TheCuboctahedron

PierceShereda

GAT9B
Mr.ScotAcre
4March2015

PierceShereda17
Acuboctahedronisathreedimensionalsemiregularconvexpolyhedronthatismade
upofsixequilateralsquaresandeightequilateraltriangles.Thistypeofpolyhedronisknown
asanArchimedeansolid,whichbydefinitionisathreedimensional,semiregularpolyhedron
withatleasttwodifferenttypesofpolygon.Thecuboctahedronisquiteaninterestingfigure,
anditcanbeimaginedinmanydifferentways.Tocreateacuboctahedron,therearethree
verygoodmethods.Oneisacubewitheachofitscornerscutoff.Theothertwomethodsfor
imaginingacuboctahedron,aretakingarightsquareprismandattachingfourequilateral
rectangularpyramidsalongeachsidetheotherwayisfittingeightequilateraltetrahedrons
andsixequilateral,regularpyramidstogetheraroundacommoncenter.

Figure1.FaceofaCuboctahedron
Therearemultiplewaystofigureoutthedimensionsofacubo.Inthissituation,weare
goingtousetheexamplethatacubewillhaveitscornerscutofftocreateacuboctahedron.
Forthepurposesofthispaper,thecubethatthecubowouldfitin,is30.8centimetersfor
everyedge.Figure1showsonefaceofthecube,alongwithonefaceofthecuboinit.The
firstthingthatmustbedone,isfindingtheedgelengthofthecubo.AsseeninFigure1,the
anglethateachcorneriscutoffis45notethata454590triangle(atrianglewiththeangle
measurementsof45,45,and90)isthetypeofspecialrighttriangleineachcorner.Now

PierceShereda17
fortheoverallcube,halfofitcubeis15.4cm,andforeachtriangle,thatmakesupthelegs
(thelinesegmentsbetweenthe45anglestothe90angle.)Basedoffofthepropertiesof
454590triangles,itsknownthatthehypotenuse(thelinesegmentbetweenthe45angles,
oppositeofthe90angle)istimes 2 whateverthelegsareinthiscase,thatwouldmakethe
hypotenuseofeachcornertriangleface15.4 2 cm,asseeninFigure1.Thismeansthat
everyedgeofthecubois15.4 2 cm.

Figure2.TriangularFaceoftheCuboctahedron.
Nowtofindthetotalsurfaceareaofthecuboctahedron.Let T SA representthetotal
surfacearea, At theareaofatriangularface,and As theareaofasquareface.Boththe At
and As areneededforthe T SA. So,theareaofonesquareface,andonetriangularfacemust
befound,butbeforethatisdone,theheightofatriangularfacemustbefound.Figure2,
above,showsthedimensionsofthetriangularfaces,whichareabouttobeexplained.Itis
alreadyknownthatallsidesofthecuboare15.4 2 cm,makingeachtriangularfacean
equilateraltriangle,whereallanglesare60andallsidelengthsare15.4 2 cm.Withthis,we
cansplitupthefaceintotwo306090triangles(triangleswiththeanglemeasurementsof
30,60,and90.)Basedoffofthepropertiesof306090triangles,weknowthattheshorter
leg(thelinesegmentbetweenthe90angleandthe60angle)ishalfaslongasthe
hypotenuse(thelinesegmentoppositeofthe90angle)andthelongerlegistimes 3 what

PierceShereda17
theshorterlegis.Becausewearecuttingatriangularfaceintotwo306090triangles,the
shorterlegwillbe7.7 2 cm.Thehypotenuseistwicetheamountofthatleg,soitis15.4 2
cm,whichiseasilyprovencorrect,becausenothinghappenedtothatedgeoftheface.
Finally,thelongerleg,whichistheheightofthetriangle,istimes 3 whatthebaseis,which
wouldmakeit7.7 6 cm.Figure2,above,showsthistriangularfaceofthecubo.Usingthe
formula At = b h wecanfindtheareaforonewholetriangularface,becausethe
trianglesheightisknown.
At = b h
At = 15.42 7.76
At = 7.72 7.76
2
At = 59.2912 cm

