TRUGNG DAI HOC BACH KHOA HA NOI NAM XAY DUNG VA PHAT TRIEN ery HA DUYEN TU FF CT { \ :. - \ XUATBAN KHOA HOGVA KY THUA poD TRUONG DAI HOC BACH KHOA HA NOI Seal 50 NAM XAY DUNG VA PHAT TRIEN HA DUYEN TU KY THUAT PHAN TICH CAM QUAN THUC PHAM Céu © BAN eS S Ren Ware GONG NA! et THUAT. CONG : \ THU VIEN _ | sspxce:.4549...07 40.2009 NHA XUAT BAN KHOA HOC VA KY THU. HANOI AT TRUONG GAO DANG THU VIEN 96 OKCB:..........GIAO TRINH KY THUAT PHAN TICH CAM QUAN THU'C PHAM 3 LOI NOI PAU So v6i ccc kj thudt phan tich hod hoc, hod I sie dung trong trong cdng nghiép thee pham vér cong nghé sinh hoc, phdn tich cdm quan cé nhimg diém khdc bigt, a6 la: con nguoi khéng chi ler ky thudt vién thao tée ma con Ta “thiér bj phén tich” ab cung cdp sé ligu. Sue dc tring nay dd gidi thich cho viée ra dei rdt sém cia mén “thie ném" (tie khi loai nguai bdt dau siz dung thie dn chin) va viée phdt trién rt nhanh ctia phuong phdp phan tich cam quan trong hai thap kp vira qua. Phan tich cam quan khéng déi héi ddu ue nhiéu: vige thank Idp va hudn luyén mot nhém dénh gid cam quan Khong khé khan, chi phi it. How nita dé phan tich va dénh gid chat long mii, vi ctia the phdm, phuong phép phan tich cam quan la khong thé thay thé. Tuy nhién mite nhay cém ciia nguéi thr thay déi theo nhiéu yéu 16 va rat khde nhau gitta nhitng ngudi thiz, dén dén két qua cé dé phén tdn cao nén vige Khai thie ching cén han ché hon phuong phdp phan tich sir dung thiét bj. Van dé dgt ra cho nhing ngudi lam céng tdc phdn tich, dénh gid cam quan la gidm d6 phdn tan gitta cde thanh vién, dia két qua héi tu vé gid tri thee. Cudn sdch “Ky thugt phan tick cain quan thie phd” nay c6 5 chuong: Chuong 1: Dai cong 4 Chuong nay gidi thigu mgt cdch dai cwang vé cde tinh chét cam quan cia thye pham, dénh gid cam quan va vai tré cia danh gid cam quan trong kiém sodt qua trinh scin xudt va kiém tra san phdm. Chirong 2: Co sé sinh Ij hoe than kink cha dénh gid cm quan Trinh bay véi ban doc vé co ché hoat d6ng cia hé thong gide quan va.cde cam gide nhdn duge. Chuong 3: Phép thit cam quan Cée phép thie cam quan diege coi niu nhing chia khod ding dé phdt hién ra cdc déic tinh cém quan cia thyc phdm. Chuong néy sé trinh bay khé chi tide vé céc phép thir cam quan duge dp dung pho bién va réng rai, vé phurong phdp tién hanhLOI NOI BAU int phép thit, vé xit ly thang ké sé ligu phén tich cing nlue céch thie vide mbt ban cdo, ‘Chicong 4: Lyra chon va hudn taygn ngwii hit Dé thu diege cdc két qua phén tich cdm quan ¢6 a6 tin céy cao, edn cé cdc chnucin aye Ira chon vat hudn luyén ede thémh vién tham gia, Cuong 4 cung cdp cdc kién thite ca ban vé vige tea chon va iudn luyén thénh vién, cén cit thye 18, cic co sé Sdn xudt cd thé Aét ra cdc bai hudn luyén phir hgp, Chuong 5: Phong thi nghigm cam quan Cée thao tic thye hanh bao gom phong 6c, nguéi thir vé cach thize chudn bj mau. Trong sé nhiing Phép thir duge chon gigi thigu ching tdi néu m6t vi die img dung cu thé cing vai cach xtt ly cdc sé ligu nhén diege mot céch don gian nhdt ma sinh vién co thé dp dung dirge va cde céng ty cing c6 thé img dung dé phén tich va danh gid cdi quan sem pham cua céng ty minh. hire céic budi Hign nay 6 nhing mece phat trién, khoa hoc cam quan disgc dénh gid eao trong sé cdc phucong phdp kiém tra, chdt Iegng thye phdm va khong thé thiéu khi nghién citu, phat trién san phdm tyre pham, Cuén sich néy duge ding lean gido trinh gidng day cho sinh vién nginh Céng nghé The pham, Cong nghé Sinh hoc ca Tring Dai hoc Bach khoa Ha Noi va nganh ché bién tec phdm ctia cdc mreing dai hoe khde tie nhiéu nam nay. Tati ligu nay da dire cic can bp cluyén vé cém quan cia Téng cuc Tiéu chudn Do heng Chat hegng va mot sé xi nghiép gop ¥ kién, tuy vay chdc chdn khong trénh khét nhing thiéu sét vé ni dung cing nlue céch trinh bay. Ching tdi rdt mong nin duge sue gép ¥ cia ban doc dé b6 sung vé hoén chinh vao nhimg Ian xudt ban sau. 3 101 CAM ON Téi xin chan thanh cém on céc ban ddng nghiép, cdc em sinh vién 43 gop phan gidp 46 trong qué trinh thyc hign cudn séch nay. Dc biét la Thac sy Tir Viét Phu, mot déng nghiép té da gép nhiéu thoi gian, cong sirc va sng tgo trong qué trinh én trang 48 cudn sich hoan thanh nhu mong muén. Ha Duyén TeKY THUAT PHAN TICH CAM QUAN THU PHAM 5 MUC LUC LOINOI DAU 3 Chuwong 1 DAI CUONG 11. TINH CHAT CAM QUAN THUC PHAM 9 1.2, DANH GIA CAM QUAN LA Gi? 10 1.2.1. Binh nghia 10 1.2.2, Cac loai dai lugng thudng gap trong danh gia cam quan i 1.2.3. Cae phép thir 13 1.2.4. Tinh khach quan va chi quan trong dénh gid cam quan 18 1.3. VAL TRO CUA DANH GIA CAM QUAN THUC PHAM 19 1.3.1. Vai tré trong kiém tra sin phim va kiém soat qué trinh san xuat 19 1.3.2. Vai tré trong chién lirge phat trién san pham 21 1.4. QUI HOACH THUC NGHIEM 22 1.5. TIEN HANH THUC NGHIEM 24 Chuong 2 CO SO SINH LY HQC THAN KINH CUA DANH GIA CAM QUAN 2.1. TINH CHAT CHUNG CUA HE THONG CAC CO QUAN CAM GIAC 25 2.1.1. Sy truyén dan thong tin 25 2.1.2. Sy ma hea curong d6 va ban chat cla kich thich 27 2.1.3. Nguong cam gide 29 2.2. CAC GIAC QUAN 32 2.2.1. Vj va vi gide Ri 32 2.2.2, Mui va khiu giac 4l 2.2.3. Anh sang va thi gic 476 MUC LUC 2.2.4. Am thanh va thinh gide 50 2.2.5. Da va xtc gide 52 23.CAC YEU TO ANH HUONG DEN PHEP BO CAM QUAN 3) 2.3.1. Cac yéu té lién quan dén sinh ly ngudi thir 53 2.3.2. Cac yéuté lién quan dén tm ly ngudi thir 56 2.3.3. Cac yéuté khde 56 Chuong 3 PHEP THU CAM QUAN KHAI NIEM VE PHEP THU CAM QUAN 59 3.1. NHOM PHEP THU KH! TINH CHAT CAM QUAN CUA SAN PHAM DUGQC CHI RA TRUGC 60 3.1.1 Phép thir so sinh cap 61 3.1.2. Phép thir cho diém 66 3.1.3. Phép thir so hang 2B 3.1.4. Phép thir mé ta (hay phuong phap xay dyng profil sin phim) 7 3.2. NHOM CAC PHEP THU KHI CAC TINH CHAT CAM QUAN KHONG BUQC CHIRA 81 3.2.1. Phép thir tam gidc 81 3.2.2. Phép thir 2-3 (Duo-Trio) 85 3.2.3. Phép thir A khéng A (Phép thir tuong hgp) 38 3.2.4. Phép tha: phan nhém ae) 3.3. NOM PHEP THU TH] HIEU 95 3.3.1. Phép thir c&p di thi hiéu 95 3.3.2. Phép thit cho diém thj hiéu (hoc phép thir ngudi tiéu ding, tigp thi) 96 34, PHEP THU CHO DIEM CHAT LUQNG TONG HOP CUA SAN PHAM 96 ‘Chirong 4 LWA CHON VA HUAN LUYEN NGUOI THU 4.1. NHAN VIEN PHONG THi NGHIEM PHAN TICH CAM QUAN 101 4.2. NGUGI THU'CAM QUAN 102 4.2.1, Lya chon 103_UTHUAT PHAN TICH CAM QUAN THUC PHAM 4.2.2, Luyén tap 4.2.3. Cac bude td chire mét hoi dong phan tich cam quan nhu sau 43, MOT SO BAI THI NGHIEM CO SO 4.3.1. Lya chon thanh vién hgi dong 4.3.2. Huan luyén cam giae 4.3.3. Hudin luyén thy hign ac phép thar thong dung 4.3.4, Ty tap luyén Chuong 5 PHONG THi NGHIEM PHAN TiCH CAM QUAN 5.1. CAC PHAN KHU CHIUC NANG 5.1.1. Van phong 5.1.2. Phong chuan bj mau 5.1.3. Phong phan tich (hod danh gid) cam quan 5.1.4. Phong hop 5.2. TRANG THIET BI §.2.1, Phong phn tich (anh gid) cam quan (phong thir ném) 5.2.2. Khu chuan bj mau 5.2.3. Hé thong tin hoc 5.3. CHI PHI CHO VAN HANH MOT PHONG THI NGHIGM CAM QUAN. $.3.1, Nhing chi phicé dinh 5.3.2. Nhiing chi phi bién d6i $.3.3. Chi phi van hanh chung, PHY LUC Phu Iyc 1: Bang sé ngau nhién Phy luc 2 : fac gid tr wi han cia phép thir so sinh cp Phy luc 3 : Cac gid tri t6i han cita kiém dinh 77 (Khi binh phuong) Phy lyc 4 : Sd lung cau tra lai chinh xAc cua phép thir tam gide 103 104 2 2 113 7 118 121 122 122 123 125 125, 125 126 126 126 127 127 127 129 132 134 135,8 Myc Luc Phy Iyc 5 : Sé lugng cau tra Idi chinh xac cia phép thir 2-3 (Mite ¥ nghia a = 5%) 137 Phy Iuc 6a : Tuong quan phuong sai F & mirc ¥ nghia « = 0,5% 138 Phy lye 6b : Twong quan phuong sai F ¢ mite ¥ nghiaa = 0,1% 139 Phy yc 7 : Khoang co nghia cita chuan tudes & mirc ¥ nghia a = 5% 140 Phy lye 8 : Gid tr t0i han cla phép thir so hang & mic ¥ nghia a = 5% 141 Phy Iuc 9 : Biém s6 quy 43i trong phép thir so hang f 142 Phy Ive 10; Phan bo cia chuan t 143 TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 145KY THUAT PHAN TICH CAM QUAN THYC PHAM 9 Chuong DAI CUONG 1.1. TINH CHAT CAM QUAN THYC PHAM Thyc phim 14 mt loai san phdm nhu ding tén goi cia né [a sin phim ding dé an, ung. Phim nhéng sin phim ding dé in udng thi viée dinh gid, Iya chon va sir dyng né trréc hét dugc xac dinh tryc quan théng qua céc co quan cam gidc. Cac tinh chét nbn biét durge bling céc co quan c&m gic dug goi IA cdc tinh chét cam quan. Cac tinh chét cm quan cima thyc phim chiém vj tri rét quan trong déi véi chit Ivgng cla mOt san pham thye phim. Céc tinh chat d6 bao gém: ‘* Tinh chat vé mau sic, hinh thai 14 cac tinh chat nhan biét duge bing mit. Cac tinh chit ndy duge cim nhdn ngay tir khi tiép xée v6i sin phim. Ching goi lén mét sy so sinh va Iya chon dau tién déi voi mot san phdm thyc pliam. Chinh vi vay mau sic, hinh dang va cau tric (théng qua sd, nin) dong vai tro khd quan trong trong Iya chon thye pham. * Tinh chat vé edu tric cua sin phim dugc nhan biet bai xtic gidc (ngén tay, ludi, vom migng) hay thinh gidc khi ta sé nn, nhai san phim. Day 14 cdc tinh chat nbu rin, mém, min, nhot, gidn, 66 dong déu ... © Tinh chat vé mii Ia cdc tinh chat nhan biét dugc bang khiru giéc khi ching ta tiép xtc gan v6i sin phim nhdt lA trong khi An, udng. Tinh chat mii dong vai trd quan trong trong viée xdc dinh céc tinh chat dic trung ctia sin pham, la mot trong 56 nhimg tinh chat hién van cheta thé kiém tra hay do dac bing thiet bi va né tac dong nhiéu dén quyét dinh cé sit dung san phdm 46 hay khéng. Bi khi . céc tinh chat cam quan khdc duge coi la tot nhung cé mii la hay khéng dae trumg cho sdn phém lira chon thi sin phdm 46 sé KhOng dutg¢ chép nhén.Chuong 4. Bai © Tinh chat vé vj va mii-vj la céc tinh chat nhan biét dugc trong miéng khi in hoac udng san phim. Tinh chat miti-vj 1a cdc tinh chat nhan biét duoc wong: migng khi 4n hodc ung san pham. Tinh chat mi-vj git vai trd quan trong nit béi n6 biéu thi ban chat cha san phim, né ggi lén cho ta biét thanh phan héa_ hoc cia sin phim, Hole néi khie di, cdc tinh chit vj va mii-vj la thé hign ra bén ngoai cia ede thanh phan héa hoc bén trong cia sin phim va né mang tinh quyét dinh trong viéc ngudi tiéu ding cé chap nh§n san phim 46 hay khong? Tit cd nhimng tinh chat trén day cé thé do dac dug bing céc co quan cam gide, | tham chi cé tinh chat chi e6 thé do va xdc dinh dugc bing cdc co quan cam gide (nhu tinh chat mii va mbi—vi). Cac hogt dng dé cho phép ching ta hiéu biét, so sAnh va Iya chon san pham va duge goi la Banh gid cam quan hay Phan tich cam quan ma ching ta sé nghién ciru sau day. 1.2. DANH GIA CAM QUAN LA Gi? 1.2.1, Dinh nghia Danh gid cm quan la ky thudt sir dung cée co quan cam gide cla con ngudi dé han biét, mé ta va dinh Iuong céc tinh chat cam quan cia mot san pham nhu mau sie, hinh thai, mii, vi va cau tric. Chung t6i trich dan thém 6 day mot dinh nghia nia dé doc gid tham khéo. “Banh gid cam quan 14 m6t phurong phap khoa hoc ding 8 goi 1én, do dac, phan tich va giai thich nhitng théng tin thu duge tir san phdm théng qua cam nhan cia cdc gidc quan: thi gidc, khitu gidc, xtc gidc, vj gic va thinh gidc” (Stone & Sidel - ASTM) Trong phan tich cém quan, cae gide quan cla con ngudi duge sir dung nhu mot céng cy do. Ching nhan ahigm vy thu nbn théng tin nhu mau sic, mui, vj, qua phan tich, xir ly va dua ra két qua duéi dang céc gid tri ude lung, so sinh va md ta. Danh gia mét chi tiéu chat lugng nao dé 6 nghia la “uéc long” bang gid tri cla chi tiéu dé khi n6 cé nhieu trang thai phan biét. Ngudi ta ¢6 thé gin cho cdc trang thai nay mot gid trj va nhu vay ching tro thanh nhitng dai lugng do dugc. Trong danh gid cim quan, cdc dai Ingng duge sir dung dudi dang “thang” twong img voi ac bign ma ching ta sit dung : bién danh nghia, bién thir ty, bién khoang va bién quan hé. Cac két qua phan tich hay danh gid cam quan nay chi cé gid trj khi dd duge xit ly bing cdc phuong phap toan thong ké._ KY THUAT PHAN TICH CAM QUAN THU'C PHAM Ml - Dinh gid cdm quan cé thé duge img dung trong m6t s6 én finh vye, vi dy nh sin _xudt céc sin phdm thyc phim, my phim, nude hoa va ngay ca trong san xuat gidy, hay thiét bj nghe nh Tir dinh nghia nay, 48 hiéu rd hon va thyc hign t6t mt budi danh gid cm quan thye phim, mot mat can phai nim ro cée dc tinh va cdc tiéu chuan ky thugt cia céic san phim. Ching sé duge néi tdi trong cdc tai ligu vé sin xuat hay trong cdc tai ligu lién quan tdi cac tiéu chuan cia san phdm thyc pham. Mat khac, ngudi lam thi nghiém va cde thanh vién lién quan phai biét cdc thong s6 hoat dng cia hé théng gids quan, Cac cdu tric va hogt déng cia hé théng giéc quan sé dugc mé ta chi tiét trong chuong hai cita gido trinh nay. Hidu biét va cdc phép kiém tra cdm quan va vé cach thite xit ly cdc dit ligu thé bing phuong tién xir ly théng ké thich hop la yéu céu co ban dé thu duge ede két qui cam quan thich dang. 1.2.2. Cae loai Gai lwgng thing gap trong danh gid cim quan Nhu bat ctr m6t phép do bing céng cy nao, phép do cam quan eiing phai dam bao chinh xdc va cé kha ning tai lp. 1.2.2.1. Cac yéu edu déi véi mgt dung cu do Dé la dyng cy do phai dura ra dugc két qua trung thyc, c6 d nhay cao, ding dan va chinh xc. Tap hgp céc yéu cdu nay tao nén d6 tin cy cita cong cy do, Vay d6 tin cay duge biéu thj qua: Tinh trung thye la “kha nang dua ra cdc két qua do c6 sy sai khdc khéng dang ké khi tién hanh cdc phép do trén cing mot gid trj ciia dai lugng can do”. Tinh trung thye edn duge thé hign qua kha nang lip va kha nang t4i lap ciia m6t céng cy do. Tinh dang din cia mét cdng cy do dac trung cho kha nang do duge cac két qua ma gid tr] trung binh cia ching rat gin vdi gid tr] thy ho&c gid trj dugc coi la gid tr] thyc cia dai lugng can do. D§ chinh xe cia m6t cong cy do la kha ning do duge cac két qua riéng biét rat gin véi gid trj thyc cia dai Iugng can do. Dé loai trit kha nang thiéu chinh xic, ngudi ta thye hign céng tac kiém dinh, nghia la bang cach so sanh voi mét hay mot s6 mau chuan (vi dy: cén dup). D6 nhay la “thuong sé giita do bién thién cia gid tr] do duge cia mét céng cy do voi dé bién thién cia dai lugng cdn do tuong tng”; né thé hign dé léch nhé nhat12 ‘Chuong 1. Bai cong : ma may do cé thé phan biét gitta hai gid tri cla ‘mOt dai long, hay gid tri nho mat ma may do ¢6 kha nang nan biét. Néu cé ham s6 y = f(x) thi 46 nhay k= dy/dx. 1.2.2.2, Phdn logi ede dai lurgng cam quan M6t dai lugng co thé bigu hién dudi ba dang thire: Dai long danh nghia: dai Iugng duge nhan dang don gian boi m§t danh tir dic trung. Vi dy: keo A cé vj bac ha, keo B 6 vj dau, keo C ¢é vj mo. Cae dai lugng danh nghia khéng dinh vj cing nhu khéng do dugc. Quan hé duy nhat cé thé gin véi cdc dai lrgng nay 1a quan hé tuong duong (x = y hay x # y). Dai lugng thir bac: dai lugng duge xac dinh trong quan hé vdi dai lugng cing loai théng qua sy phan bd cap bac. Vi dy: mut A ngot hon mirt B va loai nay Jai ngot hon mit C. Cac dai luong thit tyre6 thé dinh vj durge nhumg khéng do duge. Cac quan hé 6 thé gin véi cc dai lugng nay 1a c4¢ quan hé twong duong (x = y hay x # y) va bat ding (x y). Dai lirong hiru ty: dai lugng dugc xdc dinh trong mdi quan hé voi céc dai lugng cing loai thong qua sy phan bé cia mét s6 hit ty. Vi du: trong lugng banh gaté A, B,C lin lugt la: 195g, 200g, 190g. Cac dai lugng hiu ty cé thé dinh vj cing nhu 1a do dugc. Cac m6i quan hé c6 thé gin véi cac dai lrgng nay a cdc quan hé tuong duong (x = y hay x # y), bat ding (x y), quan hé cong hgp (x + y = z) va ti lé (v/y = t). 1.2.2.3. Cae thang do trong dénh gid cam quan Trong dinh gid cam quan, thang do chi gdm cc sé duong va sé khéng. Céc thang do cutmg d9 phd bién trong danh gid cdm quan 1a: Thang ching logi: duge cdu thanh tir cdc ching logi duge xAc djnh théng qua cic con sé, tir ngit hay cdc hinh vé. 5 Thang chia khoang: 1a mt loai thang ding dé dinh vj try chon véi cdc khoang trén thang déng déu. N6 cé thé la thang cé cu tric.(thang cé chia d6) ho&c khong cé edu trie (thang la mt doan thing). Thang ti 1@: sir dung vdi muc dich thé hién ti Ié gitra cuéng d9 cia hai cam gic (trong dé eudmg dO cm gidc img véi miu chudn da biét). 1.2.2.4, Khdi niém mdu trong dénh gid cam quan Khi mudn danh gia cudng 46 cua mét dai lugng cam quan nao dé trén mot nhémKY THUAT PHAN TICH CAM QUAN THU PHAM 13 sin phim, ngudi ta yéu cdu ngudi thir “gin” cho mdi san phim mét gid tri sd hoc tuong img voi cudng dé cua cim gid nhn duge. Bé lim dugc digu nay, ngudi thir phai duc: cung cp mau dé so sinh. Cé hai dang mau duge sit dyng la: mau pha ché va mau san phim. 1.2.2.5, Céc bude tién hanh So sAnh: khéng phai Itic nao cling cé thé tién hanh mét phép do dé tim hiéu vé mot sai khde rat nhé gitra hai sin phim vé mét tinh chét cm quan nao d6. Mot phép thir dugc tién hanh vdi muc dich yéu cau ngudi thir danh gid sy khdc biét cé thé cd gidra hai sin phim. Bang viéc lap lai m6t sd lin dang ké phép thir nay cé thé dan ti két lugn vé kha nding tn tai sy khdc biét gitta hai san phim nghién citu. Phan logi: la phwong phép ding dé danh gid cu’ng 46 mt tinh chit hay tiéu chi cam quan théng qua thang thir bgc. Tinh chat hay tiéu chi nay phai 1 mt dai lrgng don gidn va sy sai khéc cia ching gitta cdc sin phim phai tuong déi r6 nét, Thyc té trong trong hgp sai Kéch 1A qua nhé thi viée lap Iai qua trinh phan logi ciing chi dua lai m6t ket qua gidng nhau va diéu kign dim bao tinh lp lai khong durgc dap img. DAmh gid: giéng nhw phan loai, anh gia chi 4p dyng cho dai lugng mot the nguyén. 