan i khp cc c quan
Tch ly trong xng, protein v m

S trao i cht
Men gan, thn
C th chuyn ha thnh mt ha cht
c hi hn

Bi tit
M hi, nc tiu, phn

Kh nng p ng liu lng

Mi cht u l cht c;
Khng c g m khng phi l cht c.
Liu lng ng chnh to ra s
khc bit gia cht c hay phng
thuc cha tr

-Paracelsus (1493-1541)

Thut ng v kh nng p ng liu lng

TDlo Liu gy c thp liu lng thp nht gy ra tc

ng

LD50 Liu gy cht ngi 50% - liu lng gy t vong

trong 50% dn c kim tra

TClo Nng c t thp c s dng m t

nng c t qua ht th

LC50 Nng gy cht ngi 50% - nng gy t

vong trong 50% dn s th nghim concentration that
causes death in 50% dn c kim tra qua vic ht vo

Kh nng p ng liu lng

Liu lng c tnh bng milligrams c t trong mi kg
trng lng c th

100%
E
f
f 50%
e
c
t

Phi nhim khng phi l

liu lng

Liu
lng

LD50

Threshold
(NOEL: No Observable Effects Level)

Cc tc ng n sc khe

Cc tc ng cp tnh n sc khe thng

tch nng hoc t vong
Nng cao cc cht ha hc trong khong thi gian ngn
Ha cht vi cc hiu ng cp tnh:
Kh c : hydrogen sulfide, phosgene
Kh Asphyxiants gases: nitrogen, metan
Kh v cht lng n mn : chlo, axt

Cc tc ng mn tnh i vi sc khe bnh

mn tnh
Nng thp hn khong thi gian di
Ha cht vi tc dng lu di:

Cht gy ung th: benzen, aming, thch tn

Tc nhn c kh nng sinh si: glycol ether acetates, ch, carbon disulfide
Dn cht -glutaraldehyde, toluene diisocyanate
14

Cc tc ng n sc khe

Cc b
Tc ng ti im tip xc
Pht ban da, bng, ho
Ha cht vi c tc ng cc b:
Du gy bng, dung mi, axit
Bi si bng, aluminum oxide

H thng
Ha cht c phn b trong qu trnh
lu thng
Hiu ng xy ra trong cc c quan ni
tng ca c th
Ha cht c tc ng mang tnh h
thng :
Methylene chloride tc ng n c tim
Ch tc ng ln xng v no

Cc tc ng n sc khe
Ha cht nh hng n con ngi
Theo cch khc nhau :

Tui
Gii tnh
Cu trc gien
Bnh hoc stress
Dinh dng
Li sng
Tng tc gia cc cht c ha hc

Cc tc ng n sc khe:
Tng tc ha cht

Tc ng kp
Tc ng kt hp ca hai ha cht bng tng
tc ng ca tng tc nhn (2 + 3 = 5)
V d: Parathion, thuc tr su methyl-parathion

Tc ng hip ng
Tc ng kt hp ca hai ha cht ln hn tng
tc ng ca tng tc nhn (2 + 3 = 20)
Example: Carbon tetrachloride & ethanol

Cc tc ng n sc khe:
Tng tc ha cht

Tim tng
Mt cht khng c gy c hi i vi mt c quan hay h
thng no, nhng sau khi kt hp vi ha cht khc th
tr thnh cht c hn (0 + 2 = 10)
V d: Isopropanol & carbon tetrachloride

i lp
2 ha cht khi gp nhau phn ng ln nhau hoc phn
ng vi ha cht khc (4 + 6 = 8)
V d: BAL (tc nhn chelating) v chi

Phi nhim cng nghip

Phi nhim cng nghip: Kim loi

Phi nhim ban u qua ht th :
Cc ht bi
Cc qu trnh: mi, ct, ch nhm, pha trn
V d: ng, nickel, km
Khi:
Cc qu trnh: hn, nu chy
V d:ch, mangan, crom ha tr su, km
Sng m (hp cht kim loi ha tan)
Cc qu trnh : phun cht chng n mn, m kim

loi
V d: hexavalent chromium, nickel chloride

http://www.millerwelds.co
m/

Cc tc ng n sc khe: Kim loi

Cht gy tc ng nhy cm (da v phi)

Nickel, beryllium, chromium

St do khi kim loi

Oxides of zinc, magnesium, and copper

Cht gy tn thng cc c quan ni tng

Asen u c thn kinh, tn thng gan
Cadmium thn, x ha phi
Ch - h thng thn kinh, mu, thn, c quan sinh sn