Figure3.AreaofaTriangularFace.
Figure3,shownabove,givestheareaofatriangularface.Asseen,itis 59.2912
2
cm
.
Now,weneedtheareaofasquarefacetofindthe T SA ofthecubo.Theareaformula

forasquareisquiteabiteasier,at As = b h .Because15.4 2 cmisthesidelengthforevery

everyedgeofthecube,theareaofasquarefaceisquitesimpletofind,showninFigure4.
As = b h
As = 15.42 15.4 2
As = 237.16 4
As = 237.16 2
2
As = 474.32 cm

Figure4.AreaofaSquareFace.
Figure4,above,showstheareaforasquareface.Nowthatwehavetheareasfora
squarefaceandatriangularfaceforthecubo,the T SA forthecuboctahedroncanbefound,
usingthefollowingformula.
T SA = (8) At + (6) As
T SA = (8) (59.2912) + (6) 474.32
2
T SA = 474.3212 + 2845.92 cm

PierceShereda17
Figure5.TotalSurfaceAreaoftheCuboctahedron.
Figure5,above,showsthetotalsurfaceareaofacuboctahedronwitheachside
2
lengthas15.4 2 cm.AsseeninFigure5,thetotalsurfaceareais474.32 12 + 2845.92 cm
.

Figure6.ACornerPiece.

Figure6,above,showsoneoftheeightcornerpiecesofthecube.Asmentioned
before,therearemanywaystocreateacuboctahedron.Thefirstmethodtocreatea
cuboctahedronthatwillbediscussedinthispaper,mentionedincase1,isremovingtheeight
edgesofacubetocreateeightcornerpyramids,andonecuboctahedron.Acornerpieceis
showninFigure6,andweareabouttofigureouthowtogetthosedimensionsthe
dimensionsoftheedgesofthebaseofthesquarepyramidsarealreadyknown(shownin
Figure2,)andthelengthof15.4 2 cmiswhateveryedgeofthecuboctahedronis.
Basedoffofallthiscurrentinformation,itisknownthatthelateraledgesofacornerpyramid
are15.4 2 cm.Withthisinformation,theformulaforthevolumeofapyramidcanbeusedto
findthevolumeofthecornerpyramid.Thisformulais V = Ab H ,where V equalsthe
totalvolume, Ab equalstheareaofthebaseofthepyramid,and H equalstheheightofthe
pyramid.Tokeepthingsabitsimpler,alateralface(oneoftheisoscelesrighttriangular
faces)willbeusedasthebase,flippingthepyramidonitsside,whichalsomeansthata
lateraledgewillbeusedastheheightbecausealateralfaceisbeingusedasthebase,we

PierceShereda17
needtofindtheareaofthatbasetofindthevolumeofacornerpyramid.Usingtheformula
Abase = b h theareaofthebaseofthepyramidcanbefound.

Abase = b h
Abase = 15.4 15.4
Abase = 7.7 15.4
2
Abase = 118.58 cm

Figure7.AreaoftheBaseoftheTriangularPyramid.
Nowthattheareaofthebaseisknown,asshowninFigure7,thevolumeofone
cornerpyramidcanbefound,aswellasalleightcornerpyramidscombined.Theformula
V pyramid = Abase h ,whichmeansvolumeofapyramidequalsonethirdtheareaofthe
basetimestheheightofthepyramid,canhelpfindthevolumeofacornerpyramid.Then,
multiplyingthatbyeight,willrevealtheanswerforthevolumeofallthecornerpyramids
combined,whichwillberepresentedby V allpyramids ,orthevolumeofallpyramids.
V pyramid = Abase h
V pyramid = (118.58) (15.4)
V pyramid = (39.5267) (15.4)
3
V pyramid =608.710 6 cm

V allpyramids = V pyramid 8
V allpyramids =(608.710 6 ) 8
3
V allpyramids =4869.685 3 cm

Figure8.VolumeofallCornerPyramids.
Figure8,above,showsthevolumeofonecornerpyramid,andthenthevolumeofall
thecornerpyramidscombinedcombined.Now,wecanfindthevolumeofthecuboctahedron
byfindingthevolumeoftheoriginalcube,andthensubtractingthevolumeofallthecorner
pyramids.Thecubeiseasy,becauseacubesvolumeformulais V = Abase h where V is
thevolume, Abase istheareaofthebase,and h istheheightofthecube.