1.2.2.6, Sie phan tdn két qua trong dink gid cém quan Sw phan tan két qua duge chia ra thanh: © Phan tan do san pham © Phan tan do ngudi thir Khi cé duge m6t tap hop s6 ligu, phan tich phuong sai cho phép xdc dinh duge ti lé cua hai logi phan tan nay. Khéng nén bd qua mOt trong hai loai phan tin két qua nay vi khi d6 dan 161 viéc tn that théng tin va sy dénh gid hay nhin nhén cudi cing thiéu tinh toan dién. 1.2.3. Cée phép thir Trong qua trinh lich sit hinh thanh va phat trién cia chuyén nganh cam quan véi vige d8 cp va giai quyét cdc vin dé lién quan, m6t sé phuong phdp dénh gid cam quan da duge xay dung. Twu chung, tat ca cic phuong phap déu dya trén phép xir ly thdng ké cdc théng tin thu thap duge tir ngudi thir. Mai phép thir la tap hyp cdc danh gid riéng 1é cia ca nhan méi ngudi tham gia, duge sap x¢p theo mot phuong thie da dinh trade phi hgp véi cdc phép todn théng ké. Mi phép thir du cé céc14 Chuong 1. Bai cueng yéu cau riéng lién quan dén diéu kién phong éc, trang thiét bi; nhém ngudi thir, rnd thir edch thie b8 tr... 1.2.3.1. Cae phép shit trie tiép dinh gid sy kde biét Nhém nay bao gdm cdc phép thir so sinh cp, phép thir tam gide va phép thir hai- ba. Cac phép thir nay gidip xdc dinh ligu e6 hay khéng mOt sy sai khac giira cée sin pham. Ching gidp cho vigc tra lai céc cdu héi sau: e Ligu cé thé thay ddi nguyén ligu ma khéng dan t6i mét thay di cé thé nhan thay o sin phim? © Ligu cé thé thay 46i mét b6 phan trong day chuyén sin xuat ma kh6ng dan tdi mt thay déi cé thé nhan thay &-san phim? ¢ — Ligu bao bi cd anh huong gi téi huong vj cua sin phim? ¢ “Tudi tho” cua san pham la bao lau? ¢ Banh gid va quyét dinh Iya chon mét phuong thire céng nghé mdi. © Bat chude mOt san phdm canh tranh. Véi phép thir khdc bigt, ngudi ta tim higu xem ligu nhém ngudi thir c6 thye sy nhén ra sy sai khdc gitta cdc sin phdm khéng hay 46 chi la nhéng cau tra Idi dugc dita ra mét céch ngfu nhién. Do vay s6 lugng cau tra Idi cn o6 phai tuong déi lon (thudng trong khoang tir 25 dén 30). 1.2.3.2, Phép thie dink tinh va dinh lugng Nhém phép thir nay bao gém phép thir m6 ta, phép thir phan loai va phép thir““danh gid chat Iurong”. Céc phép thir nay gitip cho vige tra lai céc cau hdi: bén chdt cia sy khac bit gitta cdc sin phdm 1a gi va dé Jén cita su khac biét nay la bao nhiéu?_ Mét sé truéng hop sit dung nhém phép thir nay: * Dau la su khdc nhau gira m6t hay nhiéu sin phdm nguyén mau khi mudn tién hanh phat trién m6t sin phém moi? e Nhing tinh chdt cdm quan nao bj bién déi khi thay 46i phuong thie céng nghé? ¢ Nhiing cp dé so sinh nao cé thé sir dung dé mé ta sw khdc nhau giita cic san phim? © Nhiing tinh cht cdm quan nao cé thé ding 48 phn biét sn phim cia ban voi mt sin phdm canh tranh?AT PHAN TICH CAM QUAN THY PHAM Mite 46 sai khac cua cdc tinh chat cm quan gitta m6t sin phdm so véi va tiéu chun kg thuat cia n6 la bao nhiéu? i vSi cdc phép thir loai nay ta nén sit dung, nhom nguéi thir tir 5 dén 12 thanh yin. Céc thanh vién trong nhém phai duge hudin luy€n dé c¢ thé danh gid duge cde "tinh cht cdm quan cn nghién ciru. «1.2.3.3. Phép thie ngudi tigu ding "Cle phuiong phép thuge nhém nay cho phép xéc dinh xem ligu su khéc bigt gita ‘ede sin phim 6 ¥ nghia nhu thé nao d6i voi ngudi tiéu ding? Ching thudng duge fin hinh nhim tra Idi cho cde cau hdi: *® Mic d6 sai khéc gitta hai sin phdm cia ban nhu thé no? Ligu cé thé thay thé sin phim nay biing sin phim kia trén thj truéng ma khong dan t6i mt phan tng bat Igi nao tir phia ngudi tiéu ding? © Nguoi tigu ding thich cac sn phdm cia ban hon hay céc san phim canh tranh? © Mae 46 ua thich cia ngudi tiéu ding 44i voi san phim s& thay 44i nhu thé ndo néu ban muén cai tien n6? Dé thu duge nhimg két qua dang tin cdy, nén tién hanh digu tra it nhat trén 100 nguoi. Céch tién hanh tdt nhdt 14 phong van tryc tiép, tuy vay eiing ¢6 thé tién hanh 6iéu tra qua dign thoai hogc qua thir tin ... Phép thir cing phai bao gdm cdc cau hai mang tinh “kiém dinh” dé chic chic ring nhom nguéi duge diéu tra nay la phi hep voi sin phim cing nh voi nhom ngudi tiéu ding muc tiéu. Cdn cha y ring “phép thir ngudi tiéu ding” khéng phai hoan toan tuong ty nhu nghién cifu thj truéng; viy nén nd khong cung cp céc théng tin vé tée dong cia quang cdo hay vi tri bay ban sin phim trong cia hang tdi ngudi tiéu ding. Phép thir thj hiéu ciing thuéc nhém “phép thir ngudi tiéu ding” nhimg c6 thé sir dyng cdc phép thir phan biét hay phép thir djnh lugng dé thé hign cdc cép 45 va thich cia ngudi tiéu ding véi san phim diéu tra. 1.2.3.4. La chon phép thir rude mét van dé mang tinh phan tich dt ra mA mudn gidi quyét théng qua phan tich cam quan thi trudc tién phai dim bao né khOng thé duge giai quyét bing céc phép phan tich sir dung c6ng cy. Vi dy: Bé phan logi hoa qua theo kich c3, s® higu qua hon nhiéu néu sir dyng mot phép do bing cOng cy thay vi m6t phép do cam quan. Vigc chon Iya phép thir sau16 Chireng 1 i cuong 46 dya trén ban chat van 8 cin gidi quyét va cée tinh chit cua sin phim. Trén thy té voi mot 16 san phim cho trudge, 45 Ién thyc cia mite 46 sai khdc gitta cdc sin phdm thudng khéng rd rang. Trong khi 46 cdc phuong phép tién hanh thy nghiém vé eg ban la khac nhau tly theo myc dich muén xéc dinh ligu céc san pham 6 khae nhau hay xéc dinh syrsai khéc vin ¢6 gitta cdc sin phdm la nhu thé nio. Va twong ting véi ede truémg hyp nay la hai nhém phép thir: phép thir phan bigt va_| phép thir mé td, Do véy ngudi tién hanh thi nghigm thuéng phai nhanh chéng xéc dinh cac diém khac biét gitta céc sin phim trong 16 dé tir 46. Iya chon durge phép thir thich hgp. Céng doan thir sob} nay thudng sir dung cic phép thir nhu phép thir ghép doi hay phép thir phan logi, Céc bude chinh cia vige quyét dinh Iya chon mét phép thir cam quan duge trinh bay trong bang 1.2. Béng 1.2: Cac tink hudng dugc phan loai theo nhém ‘phép thir Phép thir dé Iya chon + Ligu c6 thé thay t fnguyén ligu san xuat? ~ Ligu cé thé thay thé thiét bj sin xuat? > Ligu san phim cia ban cé giéng véi sin pham canh tranh? ~ Bao g6i cé anh hung nhw thé nao dén mii vj sin phim? - San phdm cé bj bién ddi chat Ivgng trong qué trinh bao quan? - Cae sn pham khae nhau 6 dau? ~ Nhiing tinh chat cia san phdm bj bién di khi thay déi phuong thie céng nghé? - Nhitng cép 46 so sanh nao ¢6 thé sir dung dé mé ta sy khde nhau gitta céc’sin phim? ~ Mie 49 sai khdc gitta mt sin phdm véi tigu chuan kg thugt cia né 1a bao nhigu? ~ Su khéc bigt gita hai sin pham co ¥ nghia nhu thé nao? ~ Ligu ngudi tiéu ding cé thich sin phim nay hon san phim khéic? + Ligu ngwdi tiéu ding sé wa thich sin phim nay hon néu né duge cai tién NHOM PHEP THU PHAN BIET NHOM PHEP THU MOTAVA DINH LUQNG PHEP THU NGUOLTIEU DUNGK¥ THUAT PHAN TICH CAM QUAN THUC PHAM 17 ee ce Trony moi tring hop, nén tién hanh thye hién rigng biét va déc lap timg phép thir. ‘Trén cing mét ban cau hoi khéng nén bao gom ndi dung cia nhiéu phép the do ditu nay cé thé sé lim xién x¢o két qua cudi cing ma dic biét anh hudng t6i chit lurgng cia viée gidi thich két qué. Méi phép thir s dugc 4p dung cho mét trudng hopcy thé va tuan theo nhitng thé thite riéng. Phép thir néo duge Iya chon tuy thugc ban chat cia van 48 d§t ra. Thudng thi mdi van dé Idn sé duge phan chia thinh nhimg van 4@ nhé don gian hon, ching sé duge gidi quyét thong qua nhimg thi nghiém cam quan ma cé thé la sy phdi két hgp ciia nhieu phép thit hay chi la ting phép thi don lé. Moi phép thir trong @4nh gid cam quan déu quan tam dén nhimg diém khdc biét ton tai giita cdc sin pham PHEP THU SO BO. bigt rd rang? PHEP THU PHAN BIET Sai_| Cam nhén duge su khae bigt? Mi18 Chuong 1. Dai cvong Trong mét thi nghiém khéng nén ¢6 ging gidi quyét cing lic nhiéu van dé cing nhu khéng nén sir dyng nhiéu phép thir. Boi vi néu nhu vay sé co nguy cg lam cho thi nghigm trénén qué phe tap, khé khin trong vige tim hiéu va giai thich két qua. Vay cfu hdi trude tién edn phi duge tra loi la “Phép shir nao 1a sic ra chon ding dén cho tring hgp néy?” So dd 1.2 gidi thigu mot s6-vi dy vé cdc vin 42 va cau hdi thudng gap phai trong qué trinh phét trién sin phim. Néu chdng khéng hodn toan giéng voi van dé ta dang tién hanh thi hay nghién eifu va chon léy mot vi dy phil hop. 1.2.4, Tinh khdch quan va chi quan trong 44nh gid cém quan Tinh chét khach quan va chi quan trong danh gid cam quan tir lau da duge ban lufin cdt nhidu. Cau héi én thuong duge d3t ra la “Két qua nhan dug bing phuong phap cdm quan 14 chi quan hay khach quan?”. Diéu nay khong chi duge dit ra cho ngudi bit ddu tham gia danh gid cm quan ma ngay ca voi nhimg ngudi da lim cong thc thy hanh lau nam. Higu mOt céch don gidn thudt agit “chi quan” 66 nghia lay kién hay két qua 1 do con ngudi dua ra, cén thudt agi “khach quan” néi ring nhitng dit ligu duge dua ra 14 do mot thiét bj hay mOt céng cy do. Két qua goi la “khdch quan” c6 nghia ld két qua 46 khdng phy thuge vio con ngudi va két qua duge goi la “chi quan” durge hiéu 1a nd phy thuge vao con ngudi. Song trén thyc té khong ¢6 phép do hay phin tich néo ma khong duge thao tac hoge kiém dinh béi con ngudi. Vi vay tinh “khich quan” hay “chi quan” chi 1a tuong d6i va ching durge ISO dinh nghia nhu sau: «© Phuong phdp khdch quan Ja phuwong phdp mé trong a6 he qué cua nhimg anh Incing ciia con nguedi durge 161 thiéu hod. © Phuong phép chi: quan la piuromg phép md trong a6 he qua cia nhiing anh Jnsing ctia.con nguci khong duge 1d thiéu hod. ‘Theo djnh nghia nay tinh “khéch quan” hay “cha quan” khong phai 1a két qua dd duge dura ra boi con ngudi hay béi thiét bj ma van d@ [a anh fuéng cia con ngubi Jén qué trinh d6 c6 duge t8i thiéu hod khong, NhOng phuong php va phép thir sé due néu ra trong phan tiép theo cia cuda sich sé dim bao cho phuong phap phan tich cam quan 1a m6t phuong phap khach quan. ‘Nhu vay méi phuong phap hay phép thir phai durge thye hign theo thé thire cu thé, tir dat van 42 cho dén khi viét béo céo, Nhing két qua nbn duge trong danh gid cdm quan thudmg mang tinh chi quan vi nhimg két qué 46 thu’mg bj anh hudng béi edch phin tich, danh gid riéngKY THUAT PHAN TICH CAM QUAN THU PHAM 19 a bigt ciia timg ngudéi. Nhimg ngudi tham gia céng téc cam quan cdn duge hudn -luy€n, Kkhi dé s& logi bé duge nhing thi thugt ¢& nhan. Hon nita vige ya chon chinh xdc phép thir sé lim gidm higu img cia nhdng anh hudng bén ngoai, ching ta séthu dugc nhiing két qua khach quan. Nhiing két qua nay sau 46 néu duge xt ly mét cach ding din sé dua dén nhimg két luan chinh xéc. 1.3. VAITRO CUA DANH GIA CAM QUAN THY'C PHAM 1.3.1. Vai tré trong kiém tra sin phim va kiém sodt qué trinb san xudt Kiém tra chat Iwong sin phim va kiém sot qua trinh sin xudt 18 mét hoat déng quan trong trong qua trinh san xuét sin phim. Trong cdc hoat dng dé, phan tich va. anh gid cam quan gilt vai tro khé quan trong. L311, Van dé dat ra la gi? C6 thé tiét kigm duge rat nhidu théi gian cing nhw chi phi néu biét tién hanh tim hidu van dé mét céch théu dao truéc khi bat ddu lam mét thi nghiém. Quan trong 1A phai hiéu duge tudng tin dau la cdc yéu clu dé 6 thé tién hanh duge mét phép thir phii hop, viét duge m§t ban béo céo thi nghiém chinh xdc va dé hiéu va cudi cing lat chtte va sip xép duge hé théng cdc két qua ma rét c6 thé cdn phai sit dung tdi sau nay. Mét s6 van dé thuéong g§p trong kiém tra sin phim va kiém sodt qué trinh san xudt: © X@y dung tiéu chudn ky thuft cho san phim. + Kiém soét qué trinh san xudt sao cho sn phim dgt téi cdc tigu chudn ky thuat 43 cam ket. Tién hanh “dénh gid chét lugng” m6t san phdm ld danh gid va so sinh san pham 46 véi cdc tiéu chudn ky thugt cia né. Phuong phép nay cho phép kiém sodt nhidu mu va duge thyc hign béi mOt héi ding it ngudi, tir 2 16i 8 ngudi, ty thudc vao tinh chat cita quyét dinh sé dugc dura ra. Phuong phép nay 46i hoi phai c6 mot sy hiéu biét toan dign vé sin phdm, céc thanh vién hgi dng phai duge dao tao va trai qua mét thdi gian kim viéc nhét dinh trén sin phdm. Trong qué trinh thye hign phép thir nay, céc sai 18i cia sin phim cing shu nhing ghi cha duge ghi lai nhim mé ta mite 4 chénh léch gitta sin phim danh gid vi san phdm tigu chudn, Ciing cé thé yéu clu ngudi thir tién hanh cho diém cudng d9 cdc chi tiéu cdm quan ciia sin phdm 4 sau 46 c6 thé tp hop Iei va dua ra duge “mire chat Iuong” bing diém cia sin phim. "20 ‘Chuong 1. Bai cong 1.3.1.2, Dau la ede plucong tién can thiét? ‘Trong khi tién hanh mét thi nghiém danh gid cim quan cing nhu bat ky mot thi nghiém nao khde, nhat thiét phai ¥ thire day dit ring cdn phai tdi da héa chat lugng ctia cdc két qua thu duge. Cong tac t6 chite thye nghiém 1a mét buréc hét sire quan trong. Can phai biét lp mot ké hoach the nghiém day dui va chi tiét. Tién hanh mt phép thir dénh gid chat Igng ddi hoi ba yéu td: céc tiéu chudn kf thu§t cia san phdm; hgi dong danh gia duge dio tao, co kha ning quyét dinh ligu chat Iugng oda san phim ¢6 phi hop véi nhing tiéu chuan ky thudt ky thuat hay khéng; mét phong phan tich cém quan cho hdi déng dat chuan. Trung hgp néu sin phim duge vn chuyén ti noi sin xudt t6i dia diém dénh gid trong bao goi hoc trong qua trinh dénh gid can sir dyng t6i thia, dia, bat hay dia thi cdc dung cy nay phai dam bao hoan toan khéng cé miti vj la. 1.3.1.3. Ldy mau Lay miu phy thugc vio yéu t6 nao cia qua trinh cn durge kim soat. Mau ding dé kiém soat thanh pham phai duge lay & cudi day truyén san xuat, ngay trudc Itic san phdm dira sang b6 phan bao g6i va kho thanh phdm. Trong nhitng trutng hop cdn Jai, mau phai duge lay 6 vj tri gan nhat c6 thé so véi cng doan can thiét phai kiém soat trong qué trinh san xuat. Lay vi dy trong qué trinh sin xuat xii xich, mau kiém tra nén duge lay sau edng doan hun khéi. Tuy vay thinh thoang cing nén Hy. miu 4é kiém tra chat Iuong cua sin phdm truée khi né duge xuat xwang hay tai cdc cifa hang bay ban sin phim. S6 lugng va kich thude ciia mau cn ly tét nhién phu thuée vio dac tinh cia sin pham, tuy vay lugng mau cling phai duge lay di dé cho hdi déng cé thé danh gid va cé duge cdi nhin toan dign vé chat Iugng cia sin phdm. Trong truéng hop khdng thé léy todn bO m6t don vi sin phim thi lay mau voi khdi long tir 30 dén 50 g d6i véi san phim rin va 25 ml déi véi sin phim dang léng. 1.3.1.4, Bdo cdo Khi kiém soat mét qué trinh san xudt bing phuong phdp dnh gié cam quan thi khdi lugng s6 ligu thu duge la rt Ion, do vay cin phai x4y dung ké hoach va thiét ké bao co mét céich khoa hoc dé c6 thé dua ra duge mot quyét dinh ding din va diing luc trrée mot van dé nay sinh. C6 hai dang bao c4o: bao céo ngdn han va bao cdo dai han.\T PHAN TICH CAM QUAN THY'C PHAM 21 Vai tro trong chién hrgc phat trién sam phim it trién sin phdm 18 vin 48 mang tinh thisi cudc, nd duge dat ra thurémg xuyén nbd san xuat va phai duge nhanh chéng giai quyét trong khuén khé thdi gian ihgn. Cac phép thir trong danh gid cdm quan ld co sé 48 cho nha san xudt 06 thé © dia ra cdc quyét dinh cho minh, 3.2.1. Lia chon mdu nlue thé nao? Nhiing diém néu ra dudi day can duge dic biét chi ¥ dé dim bao céng tae lay mau - duge thye hign 1ét: Dé dam bao tinh ding nhit gitta cdc miu edn cha y d&n dic diém cia nguyén ligu. "Vi dy cdc mau thit nén ly tir trén cing mét migng thit, cdc mau rau qua nén c6 ~ Kich thade nhur nhau va Ly tir cing mgt 16. Trong truéng hgp mau can phai déng géi thi chat rng bao g6i phai thich hop cho vige bio quan va vin chuyén mau. Kiém soat nhigt d6 cia mau ciing la mét trong nhiing van dé can chi y: nhigt do mu trong qua trinh chudn bj, khi dia ra cho ngudi thi, trong sudt qua trinh danh gid cing nhu gitta hai lan thir, Néu can thiét phai bdo quan san phim dé phuc vu cho qué trinh danh gia thi cac 4igu kign bao quan nhu nhigt 46, 4 am ... phai duge dam bao nhu nhau yéi mau kiém chimg va mau phan tich. M6t trong nhimg yéu t6 quan trong quyét dinh t6i chat Iugng cia mét thi nghiém cam quan Ia so lan lip Iai phép thiz. Dé biét dugc lip lai bao nhiéu lan la di can mét phai co mét sy phan tich va tim hiéu sau sic ve phép thi. 1.3.2.2. Bdo edo Diém quan trong nhat can chi ¥ khi viet m@t ban bao cdo trong khuén khé mét chién luge phat trién sin phdm [4 nhimg gi ngudi doc 06 thé khai thdc duge.va nhing ket qua nay déng gop nhur thé nao cho sy tién trién chung ciia cong viéc. C6 nghia 1a nguéi doc phai hiéu duge ban bao céo trinh bay diéu gi vi ndi dung cia nd c6 thé gidp gi cho viée gidi quyét nhing van dé da dat ra hay khéng. Bin bdo edo dang nay throng dé cép t6i nhidu phép thir, do vay ean thidt phai co m6t bao cao tom tit, khai quat nhimg két qua tir toan bé thi nghigm. Sau a la cdc ban bao cdo chi tiét vé két qua cia timg phép thir véi cdc cach thite trinh bay phong phi nhy hinh anh, 6 thi, thang do ...22 Chuong 1. Dai cuong 1.4. QUI HOACH THY'C NGHIEM Céng the t6 chite thi nghiém phy thude truéc tién vao kha ning cla phong thi naghiém nhv diéu kién trang thiét bj, phdng dc, con nguii ... So 48 tién hanh trinh bay duéi day cé thé duge xem nhu danh séch nhing cong viéc cdn kiém tra true khi tién hanh thi nghigm. Né duge xdy dung dya trén viée tap hop va phiin tich ton b§ nhiing théng tin 6 lién quan dén vige 18 chite mt budi thi nghiém, So dé nay cé thé duge coi la so dd co sé, dé cp t6i hau hét tit cd khia canh cia cOng viéc. Tuy vay ciing cé nhiing trong hgp dc biét ma diém nay hay diém kia khéng thye sy quan trong dudi con mat danh gid cia ngudi diéu hanh thi nghiém va cing khéng hiém khi ban chat cia van dé thay d6i trong qua trinh ban bac va thao lugn, sé nay sinh nhéing van 48 mdi sau khi tién hanh céc phép thir so bd. Tém Jai day la cOng dogn cdn thiét gitp cho ngudi tién hanh thi nghiém dé dang trong vigc kiém soét thyc nghiém, tiét kiém duge théi gian va tién cha. M6 ta thi nghigm: Tén thi nghiém: Tén truéng nhém: Nhing ngudi tham gia: Thanh vién h@i déng danh gid cam quan: Nhiug vin a2 dit ra tricéc khi tién hank mOt thi nghigm phén tich cam quan: © = Muc dich ciia thi nghiém 1a gi? © Nhing yéu té nao c6 thé anh hudng téi thi nghiém? * Ligucé thé chia thi nghigm nay thinh nhitng thi nghiém nhé va don gian hon? Néu cé, hay phan chia nhiing yéu cau cia thi nghiém thanh nhitng nhém nh 4é thud Igi cho vige giai quyét? © Nhing yéu cau s& duge giai quyét theo trait ty nao? © Trong qué trinh tién hanh thi nghiém, voi mdi vin dé méi nay sinh nén ¢6 sy thao lugn gitta cdc thanh vién trong nhém thye hién cting nhu yi nhing ngudi it hing thye hign thi nghiém nay._Méts6 diém cin xem xét: | Sb bin § diéu kign thy nghiém $6 lan lap _ Cc tinh chat cdm quan can danh gid. Thai gian cn thiét dé thyre hign thi nghiém 1a bao lau? "Lie nao thi cdc thi nghiém so b6 c6 thé tién hanh? Life ndo thi thi nghiém chinh phi duge hoan thanh? Diu [A thoi diém thich hgp dé tién hanh thi nghigm? C6 can thiét phai luu gitt va bdo quan san phim trong mt khodng thdi gian nhat djnh? Sin phim Luc ndo sin pham can danh gid dyoc chuyén t6i phdng thi nghiém? Lugng san pham ean thiét cho thi nghiém so bé 1a bao nhiéu (mot mau chuan, 2 mau gidi han trén va dudi)? Lugng sin phdm cén thiét cho thi nghiém chinh la bao nhiéu? (Vi dy: hay tinh Iugng mau cdn thiét cho hdi déng c6 8 ngudi (3 lan lap) néu biét Inong mau can thiét cho sin phdm dang ran 14 30 — 50 g, san phdm dang léng 1a 25 ml cho méi ngudi thir trong mét lan thir?) Lugng san pham can thiét dang 4é lam mau chuan? Phuong phap i Phep thir nao sé Ia phép thir s& sir dyng trong thi nghigm? Céch thire chudn bj mau nhu thé nado? Ké hoch thi nghiém so bo? Két qua dy dinh dat duge sau thi nghiém so b6? Ké hoach thi nghigm chinh?24 Chuong 1. Dai Kit it két qua Thdi han cudi cn dua két qua thi nghigm vao bdo céo ting két? Béo cdo sé duge trinh bay nhu thé ndo? Bang, hinh vé, dé thi, biéu 43, gid tri trung binh, 46 léch chuan ... Xi Ii thdng ké: phén tich phuong sai, chudn t-student, phan tich yéu t6, phan tich tuong quan ... 