Cht gy ung th
Arsenic, soluble nickel, hexavalent chromium

Phi nhim cng nghip: Dung mi

Phi nhim do ht vo v thm thu qua da :
Qu trnh: chuyn ch, trn, phun, dung mi p sut ta
hi cao
V d: ethers, ketones, chloroform, benzene

Qu trnh :Dung mi gy nhit

V d: styrene, dimethyl formamide

Qu trnh : skin immersion in process baths, parts cleaning

V d: acetone, trichloroethylene, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)

Cc tc ng n sc khe: Dung mi

Cht gy kch ng da, vim da

Acetone, alcohols

u c c quan ni tng
N-hexane u c thn kinh
Chloroform, vinyl chlorideu c gan
Methylene chlorideu c tim

Gy ung th
Benzene, formaldehyde

Gy hi n c quan sinh sn
Glycol ether acetates

Gii hn phi nhim ngh nghip:

nh gi phi nhim

Gii hn phi nhim ngh nghip

(OELs)

Quy nh ca chnh ph hoc t chc tiu chun ngh

nghip t ra OELs

OELS ch p dng cho cng nhn, KHNG p dng cho

cng cng

Ch yu l Gii hn phi nhim qua ng h hp

Th hin bng mg / mt khi (mg/m3) hoc phn

triu (ppm)

phi nhim phi o lng c so snh vi OEL

Mt s ni cng b tiu chun phi nhim dnh cho ting

n, laser, bc x khng ion ha, cng thng do nhit

& lnh, cng nh cc ha cht

Cc gi tr OEL mang tnh biu th (IOELVs)

Theo quy nh ca Hi ng Lin minh chu u

Da trn t vn ca Y ban Khoa hc v Gii hn phi
nhim ngh nghip (SCOEL)

2009 Danh sch th 3 ca IOELVs c xut bn

n 12/2011, cc quc gia thnh vin phi thi hnh quy
nh

Lin minh Chu u Reach

Mc khng c tc ng ln cng nhn (DNELs)
Phi nh lng c >10 tn/nm
Gii hn an ton cao hn IOELVs
Gii hn phi nhim ca c

DFG MAK Nng ti a ni lm vic

PEL Gii hn phi nhim cho php

Cc An Ton v Sc Khe Ngh Nghip (OSHA) (OSHA)
Gii hn php l ca M

REL Gii hn phi nhim khuyn ngh

Vin quc gia v An ton lao ng (NIOSH)
Khuyn ngh, khng phi gii hn php l

ACGIH TLV Ngng gi tr gii hn

Hi ngh Chnh ph M ca cc chuyn gia v V sinh cng nghip
Khuyn ngh, khng phi gii hn php l

AIHA WEEL Gii hn phi nhim mi trng ti ni lm vic - Hip

hi V sinh cng nghip M (AIHA)
Khuyn ngh, khng phi gii hn php l

Gii hn phi nhim cho php

Cc gi tr phi nhim do Cc An ton v Sc khe

ngh nghip ca M cng b (OSHA)
Nhm kim sot tc ng n sc khe do tip xc
vi cht gy nhim khng kh
Ch p dng cho nhng mi trng lm vic quy nh
bi OSHA
Cc mc phn ng i vi ha cht c tnh cao
ca PEL
Benzene, asbestos, vinyl chloride, formaldehyde

Gii hn phi nhim

ACGIH TLVs:
ACGIH l mt tp on t nhn, phi
chnh ph

ACGIH TLVs c xut bn dng

hng dn

Khng phi l tiu chun bt buc

mang tnh php l

ACGIH TLVs thng thp hn PELs

c r sot v sa i hng nm

Gii hn phi nhim

ACGIH TLVS:

Gi tr trung bnh o trong khong 8 gi (TWA)

Gii hn phi nhim ngn hn trong 15 pht
(STEL)
Gi tr trn (C)

V d TLV:

Carbon dioxide = 5000 ppm TWA

Osmium tetroxide = 0.0002 ppm TWA
Hydrogen chloride = 2 ppm ceiling
Ammonia = 35 ppm STEL

Gi tr trung bnh o bng thi

gian (TWA)
phi nhim trung bnh cho mt ngi trong mt
khong thi gian lm vic nht nh, c xc nh
bng cch ly mt hoc nhiu hn mu trong qu
trnh lm vic :
C1T1 + C2T2 + + CNTN
TLV TWA* =

Where:
C = Nng bay hi
T = thi gian

T1 + T2 + + TN

* A TLV c biu th nh l TWA

Gi tr trung bnh o trong khong

thi gian 8 gi
phi nhim trung bnh cho mt ngi trong mt khong thi gian lm
vic l 8 gi, c xc nh bng cch ly mt hoc nhiu hn mu trong
qu trnh lm vic :

TLV TWA 8 =

C 1 T1 + C 2 T 2 + + C N T N
8 hrs

V d:
Mt nhn vin thc hin cng vic ty cht nhn
c gim st v phi nhim i vi dung
mi Stoddard. Kt qu gim st nh sau:
KHONG THI GIAN
(S)

NNG
(PPM)

THI GIAN
(GI)

1
2
3

80
110
55

2
4
2

Kt qu
TLV TWA

C1 T 1 + C 2 T 2 + ...+ CN T N
8

Gi

(80 x 2) + (110 x 4) + (55 x 2)

TLV TWA 8 =
8 gi
TM Gi TLV-TWA = 89 ppm

Phi nhim qu mc?