PierceShereda17

V cube =
V cube =
V cube =
V cube =

Abase h
(30.8)(30.8) (30.8)
(948.64) (30.8)
3
29218.112 cm

V cubo = V cube + V allpyramids

V cubo = (29218.112) (4869.6853)
3
V cubo = 24348.426 cm
Figure9.VolumeoftheCuboctahedron.
Figure9,above,showsthevolumeofthecubethatthecuboctahedronwouldfitin,
andthenittakesthevolumeofallthecornerpyramidsandsubtractsitfromthevolumethe
cubowouldfitin.

Figure10.RectangularPrismandSquarePyramid.
Figure10,above,showsasquarepyramidconnectingtoarectangularprism.Ifthere
werethreemorerectangularprisms,acuboctahedronwillbecreated.Thisiscase2for
creatingacuboctahedron,andweareabouttodiscusshowtousethistofinda
cuboctahedronsvolume.Therectangularprismhasthesameheightastheentirecubo:30.8
cm,makingthelateraledgesall30.8cm.Thebasesidesoftheprismaresharedbyonebase
sideofthecornerpyramidswhichisalreadyknowntobe15.4 2 cm.Therectangular
pyramidsharesitslateraledgeswiththebaseedgesofthetetrahedronsandsharesitstwo
longerbaseedgeswiththeshorterbaseedgesoftherectangularpyramid,thismakesallthe
lateraledges15.4 2 cmandthetwolongerbaseedgesboth30.8.Theshorterbaseedges

PierceShereda17
aresharedwiththebaseedgesoftherectangularprismandaretherefore15.4 2 cm.With
thisinformationthevolumeoftherectangularprismandrectangularpyramidcanbefoundto
findthevolumeofthecuboctahedron.
Therectangularprismistheeasiestanditisactuallyfairlysimpletofindthevolumeby
usingtheformula V = l w h ,whichstandsforthevolumeequalsthelength,timesthewidth,
timesheight.
V
V
V
V
V

= 15.42 15.42 30.8

= 237.164 30.8
= 237.16(2) 30.8
= 474.32 30.8
2
= 14609.056 cm

Figure11.VolumeoftheRectangularPrism.
Figure11,aboveshowsthevolumeoftherectangularprism.Therectangularpyramid,
however,isslightlymorecomplicatedtofindthevolumeofapyramidtheformula

V =

Abase H ,whichisvolumeequalsonethirdtimestheareaofthebasetimestheheightofthe
pyramid.Currently,theareaofthebaseofthepyramidandtheheightarebothunknown,so
tofindtheheight,thespecialpropertiesof306090righttrianglesandthepythagorean
theoremcanbeused.Arighttrianglecanbecreatedbyextendingalinefromthecenterof
thebaseofthepyramidtothemidpointofashortersideandtheapexconnectingthe
midpointandapexacrossanadjacentlateralfacecreatesthisrighttriangle.Thelegofthis
triangleonthebaseis15.4cm,becauseitishalfthelengthofalongersidewhichis30.8cm.
Thelateralfacewhichcontainsthehypotenuseoftherighttrianglewhensplitinhalfbecomes
two306090triangles.Theentiretrianglethathasbeensplitinhalfhasabaseof15.4 2
becauseofthisthetwo30,60,90triangleseachhaveabaseof7.7 2 ,duetotheproperties
of306090trianglesdiscussedearlier,theheightofthistriangle,orthehypotenuseofour
righttriangleinourpyramidcanbefoundas7.7 6 cm,whichis 3 morethanthebaseof7.7

PierceShereda17
2 Nowthatweknowthis,thepythagoreantheoremcanbeused.ThePythagoreantheorem
is a2 + b = c2 ,whereaandbbothstandforthelegsofarighttriangleandcstandsforthe
hypotenuseofthatsamerighttriangle.Pluggingtheonebasesideof15.4cmandthe
2

2
hypotenuseof7.7 6 cmintotheformula,at(15.4)
+ b2 = (7.76) thensimplifyinggivesthe

answer: b = 118.58 whichmeansthattheheightoftherectangularpyramidis 118.58 cm.