1.5. TIEN HANH THYC NGHIEM Tién hanh mét thi nghiém cém quan can phai 6: héi déng dénh gid hay nhém ngudi thir, phong danh gid cam quan, khu vue chuan bj mau. $6 Iugng thanh vién trong mt héi dong danh gid phy thugc vao dang phép thir sé tién hanh va kinh nghiém cia ngudi thir (thé hign qua mirc d6 dugc huan luyén), Thanh vién trong hOi ddng ¢6 thé 1a ngudi trong cng ty hoc duge Iya chon tir bén ngoai. Trong truong hyp ngudi thir thuge ngi b> céng ty nén chi y han ché Ira chon nhing ngudi 44 cé thai gian tiép xtc va hiéu biét qua nhidu vé san pham. Dé Iva chon ngudi thir trong s6 img cir vin 6 thé tién hank nhing bai kiém tra trén mii va yj. Bén canh vigc lay co so dé Iya chon 1a két qua cua nhitng bai kiém tra trén mii va vi, mOt tiéu chi nifa cé thé ding 48 danh gid [a tinh than nhiét tinh va hgp tac cila ho trong qua trinh lam viée. B6 tri phong chudin bj mau va phong danh gid cam quan gan nhau la hét sire hop ly, song khéng phai voi luc nao cing lam duge nhu vay. Het ste tranh truéng hop nguvi thir muén vao phdng danh gia phai di qua phong chuan bj mau, vi khi dé sé c6 nhiéu yéu #3 tic d6ng khong tt wi qua trinh the hign phép thir cba ho nhu c6ng the chun bj ma ho quan sét duge, mui cia sin phim ma ho cam nhiin duge.KY THUAT PHAN TICH CAM QUAN THUG PHAM 25 i a Chuong cose SINH LY HOC THAN KINH CUA DANH GIA CAM QUAN 2.1. TINIE CHAT CHUNG CUA HE THONG CAC CO QUAN CAM GIAC Cam giée ma con ngudi duge thu nhan théng qua cde co quan cam gidc. Nhiing tac ‘dOng cita cde chat héa hoc, hay ctia mét dai Iugng vat ly én cor quan cam ide dé n6 nhan biet duge ban chat cia tae d6ng goi 14 cde kich thich. Cac cc: quan cé thé nhan biet cc kich thich héa hge, vat ly hode co hoe théng qua nam gidc quan cia con ngudi la: vj gidc, khiu gidc, thi gidc, think gide va xuc gidc. KY thust dinh gid cam quan sit dung cac giac quan ctla con ngudi nhu cdc eéng ey do. Danh gid cam quan 6 thé néi la one the thay thé duge tong vige kiém dinh chat long cam quan ctia thie pham. khi ma van cha co nhimg thiét bj thu nn kich thich cam gide nhw ede giée quan cla con ngubi. Negay ca trong trang hop ob mot thiét bj nhu vay thi danh gia cam quan van het site cain thiét, ding dé hiéu chinh thiét bj do nhu trudng hop cla may so mau. Ciing nhur bat ctr mot phép do bang céng cy nao, phép do cam ae phai dam bao chinh xac va c6 kha nang tai lip. Dé thoa man duge nhing yeu cau nay thi hai dieu kign sau day phai duge dip img: Thir nhat phai biét duge cau tric va co ché hoat dong cia hé théng, cdc giac quan; thir hai phai hiéu rd ban chat va nhéng tinh chat co ban cila cac bién s6 sir dung cing nhu cia sé ligu thu duge, dé tir dé tim ra mét phuong phap xir ly théng ké thich hgp. NOi dung cia chuong nay muon trinh bay vdi déc gid so luge vé céc qua trinh co ban cia co ché truyén dan, ma hea, xirly va digu hop tin higu cam gidc, ve cau tric va chire nang cia cdc giac quan. 2.1.1, Sy truyén din thong tin Nguyén ly truyén dan théng tin cam gidc ciia cde gidée quan [a tuong ty nhau, Khi kich thich tae d6ng t6i cdc gidc quan mang m6t nang hrong rat nhé vao ¢6 tir 107°26 Chuong 2. Co sé-sinh ly hoc than kinh cia danh gia cam quan 161 107” J. Nang lugng nay cé kha nang lam “réi loan” tam thai mét s6 phn tir dc higu trén bé mat cia co quan thy cam. Tir dé tin higu cam giée duge khuéch dai va truyén dan dudi dang tin higu dign. Co ché nay duge trinh bay trong hinh 2. 1a. Giai dogn dau cia qua trinh khuéch dai tin hi tir cap d6 phan tir lén cap 46 te bao. Cac kénh ion van chuyén lién tuc qua mang te bao tao nén qué trinh trao déi dign tich gitta méi trudng néi bao va mdi trugng ngoai bao (hinh 2.1b). Chinh eo ché nay hinh thanh gradien néng 46 ion K*: néng 6 ion K* ni bao gap tir 20 16: 30 lan néng 46 ion K* ngoai bao. Trong trudng hop khong ¢6 kich thich, chi nhimg kénh dic higu thdm thu ion K* mé, két qua la méi 18 bao tro thanh mét pin dién héa do sy chénh léch nong d@ ion K* va tuan theo djnh luat Nernst: Ja su chuyén héa cap 46 “rai loan”, E= =58+10g=+(mv) trong dé E:: thé qua mang; K;: néng 6 kali ngi bao; Ke ndng d6 kali ngoai bao. Hinh 2.1a: Cae giai doan khde nhau cua qua trinh kich thich cam gide Trong trang thai nghi, dign thé ni chung vao khoang - 80 mV, méi trrdng bén trong té bao mang dién am. Vi bé day vao c& 7 nm (7.10” m), mang té bao lign tuc nim trong trudng dign cé cutmg 46 100 kV/cm.KY THUAT PHAN TICH CAM QUAN THC PHAM 27 Dudi tac dong cia kich thich, mét s6 co quan tiép nh§n dac higu bj bién ddi hinh dang, ce kénh ion méi m@ ra lam phn cye manh té bao, gidm d6 bén cia mang té bao va tao ra dong dién, day chinh la thé thy cam. Nang lung dign sinh ra trong qua trinh nay vao khoang 10" J tuong dong voi mot khuéch dai co | trigu lan, Dang ion Na, K hoat dong va thu déng qua mang 1é bao o trang thdi tinh, Tung a6: thé dién ion; hoanh dé: khodng.céch so vei ynang 18 bao. Chiéu réng ctia mdi dai twong img kich tharée cia déng thamh phan. Cac dong tha dong ver hoat ding (6 phia dibi va trén ciia hink-vé) dhegc phn bigt i déi. Dong tha déng Na’ khéng déng ké va khéng dhegc biéi Nguén: Mac LOED 1986 Hinh 2, 1b: Sir trao dol ion gitta méi trudng noi bdo va ngoai bao 2.1.2. Sy mii héa curing % va ban chit cia kich thich Cau hoi dit ra 6 day 1a: néu thong tin cia tat cd cde kich thich déu duge truyén din dudi dang dién thi lam thé ndo céc giéc quan cé thé phin biét duge cutmg 46 va ban chat cila ching?28 Chuong 2. Co sé sinh ly hoc than kinh cUa danh gid cam quan | fs Vv (a) i islets recmeeaaleeann [ea 7 Cap diém thu cam - kénh ion: Trén so dé a, dién thy com vér kénh ion I hink thank mgt don vi mang don, sw trong tac gitta nguén kich thich T va diém thu cam R kéo theo sy thay déi hinh dang, kénh I md ra cho cdc ion di qua. Trén so dé b, R la mot yéu 16 cdu thanh mang riéng biét voi J, Thong tin mang t6i qua T kéo theo sy thay déi vé hinh dang cia R, thong tin nay diegc truyén ici J thong qua mang. Nguén: Mac LEOD 1986 Hinh 2.1e: So dé ctia cde kénh ion 2.1.2.1. Cueng d6 kich thich Thye nghiém cho thay tan s6 la tham s6 duy nhat cé thé diéu chinh duge dign thé hoat déng do bién 49 va van toc khong doi. Nguyén ly nay o6 thé thay rd nhat trong 4m thanh, ngudi ta da thay tin sé phat di quan hé tuyén tinh véi higu dién thé trung tim tiép nhan. Do 46 6 the khang dinh duge ring chitc nang chuyén tin higu kich thich thanh dién thé hoat dong cia trung tam thy cam Ia chire ning quyét dinh hoan toan sy ma héa cutng d6 thong tin cam gide. 2.1.2.2. Ban chdt cia kich thich Da cé nhing thyc nghigm chi ra rang nhitng trung tam thy cam khéng hoan toan gidng nhau, Moi kich thich chi cé thé kich thich duge m6t so trung tam thy cam, 16i da la khoang 50 % cac t8 hgp cia cdc sgi day thin kinh, Méi m@t kich thich ing voi mét t6 hgp nhat dinh mot cam gifc dic trung va cé thé nhé duge. Tuy nhién ban chit ciia m6t kich thich khéng dc lip véi bo ma vé cudng 49. Néu ting déu din cudng d6 cia mét chat kich thich ndo dé sé tao ra khéng chi sy ting tan sdKY THUAT PHAN TICH CAM QUAN THU'C PHAM 29 kich thich vao ce day 16: hop thin kinh cam gidc di véi chat nay ma cdn c6 thé 16i kéo kich thich cae 16 hop day than kinh khée v6i xu huéng lam lu mé-hinh anh ban dau va lam ngudi ta nhan durge cam giic méi. da ei fe fi l| Cac dap tng riéng Ié voi thé phat sinh va thé thc dng. Cudmg 46 twong di cia kich thich dire chi ra trén mdi hinh, Ngudn: Fourtés, 1959, trich dan cua Galifret, 1984 Hinh 2.1d: Md héa cuéng dg 2.1.3. Nguing cm gite 2.1.3.1, Sw quan hé gitra cudmg dé cam gide va dé Ién cia kich thich Duéng cong biéu dién méi quan hé gitta curng 46 cam gide va dé Ién cia kich thich duge chia ra thanh 4 ving (hinh 2.16). Hinh 2.1e: Dé thi biéu dién sy bién thién ctia curing dé cam gid theo dé lan kich thich30 ‘Chuong 2. Go sé sinh ly hoc than Kinh cia danh gia cam quan © Ving dudi khoi mao (infra-liminaire): & day cdm gidc chua hinh thanh 15 va khéng bén. Cam gic nim trong ving “nhigu nén” (bruit de fond) va rét khé tach nhieu. «Ving khoi mao : cam giéc da bat dau hinh thanh nhung chua thyc sy 15 nét, cudmg d6 cdm gidc trong ving nay ndi chung ¢dn rit yéu. © Ving trén khoi mao (supra-liminaire): trong ving nay cam gidc di tro nén thét sit r5 nét , cur’mg d6 thay di theo cdp 46 tir “yéu” dén “manh”. e Ving bio héa : bat dau tir day curing 46 cdm gic sé khOng ting lén nita cho dis c6 ting curdng 46 kich thich, Néu c6 chang chi mang lai cam gidc khé chju thm chi la dau don. 2.1.3.2. Méi quan hé : D6 lén ciia kich thich— Cumg 46 cam gide trong ving trén khoi mao Céc phép thir déu diya trén mt co sO chung 1a: khi cO kich thich dit Ion, co quan cam gidc sé tiép nhén, xir ly, tra Idi vé ban chat va cuvmg 46 cia kich thich d6. Khi cutng dO kich thich ting thi curong 46 cdm giée nhfn duge cing ting theo. Méi quan hé nay duge biéu dién theo ham sb md (Stevens — 1957) s=kIr° hofc InS = nlnI + K trong dé: S$ : cudng d6 cam gidc; 1: 46 lon kich thich; k va K: hing s6 thye nghigm; n: hé sé phy thude vao phép thir, bin chat cia kich thich va thao tac thy hanh. ; Phan Idn céc gid trj n déu nhé hon 1, diéu 46 giai thich tai sao cutmg 46 cdm gide nhan duge bién déi cham hon sy thay 4di ciia cutmg 46 kich thich. 2.1.3.3, Cudng a6 cam gidc va cudng dé kich thich trong ving mao déu + Khdi nigm vé nguing: Cling xem xét thi nghiém sau: mot mau thir duge chudn bj trong dé thong 36 cia mét tinh cht cm quan durge khéng ché. Ngudi thir duge mdi thir mau nay véi yéu cau: © hodc x4c djnh cy thé tinh cht cam quan dé la gi? © ho&c xic dinh xem mau thir nay cé khdc hay khng so voi mau kiém ching? « hodc s6 sinh mite 46 khéc nhau gida mdu thir va mu kiém chimg vé tinh chat cam quan trén,KY THUAT PHAN TICH CAM QUAN THYC PHAM 31 SSS Nhu vay c6 thé thay: Voi mét mau ma cudng 4 kich thich nhé (vi du néng 46 chat kich thich thép) thi ta chira nhan duge cm gidc gl. Khi ting dan euimg 46 kich thich, eo quan cdm giéc sé nhan biét dugc kich thich 46, sau dé lA x4e dinh bin chat eita kich thich d6.va cudi cling khi so sdnh v6i mu kiém chimg ta sé xée inh duge mirc d§ sai khae vé cudmg 46 cam giée nhan biét dugc giita 2 cudng dé kich thich khée nhau. Sau khi ngudi thir dua ra cau trd di, ky thuat vién sé thay déi thong sé cua tinh chét cam quan dang nghién ciru va dua ra cho ngudi thir cu héi twong ty nhu fn thir trudc,. Sau mét loat thi nghigm nhu thé nay, kj thugt vién sé théng ké Iai 96 cu tra Idi ding cia ngudi thir img véi mdi gid tr] cua thong s6. Cau tra Idi ding duge hidu la cau tra 1di phi hop voi sy chuan bj mdu cia ky thudt vién, Trong s6 ning cau tr Ii diing nay ¢6 mot phan tra loi ding ngdu nhién, nhing cu tra loi ding ma ngudi thir ngdu nhién Iya chon duge. Dé so sanh két qua, ching ta cin phai so sanh két qua tra Idi ding thyc sy, nghia la s6 cu tra Ii ding quan sat duge, trix di sé cau trd lai dang ngdu nhién, théng qua tin sudt céa ching. Tan sudt cia cau tra Idi ding thye sy va cau wa lai dang ngau nhién cé quan hé nhu sau: Ru=Ry- Ren tong 46: Ry : tan sudt cila cdu tra Idi ding thye sy; Rs : thn suat ciia edu tra Idi ding quan sit duge; Ryo : tan swat cla cfu tra bi dang ngdu nhién. Khai nigm agudng duoc hiéu 1a gid trj cia mt kich thich ma tai dé tin sudt dip lai thyc sy véi kich thich d6 la 50%. 2.1.3.4. Cac logi ngwéng cam gide Nguong cam gidc Ja gid tri cutmg 46 hay chénh léch cudng 6 ca kich thich ma tai dé ngudi thir nhgn biét durgc. Khi cudng 49 kich thich ting dan, ngudi ta o6 thé phan chia thanh nhieu logi nguéng cam gidc khéc nhau: © Nguéng phat hign (con goi la nguing cam nhdn) la gid tri cutmg d6 kich thich cn thiét 48 goi lén mét cam gidc, © Nguéng xdc dink (hay ngudng nbn biét) la gid tri cudmg 46 kich thich nhd bt & dé da cé thé xc dinh duge ban chat cia cam gide nhfn duge la gi. * Ngwing phén biét la khoang chéch léch curing 46 kich thich nhd nhit cé thé phét hign duge.32 Chuong 2. Co sé sinh ly hoc than kinh cila danh gia cdm quan © Ngwong cudi la gid tri cumg 46 kich thich ma tir dé cudng 46 cam gide sé khéng ting nfta cho dil c6 tiép tuc ting cubng d6 kich thich. 2.2. CAC GIAC QUAN 2.2.1. Vi va vi gide 2.2.1.4. Dink nghia ‘Vj ld mot cam gide hod hoc duge cim nh§n bei céc trung tim cam nhn vj dic tng. G ngudi nhimg trung tim nay nim trén bé mat luoi, vom migng va yét hau, ching duge'kich thich khi tiép xc véi céc phan tir hay ion héa tan trong dung dich. Cac cam gic vj gide co ban : Vé phuong dién tam sinh ly va sinh ly than kinh, cdc nghién ciru da xac dinh it nhat 6 13 loai trung tam cam thy vj o cdc té bao vj gidc (véi natri, kali, clo, adenosin, inosin, ngot, ding, glutamat, ion hydro...). Vé phuong dién thy té, cdc loai trung tam thy cam trén c6 thé gop vao 4 loai trung tim thy cam cho 4 cam gidc yj gidc co ban la cam giéc ngot, man, chua, ding, Ngudi ta cho ring hang trim cam gidc vj gidc khée nhau ma con ngudi cam nhan duge chi la sy to hgp khac nhau cia 4 cam gide vj gidc co ban nay. * Cam gidc ngot: cé nhiéu chat gay cim gidc, phan lén la cdc chat hitu co nhu dudmg, glycol, alcol, aldehit, xeton, amit, este, axit amin, axit sulfonic va mét vai mudi v6 co. Vj ngot co ban durge dc trung boi dung dich duémg saccaroza néng 49 20g/1, Diéu ly thd la cu tric hoa hoc cia mét chat gay vi ngot chi céin thay doi mét chit (vi dy nhur thém mét géc héa hoc) thi ciing khién cho né gay ra vj ding. ¢ C&m giée man: do cdc mudi phan ly gay ra. Vj mn cia cdc mudi khdc nhau cling khde nhau. Cac ion duong gay cdm gidc min la chinh, cac ion am thi cé vai trd yéu hon. Vj man co ban duge dac trang bo dung dich muéi 4n c6 néng 46 tir 2087. * Cam gidc chua: do axit gay ra, cudng dé cim gide chua ty 1é véi logarit néng d6 ion H*. Nong dé ion nay cing manh thi gay ra cm gide chua cng nhiéu. Vi chua eg ban die trung béi dung dich axit citric néng 46 0,7g/7. * Cam gide ding: do nhiéu chat gay ra va hdu hét cing [A nhiing chat hitu co, trong s6 46 6 ede chat mach dai chira nite: va cdc alcaloid (cafein, strychnin, nicotin, quinin ...). Vj ding dugc dic trmg béi dung dich cafein néng dé 0,7g/. Mot s6 chat lic dau thi gay ra cam gide ngot nhumg sau dé Iai gay raK¥ THUAT PHAN TICH GAM QUAN THU'C PHAM 33 cam gic ding (vi dy nhw saccarin). Khi cim gide ding manh thi lam cho ngudi va dgng vat téng thire in ra ngoai, By cé thé la mye dich quan trong cia cam gidc nay vi nhiéu chdt d§c gay chét e6 trong thye vat ld cdc alcaloid cé vj rit ding. 2.2.1.2. Cdwigo ctia co quan vj gide Cing véi khitu gidc, vj gide gidp ching ta phan biét thie an, logi trir cdo thire an ‘4Gc hai. Hai_gidc-quan nay c6 lién quan nhiéu déni chire nang cim xtc va hanh vi cia hé thin kinh nhdt la 6 d6ng vgt. Nhan cm vj gic cé lién quan dén nhan cam khiru gidc. Vj gidc con lai gidp cho vigc Iva chon thie n theo y thich va theo nhu cdu 46i vGi logi thitc an dic higu ndo dy. 4. Phan bé cdc gai vi gide trén ludi va mat cit doc cla gai hinh dati Hinh 2.2.1a: Phan bd cde ving cdm nhdn vj va cae gai vj gide trén ludi"Cac té bao nhém 3 1a cdc thé bao thy cm va té bio nhém 1 la té bao d6. TE bao nhém 2 khong tao thanh cdc synap nhung lai ¢6 két néi véi cde sgi day than kinh (N) va nhu véy sé cd lien quan dén vigc hinh thanh tin hiéu, T bao nhom 4 duge gié thiét 14 déng vai trd thay thé cdc 18 bao ciia chai vi gidc. M6t 16 bao Schwann (S) bao bgc Hy phan tin cling cia dau day than kinh, an khép V6i cdc té bao nhém 3 théng qua synap. Dudng 44m nét 1 minh hoa cia mang day" , Nguén : Murray, 1973, Hinh 2.2. 