(TLV-TWA = 100 ppm)

nh gi nh tnh
Quan st cng vic
Cht nhim bay hi?
Da c b ngm vo ha cht?
nh gi c t
Bng s liu ch an ton
Hng dn b ti NIOSH
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/
nh lng
Phn loi phi nhim
Tin hnh ly mu khng kh

nh lng
Phn loi nng cht nhim trong phng
V d: nng no, trong mg/m3 s sinh ra khi 1 gram
(g) of benzene bay hi trong mt cn phng 125 mt
khi (m3 )?
Khi lng ca cht nhim / th tch ca phng
1 g/125 m3 = 1000 milligrams/125 m3 = 8 mg/m3

Tnh ton nng ppm

(8 mg/m3)

(24.45)

=
( 78.11 MW

2.5 ppm

ACGIH STEL i vi benzene l 2.5

ppm
(Thi gian phi nhim ngn hn 15
pht)

nh gi phi nhim
Gim st khng kh :

Kt qu c so snh viOEL
chun

Phng php:
Bm ly mu khng kh, mi
trng hay nhn
B lc dnh cho kim
loi, cc loi ht
ng than dnh cho dung
mi
ng gel Silica dnh cho
axit

Cc phng php gim st khng kh :

Thit b c trc tip

Thit b d Photoionization dung mi

My m ht- Bi
Thit b pht hin kh ga cm tay
Hot ng vi bm tay
ng d c ci m mu
Pht hin 500 loi kh v hi

39

nh gi phi nhim: Di kim sot

a s cc cht ha hc trong lu thng thng

mi khng c gii hn phi nhim ngh nghip
(OELs).
Do khng c OELs, cc ng ch v cng nhn thng thiu
hng dn cn thit cn kim sot phi nhim ngh
nghip mc no .

Chin lc kim sot phi nhim ngh nghip c th

c gi tr khi khng c OELs c bit n vi ci tn control
banding (CB).
CB l mt chin lc cht lng nh gi v qun l cc
mi nguy him lin quan n phi nhim ha cht ti ni lm
vic.

CB l mt k thut quyt nh mt bin php kim sot (v d thng

gi, kim sot k thut, ngn chn, ) da trn mt phm vi hay di
cc mi nguy (nh kch ng da/mt, rt c hi, gy ung th, ) v
cc loi phi nhim (t, trung bnh, nhiu ).

Cc sng kin:
T chc Y t th gii (WHO)
T chc Lao ng Quc t (ILO)

Hn 17 triu cht hu c v v c
170,000 ha cht c th cn ng k theo quy nh ca EU REACH
Thay i trong xu hng v sinh cng nghip truyn thng i vi
s phi nhim

41

Cht lng ca Di kim sot

Mt cch tip cn b sung cho v sinh cng nghip truyn thng
Tp trung ngun lc vo kim sot tip xc ch khng phi l nh
gi phi nhim
Cung cp chuyn mn k thut cho ngi s dng ha cht thng
qua hng dn n gin

42

Web Page: Vin quc gia v an ton lao ng v sc khe

(NIOSH)
www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/ctrlbanding/
n phm:
AIHA (2007)
Hng dn thc hin phn tch di kim sot
ACGIH (2008)
Di kim sot: Vn v C hi
NIOSH (2009)
c tnh ha ri ro mang tnh nh tnh v kim sot cc
mi nguy trong lao ng
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2009-152/

43

Kt lun

Phi nhim ha hc qua ng h hp, tiu ha, hp

th v tim

Cc cch thc phi nhim trong mi trng cng

nghip ch yu l qua ng h hp v hp thu.

Cc gii hn phi nhim khc nhau : PELs, OELs,

TLV-TWA, STEL

44

Dr Constantine Stewart, Gim mi nguy ha

cht quc t, Cc phng th nghim quc gia
Sandia, Chng trnh o to ging vin v
h tr thng tin ca M
Hc vin Kimia Malaysia, Hip hi cc phng
th nghim Vit Nam & ECMI Sdn Bhd
Malaysia