1b: Mét edt doc chdi vj gide trén gat vi gidc hinh lai cita thé Ti i a Céc 6 ligu giai phiiu cho thay & ngudi 6 khoang nita trigu trung tim cam nhén vj, ‘4p trung thanh 7000 t6i 8000 t8 hop chat ché goi la chai vi gic, t@p trung chi yéu tren lui, sau 46 la vom hong va cudng hong cia nguii, Trén ludi céc chdi vi gide duge nim trong cfc gai vj gidc. Cé bén Jogi gai vi giéc phin bS trén nhimg phén khu riéng biét trén luo, Gai hinh nim (fungiform papilla) phan bS chi yéu & phan du lui va bj kich thich manh nhdt boi cée chét cho yj ngot va man. Gai hinh 14 (foliate papilla) va gai hinh soi (filiform papilla) phin bé chi yéu ¢ hai thanh bén cia luBi va bj kich thich manhUAT PHAN TICH CAM QUAN THY'C PHAM 35 nihdt boi cde ch&t cho vj chug. Gai hinh dai (circumvallate papilla) 06 kich thude to mhat voi sé Iurgng rt it, tap phia sau lu@i tgo thanh hinh chit V. Nhimg gai niy o6 thé chia t6i 1000 chdi vi giée va bi kich thich manh nhdt béi nhting chAt cé vj ding, Ongudi trréng thanh ¢6 khong 10 000 chdi vj gid, tré con cé it hon. Tir trén 45 tudi thi ede chdi vj gide bj thoai héa mét cdch nhanh chéng khién cho kha nang phan bigt vé vi gide kém di. Nhiing trung tam thy cam vj cé cdu tao rat phifc tap. Chdi vi gide cd dang hinh cu, dung kinh khoang 50 um. Ching duge d§t bao boc trong thé ban day ca biéu mé Indi va cdc té bio biéu md. Mdi chdi vj gidc mé ra v6i biéu m6 thong qua m6t mao quan ¢6 dung kinh khong 2 pm. Trong mdi chdi vi gifde 1a cdc té béo hinh dai (tir 30 t5i 80 t8 bao) va cdc té bao thé diy.Cée t8 bio cam nhan vj duge thay mdi lién tuc tir cac té bao thé day, chu ky tdn tai cua ching lat 7 cho téi 10 ngay. Nhu moi té bao cam gidc, té bao vj giéc c6 hai cue vdi sy chénh léch dién thé qua mang khoang 50 mV, mang dign tich duong 6 bén trong hon so voi bén ngoai, Sr tée dng cila mot chat gay vj lam mé nhiing kénh ion va lam xudt hién cde thé higu nh§n c6 tae dung giam si phan cyc cua té bao. Khoang théi gian gitta sy tac déng cia chit gay vi va sy xuét hign nhiing higu dign thé hogt déng dao dong tir 15-100 ms. 2.2.1.3, Chitc néng hogt dong @) Ma sé lupng Mite 49 hogt dng cita day than kinh d9c lp ting lén khi ting cudng kich thich; tdn tai mét méi tuong quan gin nhu tuyén tinh gida tan s6 cia thé dién hoat dng trén day thin kinh véi curng d6 ca kich thich. Do sd long day thin kinh bj kich thich ting lén khi tang cubng 0 kich thich, nén cu’mg 49 ciia kich thich vj gidc duge bigu din thong qua mat 49 dong truyén qua cic day than kinh vj giée 4) Ma chit long Nhitag nghién citu vé dién sinh ly trén nhimg day than kinh doc lap cia hé than kinh vj gidc chi ra ring: mdi sgi vj gidc 06 thé tiép nhin mot s6 lon cdc chat kich thich cfing nhu nhiéu dang thie khée nhau (2.2.1c). Khéng cb sy nhay cdm dc higu nao véi bén vj eo ban: man, ngot, chua, ding trén nhiing day thn kinh, cdc chdi vj gide hay cdc co quan thy cém héa hoc nhu trrée day ngudi ta van nghi.36 Chuong 2. Co sé sinh ly hoc than kinh ctia danh gia cam quan rg Khéng gian vj la mt khéng gian lién tyc nhieu chiéu va mai day than kinh vi gide ‘ai phan tmg theo mot mite 6 bién doi cia mt sé kich thich héa hoe nhat dinh. "Tat c& cde kfch thich vj gidc d&u tic dng dén mot s6 lugng 1én che ca quan thy cam, diéu nay lién quan dén cic dang phan bé vé cudng dé tich dign trén mét tap hop ede dau day than kinh vj gidc. Day chinh la diém dic trung che ting kich thich va hinh thanh nén si ma héa chat lugng ciia cam gidc vj gide", Mot thi nghiém nghién city vé ma chat lrgng vi cila té bao vi gide dugc chi ra trén hinh 2.2c sau day. Hinh trén chi ra ma chat Ivong cia théng tin vi. Thi nghiém nay duge tién hanh trén mt loai chugt. Trude hét ngwoi ta phan lép dugc 80 dau day than kinh cia nhimg té bio vj gidc cua chuét va thanh fap nén mét ma tran gém nhimng 6 vuéng biéu thj cho 80 dau day than kinh nay. Bén ma tran & Ot thir nhét 1a két qua cia céc kich thich vé vj ngot, sau 46 kich thich vé ¥j min, vi chua va cuéi cing [a vj ding. Ngudi ta nhgn thdy ring: 6 mi mt vj thi c6 mot sé lugng té bao nhat djnh (biéu thi bang nhing 6 den) c6 phan img lai kich thich. Bén ma trén & ct thit hai nguroi ta chuyén cdc 6 mau den doe theo c6t ciia ma tran xuéng phia duéi va durge cdc hinh dang nhu trén hinh 2.2.1¢. Déi véi vj ngot, tat cA cdc té bao bén trai va phia dudi cé phan img, Bdi vei vj mn cdc té bdo phan ing 6 hinh cai chuéng léch vé bén tréi, DSi véi vi chua thi chuéng lech vé bén phai va vj dang thi hau hét t6 bao bén phai va bén duéi cé phai img Trén e6t thir 3 ngudi ta kich thich bing cde dung dich muéi cé néng 46 ting din, Khi néng 46 mudi NaCl 14 0,001M (6 ndng 46 ngung) chi c6 m6t sé rat it day than kinh pian img, va cfing e6 mot sé it ddu day than kinh (biéu thj bing gach chéo) co phan img con yéu, va do dé cha nhan biét duge vj dic trmg. Tuy nhiéa hinh anh eda ma tran nay ¢Ging gin giéng nhw hink anh cia ma tran ndng dO mudi '40,005M. Voi ndng 4} mudi 0,01M va 0,05M hinh anh ma iran khé dae trumg va ngudi ta nhén biét duge vi min. Khi ndng 49 cao hon IM thi khong nhimg cée day than kinh ¢6 phan dng tgo thinh hinh chuéng ma edn ¢6 ca nhiing day thin kinh bén phai ciing phan ing va nhw thé ngudi ta nan duge vj man ln vj chit ding. © c6t thir tr cho thdy kich thich eda nhtmg sin phdm khéc nhau thi lun luén khéc nhau, & day nguéi ta dua ra 4 chit DZ-alamin, Na-sacharin, MSG va AgNO). Kh6 nh§n thy va cling chua cé nhitng gidi thich nao vé viéc xudt hién cia 4 vj co ban trén nhitng ma tran nay (Yamoto Kawamura 1971).KY THUAT PHAN TICH CAM QUAN THU'C PHAM. 37 0,001 M Naci 0,01 M Na-Saccharin Cot 1: Mdi ma tran trong sé 4 ma tran cia cot 1 mé ta phan img ciia 80 day than kink vi gidc déc lap cilia chuét vdi cdc kich thich vj gidc khac nhau. O mau den cho biét day than kinh vj gide nay bj ich thich va mau tring Ia khong bj kich thich, Cac si day than kinh duge sip xép tit tréi qua phai theo mite d6 nhay cam tuong d6i ctia nd véi saccaroza va quinin. Ct 2: Cac ma tran trong cot | duge sip xép lai tir trén xudng duéi theo sy phan chia ro ring cia 6 den va 6 tring Gi myc dich tim ra profil dic trang cho bon vj co ban. Cét 3: Theo c6t 3 tir trén xuéng dui la sy phan b6 cdc 6 den va 6 tring theo sy. tang dan cita ndng 46 mudi NaCl. Trén cing khi ndng 49 mudi & ngudng, profil dc trang ciia mudi chya hinh thanh, Céc 6 gach chéo la nhang 6 ma day than kinh vi pidc tai do chura bi kich thich hoan toan. Ma train duéi cing khi ma néng d@ mudi da tang 1000 lan, ta thay e6 syr chéng chéo gitta profil cia cim gidc ding vdi cam gide man. Ct 4: Cac profil cia cdc kich thich vj giac khde nhau thi hoan toan khéc nhau (MSG: monosodium glutamat); lie nay khdng thé giai thich c4c profil thu ohan dugc trén co sé-4 profil ciia 4 vi co ban Nguon : Yamamoto et Kawamura, 197! trong tai ligu cia Mac LEOD 1986. Hinh 2.2.1¢: Syma héa chdt lirong ciia théng tin vj gide38 Chuong 2. Gor sé sinh ly hoc than kinh eda dénh gid cam quan $e en gi cam quan 2.2.1.4, Cem nhdin vj a) Vé mit ticong Nguong phat hign va xc dinh vj 1d mot dai lugng hét site bién thién ty theo méi cA nhan. Phan bé nguémg phat hign cia mét tép hgp ngudi thir néi chung 1a phan bé binh thutng, tuy vay cing 6 nhiing trudng hop con nhiéu ban cai vé phan bd kép vi nbu truéng hgp véi phenyl-thio-carbamit. Hon nita gid tri nguéng ea 4 nhan nay voi mgt kich thich nao dé khdng thé la co so dé dy don nguong ciia ho déi véi mot kich thich Khe, ngay ca khi cae kich thich vé mat ban chat la rat giéng nhau. 5) Vé mat chdt Tir lau ngudi ta da tin ring tap hyp cac cam gidc vj gidc 1 su t6 hop cia 4 vj co ban (ngot, mn, chua, ding). Quan nigm nay dugc bao liru dua vio bang chimg 1a cdc thi nghiém tién hanh tir 4 kich thich: Saccaroza, NaCl, axit tartric (hay citric) va quinin duéng nhw 1a can thiét va di dé mé ta cho todn bO khéng gian vj gidc.... Negoai ra vj thé 5 theo quan niém phuong tay la vj umami, gay ra mudi glutamat natri, cn theo quan ni¢m phutong déng a vj cay, trong 16 hgp nga vi huong, Su tip nh vj cing rat khac nhau cho tig ca nhdn nhung su phan bé nguéng cia ho trong mot tap hep néi chung theo quy lugt chuan, ¢6 nghia [4 da sé ngudi nhin vj & néng dO irung binh va c6 mat sd it nhan duoe vi @ néng dé rit thdp hay rdt cao. Tuy nhién ngudi ta cling da thay chét thyo-fenyl-carbamide (p.t.c) 6 hai nguéng & néng d6 khdc nhau. Cuéng 46 cam gide thay ddi theo néng dé chat gay vj. Noi chung thi vi co ban thay di kha nhigu trong hén hop cée vj khéc nhau vi di vei mot dung dich mang nhiéu chét gay vi ngudi ta ¢6 thé xe dinh ma tran ba chiéu tyong d4i dé phan bigt cic chat, trong dé nhimg chat gay vi co ban khéng gitt duge mét vj tri dc trung nao. Luu y: Déi véi vi chua thirong xac inh bing PH trong migng nhung voi nhing pH bling nhau thudng cho két qua khée nhau va diéu nay da duge phat hién vao 1984 theo két qua cia Christensen béi vi ngudi ta cling xéc dinh duge ring khi thir ném 6 thé cé nhimng chuyén hoa sinh hoc lam cho vj chua tang lén, 2.2.1.5. Cau intic hia hoe ctia chat tao vj C6 kha nbigu ly thuyét vé sw nhan biét vi, mét trong sé nhing ly thuyét dé Ia ly thuyét v8 su phi hop edu tric gitta khéng gian cia chét ta0 vj so véi cau tricKY THUAT PHAN TICH CAM QUAN THYU'C PHAM 39 khéng gian ca trung tim cam nh4n vj. Khi chat tao vi tiép xtc voi trung tm cam nhan vj, cac dign tir ty do trong nhém chise cia chit tao vj s8 tao thanh mét cau néi vgi voi m@t diém tuong ung trén co quan cim nbfn vj, va nhu véy céc’trung tam cam nhén vj bj kich thich va tao kha nding nhfn biét vj nh néu trong chuong 2. ‘Vi dy vé sy nan biét-vj ngot cia durdng ta c6 thé mé ta theo mé hinh sau: H t Sa ae Phan /\ —— Trung tam i cam nh§n vj “OHe00e BS Hinh 2.2.1d: Twong tae giita cdc nhém hydroxyl lén can trong phan tir dudng voi nhdém déi xing hinh hoc AH-B ciia trung tam céim nhdn vj ‘Caiu tric hoa hoc lap thé ciia cdc chit tao vj ngot da chi ra ring: tuong tac hod hoc ban dau cia ching véi trung tam cdm nhan vj cé thé 1A tuong tac hai thanh phan (AH-B) hod cé thé 1a tuong tac ba thanh phan (AH-B-y). * Tuong téc hai thanh phan quyét dinh “ban chat” ciia turong tac (vj ngot hay kh6ng phai vi ngot) * Tuong tac ba thanh phan lién quan dén cudng d6 cdm nhén AH OH (2 @ os HOH S10, ‘CH,OH OF LOH (1) (HO OH 4) AH ‘OH ® Sal @ Heo 5 (3) Hinh 2.2.1e: Vj tri cia nhém AH-B dgc trung cho vi ngot trong cdc phan tir B-D-fructopyranoza va D-glucopyranoza40 Chuwong 2. Co sé sinh ly hoc than kinh ciia danh gid cam quan ee on Guan tla Ho 7 H : ? 525A e IH 314A HAM | AH 3d Be CHE 4 OH Hinh 2.2. If Mbi lién hé giita eée thamh phdn AH-B va y trén phan nr dung glucoza va fructoza ‘V6i khai nigm “trung tim cdm nhfn tuong tée ba thanh phan”, céc nguyén tic vé tinh 46i ximg c6 thé 4p dung dé tim hidu sau sic hon vé vj ngot. © Thudc tinh mang vj ngot cia cdc hop chat ma dic biét la cla céc c&p phan tr d6i hinh duge gidi thich dya trén co sé ring: cfu tric cia trung tm cam nhfn vj la d0i ximg khéng gian. © Ngoai ra, dé tuong tac duge voi trung tam cam nh§n vj thi “nhém chite” tao vj ¢6 tinh tuong tac ba thinh phan phai ld dng phan lap thé (stereo isomer) bat 441 véi trung tim cam nhén vj. (Axit amin D la mt vi du dién hinh, sau dé c6 thé ké 16i cdc loai dutmg), 2.2.1.6. Tam quan trong ctia cdm giée vi Mic dij chi duge hinh thanh tir t8 hgp cia bén thinh phan vj co bin nhung cam gide vj dong mét vai trd dac biét quan trong trong danh gid cam quan. Cam nhan vi cin gitip cho co thé quyét dinh c6 tigu ding hay khéng nhimng thyc pham khéng phit hop nhw thye phim Gi thiu hay c6 vi la... Hién tugng nay cé thé duge giai thich trén co sé tam ly hoc hay trén co so cc théi quen, phong tue va van héa. Nhur 44 trinh bay vj cé vi tri quan trong trong danh gid cam quan thyc phdm va d&KY THUAT PHAN TICH CAM QUAN THY'G PHAM 41 ~ 6 nhiéu céng trinh nghién ciru vé vi. Cdn trong thye hanh cdm quan, céc cu hdi vé vj duge dat ra kha nhiéu va chinh vi thé trong phuong phdp cho diém chat lugng hé 6 quan trong vé vj duge dénh gid rat cao. 2.2.2. Mii va khiru gide 2.2.2.1, Dinh nghia Cam gidc vé mii la két qua cua sy twong téc giira cde phin tir héa tan trong pha long cia niém dich mii véi nhimg mang tiép nhan trén lng khitu gidc. Mii la mét cdm giéc héa hoc va chire ning ciia khiu giéc chi yéu la dé phan tich céc hgp chét mang mai, Béi tng cua qué trinh phin tich nay ngoai cdc hgp chat bay hoi tir thye phim cén la tit cd céie phn tir bay hoi ¢¢ mét trong khéng khi 2.2.2.2. Kich thich kiuta gide Hau hét céc hgp chat v6 co hay hitu co cé trong lugng tir 30 - 300 déu 1a nhéng chat mang mdi va kha nang g4y mii 6 thé bj thay déi béi nhiing chdt mang vat ly (cle dung méi) khéc nhau. : Néng d6 ciia mot chat kich thich ¢6 trong khéng khi di vao mii 14 théng sé quyét dinh cia kich thich khiru gic, Gia tr) 4p suat hoi bio héa cia mét chat tuong quan vai néng 46 Ién nhdt cia chat 46 cd mit trong pha khi, gid tri nay trudc tién phy thuge vao mhiét 46. Néu khdi lugng phan tir cia mét cht cang cao thi 4p sudt hoi bdo hda cia né cang thap, diéu nay gidi thich tai sao hiém cé nhimg phan ti mang mili c6 khoi lvgng vurgt qua 300 dvc. Ngoai ra thi kha ning mang mii cia m6t chat cén phy thugc vao tinh chat cla chat mang vat ly: dung mdi héa tan, tinh chat cia khi mang ... Suc truyén din tai mang nhay klutu gide ‘Néu con ngudi hit thé binh thudng thi lu lugng dong khi vao khoan; 2 100 mis voi van t6c dong la 1 m/s. Céc théng s6 nay anh hwong dang ké toi sé Iugng cdc phan tir bay hoi tiép xée véi mang nhay khiru gide trén mot don vi thdi gian, dng nghia véi vigc anh huong trye tiép t6i viée cam nh§n khiru gide. Chinh vi vay khi hit tho su (Iuu lugng dong khi dat t6i | Vs, van tbe dong: 10 m/s) lam cho-cam gidc khiru giac ting manh. Khong chi lam tang van t5c dong khi, vie hit thé su cdn déng vai 1rd dinh hudng dong khi trong 15 mii huéng téi vach tran ciia khoang mii, ting luu lugng dong khi Jén hon 100 lan, Néu hit thé thudng gidp ta c6 kha nang phat hign42 Churong 2. Co's@ sinh ly hoc than kinh cia danh gid cam quan SS Eee gle com quan mii thi hit thé sdu gidp ta phan bigt duge ban chét cha mai. 2.2.2.3, Mang nhay Khinu gide Mang nhay khiru gidc 14 mét ving biét héa cia ming nhay hé mai. ngudi mang nhay khiru gide ¢6 dign tich tir 2 161 3 cm’. Né duge phan biét véi-mang nhay ho hap trvéc tién boi mau vang - nau dic trung, sau dé la dén sy cé mat cila cdc tién mao chuyén dng hén dn va céc hach tiét nuée nhay dic bigt (hach Bowman), Mang nhay khiru gidc 14 m6t biéu md thin kinh gid phan tng véi su o6 mat cia 3 logi té bao: té bao thy cam, té bao dé va té bao thé day. Té chire mang nhay thir cdp 14 tap hgp cde sgi axon cia céc co quan thy cém than kinh, tir 46 hinh thanh nén day thn kinh khiru gidc. Té bao d& thyc chit 1a té bao bigu mé, ching trai dai trén bé mat cia biéu mé cho t6i tin ban thé day. Céc té bio d& duge phn bd trén mot mang ludi da canh (da gidc — polygonal) xung quanh céc co quan thy cam than kinh va phan lap cdc co quan nay véi nhau. Cc té bao thé day thi phin bé gitta cdc dau mat thé day cia cde té bao 40, ching la diém khdi dau cia qué trinh tdi tao cdc co quan thy cam than kinh va cde té bao 43. : Hinh 2.2.2a: Cdu tao cita mii 2.2.2.4. Co quan thu céim khuiu gidc ‘Céc co quan thy cam thin kinh khiru giéc nhu da trinh bay bao gdm cha yéu 3 loai té bao véi m@t 6 Jén t6i 30 000 trén 1 mm?, Diy [a cc noron than kinh luéng eye, cfu tric té bao ciia chiing la hai dogn kéo dai sau (hinh 2.2,2b);Hinh 2.2.26: Cau tao ciia co quan thy cam miti ¢ Doan kéo dai nhanh ngogi-vi: day 14 dau mit phong lén hay con goi la tai khiu gidc, né mora mot nhém khoang 10 léng mao khifu gide di d6ng véi chiéu dai tt 5 t6i 80 micro mét nim hoan toan trong nude nhay. © Doan kéo dai trung tam axon, khéng mielin héa (duéng kinh khoang 0,2 micro mét), nim sau trong mang nhay thir edp, két hop vai cdc soi axon dé tao thanh cdc chim day than kinh khiru gide. Ca ché tac ding ctia cde phdn tir mang miti: Cie long mao khifu gidc tao thanh mt mang Iuéi hoan chinh cho viée dén nhan cde phan tir mang mii khi ching héa tan trong dung dich nhay: voi s6 lugng déng dao, céc léng mao Khiu gide lam ting dang ké bé mat tiép nhén cia mang nhay khiu gidc. Ngoai ra ching con dao déng theo mét chu trinh khéng déng bé nén ‘dng ting manh kha nding tiép cn duge véi cdc phan tir mang mii,44, Chuang 2. Co sé sinh ly hoc than kinh cia danh gid cdm quan ee Giai doan dau tién cita qué trinh truyén din tin higu khiru gidc la qué trinh hap thy cde phan ti mui lén trén be mat cua long mao khitu gic. Mang bao boc léng mao Kthiru gidc duge hinh thanth tir 2 kip cu thanh béi cde phan ti lipit o6 dinh hyéng, trong dé ¢6 cac phan tc protein xen ké voi vai trd dam nhigm qua trinh trao déi chat va van chuyén ion. Ciing trong lop mang nay cén 6 cdc hat cé ban chat protein, duimg kinh tir 6 t6i 10 nm, chinh tai dy 1a noi dién ra qué trinh tiép xtc v6i cée phan tir mang mui. MGi té bio nhan ¢é khodng 40 000 trung tam cim nhan trén mang ¢6 kha nang thiét lap cdc lién két thuan nghich va it dac higu véi mét sé lon ede phan ti mui khdc nhau, Mdi trung tim cém nhfn lai c6 m6t khu vye nhn biét mat sé dang ket hop dic bigt cia mét phan tit mang mili ma @ 46 hinh thinh nén céc lién két hydro va cdc tuong tic ky nude. Sé Iugng cac diém két hgp giita céc phan tit mang mii va trung tm cam nhjn di lon dé tuong img véi sy da dang va phong phi cia cdc phan tir mang mii. Tinh dic higu yéu cia cdc trung tam eam nhén khau giéc khong phai lA mot yéu diém ma trai Iai né tang euong sy hoat dong higu qua ca ching. Trén thye t8 véi bt tr mét phan tir mang mii nao ciing cé thé chée chan ring né ¢é kha nang kich thich mt sé lugng kin (¢6 thé lén t6i 50%) cf day thin kinh thy cém va do vay né- sé truyén duge mot tin higu cim gic higu qua. 2.2.25. Chite nang a) Ma héa sé legng Khi cé m@t kich thich khiu gide trong thoi gian ngin, mot sé noron thin kinh thy cam dép lai bing céch ting tan sudt phdng dign. Khi kich thich kéo dai sé din t6i hign tung v6 hoat gay ra do qua trinh gidm phan cue lién tue. Néu khong xem xét tdi tin sé phéng dign ciia cdc noron thar kinh thy cém ma xem xét toi tong thé cac lung xung than kinh thi sy dap lai kich thich chi dat t6i wu & mt cudng do kich thich nhat dinh khi cuémg d6 kich thich nay khéng qua manh hoc khéng qué yéu. 5) Md héa chat lugng Qué trinh ma héa nay duge thye hign trén day thin kinh khiu giée. Khéng c6 céc noron than kinh thy cém khiu giée d§c higu cho mot kich thich mii ndo mic di ‘ching déu ¢6 mét phd nhay cém nat dink véi mot tip hop mii.KY THUAT PHAN TICH CAM QUAN THUC PHAM 45 a aE tld eee Dé nhfin biét duge ban chat (chét lugng) ciia kich thich, mang nhay khitu gidc bién 46i thong tin vé chét sang dang thdng tin phan khu. Kich thich khitu giée lim hoat héa mt s6 Ién cc noron than kinh, cdc noron nay phan bd khéng ddng déu trén bé mgt cia mang nhay khitu gide. C6 thé trong tuong két qua cla qué trinh nay | mét hinh anh twong img voi sy phan bé ciia céc noron than kinh bj kich hogt va khong bj kich hogt. Mite d@ kich hoat cila cdc noron than kinh duge thé hign qua cuéng 4 mau cua hinh anh nay . Véi sy t6 hop nhu vay cia hang trigu day thin kinh, ching ta s® nhan duge mét so Iugng Ién cdc hinh anh khdc nhau, hay ndi cdc khae la cdc cam giée mii khdc nhau. Hinh 2.2.2b: Ma héa chdt lugng thong tin kutu gide Méi "chdm' trén hinh biéu dién m6t soi day than kinh phan lp trong hé than kinh khitu gidc ma ngwdi ta di do duge tin suat tye phat. Dign tich cia timg "cham" ti 1é voi tin suat nay. Dudi tac d¢ng cia mot hgp chit héa hge, tn sudt ty phat cia méi dau day than kinh o6 thé wing lén (thé hién trén hinh la chm den c6 vién bao, dién tich bé mat ca vong tron ti Ig véi tin sudt ty phat cue dai cia day than kinh trong qua trinh chju téc dng eiia kich thich), khéng 461 ho%c gidm (xulit hién chém trang 6 gitta). Trén hinh la vi dy cita pyridin va acetat izoamyl. Hai chat nay cho hai hinh anh kich thich rit khéc nhau, 2.2.2.6. Qué trinh cam nhén misi a) Vé més lirgng Newong tuyét di: Nguémg phat hién tuyét d6i voi mii & ngudi vio khoang 10’ t6i46 Chuong 2. Co s@ sinh ly hoc than kinh cia danh gid cam quan. EE EE Eee 10" phan tir mii/ml khéng khi, day ld mt dai ndng 46 rét rong. Gid tri trung binh ciia dai nay tuong img voi mot sé hyp chit dirge dua trong bang 3.2. Bang 2.2.2; Nguimg nhdn biét tuyét adi ctia mét sd chdt Chét mii Ngwong xc dink 2,2.10"° phan tir /ml khéng khi Acid n-butyric 2,4.10° phan tir /ml khéng khi 4,0.10° phn ti/ml khéng khi 8.8.10” phan tit/ml khong khi Butyl mercaptan. 10” phéin tit/ml khéng khi Vanilin 5,0.10° phan ti/m! khong khi Alcol metylic 1,0.10"° phan tir /ml khong khi Béi v6i nhiing hgp chit c6 tinh chét kich thich khiru gidc manh thi chi cdn mét vai trigu phan tir [a c6 thé gly ra duge cdm giée khitu gidc. Trong tru’mg hgp nay, méi trung tm cam nhén than kinh duéng nhu déu cé kha ndng phat hién sy cé mat cla mot phén tir mai. Tat nhién diéu ndy chi cé thé c6 khi ta tht tap trung, diéu nay lam ting dang ké ti s6 gita tin higu/nhiéu day. C6 sy khdc bigt Idn vé mite 4 nhay cém voi mii gitta céc co thé. Phin bé nguong trong mot tép hop cdc cA thé theo két qua ciia nhimg nghién ciru trong nginh nhan tre hoc thuéng théy 1a phén bé thu’mg (phan bé chudn). Dé trai ciia phan bé rat rOng, 44 cb nhing phn bS ma hé s6 cia mie 46 chénh léch gitta hai phia lén téi 1000 ma trong d6 chi c6 95 gid tri nguéng. Phan bé ngutmg cuia isobutyraldehit 1a phan bd kép, c6 nghia la c6 2 cye dai. 6) Vé mgt chdt MOt trong nhiing van 42 cét yéu va cfing rit khé kh’in cia khiru gidc 1a sy phan biét ban chit cia mii. Tréi lai véi sy tn tai ctia rit nhidu mii khée nhau ma con ngudi 6 thé cam nhgn duge, e% 10 000, la kha nang "kém cdi" trong vig mé ta duge ching.KY THUAT PHAN TICH CAM QUAN THUG PHAM 47 ee Sau nhiéu c6 ging cia céc nhé khoa hoc nhim phan loai mai hay quy ching va ot sé it mii “co's” hay "eo ban", ho 44 dan nhjn ra ring tfp hop mai cdu thanh mt khong gian da chiéu lién tuc ma trong 46 mi mii chi la mét diém trong khong gian réng lin dy. ; Cho téi bay gid ngudi ta vin chua xéc dinh duge khéng gian mii lién tyc nay cb bao nhigu chiéu. Cae bude tién trong nganh vat ly tam ly cho phép hodc xéc dinh thang sy khéc bigt cé thé nhén thdy due (vi dy nhu cdc Idi trong sin phdm), hodc m6 t4 nhimg cam nhan ¢6 duge bing phuong phip xAy dung profil cam quan, Day . la m6t céng vige khd khan song cling day hira hen dé cé thé xdc dinh duge bao nhiéu thuat ngir cé thé di dé mé ta m6t edch chinh xée va tron ven cdm gidc nhfin dugc, xéc dinh chinh xde duge tén goi ciia céc thust ngit va cudi cing la dinh lugng duge ching, 2.2.3. Anh sang va thj gide 2.2.3.1. Dinh nghia ‘Cam gidc vé anh sang mau sic nhfn bidt duge la do the dong cita chim tia sing lén mit. Dé la dong photon voi ban chét s6ng va het, trayén di voi van tc 3.10° m/s, ‘Ning lugng gay ra béi mét hat photon dure tinh theo céng thir: E=hf=hcA, J trong 46: h : hing s6, 6,62.10™ J/s; ¢: van téc anh sing, 3.10° m/s; f: tan sé séng (Hz); 2: chiéu dai budc séng (nm). Nhu vay, thj gide cho phép xc dinh cam gic v2 mau séc (va hinh dang) 1a the d6ng cia kich thich vét ly (digu nay khdc véi cdm gic mii-vj Ia cdm gide héa hoc). Mit nguoi nhin thay anh sing c6 bude séng tir 380 dén 740 mm. Ngoai gidi han 46 mat khéng nhin thay duge, 46 la ving tia cye tim véi nang long cao (A <380 nm) va viing héng ngoai véi nding lugng thdp (A > 740 nm). Qua trinh cam nh§n Anh sng duge bit dau khi m6t Iugng tir anh sng duoc hép thy béi cdc set quang 6 trong t8 bao cém gific cia ving mac, cé hai logi té bao nhu thé nay: té bao hinh nén va hinh que. Con ngudi cém nh§n thé giGi xung quanh phan Ion bing thj gidc, chinh vi ly do nay ma chuyén nganh sinh ly hoe vé thi wide déng m6t vai trd quan trong trong sinh ly hgc vé cde giéc quan.48 ‘Chuong 2. Co sé sinh ly hoc than ki a ila dénh gid cdm quan | Thdnkinh Lopts Lap TB Lép 1s bao hj gide baa hgchivong eye inh que va 18 bao. inh nén Hinh 2.2.3: Cau tao ciia méit Mau cia sin phim 1a sy bite xa anh sing chiéu vao né: Mit ngudi rét nhay cé thé phan biét nhing chim tia cé bude séng khac nhau rét it. Hinh 2.2.3 trinh bay cdu tao cia mit va sy truyén dnh sing trong mat. Mit cé chu tgo co ban gdm cé ba Iép mang, ngoai cing ld mang cimg goi la cing mec, giifa la mang mach va trong cing la véng mac. Vong mac chita cac 18 bao cam nhén, chi yéu Ia cdc 18 bao hinh que va hinh nén. “Lé trinh” cia anh séng truyén trong mit nhu sau: énh sing truéc tién di qua mot oat céc thé Iuéng chét hinh cu tao thanh nhing méi truvig trong sudt lién tuo, du tién la lop simg, mang lién két, thiy dich, dung dich muéi, xuyén qua ddng ti,KY THUAT PHAN TICH CAM QUAN THUG PHAM 49 thiy tinh thé, thdu kinh 13i, hop chat gelatin. Toan bd tép hop nay tao thanh mét thau kinh héi ty khoang 60 didp. Co ché hoat dng ciia may anh cing tuong ty nhu nit, déng tr co gin dé digu chinh lugng anh sang vao mat, diéu tiét sy hdi ty cia thily tinh thé tay theo khoang céch cia 44i tugng dang quan sat, tao hinh anh cia nd trén vong mac... Cé rét nhidu ly thuyét vé sy nhgn biét mau cling gidng nhur mii va vi, sy truyén din théng tin anh sing eiing theo nguyén ly van chuyén cdc ion K* va N*. Dieu dic bigt a mit nhan durge mau khéng chi'phy thudc vao thanh phan phé cla chim tia sing ‘ma cdn phy thuéc vao ngudn géc va mdi trudng truyén qua cia chim tia séng dy. Diéu dy néi lén tinh wu vigt cha mat so voi céc thiét bj do bude séng. Vi vay can Git san phdm vao mot méi trudng ddng nhét khi nghién cttu (san phdm dat trén nén tring). Thj gid khdng chi x4c djnh mau sic ma con xac dinh ca hinh dang cia vat chat, nhing hinh dang nay duge chita trén nfo va.cé thé nhé dugo. Trong thyc phim, cc chét mau chia thanh hai nhém: 1a nhém mau ty nhién gm clorofil, carotenoit, flavoit,... va nhom mau do gia céng ky thugt nhu 1a mau cia cdc phan tng melanoidin, caramen, mau do bé sung tir bén ngoai. 2.2.3.2. Cam nhdn thj gide Trung tim quéc té vé chiéu sng CIE (Centre International de I’Eclairage) dura ra hé théng 3 bién sé (triavariance) vé sy biéu dién mau siic dya trén vige do dac thyc nghigm nhing sy cin bang chromatique. Hé théng nay dya vio vige Iyra chon mét mat phding qua 3 diém biéu dién 3 49 dai bude séng cia cdc mau 6, Ive va lam. ‘M&i mét mau sé duge bigu dién thong qua trong tim ciia 3 diém nay. 2.2.3.3. Tam quan trong cita thj gidc trong ddnh gid cém quan cdc san pham thee phan Sau day 1a ba dic tinh cua thj gidc khién cho né trév nén age biét: * Thi gide 1a gidée quan duge sit dung dén iu tién khi ngudi thir tiép xiie voi sin phim Thi gide tham gia vao hau hét cdc hoat d6ng s6ng cia con ngudi Thi gidc dua ra ngay nhiing so sénh vé cdc 441 tugng khi ching duge dua ra cing lic vai sd Iugng khéng qua Ion Chin vi nhiing digu nay ma eéch thie biéu dién miu trong dnh gid cdm quan can50 Chuong 2. Co'sé sinh ly hoc than kinh cha danh gia cam quan due dic bigt chi y. Thudng thi ngudi ta hay lam bién adi cdc thong tin thi gidc khi n6 anh huémg 4én két qua cia qué trinh dénh gid bing cdch sir dung 4én mau 46 lam nhigu thdng tin vé mau cia sin phdm, ding cdc dung cy dung san phim t6i ‘mau hode thim chi la bjt mat nguéi thir. 2.2.4. Am thanh va thinh gide 2.2.4.1, Khai nigm Nhing kich thich am thanh la ngudn séng ap suat truyén thing trong mdi trudng dan hoi va ddng nhdt (nhu khong khi va nude). Con ngudi cé thé tiép nhan am & tan s6 tir 20 - 20000 Hz. Ngoai gidi han dé néu tan sé f < 20 Hz goi li ha am va £> 20000 Hz goi Ia song am cao, siéu am, Séng im duge tiép nhgn trén mang nhi ¢6 dign tich khong 55 mm?, ning long nhé nhat mang nh nhn duge vao khoang 5.10” W, tring hep véi bién 4} dao dong cia mang nhi la Inm. Trong khéng khi & nhiét 46 va ap suat thudmg, téc db truyén dm 1a 332 m/s, Céc song am nay tée dong lén tai ngudéi va duge dic inmg béi tan sé va bién 49. 2.2.4.2. Cais tao cite tai vas sue truyén dan dm thanh Tai lam nhigm vy chuyén d8i dao d6ng cia séng Am thanh dao Ong cila dich long cla tai trong. Dich léng nay cé ti trong gAp 1000 lan khéng khi, cau thanh tit cdc dong chat long ding tich bao boc trong hép so. Tai cd cdu tao gim ba phan: tai Ngoai, tai giita, tai trong. Tai trong véi chitc nang trén cdn 6 céc té bao J6ng thy cam trong &c tai cé tée dung chuyén héa s6ng 4p Iyc thanh nang luong dién. * Tai, ngoai: gdm vanh tai va éng din dé huéng 4m thanh va dé tim hiéu hudng 4m thanh dén. Cac bé phan nay con dam nhén viéc phéng dai céc tin higu dén, * Tai gitta: 14 éng hinh try ¢6 duémg kinh 1 em, dai 4 - 5 cm dam bao cho sy hoat dng co hoc cila sy truyén 4m thanh véi higu sudt cao, trong dé cé mét xuong bia ndi voi mang nhT va xuong de néi v6i cita sé hinh ovan qua xuong ban dap. * Tai trong: "bc tai" A phn co ban nhan va truyén théng tin song am lén no. N6 Ta m@t 6ng mang cugn hinh éc. Kich thich 4m thanh truyén tir cia sé di vao diy va di ra cia sé tron. O ngubi mang nb 1a m6t doan dai 34 mm, b8 dy ela day tir 0,1 mm dén 0,5 mm 6 dinh va duémg kinh déy 2 mm, dinh 1 mm. ChinhKY THUAT PHAN TICH CAM QUAN THU'C PHAM 51 cu tao nay kéo theo sy rung dng co hoc gidi thich cho sy hogt dong khac nhau cua mang theo dao déng cia séng Am. Viée truyén 4m thanh trong khong khi vao tai cdn cé sy truyén qua xuong hép so dé truyén try tiép vio dc tai. Chinh sy truyén nay lam con ngudi cé thé nghe thay tiéng nhai cia mot vat gidn khi mé migng khéc v6i khi khéng mé migng va ciing chinh nhd con dung nay ngudi ta nghe duge gigng néi cia minh, giong nay khdc véi giong ghi qua may ghi am. Cla $6 oval Hinh 2.2.4: Cdu to ciia tai 2.2.4.3. Qué trinh cm nhén dm thanh Sy bé tri va kich thich cla hé day than kinh dui mang day chinh x4c va voi méi mét sq déy thin kinh chi cé thé nhiin duge mot s6 tin sO song Am ma n6 bi. kich thich cyc dai ggi Ia tan s6 dic tung. Vé cudng 46: Cutng dé kich thich duge ma hod béi tong sO higu dign thé hoat dng tinh theo giay. Khi nhgn biét 4m thanh, cé hai logi thanh don. va thanh kép. thanh don 1a két qua cia mét sé am thanh cé tin sé cé dinh, truémg hop nay rat hiém g§p, chi yéu la cia nhimg may tong hgp am thanh, con thanh kép la da so am —52 Chuong 2. Co’ sé sinh ly hoc than kinh cla danh gid cam quan ee ee Ll thanh nghe durge trong doi séng, ching 14 hén hop ciia 4c am thanh cé tn sé khac shau. Cam gidc am thanh it Auge dig trong phan tich cém quan so véi cdc kich thich khdc. Chinh vi thé ma né it duge nghién cétu, Trong tiéu chudn ISO cé dinh nghia 6 gidn “IA sin phim cimg khi vo cho tiéng dn". Vi dy nhur thir ché, keo Lac, s6céla, banh phérig tom..: thi sy bé gly cia sin phim ciing duge dic trung bai mét tirla "gidn”. 2.2.5. Da va xiic gide 2.2.5.1. Khai nigm Xie gide ld giéc quan cam nhgn duge nhiing kich thich co hgc va nhiét, * Corhge: Sy tiép xtc vai da lam thay 4éi hinh dang eda phan cé tiép xtc vio vat dé cho ta biét v2 va cham, nén, din. Tir 46 cho biét d6-cimg, mém, gidn cia sin phim. ) © Nhiét: Cho biét sy thay 441 nhigt ting (néng) hay giam (Ianh) déi voi da, Ta sé khéng quan tim dén cm gidc dau budt va cim gide trong ndi tang, 46 la nhing van dé khong lin quan dén danh gié cém quan thyc phim. 2.2.5.2. Tiép nhgn cdm gidc trén da Niém mac IA co quan xd gide duge cdu tao nhur hinh 2.2.5, & ngoai cing la lép bidu bi, sau d6 dén I6p mé co va céc phin mé md. Té bao than kinh xiic gidc bao gdm: © Dau day than kinh ty do e Thé Mayxne ¢ Thé paxini © Dau tn cing cia cdc day than kinh Khi cé m6t vit tiép xiic v6i da, cée té bao ndy bj co hoc nén cho ta biét hinh dang ciiu tric cia vét thé. Day cling ld mét nhfin biét quan trong, déng vai trd Ibm trong danh gid cdm quan thie phim. Nhing tic é6ng cia san phim lén bé mat da nhét la da tay khi ta sé mé cho biét 4 cimg, mém va kich thuée, hinh ding hinh hoc ca sin phim. Nhung da s6 sin phim duge danh gid bang migng, @ trong migng cicKY THUAT PHAN TICH CAM QUAN THU PHAM 53 ses eRe h Ll ccd ee PR tinh chat edu tric cde dich dung, dich qua, cdc vat cimg nhut ko Igc duge danh gid bang cach nhai hay tring chat lén bé mat ludi. Su dénh gid cdu trie sin phdm qua migng durge giai thich boi hai ngudn thong tin sau: * ngudn cdm gidc trén bé mat da cia ludi va phan co xung quanh vom miéng cho biét hinh dang, kich thude va tinh chét bé mat ca sin phdm; © thirnifa 1a do sy nhai. Khi nhai ta nh§n duge cae thong tin la do cc hoat d6ng ciia ring. Thye té, ring gin voi him bing nhimg day ching, qua 46 cé nhiing 0 quan thy cam véi s6.lugng khong 2000 déi voi mot chan ring, Cac eo quan nay cho biét cuémg 49 va huéng cilia lye nén lén rang trong khi nhai. 4 Sipps Tan cuing thn kinh ty do RG Mm ea Déu tan cing / oda day than kinh Hinh 2.2.5: Mét edt ciia da 2.3.cAc Yeu TO ANH HUONG DEN PHEP DO CAM QUAN 23.1. Cac yéu td liém quan dén sinh ly ngwoi thir 23.1.1. Tudi tic Thanh nién c6 thé cé nhiéu chdi vj gide hon, nhung nhimg ngudi cé6 tudi cd kha nang tap trung tét hon khi danh gid, cOng thém vio 46 [a sy “trai nghiém” cua ho54 Chvong 2. Co sé sinh ly hoc than kinh cia danh gid cam quan Oe OS SE SH day din hon ngudi tré tudi. Cac nguéng vé mui va. vi tang lén ciing voi tudi tic, Khitu gidc thi cé kha nang “hoat dong” lau dai hon vi gidc. Tuy vay higu img tudi tae nay durge c6 thé 8 ding duos bi dip néu nguai thir 06 ché dé luyén Ep ci gide thich hep cling nhur néu ho cé long dam mé déi véi chuyén nganh thir ném nay. T6m lai, tudi tac trong phan tich ya dénh gi cam quan khong phai la mét van 8 qué quan trong: 2.3.1.2. Giéi tinh Dan 6 ong va phy nit déu 6 kha nang danh gid cim quan nhu sau, tuy nhign trong thyc té phy no thuéng nhay cam hon, ajc biét la déi véi céc chit mii, Theo Tssanchou (1989), sy nhay cam cita phy nit thay déi theo chu ky sinh ly va trong khi mang thai do cdc hoocmén gidi tinh 6 anh hudng dén viéc cam nhan mai va vi. 2.3.1.3. Site khoé Bay 1a mot tiéu chi rat quan trong. Nhiing ngudi ding qué nhiéu thude khong thé tham gia vio mt hi dong cim quan duge nhiéu loai thuée tic d6ng dén trung tim thin kink, va do 46 anh huéng ti vige nn thie cdm quan. Thanh vign cia hdi dong phai 14 nhitng ngudi khong bj dj img vi thye phim cing nhu khéng bj mi mau. Diéu kign sitc khée rang migng cing phai tot: rang lanh va khéng ding rang gia. hing ngudi bj s6 mdi hay bj 6m c6 thé dua ra nhing két ludn khéng chinh xac trong danh gid cdm quan, 2.3.1.4. Syrthich nghi Khi ngiri hoge ném mét san phim nhiéu lan thi lan sau ta cho cam gide mui va vj sin phdm cudng 49 yéu hon lin ddu (cing ndng 46). Dé li két qua cia sy thich nghi cia céc co. quan cam gific, Didu nay thay rit rs trong cc cam gidc mili hon yj, C6 hai loai thich nghi: © Ty thich nghi: chat tre ché sy cdm gidc cing ban chat v6i chit kich thich. © Thich nghi chéo: chat tre ché kh6ng cing ban chit vai chit kich thich. Trong nhén biét mii khi ngudi ta ngii lién tue mét sin pham mii nado dé cudng do cam gidc nhn dugc tuan theo mgt ham s6 mii: (Ekman, 1968) S=a+be'THUAT PHAN TICH CAM QUAN THU'C PHAM 55 a ee rong 46: S: cudmg 46 cim gide sau khi thich nghi dat cye dai; -atb la cuéng 46 ban dau; t: — thdi gian thich nghi; c: hang sé thich nghi. Noi chung céc tham sé nay phy thuge vo ban chat cia chit kich thich. O day ching ta khong nhan thy c6 gid trj néng 49 do sy hit thé nhiéu lan lam tang néng 6 tiép xuc & mii. 20, a Néng d6 chét kich thich 0 10) 20 30, 10 20 sec 30 Hinh 2.3.1: Dién bién ngudng cam nhan mudi NaCl theo thai gian thich nghi véi 3 nuke dé shich nghi Trong cam nhén vi, sy thich nghi dugc xac djnh theo céng thir cia Mar Bumey (1978): _ S=ki'e™ trong dé: S: eudng 46 cain gide; I: cuong d6 kich thich; t thoi gian kich thich, s; T: hang 6 thoi gian dé cam gidc dat % gid tri ban dau; n: sO mii phy thuge cudng dé cam gidc, ndng 49 va cuémg d6 chat kich thich.56 : Chwong 2. Go sd sinh ly hoc than kinh cia danh gia cam quan Sau giai dogn thich nghi 06 giai doan phy hdi. Néu 4é phyc hdi dit thé gian (trang migng bang nudc, tho hit khong khi sgch,...) thi co quan cm gidc phyc hdi lai nh ban diu. 2.3.1.5. Suemét moi Sw mét méi vé cam gidc a do co thé khong nhfn duge cam gide hay JA co quan cam giéc da lam vige & mOt ndng 46 kich thich qué cao hoc da lam viéc qué léu véi mét chit kich thich né. Sy mét méi lau phyc hdi hon so véi thich nghi. 2.3.2. Cac yéu t6 lién quan dén tam If ngwai thir 2.3.2.1, Long nhiée tinh Long nhigt tinh dc bigt quan trong nhdt 1a trong qua trinh tham gia hudn luyén. Ngwbi thir néu nhigt tinh sé hiéu duge tim quan trong cia phép thi, sé lam vige nghiém tic va cho két qua tot. Day la mét trong nhimg yéu 16 dau vao quan trong cho moi giai dogn thanh lép mt hdi dong cdm quan, tir khi tuyén dyng, Iya chon rOi dén hudn luyén. 2.3.2.2. Thdi d6 adi véi san phdm Théi 46 ca ngudi thir thé hign qua sy sin sing va tinh nguyén thir ném moi loai san pham. Néu ngudi thir co thé kh6ng thich sin phdm nhung ho phai lam viée mot céch khéch quan. 2.3.2.3. Sue chan nan ‘Ném mot san phém Kkhéng wa thich: dau, mo hay Ia cde chat qua cay, gay ra sy khé chju va chan nan, Dieu nay gay anh huong én dén két qua phan tich cha yéu vé mit tam ly, cho nén thdi gian thir va s6 mdu thir khng nén qué nhiéu. 23.3. Cac yéu t6 khac 2.3.3.1. Sw tuong tée giita cdc kich thich La sy ting hoc giam cuéng d6 hay thay d4i cam gide cla mot chat kich thich khi dua nd vao mét hon hgp. Vi dy nhw khi bd sung mudi vao san pham 6 vj chua thi ta c6 cam gide vj chua bj gidm, hodc khi bd sung mOt Iugng mudi nhd v4o dung djch ngot thi curng 46 vj ngot ting len._ KY THUAT PHAN TICH CAM QUAN THUC PHAM 57 23.3.2. Hién tuong hod hop gitta cdc kich thich Day 18 hién tugng rit durgc quan tim, nhdt la vé vj. Trong mét hdn hgp cde chat giy vi, chi c6 mot s6 nhém chifc cé thé hoa hop véi nhau dé gay mot vi dé chiu mc di cung d6 6 thé cao. Vi dy nhu ngot voi chua hay ngot voi mn. Vj ding fdu nhu kh6ng hoa hep vdi cdc vj khac, vi vay trong mét sin phdm ngot ma cd ding thi rat khé chju. Digu nay c&n chi ¥ khi dua ra mot sin phim méi ngoai "curing 4 vj con phai dé ¥ dén sy hoa hgp ede vi, 25.3.3, Vi ctia mabe ‘Noi chung vj cia nude pha ché dung dich cam quan duge coi nhur khong c6 (ké ca mii), nhung nude c6 thé c6 cac vj khdéc nhau khi ching ta chju kich thich cia cac logi vj khac nhau. Vi dy sau khi ta di ném duéng & ndng d6 cao (bj thich nghi vé ngot) va nghi mét théi gian, sic miéng bing nudc ta thay nude cé vj ngot, nude cO yj chua sau khi ta thir axit, vj dang sau khi thir cafein ... Do 46 sau thai gian thir ném, néu ding nude (trang migng ) dé lim chat thanh vj thi can phai tién hanh nhiéu lin va cé théi gian nghi 6 gitta cong voi an banh my. 2.5.34. Thude [a Vige ngudi lam thi nghiém cé hit thuée hay khéng khéng quan trong lim vi ngudi la d3 thong ké duge ring trong ca nhém ngudi c6 sir dung va khéng sit dung thuéc la déu 6 kha nang nhu nhau trong danh gia cam quan, Khi ngudi hit thudc ngimg hit, ho tr 6 thé tré nén nhay cém hon véi mii va vj cia thyc phim. Do vay khéng nat thiét phai yéu cau mot ngudi ngimg sir dung thudc 14 ngay trong qué trinh huan luyén va Iya chon, béi vi néu nhu vay c6 thé lam gidm sy nhiét tinh tham gia cia hg. Chi cn yéu cdu ngudi thir khong hut thude truée budi thi nghiém khoang 2 gid. 2.3.3.5. Sue dhing gid Dieu nay cing rat can thiét ¢é m§t budi thi nghiém dién ra tét dep. Moi ngudi thir ¢6 mat ding gid, thir cing mot thei diém sé cdn dam bao duge tinh déng nhat gitta cée mau sin phim danh gid. Nhimg ngudi dén mu6n sé lim anh huéng dén ké hogch thi nghiém.58 Chuong 2. Co sé sinh ly hoc than kinh cia danh gia cam quan ee ee 2.3.3.6. Kha nang dién dat Diy ciing [4 mot trong nhiing pham chat quan trong. Mét ngudi thir ¢6 kha nang tot trong vigc dién dat nhimg cam nh§n cia minh théng qua ngén ngi thi sé dem lai duge nhiéu thong tin, két qua phn tich s€ cé chat lrgng cao. Vay khé khan nhét cia ngudi lam cam quan 1a vigc thinh lap mét nhém hay héi déng trong diéu kign nhimg cé nhan c6 sir sai khéc nhau qua lén vé kha nang cam gidc hay yéu cau vé thj hiéu.KY THUAT PHAN TICH CAM QUAN THUG PHAM 59 a Chuong PHEP THU CAM QUAN KHALNIEM VE PHEP THU CAM QUAN Phép thir cam quan la phuong cach chuan bj, sip xép c4c mu thir va t8 chitc cho ngudi thir danh gid, so sinh, mé ta cde mau thir d6 théng qua cdc gidc quan theo quy dinh va mye dich cua ngudi diéu hanh thi nghiém. Co sé ciia vige xéy dymg phép thir cdm quan la dya trén kha ning nhén biét cam gidc va phan biét cdc cudng a cam gidc ciia céc gic quan biéu thj qua nguong cam giéc. Kha ning nay rat khac nhau gitta nhitng ngudi thir nén thanh vién tham gia cn dugc huéng dn hoac hudn luyén, Hon nita do sy phan tén ciia sé liéu phan tich hoc danh gid cém quan ma cdc s6 ligu thu duge cdn qua cdc xi ly théng ké va sir dung cae chudn thong ké phi hop nhw 7’, F, taser, 4é kiém dinh eéc.so sanh 46. Gido trinh nay str dung cdc kiém dinh théng ké toan hoc théng thuréng da hoc dé img dung cu thé vao xir ly cae 36 ligu phan tich cam quan, nhung cing cé thé 4p dung trong xt ly cdc 6 ligu do dac vat ly ho&c phan tich héa hoc khéc. Dimg trvde mot van dé ky thudt, cong nghé.c6 lién quan téi cht lugng cdm quan cia sin pham, ngudi diéu hanh va 1 chic thi nghiém phai biét Iya chon phép thir pho hop. Vidy cdc yéu t6 cong nghé 46 anh hudng dén cdc tinh chét cam quan nhwr mii, vj ma ngudi lam thi nghiém mudn so sanh céc mau voi nhau, ngudi ta cé thé yéu cau ngudi thir tra 1di vé cdc tinh chdt cém quan 46. Nhu vay céc phép thir cam quan cé thé duge thyc hin khi ta da biét phai danh gid tinh chat gi, ta goi IA phép thir cm quan khi tinh chat cam quan da duge chi ra truéc. Hoe’e6 thé so sinh sin pham mét each tong thé ma khong dé cp t6i mét tinh chat cam quan ndo, ngudi ta goi la phép thir cdm quan khi tinh chat cm quan khéng durge chi ra. Hode ngudi thir duge moi nh gid mic 4§ ua thich di véi sin phdm ta goi la phép thir thj hiéu, Vi vay cae phép thir durgc chia thanh 3 nhém :60 Chuong 3. Phép thir cam quan ee ee * —Nhém phép thir cam quan khi cc tinh chat cam quan urge chi ra truréc, * Nhém phép thit cm quan khi cdc tinh chat cém quan khéng duge chi ra trréc. © Nhom phép thir thj hiéu. Cui cing dé danh gid chét Iugng cita sin phim, ching t6i gidi thigu tiéu chudn Vigt Nam TCVN 3215-79, day la tiu chudn hign dang dugc 4p dung trong viée kiém dinh chat long cdc san phdm thye phim & nudc ta, Dé doc gia tign theo dai va dé ap dung theo didu kign thye té cy thé ciia ting co sé sn xuit, trong chuong nay 44i voi mdi phép thir chiing thdi trinh bay theo thir ty nhu sau : + GiGi thigu vé phép thir: Trong dé 6 dinh nghia, cdu tao cua phép thir va pham vi img dung. * Phuong phdp tién hanh ; Trong d6 cé vig lap phiéu chudn bj thi nghiém dé théng nhat céch chudn bj mau, phuong thirc gidi thigu cho ngudi thir va tiép theo la m6t vi dy vé phicu cdu hdi thudng ding. Phiéu nay ¢6 ghi ro yéu cau d6i voi nguoi thir trong phép thir dang dé cp va cing dong thoi la noi dé ngudi thir ghi lai ket qua cia ho. * Cach xr ly két qua : Néu ra cée chudn théng ké can sir dyng. Dé vige xtr ly két qua trén mt b6 s6 ligu duge cy thé héa, trong muc nay ching tdi dua ra mot vi dy 4p dung véi mét bang sé ligu gi dé huéng dn cach tinh todn, © Cudi cing la vidu vé mét ban bao cdo két qua thi nghiém phan tich cdm quan. 3. |. NHOM PHEP THU KH! TINH CHAT CAM QUAN CUA SAN PHAM BUC CHI RA TRUGC Nhom phép thir nay ding dé phan biét hai hay nhiéu sin phim dya vao mét hay nhidu tinh chat cém quan cia san phim durge chi ra trude. Sy phan bigt nay co thé Ja phép so sdnh “hon”, “nhat” don gian, dua trén thang diém mé ta uée Ié hay dya trén thang diém sd. Chinh vi vay ngudi ta cling 06 thé xép cdc phép thir nay vio nhém dinh tinh hay dinh lugng. Cac phép thir thudng ding la: © Phép thir so sénh cap © Phép thir cho diémKY THUAT PHAN TICH CAM QUAN THUC PHAM 61 _————————————aa ii _ — _ © Phép thir so hang * Phép thi mé ta Sau day chiing ta sé lan lurgt di tim hiéu timg phép thir. 3.1.1 Phép thir so sanh cip 3.1.1.1. Gigi thigu vé phép thir La phép thir gdm hai mau chudn bj tit hai san phdm khdc nhau mudn.so sénh. Neudi thir duge mdi tra 181 ligu c6 sy khac nhau gitta hai miu A va B d6i voi mot tinh chat cam quan ndo 46 khéng ? Néu cé, miu nao ... (ngot, chua, thom...) hon ? Hinh 3.1.1a: Minh hoa phép thit so sinh cap Nguti ta cfing cé thé sir dung phép thir nay déi v6i ngudi tiéu ding bing cach dat ra cdu hdi : Gitta 2 mau nay, ban thich mau nao hon ? Phép thir nay thudng duge sit dung khi mun xéc dinh xem ligu nhing thay ddi trong qué trinh san xuat (vi dy nhw thay doi vé nguyén ligu ding trong san xudt, ché bién) ¢6 anh huong dén tinh chét cam quan cla sn. phim hay khéng, cy thé la ligu ngudi thir eé nhan ra sy kha biét gitta céc sin phim vé mOt tinh chat cém quan nao dé hay khéng ? Phép thi so sanh cp e6 thé duge sir dung dé so sinh hai hay nhiéu san pham bang céch so sinh ting 461 mét. Phép thir so sinh c&p phn bigt con duge sir dung khi da biét trude ring gitta céc sin phim cé sy khde bigt vé m6t tinh chat cdm quan cy thé nao 46 song sy khéc biét nay rit ho, khong dé nhgn ra. Nhu vay tng két Igi 6 hai tinh hudng cé thé dp dng phép thir nay: Thir nbdt la trong kiém soat qua trinh san xudt, vi dy khi muén giam lugng dudng sit dung cho san phdm nhumg nha san xudt lai khong muén ngudi tiéu ding nh4n ra duge digu 46. Thir hai trong céng tic Iya chon va hudn luyén hi dang danh gi cdm quan, cy thé la xée dinh ngudng cam nbgn cia ngubi thi 46i v6i mgt kich thich cam quan nhét djnh.62 Chuong 3. Phép thir cam quan ee ‘Trong qué trinh lam thi nghiém, ngudi thir sé nhéin duge cdc c&p mau, ho phai chi ra trong méi cap mdu nay mau nao la mau c6 ciréng 46 tinh chdt cam quan dang can tim hiéu manh hon (vi dy nhu ngot hon). Trong tring hop ngudi thir khéng nhin ra mau nao hon, ho vn phai dwa ra edu ta Idi bing céch Iya chon ngdu nhién mé6t trong hai mau. Phuong phap xir ly thong ké két qua cla phép thar nay phai tinh én trong hgp vira néu, nghia la véi mdi ngudi thir xd4c sudt ho dua ra mOt edu tra lai dang mét cach ngdu nhién la 50%. 3.1.1.2. Phuong php tién han ‘Chuan bj phiéu chudn bj thi nghiém (hinh 3.1.1b), trén 46 c6 ghi day di théng tin vé cdc miu thi nghiém, vé tinh chat cam quan cdn so sanh, vé viée bé tri ké hoach thi nghigm (cdc ma s6 ding cho mdi san phim, sé lugng ngudi thir, s6 lan lap, trét ty trinh bay mau ...). Phong thi nghi¢m Phiin tich cam quan PHIEU CHUAN BJ THI NGHIEM Phép thir so sinh cp Tinh chat : BO ngot Negay ther : 14/07/2005 Sécdla A Massé sit dung : 341, 526 va 792 Sécéla B Mas6 sirdung: 732, 114 va 197 a nhgn dug lei ding | xét 341, 732; 526,114 | | : 114, 526; 792, 197 Hinh 3.1.16: Vi du vé phiéu chudn bj thi nghiém ciia phép thir so sinh dip Miu sin phim dua ra cho ngudi thir phai duge chudn bj theo nhimg quy dinh cu thé 4p dung cho mdi sin phim nhuw vé dung cu dyng mau, diéu kién nhiét 46, anh sing, vat phim ding 4é thanh yj ... Chuan bi mau thir: Céch giéi thigu mau thir rét quan trong, né phi duge chudn bj va gidi thigu sao cho gidm t6i da céc anh huéng bén ngoai lén két qua dénh gid,__KYTHUAT PHAN TICH CAM QUAN THYC PHAM, 63 SSS phan tich ciia thanh vién vi véy cn tun theo mét sé quy tic sau day: | * Khéng cho thanh vién biét trasc méu thir cho dén khi da vao phong phan tich cdm quan va nhan duge phiéu céu héi, nhu vay két qua tré Idi s& tin c€y hon. * Ma héa mau thir: mdi mu can gin mét ma sd, théng thubng c6 3 ky ty (3 sé ho§c 2 s6 va | chit cai). Newdi ta ding bang $6 ngau nhién (Phy lye 1) 48 chon m cho cdc miu, * Cac miu phai déng nhat vé dung cy dung, khdi lugng, nhiét 44. Nhiét d6 cd anh hyéng Ién t6i phép thir phan biét vi néu hai mu khdc nhau vé nhigt 4 thi cae thanh vién sé bj nhi¢t 49 cia my lam anh hung t6i edu tra Idi chit khong phai ban chat cia mau. * Cha y cuéi cing la vé trat ty tinh bay miu: Hai miu A va B phai durge gidi thigu bang nhau vé vj tri trong cdc tng s6 lin thit, nghia la sé lan A duge thit truéc phai bing sé lin B duge thir truée, Phong Thi nghigm Phan tich cam quan PHIEU TRA LOI Phép thir so sinh c5p Hovatén: Le A Ngay thir: 14/07/2005 ‘Ban nh§n dugc 2 mu sécdla cé ky higu 341 va 732. Ban hay ném tir ‘rai qua phai va cho biét mu nao ngot hou ? (Cha y sir dung nude va banh my thanh vj sau mdi ln thir. Trd 1H: TOi nhan thdy mau 341 la mdu ngot hon va sy khdc biét gitta 2 miu nay la: Hinh 3.1..c: Vidy vé phiéu ré loi caia phép thit so sinh clip Trong méi lan this, ngudi tht sé nhgn durge timg cap san phdm va m6t phiéu tra loi (hinh 3.1.1¢). N6i dung cia phiéu nay 1a huémg din ngudi thir tién hanh thir ném theo ding quy dinh cita ngudi diéu hanh thi nghi¢m. Ngudi thit sé ghi lai cau tra Idi ea ho véo phiéu nay. Yéu cdu di v6i phidu tra Idi phai day 4a, 16 ¥ va ngin gon.64 Chuong 3. Phép thir cam quan —_—W——_ Krum | ‘Trénh nhing cdu huéng din rudm ra lam ngudi thir bj nham Jan trong qua trinh thi ném din dén nhing sai sét khong dang c6. 3.1.1.3, Xie by két qua Ghi lai cau tra Idi ciia ngudi thir vao phiéu chudn bj. Tinh ting sé lan méi sin pham A hodc B duge Iya chon: Tinh téng sé lin céc cap mau duge dua ra (bing 6 lugng ngudi thit nhin v6i sé lugng lip). Két qui cia phép thir duge xir ly theo chuan théng ké 7? (Khi binh phuong), mot phia hay hai phia. Vi du: M6t co sé sin xudt mudn so sinh 2 mau s6céla A va B xem d6 ngot ciia ching cé khdc nhau khéng? Nguoi ta da tién hanh chudn bj mu, phiéu cau héi nhu trén vA giGi thigu cho 10 ngudi thi, méi nguéi lam 2 ln (2 lan lap). Két qua thu durge sau khi thi nghigm la 20 cau tra lai trong d6 c6 8 cau néi A ngot hon B va 12 cau ndi B ngot hon A. Ligu ching ta cé thé két Iugin mau B ngot hon mau A hay khdng ? 6 lan mau duge danh gid 1a Céch 1; Dya vao chudn 7? (Phy luc 3). Néu gid trj 77 tinh duge lén hon hoje bing gid tri 7 (Khi binh phuong tiéu chudn) & mOt mirc ¥ nghia « ndo dé thi 2 mau duge coi lé khéc nhau & mite ¥ nghia dé (77 >77,.). Céng thite tinh: 2. y@-TY See trong 46: Q: gid tri quan sat duge trong bang trén (Q = 8; 12; 8; 12); T: gia tj ly thuyét tinh duge véi gid thiét la 2 sin phdm khéng khéc nhau (6 day T= 10). ete (8-10)? | (2-10)? | (12-10)? | (-10) eter) gaat be AD/g oe oS aas ast ReAIOT ud haga Tra Phy Iyc 3 ta duge (trong phép so sénh 2 miu trén day sé bac ty do bing 1) re = 3,81 6 mirc ¥ nghiaa=5% Lre = 6,646 mirc ¥ nghia a= 1%KY THUAT PHAN TICH CAM QUAN THU'C PHAM 65 ee He = 10,83 & mite ¥ nghiaa=0,1% Sie 1} tinh todn duge khéng ln x’, 6 cd 3 mite ¥ nghia nén c6 thé két lugn duge ring hai sin phim nay kh6ng khde nhau vé d6 ngot. Cich 2: Dya vao bang x7, ngudsi ta lp cdc bang tra sin “sé lurgng t6i thiéu” cau tra Ibi cho m6t sin phdm trén ting s6 cfc cau tra loi dé két lufn duge riing 2 sin phim ‘khds hau vé tink chit 4*.G diy xdy ra 2 trang thai so sénh, néu sy khéc nhau vé 4 ngot cla A va B cha wrét, (A c6 thé ngot hon hay kém ngot hon B) ta goi la so ‘sinh 2 phia, Néu su khée nhau vé d6 ngot cia A va B la biét trude (vi dy A ngot ‘hon B) ma ta muén xdc dinh sy khdc nhau nay cé ¥ nghia khong, ta goi la so sénh mot phia. Phy luc 2 cho ta “sé luong tdi thidu n cdu tra 107” trong ting sé m céu tra loi dé sy khdc nhau 1a c6 nghia.& cde mic ¥ nghia o. bing 5, 1,0,1%. Trong vi dy trén, tra déng 20 cau tra Idi ta thy cdn it nhdt 15 cau (cét so sénh 2 phia) ndi B ngot hon A dé B duge coi la ngot hon A & mire y nghia a = 5%. Thyc téchi nbn duge 12 cdu tra lai nhu vay nén khéng thé két Iudin durge B ngot hon A. 41.1.4, Bdo cdo két quer Hinh 3.1.1d la minh hoa vé béo céo thi nghiém cia phép thir nay. Phong Thi nghi¢m Phan tich cam quan BAO CAO THI NGHIEM Phép thir so sinh c§p Mue dich: So sinh 4% ngot cia 2 miu sécéla A va B sit dung phép thir so sanh c&p, ‘MO ta thl aghigm: Hi dng cim quan gdm 10 ngudi thir da qua hudn luyén y6i 2 lan 8p. Mau thir dugc chudn bj va thir ném trong didu kién nhigt 46 phong (20°C). Trong thf nghigm da sir dung chudn thong ké hai phia dé tink toan két qua i Két qua: Két qua tinh ton d& chi ra ring khong 06 sy khée nhau vé 46. ngot git 2 sin phim, Phy lye: Phiéu chudn bj thi nghiém Phiéu tra loi. Hinh 3.1.1d: Vidy vé bdo cdo thi nghiém cita phép thit so sdnh cap3.1.2, Phép thir cho diém 3.1.2.1, Gidi thigu vé phép thir Trong thye té nhidu khi ngudi ta muén so sdnh nhigu mu véi nhau v8 nhigu tin chat cam quan & cdc mirc 46 khéc nhau. Phép thir cho diém thutng ding dé xé dink xem mie 4§ khdc nhau vé mét tinh chdt cém quan ndo 6 gitta hai hay nhidy san phdm 14 bao nhiéu. Hinh 3.1.2a: Minh hoa vé phép thie cho diém Trong phép thi: nay ngudi thir sé nhan duge déng théi tat ca sin pham can danh gid. Nhing ngudi nay thyéng 1A nhing chuyén gia cam quan, 44 c6 thoi gian dai hudin luygn va lam vige trong linh vye nay. Sau khi ném thir, ngudi thir s8 danh gid curmg d6 cia tinh chit cm quan cia méi sin phim thdng qua mgt diém sé re Gng v6i mot thugt ng m6 1 ewong 46 cia tinh chét dy 44 duge quy dinh sin, Thang diém thuémg ding trong phép thir nay 1a thang 6 diém. Thang diém ol thugt ngit mé ta cudmg 46 la do nguéyi didu hanh thi nghigm Iya chon, tuy nhién cdn_ tranh nhiing thugt ngir khéng r6 nghia. | 3.1.2.2. Phuong phdp tién hanh Ciing nh nhiing phép thir trade dé dam bao cho chat luong cia phép thir nguéi ta lép phiéu chun bj thf nghiém. Trén phiéu cting gdm céc noi dung nhur trét ty trinh | bay mdu cho mdi ngudi thir vA cho méi Ian Kip, cdc b6 ma s6 ngdu nhién ding cho cdc mau, bang ghi I9i két qua cho diém cia ngudi thi... Phiéu tra 10i cita phép thir cho diém duge trinh bay trong hinh 3.1.2b. ‘Trén phiéu tré 1di cia phép thir nay ngoai phan gidi thigu cia n6i dung phép thet thi | dn ghi ini thang diém sir dung v6i nhiing thugt ng mé t8 cdp 4 cia tinh chit cdn | so sinh. ge gid cd thé tham khéo hinh 3.1.2c vé céch chun bj phiéu tra Idi cho | phép thir cho diém.KY THUAT PHAN TICH CAM QUAN THU'C PHAM 67 ere ee ee Phong thi nghigm Ph4n tich cim quan PHIEU CHUAN Bj THI NGHIEM Phép thit cho diém San phim : Bia _ Neay th: 14/07/2005 Tinh chdt: Vj ding Hinh 3.1.2b: Vi dit vé phiéu chudn bj cita phép thi cho diém Phong Thf aghigm Phin tich cdm quan PHIEU TRA LOI Phép thir cho diém Ho vatén: Lé A Ngay thir: 14/07/2005 Deca Ge ta he Ep le 2 162 172, Bay ob ih le, curtmg 49 vi dang cia mdi mdu theo thang diém sau Khngding = =:0 Ding 23 Ding ritnhe =: 1 Diag eek sf ‘Ding nhe 12 i y ding oe ahaa. Gee thi. Tra loi: Miu 375 |_—«832 | Bil sso |e CaO Nhén xét: ... Hinh 3.1.2c.Vidu vé phiéu tra Idi cia phép thit cho diém(Chuong 3. Phép thir cam qui 3.1.2.3, Xie by két qua Vi du: Musi hai ngudi thir 44 tham gid anh gid vj ding cia ba san phdm bia cung cdp ba nha san xudt khdc mhau theo phuong phap cho diém (thang diém 6). Két qui danh gia dugc tap hgp trong bang sau: ae Mau Neti tht e Téng 1 | 3 1 z 6 | 2 3 Zz 2 7 3 Zz iz 2 6 4 3 iz 2 7 5 3 2 2 7 6 2 3 2 7 . 7 4 2 3 9 8 2 2 Zz 6 9 z 0 1 3 10 3 1 1 5 u 3 Z 2 Z 12 3 1 2 6 Ton 33 20 23 76 Trung binh 2,75 1,67 1,92 Trong trong hop cé 3 mau tré én ngwdi ta thu’ng ding phuong ph&p phan tich phuong sai ANOVA (Analysis of Variance), Phuong phap gidip tinh duge chudn F 48 kiém dinh xem ligu ba mau c6 khéc nhau khéng? Néu c6 ta s€ ding chudn tiép | aude 48 xée dinh mdu ndo khéc mAu nao. Mét cdu héi nita dt ra la céc thanh vién | cho diém cé khde nhau hay khéng? Néu cé ai cho diém cao hon ai? Chuén F la tuong quan gitta phuong sai tinh riéng cho timg yéu 6 (mau hay ngudi thi) so véi phuong sai sai sd cia thye nghigm. Néu gid trj F tinh duge Ién hon hodc bang gié trj F,, ¢ mét mirc ¥ nghia nao dé thi sy khde nhau vé yéu t6 dé duge coi la c6 nghia & mitc ¥ nghia dd, CAC BUGC PHAN TICH PHUONG SAI Trude khi thy hign phén tich phuong sai mt bang phdn tich sé ligu, cdn thyc hignKY THUAT PHAN TICH CAM QUAN THY'C PHAM 69 ——$—S mgt s6 tinh toan trude 48 xdc dinh hé sd hiéu chinh (HC), tong cfc binh phuong (TBP), sé bée ty do (Btd), binh phuong trung binh (BPTB) va turong quan phuong: | sai (hay gid tri F) |. Tinh hé sé higu chinh: Hé sé hiéu chinh = (t6ng)*/s6 cau tra Idi HC =76736= 160,44 2. Tinh tng binh phuong: Tong binh phuong cia miu = (Téng binh phuong ting diém cia mai miu/ (ong $6 cu tra Idi cho tig mau) - HC TBPm = (33? + 207+ 23/12 -HC = 168,17 ~ 160,44 = 7,33 Téng binh phuong ngudi thir = (téng binh phuong ting diém cho béi m3i ngudi thid/s6 cau tra loi cia timg ngudi thir) — HC TBPy =(6+7+6'+...+6)/3 —HC = 168,00 160,44 = 7,56 Tong binh phuong toan phin = Téng binh phuong cla timg diém — HC TBP, =(3?+3?+2?+3?+...+24)-HC = 182 — 160,44 = 21,56 Téng binh phuong dur = TBP), - TBP, - TBP TBP, =21,56—7,33 — 7,56 = 6,27 3. Tinh sé béc ty do: bic tyr do ciia dai lugng nao bing ting dai lugng 46 trir di 1 Bic ty do cia mau = Sé lugng mau — 1 Bid, =3-1=2 Béc ty do ngudi thir = 86 lugng ngudi thir— 1 Bidy = 12-1=11 Bfc ty do tng = Tong sé cau tra loi 1 Bid, = 3*12-1=35 Bac ty do ciia sai s6 = Bic ty do tng — (Béc ty do cia ngudi thir + Bac ty do cia mu) Bid, =35-(2+11)=22 4. Tinh binh phuong trung binh: Binh phuong trung binh (BPTB) d6i véi mot bién nao dé (Mau hay Ngudi thir) la thuong sé cia téng binh phuong chia cho s6 bée ty do tong img.Churong 3. Phép thir cam BPTB, = 7,73/2 =3,87 BPTB,, = 7,56/11 = 0,69 _BPTB,, = 6,27/22 = 0,29 $. Tinh tuong quan phuong sai: Tuong quan phuong sai cla mu (Fq) 1a binh phuong trung binh cua cae mau ci cho binh phuong trung binh ciia sai so: Fa = 3,87/0,29 = 13,34 | Tuong quan phyong sai cia ngudi thir (Fy) 1a binh phuong trung binh cua ngui thit chia cho binh phuong trung binh cuia sai sé: Fy = 0,69/0,29 = 2,38 Cée tinh toain trén duge tap hop lai trong bang phan tich phuong sai: BANG PHAN TICH PHUONG SAI So sdnh gitta cde mau: Gia tri F 46i voi cdc mau la 13,34. Gif tr] Fr tra tir Phy Iye 6 la 3,44 tuong img v c6t n; = 2 (86 béc ty do cia mau) va hang m = 22 (86 béc ty do cia sai s6). Nhé thay F > Fy. nén 06 thé két Iudn duge riing cdc miu khéc nhau c6 nghia, O mite | nghia 1%, biéu thi bang hai dau * 6 gid tr] F, ‘Chuan F chi cho phép ching ta két lun céc mau cé khac nhau hay khéng, Mud biét mu ndo khéc mu ndo cn tinh tiép “gid tr] khdc nhau nho nhét” (KNCN) t cde sO ligu trén & mite ¥ nghia nao 46, Néu sy khéc nhau cua hai gid tr] trung bin! cia hai mau bat ky Ién hon hoge bling KNCNthi 2 mau 46 khdc nhau & mire ¥ nghi da Iya chon, KNCN =t* /BP7B,, /n Trong dé: tp =3,56 BPTB,, = 0,29 n =12 > KNCN = 3,44 * /0,29/12 =0,55KYTHUAT PHAN TICH CAM QUAN THUC PHAM 1 eS Tacé bang sé diém trung binh cia cdc mau sp xép theo chiéu giam dan nhu sau: A c B 2,75 1,92 1,67 So sinh cac gia trj trung binh cia céc miu xem ligu mite 46 khdc nhau bing hay ln hon 0,55. A-B=2,75 - 1,67 = 1,08 > 0,55 > A khac B A-C =2,75 — 1,92 = 0,83 > 0,55 > A khdc C C-B#=1,92-1,97= 0,22 <0,55-> C khong khac B Ta cd thé biéu dign két qua bang cach sir dyng 1 chit cdi ghi trén sé mai cua cae gid - (ij rung binh dé chi ra sur khac nhau cia céc gia tr dé. Nhing gia trj rung binh khong co enue mOt chit cai biéu thj mét sy khdc nhau cé nghia Két qua cudi cing duge biéu dién: A c B 2,75 1,92 167° Nhu vay mau A ding hon mau C va B, hai mau C va B khong cé sy khéc nhau. So sinh gitta hing ngudi thir: Gia trj F d6i voi ngudi thir trong bang két qua phan tich phuong sai I 2,38 Ion hon gid tr] F,, tra tir Phy tye 6 la 2,23 tong tmg véi cot m = 11 (s6 bac tyr do cia mau) va hang nz = 22 (s6 bac ty do cia sai s6). Cé thé két lun duge ring gita nhimg ngudi thir ¢6 sy khac nhau vé céch cho diém 6 mite ¥ nghia a la 5%, biéu thi bing mot dau * 6 gid uj F. Tién hanh tinh KNCN di véi cdc ngudi thir nhu déi voi cac mau ta sé biét duge thanh vién nao khéc thanh vién nao KNCN =t * /BPTB, /n Trong dé: t?, = 5,20 BPTB,, = 0,29 n a) => _ KNCN =5,20* /0,2973 = 1,62 Ta cé bang s6 diém trung binh cua ngudi thir sip xép theo chiéu giam dan nhu sau: S87] 82 [ s4 [ $5 | $6] SIl| Si] 83 A 3,0 | 2,33 | 2,33 [2,33 [2,33 [2,33 | 2,0/ 2,0] 2,0] 2,0 | 1,67] Nguisi ta so sanh cdc gid trj trung binh nay véi nhau xem mic 46 sai léch bing hay Ion hon 1,62:Chung 3. Phép thir cam at S7-S9 =3,00— 1,00 =2,00> 1,62 $7 -$10=3,00— 1,67 = 1,33 < 1,62 $7 - S12 = 3,00— 2,00 = 1,00 < 1,62 §2-S9 =2,33—1,00= 1,33 < 1,62 $4 - S10 = 2,33 — 1,67 = 0,66 < 1,62 Két qua cudi cing nhu sau: S7 S4 SS S6 Sil 3,00° 23 2,330. |p 2.33%. 233%. 2330 eas $3 $8 $12 $10 $9 {200% | 2,00° | 200° | 200° [ 1.67% 1,0° Nguoi thir thir 7 cho diém cao hon hin so véi ngwdi thir thir 9. Cach cho diém cia ngudi thir thir 7 phi hgp vai cach cho diém trung binh cua ca nhém: pho mat A duge cho diém cao nhat va pho mat B nhan duc diém sé thép nhét. Ngudi thir tht 9 tuy cho diém thép nhat song cach cho diém cia ngudi thir nay cing phi hgp voi ca nhém. Khéng cé sy khde nhau gitta ngudi thir thir 3 va thir 8, ho cho diém2 mau A va B nhu nhau. 3.1.2.4, Bo edo Bao cdo cia phép thir cho diém mé ta trong vi dy trén duge minh hoa qua hint 3.1.24. Phong Thi nghifm Phan tich cim quan BAO CAO THI NGHIEM Phép thir cho diém Myc dich: So snh vj ding cia 3 mau bia A, B, C duge san xudt boi 3 co sé sin xudt khac nhau sir dung phép tht cho diém, Mé ta tht nghigm: H6i déng cam quan gém 12 newbi thir da qua hudn luyén. Mi nguéi nhan duge 250 ml bia dung trong eéc thay tinh trong, Méu bia duge liru tit trong tu lanh truée khi thir va dim bao nhiét d6 Ide thir ném ld 12°C, nhiét 4 phong dénh gid ld 20°C. Trong thi nghiém da sit dung phuong php Phan tich phuong sai va Tukey dé xir ly 6 Két qué: Két qua phan tich 64 chi ra c6 sy khéc nhau vé vj ding miu bia A voi miu B va C 6 mic y nghta 5% va miu Ala mau dang nhdt. Hai mau B va C khéng khde nhau. Phy tye: Phiéu chudn bj thi nghiém Phiéu tra di Ket qua phan tich phong sai Hinh 3.1.2d: Vi du vé ban bdo cdo ctia phép thir cho diémKY THUAT PHAN TICH CAM QUAN THU PHAM B a TD 3.1.3. Phép thir so hang. 5.1.3.1. Gidi thiéu vé phép thir La phép thir tién hanh trén mét loat mau (hinh 3.1.2a), Ngudi thir duge mdi sip xép hing mu nay theo cudng 46 hay mite 49 ca m6t tinh chat cém quan nao dé. vé phép thiz so hang Cha ¥ ring phép thir so hang chi mang lai thong tin vé thir tu so sdnh cudng 46 sitta cde mu (dya trén tinh chét dura ra) ma khong chi ra mite d khéc nhau gida hai sin pham dimg sét nhau. 4.1.3.2. Phuong phdp tién hen Trude hét phai lp phiéu chudn bj thi nghiém trén d6 chi 13 frat ty trink bay mau cho timg ngudi thir (hinh 3.1.36). Can thiét phai thay di trét ty nay gitra ngudi thir Phong thi nghi¢m Phan tich cim quan PHIEU CHUAN BI THI NGHIEM Phép thir so hang ‘San phdm : Pho mat ‘Ngay thir : 14/07/2005 Tinh chét : Mai uu huynh Massé cho cdc lin I 3 K&t qua so han, Nauti | sinh bay Ma sé ] =] se tae 372, 527, 337, 245 | 337 | 527] 245 527, 337, 245, 372 Hinh 3.1.3b. Vi du vé phiéu chudn bj thi nghiém ciia phépChuong 3. Phép thir cam voi nhau cing nhu la gida nhing lan lap. Trét tw nay cé thé duge Iya chon m cach ngiu nhién hogc dc gia cé thé tham khdo thém cdch bé tri thi nghiém hinh vudng Latin. Ngudi thir nhan duoc déng thai tat cd cde mau d& durgc ma héa, ném theo thet sin va ghi lai két qua vio phiéu tra lai (hinh 3.1 3c). Phong Thi nghigm Phan tich cim quan PHIEU TRA LOI Phép thir so hang Ho vatén: Lé A Negay thi; 14/07/2005 Ban nhin durgc 4 mdu pho mat dung trong 4 Ip thily tinh c6 ky: higu 372, 527, 337 va 245. Ban hay ngiti va sip xép ching theo cudmg dé mii lu huynh mi ban cdm nhan duge tir cao t6i thap. Mau ¢6 mii Iiru huynh nang nhat xép yao vj tri | va mu it mai nay nhdt xép vao vi tri thr 4. ‘Cha y ngiti nuée tring sau méi Hin thi. Tra loi: Viti 1 Mau co ma sé 337 Nhéin xét = «0.0... Hinh 3.1.3c.Vi du vé phiéu 51.3.3. Xie ly ket qua | Vi dy: | Gia str c6 8 ngwdi thir tham gia vao phép thir so hang mii luu huynh cia 4 miu pho mat, ket qua danh gid duge tip hap trong bang sav: . Nguoi thir a tra Idi ctia phép thitso hangTHUAT PHAN TICH CAM QUAN THUG PHAM s6 img voi mBi miu la vj tri ma ngudi thir da sip Agt cho ching. Bude tip o li tinh tng theo hang (theo ngudi thir) va tng theo cSt (theo mAu sin phim), 66 ting c6t nhé ld mu duge danb gid 146 nhiéu mai uw huynh hon, Nhumg Tita cde mu cd thyc sy khde nhau? Cé hai cdch 48 tra Idi cho cu hoi nay: -Géch I: Dya vao khoding céch cia tng bé nbdt (11) so véi ting lén nhdt (30), Néu _ hai gid tr] ndy cng céch xa nhau, sy sai khdc cing o6 nghia. Phy Ipc 8 cho ta céc ‘ga tr t6i han & mite ¥ nghia a = 5%. Theo bang nay clin cir vdo sé lrgng mu so sinh va s6 thanh vién ta tim duge hai cp $6, trong vi dy nay ld 13 - 27 va 15 - 25. - Cip wén bidu thi gidi han du6i va trén cia sy khéc nhau cé nghia cia toan bo mau, Néa mét hay nhiéu téng c6t nhé hon gid trj bén tréi hose lon. hon gi tr bén phai thl sy khéc nhau gitta cdc mu 1a ¢6 nghia. Cap 36 phia dudi bidu thj gidi han dudi vi trén cia sy khéc nhau cé nghia gida timg cp miu. Néu hai mau cé téng oft - nd ngoai gici han nay thi khéc nhau od ¥ nghia. ‘rong vi dy trén ta 66 ting cia C bing 11, nbd hie. pig hen duéi la.13 va'téng cua ‘bling 30 kon hom gi6i han én 1427, nén co thé két Iudin cdc mau 6 vj ding khac nhau cé nghia. Trong bén mu, thi cé hai miu C va A 06 tng nim ngoai gidi han 15 - 25 (hang duéi) nén hai mu nay kde nhao'cé nghia. Cach 2: Phuong php phan tich phuong sai bang thir ty so hang clia cc mau cing cho phép ta xc dinh su khéc nhau gidta céc mau bang chudn F nhu 4a néu trong, phan 3.1.2.3. Tuy nhign thirty theo hing phai duge chuyén thanh diém tuong img theo phuong phap cia Fisher va Yates (1942) dua ra & Phy lyc 9. Véi 4 mau trong thi nghiém, ching duge gan cc diém s8 nhu sau: © Mau é-vjtisd 1: 1,03 «© Mau 6 vj trisd 2: 0,30 ¢ Mau vj tri sé 3: -0,30 © Mau @ vj tri sd 4: -1,03 Két qua chuyén déi tir vj tri sang diém nhw sau:76 Churong 3. Phép thir cam quan Ngudi thir Mau lees Ting A B Cc D {ene a -1,03 0,30 [| 1,03 | -0,30 0 2 “1,03 -0,30 | 1,03 | 0,30 0 3 0,30 | 1,03 [0,30 [ots 0 4 -0,30 0,30 | 1,03 03 0 5 “1,03 1,03 | 0,30 30 0 6 “1,03 0,30 | 1,03 | 0,30 o 7 0,30 | 1,03 | -0,30 oO 8 1,03 | 0,30 |_-0,30 6 Trung binh -0,85 -0,33 oO Tién hanh phan tich Phuong sai (theo phyong phap mé ta trong 3.1.2.3) ta duge bang phan tich phuong sai: BANG PHAN TICi PHUONG SAI Nguon gdc phuong sai Bid TBP. BPTB F Mau 3 12,64 4,21 Ler one 7 0 0 0 21 5,77 0,77 31 18,41 ae Gid tri Fre (Phy Iyc 6) tra duge tir c6t ny =3 (56 bac ty do ciia mu) va hing ny = 21 (86 bac ty do sai $6) 14 3,07 nh hon F tinh duge 1a 15,59, Vay cdc mau khac nhau.Thye chat bai toin nay din dén két lugn & mize 0,1% nhung ta chi giéi han & mite 5%. Muén biét mau nao khdc hofc gidng mau ndo, ta phai tinh gid trj khde nhau nho nhit 6 nghia (KNCN) KNCN =t *,/BPTB./n Trong vi dy nay tn =3,96 * BPTB,,= 0,27 n =8 Vay KNCN = 3,96 * /0,27/8 =0,71 Gia tr KNCN = 0,71 c6 nghia la: néu gid trj trung binh cia hai mau khée nhau bing hoe Kin hon 0,71 thi hai mau d6 khde nhau cé nghia.AUTHUAT PHAN TICH CAM QUAN THUC PRAM 77 —wrrayYSS———— So sinh cdc gid tj trung binh cia bon mau ta thdy mau C va B khdng khde nhau mi.¢d nhiéu mui liu huynh hon, edn D va A ciing khéng khée nhau nhug it mai - hea huynh hon, Peis Os nn SMe a da fin SBeead te oul] ents ARUP Chit ¥: Trong phép thir so hang ngudi ta khdng ding phan tich phurong sai cho bing diém chuyén a8i dé so sanh sy khée biét gitta nhitng ngudi thir vi trong phép thitnay, cdc thanh vién cé céch thife cho diém hoan toan giéng nhau, Ho dau cé chi bén gid trj céch déu nhau dé gan cho bén sin phim. Chinh vi ly do 46 ta 6 ting diém theo hang cia mai thinh vién déu bing khéng trong bang diém chuyén dai. 4.3.4. Bdo cdo két gua Hinh 3.1.3d la vi dy vé ban béo edo cho phép thir nay. Phong Thi nghifm Phan tich cim quan BAO CAO THI NGHIEM Phép thir so bang Me dich: So sénh moi lwu huyah (mét 18i vé miti cia pho mét) cua 4 mau pho mat A, B, C va D sit dung phép thir so hang. Mé ta tht nghigm: Hoi déng cm quan gbm 8 ngudi thir 4 qua hudin luygn. MGi ngudi nhan dupe 25 g mau pho mat cét vyn 48 trong lo thiy tinh nét mai, phong thir c6 nhigt d6 I 22°C. Trong thi nghié¢m 4a sir dung phuong phdp Phan tich phuong sai va Tukey dé xit ly s6 ligu Két qudz Ket qua tinh ton da chi ra bén mu khdc nhaw vi eurng 46 mai hu huynh & mac y nghia 5%. Chuan Tukey chi ra hai cap miu C va B, D va A khong khéc nhau nhung cBp miu thé: nhdt ed maj uu huyah manh hon cap miu thir hai. Phy tye: Phiéu chuan bj thi nghiém Phiéu tra lai ‘Két qua phan tich phuong sai Hinh 3.1.3d: Vi du vé ban bdo cdo cika phép thit so hang 3.1.4. Phép thir mé ta (bay phuong phap xfy dyng profil sin phim) 5.1.4.1. Gici thigu vé phép thir La phép thir gdm hai hay nhidu mau va ngudi thir duge mai xéc dink xem cdc mauChuong 3. Phép thir cam quan. nay khée nhau 6 dc tinh ndo va d§ Ién cla sy khéc nhau nay bing bao nhiéu? Phép thir nay duge ding khi ngudi ta 43 biét la gitta cic mau cé sy khde nhau vi’ muén tim hiéu dc trung cla sy khdc nhau nay. a Phép thir mé td cing durge sir dung 44 mé ta chi tiét cdc tinh chdt cam quan ciia mot s6 sin phdm dé nghién ctu céc tinh chét d§c trung cita sin pham 46 Hinh 3.1.4a: Minh hoa phép thir mé ta 3.1.4.2. Phuong phdp tién hanh Phép thir m6 té cd ba bude: e Lua chon ede de tinh cdn dénh gid; * Thy hign cée phép thit so b§ 48 cdc thinh vién cing théng abit céch sir dung thang cutmg 46 da dua ra; * Banh gid cudng d§ cid cdc fc tinh da chon trén thang. ~ Néu céc dic tinh cém quan cia sin phim cha biét thi bit ddu tir bude itu tién, con néu che dj tinh nay da biét thi bit dau tir bude 2. Ngwdi thir tham gia vao phép thir nay phai duge hoc va dupe hudn Iuyén “lim vigo” trén cée tinh chét cdm quan cin @4nh gid. Day 14 mot phép thir tuong 461 t6n kém ké cd vé mat thoi gian 1&n kinh phi. Trude hét ta Iva chon céc Ac tinh clin dénh gid (vi dy 12 tinh chdt: mau vang, hinh dang sic nét, 45 gidn, mii bo, mai chay khét, vi ngot, vi man, vj béo ngjy, tinh dé - tan, nhdo, san bui, hgu vj). Sau dé xdc dinh thang curing 46 (vi dy thang 9 diém). Phiéu tré Koi o6 thé nh trong hinh 3.1.4a. M&i thanh vién sé nhin duge phiéu cho diém va céc mau sin phim can ¢anh gid. Ho sé ném thir ting mu va xéc djnh curing 4 cia timg chi tiéu yéu chu wén thang 9 diém 4a sit dung._ KYTHUAT PHAN TICH CAM QUAN THY'C PHAM 19 Phong Thi nghiém Phan tich cam quan PHIEU TRA LOI Phép thir mé ta Ho vatén: L& A Ngay thir: 14/07/2005 Ban nhfin durgc ba loai bénh quy A, B va C. Hay xéc dinh curmg 46 cita cdc tinh chit cdm quan cia méi logi banh wrén thang diém. Curéng 46 thép Cudng d9 cao Hin 2 $id of 1, Mau vang 2. Hinh dang siic nét 3. Gida 4. Moi chay khét 5. Mui bo 6. Vi ngot 7, Vj béo ngay 8. Vj man 9. Dé tan 10, Nao 11. San byi 12. Hau vi NhAN X€t S cesesscceeeee eens Hinh 3.1.4a: Vi du vé phiéu tra lai ctia phép thir mé ta 3.1.4.3, Xie ly két qua Ngudi diéu hanh thi nghiém ghi Igi diém cho béi timg thanh vién cila hdi ding vio mot bang ting hop va tinh gid tr] trung binh cho timg mu 6i véi tig chi tiéu. Gid tr trung binh nay ding 4@ biéu dién trén 48 thj dang c6t, dang duéng gap khac80 Cheng 3. Phép thir cam cA cée chi tiéu). Cac két qua sé durge bidu dign dudi dang dé thj hay hoa gid, Trong kidu hoa gid, thong céc tinh chét tét cia sin phim duge biéu din 6 phan trén truc nim ngang (mui bo, vj got) cén tinh chat xdu 6 duréi (nhao, san bul), Nhin vao két qua biéu dign trén hoa gid ta 6 thé nhgn ra hai die tinh ciia sin phamn: Tinh chat ndo 1a tinh chét ndi bit trong s6 cdc tinh chét nghién ciru, Ds 1 nhing tinh chat c6 gid tri cuomg 46 cam quan lin. Trong $6 céc tinh chét nghién city (nhat 14 46i v6i nhing tinh chét dae trumg), hai sin phdm khéc nhau & tinh chét nao? (La nhing tinh chat ma hai sin phdm khong 6 cing gid tr cutng 46 trung binh). Gid tr] cutng 49 tren thang 123486789 Hinh 3.1.4: Mink hoa vé d8 thi dang gdp khic va dang hoa gid biéu dién két qua trong phép thie mé te:KY THUAT PHAN TICH CAM QUAN THU PHAM 81 Ghi chi: Trong thang cutmg 46 cé chia khoang nhu trén goi la thang cutmg 46 c6 cdu tric. Loai thang c6 cdu tric thutmg sir dung voi gia thiét ring sy khac biet vé curing 4 cia céc tinh chat cam quan bién déi tuyén tinh va ‘trong mdi ndc thang cutmg 46 tinh chit 46 1 nhur nhau. Ngudi ta cén ding thang cudmg 4 khong cé cu tric dé so sénh nhiéu tinh chét ca céc san phim. Liic nay thang thuéng la mot dogn thing dai 10 cm. Mat tai la diém 0, img vi cudng d6 thdp nhdt va mit phai la diém 10, img véi cudmg 46 cao nhit. Cudmg 46 ciia mot tinh chat nao dé la d6 dai tir mat trai thang t6i diém durge danh déu. Thang khéng c6 cdu tric thutng sit dyng v6i gia thiét rling sy khac bigt vé cutmg 46 cdc tinh chdt cim quan gitta cdc méu 1A rit ln va sy khdc bigt nay khOng cdn nim trong pham vj bién ddi tuyén tinh cla cuémg 46 cam nh@n. Loai thang nay cho phép cdc thanh vién danh gid mot cach “ty do” mite 4§ cam giéc nhan duge ma khéng bj phu thugc tim ly vao mét thang 44 dinh sin. ‘Ghi chi; Ngudi ta cing thudng ding phép thir m6 t& nay dé xdc dink mire dé pha long cho phép thir ciia cde sin phim cé mdi vj dim dc nhu: née mam hay xi dau goi la Profil pha long. 3.2. NHOM CAC pute THU KHI CAC TINH CHAT CAM QUAN KHONG DUQC CHI RA Théng thur’mg céc phép thir nay ding 42 phan bigt hai hay nhiéu sin phdm vé mot hay nhiéu tinh chét cém quan ndo 46 ma ngudi thir khong biét trade. Ngudi thir chi duge mdi dé so sinh xem cé sy khéc nhau mOt cich thng thé gia hai hay nhiéu sin phim hay khong? ‘Céc phép thir thudc.nhém nay thudng la céc phép thir phan biét bao gdm: © Phép thir tam gife i © Phép thir 2-3 (Duo-Trio) « Phép thir A khéng A © Phép thir phfin nhém Sau dy ching ta sé thm hiéu mt s6 phép thi tiéu bidu 3.2.1. Phép thir tam gike 3.2.1.1, GiGi thigu vé phép thir Phép thir tam gidc duge sir dung nbim xée dinh sy khéc nhau gitta hai sin phim ma82 Chuong 3, Phép thir cam quan Hing cin bide bin chit ca 5p Khic nha 66. Trg tuing hgpe6 nha sin phém ain finh gid thi tién hanh phép thi tam gidc tén timg cdp sin phim, ‘Trong php thirtam gid, igudi thi 58 nhén ba mu (hinh 3.2.10) trong dé hai miu giéng nhau (gpi Wace mdu lip ll). Nauti thir ig mi thi cde mau va tim ra mu ndo a mu khong lap lai (mau khée v6i hai miu cin ki). ; Hinh 3.2.la: Minh hoa phép that tam gid Phép thir ndy duge sp dung trong truing hp st khc nhau gita hai sin phim i tuong Binns. Néu ng this Kang xe inh dr tn Kg ip thi ho vn phi chon +t miu bit, nb vy nc sult Brg thir 8m chon dupe cut oi ding me céeh glu mbit 1/3, 6 nga Wb cu wb a ing kh nub thir kNGog cd nh§n duge sy khée nhau giita céc miu. © Cdntién hanh bao nhiéu Jan thir ? © Céthé 66 dupe bao nhiéu ngudi thir 2 Tin dupe con tr cho hi cu hi asl gid hi hgh ey dmg dupe cho minh m6 hinh thyc nghifm cia phép thir bao gm cée thing tin nhir 38 ie this, 6 neu tut, 98 Hin Hip clin thiét va ké hoach gi thigu méu, i__ KTHUAT PHAN TICH CAM QUAN THYC PHAM 83 42.1.2. Phucomg phdp tién hanh Lip phiéu chudn bj thi nghiém nhu-hinh 3.2.1b, trong &6 phai dam bao trong mét nita so. tan thir thi ngurbi chit nhéin duge mdu A ld mu khdng lgp lei va nia cdn Iai nhgn mau B 1a miu khong Jap lai. Trong trudng hgp lap Iai phép thir thi méi ngudi thir phai nhan @iuge ft nhét 1 lin miu A va m&u B 1a mu khéng lap li. C6 6 16 hop tét ty trinh bay miu cé thé cé: AB, ABA, BAA, BBA, BAB, ABB. Phong thi nghi¢m Phan tich cam quan PHIEU CHUAN B] THI NGHIEM + Phép thit tam gide Negay thir: 14/07/2005 Ca phé A, ma sé sirdung: 327, 452, 787, 108... Ca phé B, ma'sd sir dung : 464, 179, 149, 118 ... 327, 452, 464 327, 464, 452 464, 327, 452 149, 118, 787 149, 787,118 - 787, 149, 118 787, 108, 149 787, 149, 108 149, 787, 108 Hinh 3.2.1b: Vidy vé phiéu chudn bj thi nghiém cia phép thit tam gide84 Chuong 3. Phép thir cam quan Chuan bi phiéw tra.10i cho ngwdi thir theo mu hinh 3.2.1c. Phong Thi ‘ghiém Phan tich cam quan PHIEU TRA LOI Phép thir tam gifc Ho vatén: Lé 4 Neay thi: 14/07/2005 fis £8 nhén due ba miu ed phé,hai trong s6 ching hodn toa ging Rau. Ban ily quan sit miu née, agi va ném ba miu tir til que phai va néi cho chiing tdi biét ban thdy mu ndo khée v6i hai mau con lai. Néu thye sy ben ching Khéc nhau thi cling dua cho ching 10i cu tra cua Bathe pele mot mau "ung y" nhét. Ch y sit dyng nude va baénh my thanh vj sau mj In thir, Hinh 3.2.1e: Vidy vé phidu ré loi cata phép this tam gic S215. Xie lf kbt qua Bé dura ra két lun vé sy khdo nhau 6 thé cé gitta hai mau thi nghiém, ta da vao tan sudt cu tra l0i ding so véi téng s6 cau tré Gi nhan duge, Néu tin sudt edu tra li dling céng cao, nghia IA ngudi thir d& dang nbgn ra dau 1 mau khéng lip Iai thi cé nghia lé sy khée nhau gitta A va B cang lim. Nhung dau la Bi6i han cha sé ciu tra Idi ding trong téng s6 cau tra Idi thu duge dé cd thé A duge coi la khéc B? Ge: Ket un dr de vio gir tno ge 5 voi. Na gir tah ge {én hon hoge bing gi tr tiéu chun & mgt mic ¥ nghiia ndo dé thi hai miu A va B duge coi [a khée nhau & mite y nghia 46 (dée gi '¢6 thé tham khdo céch tinh & myc 3.1.1.3). Cfch 2: Sit dung Phy Ihe 4: Bing sé hieng cau tr Idi chinh xée eta phép thictam gite, dé két lugn vé hai miu thi nghiém. Theo déng n la tng s6 cdu tra Idi thu duge sé tim dugc sé Iwong cdu tra Idi ding t6i hen, s6 long edu tra li ding tdi'thidu cdn 06, dbo thd che chin ag ha sin pm A va B Khic nhau & che mie ¥ neh ¢ lan lugt IA 5, 1 vA0,1%, aiPHAN TICH CAM QUAN THU'C PHAM " Ngubi ta mudn dank gid mie. &n dinh oda mgt day chuydn rang xay cd phé bing eich so sinh miu c& phé thu duge tir diy chuyén nay (miu A) véi miu cd phé tigu chun (nau B) bing phép thir tam gidc. Sau ngubi thir (cdc kiém djnh vién eta phdng KCS) duge mdi tham gia, mdi ngudi thir 4 lan. Ké hoach thi nghigém durge xdy dig nhir hinh 3.2.1b. Sau khi xong thf nghiém, théng ké lai thdy o6 12 cu tra Idi dung, Ligu c6 thé két Iudn duge gi vé hai mdu cA phé nay? Tra Phy Iyc 4 tim thay s6 cau tra Idi dang toi han cho phép thir tam gidc v6i 24 lan thir (6 ngudi thir* 4 lan Ip) 18 13.6 mite ¥ nghia 5%. Nhu vay hai mau ca phé nay khong khéc nhau, hay néi cach khéc 6 thé két Iugin la day chuyén rang xay ca phé lim viée én dinh. 3.2.1.4, Béo cdo Phong Thi nghifm Phan tich cm quan BAO CAO THI NGHIEM Phép thir tam gic Myc dich: Danh gid sy khéc nhau gia hai mu cd phé A va B sir dyng ph¢p thir tam gide ‘M6 ta thi nghigm: H6i ddng cdm quan gdm 6 ngudi thi voi 4 lin Kap. Cac mau ca phé duoc pha ché theo TCVN 4p dung cho thi ném ca phé rang xay. Trong thi nghiém da sir dung "Bang sé heong cdu tra [at ding ca pheép thie tam gidc" 8 xit ly két qua. ‘Rét qua: Két qua 43 chi ra ring khong 6 sy khde nhau gitta hai miu ca phe. Phu luc: Phiéu chuan bj thi nghigm Phiéu tra lai. ‘Hinh 3.2. 1d: Vi du vé bdo cdo cita phép thir 1am gide 3.2.2. Phép thir2-3 (Duo-Trio) 3.2.2.1, Gidi thigu vé phép thir Phép thir 2-3 eding la phép thir duge sir dung 48 xe dinh sy khéic nhau mét céch tng thé gia hai san phim ma khéng quan tam dén vige ching khde nhau & dau, Khi thye hign phép thi, nguoi thir sé nhjin dugc mot mu goi la mau kiém chimg va hai mu khae (inh 3.2.2a), Ngudi thir durge biét trude [a trong hai miu nay o6 mgt mau giéng voi mau kiém chimg, Ho due moi thir ném va tim ra mau gidng voi mu kiém chimg.86 - Chuong 3. Phép thi cam quan Hinh 3,2.2a: Minh hoa phép nr 2-3 Phong thi nghigm Phin tich cdm quan PHIEU CHUAN B] THI NGHIEM Phép thir2-3 Negay thir : 14/07/2005 Nuéc cam A, mai sé sit dung : 317, 325, 699, 558, 293, 628 Nude cam B, ma sé sit dung: 425, 567, 234, 487, 118, 673 Séidn lap: 6 Lint: 317, 425 317, 425 317, 425 RCA) BA 317, 425 R(A) AB 317, 425 Masé” Cau wa loi nhgn 1 R(B) AB 325, 567 a R(B) BA 325, 567 325, 567 325, 567 325, 567 Hinh 3.2.2b: Vi du vé phiéu chudin bj thi nghiém cita phép thir 2-3KY THUAT PHAN TICH CAM QUAN THY'C PHAM 87 Trong phép thir nay, xe suat dura ra cu trd loi dling ngéu nhién cia ngudi thit trong tinh hung ho khong cém nhén duge sy khéc bigtgitta eéc mau ld 4, Phép thir 2-3 duge diing nhigu hon phép thir tam gide trong trang hgp san phim 6 dur vj manb, vi nd doi hoi it in thir ném hon. . Phép thir ndy cn duge 4p dyng trong qué trinh Iya chon va hudn luyén hoi ddng dénh gid cm quan vi né 06 thé do duge ngudng phat hign cia ngudi thir. Vi du trong tring hop nha sin xuét muén thay di him long dudmg trong mot hdn hop 48 uéng, ngudi ta mudn kiém tra ngudi thir c6 nhgn ra sy khac biét gidta cho miu sin pham thi nghiém voi miu kiém chimg. Sir dung phép thir nay cho php ta xAc dinh duc khoang chénh lech ham lirgng duong nho nhat ma yugt qua khong dé thi ngudi thir sé phat hign durgc. 3.2.2.2. Plug php tién hanh Phiéu chudn bj thi nghiém (hinh 3.2.26) phai dam bao duge ring sé lain ngudi thir nhan duge miu A la miu dau tién (mau duge thir ném dau tién) bling 36 lin ho nhfin duge miu Phong Thi nghi¢m Phan tich cdm quan PHIEU TRA LOI Phép thir2-3 Hovatén: Lé A Neay thir : 14/07/2005 Ben sé nhan duc mét miu nude cam ky higu a mau R va hai miu khée, Trong hai mu nay cé mét miu gidng voi miu R. Trude tién hay ném mu R, sau 46 ném t6i hai mu cn Iai theo thir ty tis trai qua phai rbi ghi Iai ma s6 cia mdu ma ban cho la ging voi mu R nhat. Cha ¥ sit dyng nude va banh my thanh vj sau mdi lan thir.88 Chuong 3. Phép thir cam quan eee B du tin va sf lin miu A duge chon lim miu kiém chimg phai bing sb ln méu B duce chon la mu kiém ching. Cé thé ting két Ii 4 tb hop tat trinh by mf 06 thé 06 Gi phép thir 2-3: R(A) AB, R(A) BA, R(B) AB va R(B) BA. Hinh 3.2.2c minh hoa phiéu tra Idi cho phép thir nay: 5.2.23, Xie kbt qué Tham Kio mye 3.2.13 vi sir dung Phys lye $:.Sé emg ed er li chin xe cx pip thr 2-3, Vidu: Nati ta mun so sinh xem o6 sy khéc nhau gta hai mu nude cam A va B hay khong? Nim ngudi thir i thar gia vio phép thir va mai ngs thyehiga 6 in dich gi. Trong bi me lin én gid hg nn cage bo 3 mau tong dé ob mgt mu ky hiu R-va hai mba ‘sbn lai duzge mai héa. (xem hinh 3.2.26). ét qué-thi nghiém thu duge 30 cfu tr Idi trong 48 eb. 18 cu tra 101 ding va 12 cau ti [bi sai, Ligu.cé thé ket ludn hai miu nude cam A va B Khéc nhau hay khéng? Tit Phy lye $ cho théy cn itnhdt 20 cd ta Wi dling trong sb 30 edu tri i 48 két lun o& Sir khée nhow gid hai sin phdm & mie ¥ nghia 5%. Nhu vay 06 thé két lug hai md ‘nude cam nay khéng khde nhau. 3.2.2.4, Bdocdo Tham khdo myc 3.2.1d. 3.2.3, Phép thir A kch6ng A (Phép thir twong hop) 3.2.3.1. Gidi thigu vé phép thiz Phép thi: A Khong A (A, KA) hay con goi Ia phép thir vé tinh tuong hop cho phép xe inh xem ligu m6t sin phdm od ging voi mét mu chuin hay khéng (Hinh 3.2.2a), Thue tién ngubi tht s€ duge lim quen 48 nbn bide miu A. Giai dogn tip theo naubi tht s8 nin mot ddy cfc mu due ma hoa bao gim cd miu A va mu khéng A, Nau thi duge yéu cd xc dinh dau ld mu A va dau la mu khéng A, Phép thir nly dic big thich hop trong qué trinh kiém dinh chit lung cia sin phém, khi tnube Kil ta xem sin phim sin mult rac phi gp 6i sn phim tidy cud hay sin phim dang dupe bén trén thj tring.KY THUAT PHAN TICH CAM QUAN THYC PHAM 89 Hinh 3.2.2a: Minh hoa phép thit A khong A 3.2.3.2, Phuong phap tién henh Lap phiéu chudn bj thi nghigm (hinh 3.2.3b) trong 46 <6 ké hoach trinh bay mu cho mdi nnguo thir. Yéu edu di voi phép thir nay 1a sb lan A xudt hign bang s6 lan mau khéng A xult hién. Hinh 3.2.3c ld m6tvi dy cho phiéu tra Idi cia phép thir nay: Phong thi nghi¢m Phan tich cm quan PHIEU CHUAN B] THI NGHIEM Phép thir A khdng A Neay thi : 14/07/2008 Surimi hép A masé sir dung: 347, 520, 199, 735, 372, 189 ... SurimihépKA ma s6 sirdyng: 475, 319, 287, 135, 249, 750... 86 miu mdi ngudi thir nhan duge : 12 Newdi | Trinh bay mau Misé sem A, KA, KA, A 347, 475, 319, 520... Hinh 3.2.36: Vi du vé phiéu chudn bj thi nghi¢m ciia phépthir A khéng A90 Chuong 3. Phép thir cm Quan Phong Thi nghigm Phan tich cam quan PHIEU TRA LOI Phép thir A khong A Ho vatén: Lé A Ngay thir: 14/07/2005 Ban sé nhgn duge mot mu surimi déng hop ky higu la A. Hay thir ném va ghi nho mu nay. Sau d6 ban sé ln lugt nhén durge 12 miu surimi d6ng hop khdc, trong sb 45 cé nhtng mau giéne voi mau A. Nhigm vy ctia ban la chi ra cho ching t6i dau la mu A (4anh déu chéo vao dong A) va dau khéng phai [4 mu A (dinh déu chéo vao dong khong A), Chi ¥ sit dung muréc va banh my thanh vj sau mi lan thir, Tré loi: Miu 347 [475 7 319 | 520 A x Khong A : & ante Nhan xét: Team are Haleresocae aa Hinh 3.2.3c: Vidy vé phiéu tra loi ctia phép thie A khong A 5.23.3, Xir ly két quer _Két qua tré loi ctia ngudi thir duge théng ké lai xem bao nhiéu lan mau A duge ngudi thir chon Ia A va khong A, bao nhiéu lan mau khong A duge nguii thi chon la A va khéng A. Sau dé sir dung chuan 77 dé phan tich két qua. Vidu: Mot co’ sé sin xudt surimi déng h6p mudn thay 48i ky thuit thanh tring, Ho muén kiém tra xem sin phim dé hop thanh tring v6i ky thuit mdi nay (mau khéng A) 06 gidng véi sin pham cit (mau ‘A) cia ho dang duge tiéu thy tén thj truémg hay khong hay néi céch kKée ligu ngui thireé phan bigt duge gita sin phdm cii va sin phim moi nay. Hai muroi mét ngubi urge mar tham gia vao php tht. M&i ngubi sé dure lim quen véi mmdu A va sau 46 nhén duge 12 mu khdc trong 6 c6 6 mau A va 6 mau khong A véi twit ty sip xép duge Iya chon mét eéch ngiu nhién (hinh 3.2.3b). Ké qua tra lai cia nhém ngudi thir duge trinh bay trong bang dudi day: eKY THUAT PHAN TICH CAM QUAN THC PHAM 91 ‘Quan sét bang théng ké cfu tra ldi cita ngudi thir 06 thé nhgn thay ring s6 lin miu A duge chon la mau A nhiéu hon 36 lin mau A duge chon la khéng A. Nhung ligu sy khiic pinoy fl hs a te apnea le nA AA Sir dyng chudin 48 tinh toan: 2. y@-TY oe trong 46: Q: gid trj quan sat durge trong bang trén; T: gid tri ly thuyét tinh duge voi gid thiét la 2 san pham kh6ng khdc nhau: T= (Téng cot * Téng hang) / Tong chung Trong vi dy nay, gid trj T tinh cho dong dau tién nhu sau: pa 0FI26 OO 252 Theo céch tinh nay ta thu due bang cdc gid tri ly thuyét T: 2 2. 2 thet ehe -69) i ee ieee Bsa Gia tri 2 tinh todn duge nay lon hon gid tri z.. tra & Phy Ipe 3 & mac ¥ nghfa a 1a 5%. Digu nay cho ta két ludn duge ring ngudsi thir 4a phin bigt duge hai mau A va khéng A, cé nghTa lA ky thuft tigt tring méi nay 23 !am thay d6i tinh chat cdm quan cia san phim 46 hop. 3.2.3.4. Bao cdo Tham khdo myc 3.2.1d.92 Chvong 3. Phép thi cam quan See Eien thn 0 3.2.4, Phép thir phan nhém 3.2.4.1, Gigi thiéu vé phép thir La phép thir ding 4é phan bigt cic mau vi nhau bing cach yéu cdu ngudi thir sip xép cde mau nay vao cdc nhém da duge dinh nghia truée ho&c phan chia vao cde nhém mét céch ty do theo cam nhan ciia nguoi thi. Trong truong hgp nay 6 thé ‘yeu edu ngudsi thir mé td lai co 38 cia céch thie phén-chia ma ho da sit dung. Cac nhém trong phép thir nay dirge dc tramg bai mot hay nhiéu tinh chat cém quan cy thé va gita céc nhém khéng cé mdi quan hé logic nao (hinh 3.2.4a). Khi thyc hién phép thir, ngudi thir sé phai sip xép m6t loat miu vao nhing nhom khac nhau bang céch “déi chiéu” cam giac thu nbn duge khi ném thir miu véi cdc tinh chat dc trmg cho timg nhém 4a quy uée: mili chanh cia nhém chanh, mii thit lén men cia nhém nem chua ... Néu két qua déi chiéu nay tring khép, nguei thi sé dit sin phim vao nhém, néu khong thi ngudi thir sé tiép tue vai cée nhém khde, C6 thé xay ra trudmg hop ngudi thir khéng thé tim ra due nhém cia mau thir, Ide 46 ho sé phai quyét dinh mot nhém nao dé ma ho cho la gan gai nhat. Trudng hgp ép dung dién hinh cia phép thir nay Id xée dinh mai vashote vi dac trung cho mét s6 sin phim. NHOM Carét Cachua Khoai tiy Hinh 3.2.4a: Minh hoa phép tue, ‘phan nhém 5.2.4.2, Phuong phdp tién hank Vi dy vé phiéu chudn bj thi nghiém va phiéu céu hoi ca phép thir trinh bay trong hinh 3.2.4b va 3.2.4c._ KY THUAT PHAN TICH CAM QUAN THU'C PHAM 3 Phong (hi nghiém Phan tich cam quan PHIEU CHUAN B| THI NGHIEM Phép thir phn nhém Neay thir: 14/07/2005 SipA MAasé sirdyng: 347, 520 SipB Ma sé sirdung: 475, 319 SipC Masé sirdung: 813, 147 4 nhém: Stip t6i ty, siip cd rdt, siip cd chua va sip khoai M6i ngudi thir nh4n dugc 6 mau trong 46 mdi mAu lip lai 2 Cau tra 1oi nhan duge 347, 475, 813 319, 147, 520 813, 347, 475 520, 147, 319 Sr a sea | Hinh 3.2.48: Vi du vé phiéu chudn bj thi nghiém ctia phép thic phan nhém Phong Thi nghifm Phan tich cim quan PHIEU TRA LOI Phép thi phn nhém Ho vatén: Lé A Neay thir: 14/07/2005 Ban s® nh8n Jan lugt nhan duge 6 dia sip. Hay thir ném va xd dinh xem cdc m&u nay thuge véo nhém sip ndo trong 4 nhém dudi day (danh dau chéo vao e6t tuong ting). Cha y sir dung nurée va banh mj thanh vj sau mdi Jén thit. Trd lot : Saat Feccnannaed Hinh 3.2.4c. Vi dy vé phiéu tra Idi ewa phép thir phén nhém94 ‘Chuong 3. Phép thir cdm quan EE Ee ee 3.2.4.3, Xie ly két qué Nguyén tic xir ly két qua cba phép thir nay lA dya vao tin suét ma mi m&u duge phan vao timg nhém, Vidy: M6t co sé sin xudt mudn xéc dinh xem sin phim sip A do co sé sin xudt ra cd cing hwrong vj chi &go véi hai sin phdm B vA.C a hai san phim canh tranh. Ngudi ta xéc dinh dugc bén nhém hyong vi dic trmg cho nhém sin phim nay: ti tdy, c& rot, cd chua va khoai ty. 1 Hai muoi ngudi thir 43 duge mdi tham gia phép thi, ho Ia nhing ngwéi tigu ding duige Iya chon mOt cach ngdu nhién. M&i ngudi sé thir s4u mAu, trong 46 mi mau duge lap lai hai lan. Két qua cia phép thir duge ting két trong bang sau: Quan sat bang trén nhgn thay mu A cé nhiéu huong vj ti tdy va it huong vj ca rét hon hai mau cén Igi. Ngoai ra miu A duémg nhu giéng voi miu B hon la miu C. Dé cé duge két Iufn chinh xdc ta sir dung chudn 7°. Tinh toan céc gid trj ly thuyét theo Myc 3.2.3.3 ta duge bang sau: 2 yen e eee oy oy oe ae SereTHUAT PHAN TICH CAM QUAN THC PHAM 95 Néu gid trj x2 tinh toan durge ndy Ion hon gid tr 7°. tra & Phy lye 3 thi cé thé két - lugn Gurge ba mu sdp khéc nhau vé huong vj chi dao. Trong vi dy nay sé béc ty do bing 6 (tinh dugc biing cach lay sé mu trir 1 nhfn véi sé nhém trir 1, 2*3 = 6). qetra duge la 12,6 & mite ¥ nghia @ 5%, Tir day c6 thé két lugn dug cic mau sip _ ob mai vj chi dgo khéc nhau. 4.2.4.4. Bao edo ~ Tham khao myc 3.2.14. 33. NHOM PHEP THU TH] HIEU Nhém phép thir nay ding thu nh§n théng tin tir ngudi thir hay ngudi tiéu ding xem ho cd ua thich sin phim duge thir ném khéng? Mire 66 ua thich nhur thé nao hoe ¢6 sy khée nhau vé mite 49 wa thich gifta hai hay nhiéu sin phim hay khong? ‘Théng thudng nhém phép thir nay duge t6 chifc trong phong thi nghiém v6i myc dich tim hiéu ¥ kién ngudi tiéu ding d4i véi sin phim thi nghiém hay méi sin xudt cla mot c6ng ty. Khi biét c6 sur khac nhau vé mie 6 ua thich thi cd thé két hop vai phép thir md 4 48 tim hiéu nhiing tinh chat 4%c tumg nao duge ua thich. Phép thir nay ciing cé thé sir dung khi mudn so sanh mirc 6 wa thich gitta sin phim, sin phim cia c6ng ty so v6i sin phdm canh tranh trén thj truémg. Trong truémg hop nay ngudi ta hay ding phép thir cho diém thj hiéu. Clic phép thir tiéu bigu cho nhém nay Ia: © Phép thir céip doi thi hiéu. © Phép thir cho diém thj hiéu. 33.1. Phép thir cp 46i thj hiéu NOi dung, céch thite tién hinh cling nhu phuong phip xir ly két qué cia phép thir nay hoan ton giéng nhu Phép thir so sanh cp (myc 3.1.1). Diém khde biét duy nhdt la 461 V6i phép thir c&p di thj hieu ta mudn so sinh mie 46 ua thich cia ngudi thir 461 vi hai s4n phim chit khong phai so sinh vé cu’mg 46 cla mot tinh chit cam quan ndo 46. Cau héi dua ra cho ngudi thir s€ 14: Ban thich sin phlim ndo hon trong sé hai sin phim durgc gidi thigu?96 Chuong 3. Phép the cam quan 932, Phép thir cho Ga th higw (hoe phép thi ngui situ dig, tip th Me ne tac hia tn 3b dng ngubi He ding (0 vi trim ch ti hing nein ng Of im du mit ha ng atic ca ivi sin pdm nghin ciru. Diu quan tong nt khitién hn phép tht nay la cng vige quy hogch 46 tuong ngudi thir hay Nauyén the cia phép thir nay aiéng voi Php ta: cho dlém (Mye 3.1.2, ngudi thir sé

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