Thefinalpartneededforthevolume,istheareaofthebase.Tofindtheareaofthebasethe
formula Abase = l w where Ab isareaofthebase, l isthelengthand w isthewidth,canhelp
uscompletethefinalsteptofindingthevolume.Thefollowingworkwillshowhowtodothis,
andthenwillfindthevolumeofthepyramid,andthenallfour.
Abase = l w
Abase = 15.42 30.8
2
Abase = 474.322 cm

V pyramid = Abase h
V pyramid = 474.322 118.58
V pyramid = 158.1062 118.58
3
V pyramid = 158.106237.16 cm

V allpyramids = V pyramid 4
V allpyramids = 158.106237.16 4
V allpyramids = 158.106237.16 4
3
V allpyramids = 632.426237.16 cm

Figure12.VolumeofallSquarePyramids.
Figure12,above,showshowtofindtheareaofthebaseofasquarepyramid,then
applyingalltheknowninformationtofindthevolumeofthatpyramid,andthenmultiplyingit
byfourbecausetherearefoursquarepyramidsneededinthissituationtocreatea
cuboctahedron.ifweaddthevolumeoftheprism,wecanfindthevolumeofthe
cuboctahedron.So,wedo V cuboctahedron = V allpyramids + V prism whichcomesoutat

PierceShereda17

3
632.426237.16 + 14609.056 cm
.Tocomparethistocase1,wemustdoalittlebitofrounding
3
whensimplifying,andifdoneso,thisequals 24348.426 cm
,whichisthesamevolumefound

incase1.

Figure13.ATetrahedronandSquarePyramidAroundaCenterPoint.
Figure13,above,showsacornerpyramidandtetrahedronconnectedtoeachother.
Thefinalwaytocreateacuboctahedronisbycombiningeighttetrahedronsandsixsquare
pyramidsaroundacenterpointFigure13,above,showsonetetrahedronbyonesquare
pyramidintheprocessofformingacuboctahedron.Forthesquarepyramidandtetrahedron,
theverticesoftheirbaseslieatthemidpointsofthesidesoftheentirecube(thecubethatthe
cuboctahedronfitsin,asmentionedbefore,)whichcreatesfour454590trianglesineach
cornerofthefaceofthecube.Sincethebasesofthelieatthemidpointsoftheentirecube,it
leavesfour454590trianglesineachcorneroftheface(whenlookingatthesquare
pyramid.)Bothlegsofallthesetrianglesmeasure15.4cm,becausetheyarehalfofoneside
ofthecube.Usingthepropertiesof454590triangles,thehypotenuseofthesefourtriangles
wouldbe15.4 2 cm(asseeninFigure1.)Thishypotenuseissharedbyallthesidesofthe
baseofthesquarepyramid,anditisalsothelengthofthebasesofthetetrahedron,because
theysharethesameedges.Withthisinformationtheheightofthesquarepyramidcanbe
found.Inordertofindtheheight,atrianglewillbecreatedusingtheslantheight,theheightof
thepyramid(centerofthebasetotheapex),andhalfthedistanceofonebaseside(centerof

PierceShereda17
thebasetothecenterofanedge).DifferentpartsfromthePythagoreantheorem( a2 + b2 =
c2) canbeused.Firstthelengthofthebaselegshouldbefound,becausethislegisequalto
thedistanceofhalfthelengthofoneedgeofthebaseofthepyramidisequalto7.7 2 cm.
Nowthatthebaselegisdown,thehypotenuseofthetrianglewhichisequaltotheslant
heightofthepyramidwillbefound.Thisisagaincalculatedbyusingthespecialpropertiesof
306090triangles,bydividingtheequilateralfaceintotwoequalrighttrianglesattheslant
heightcreatestwo306090triangles.Thelinesegmentoppositethe30degreeangle
happenstobetheedgeofthebasewhichwhendividedbytwowhichgivesthelengthof7.7
2 cmastheshorterleg.Becauseofthepropertiesof306090triangles(wherethe
hypotenuseistwicethedistanceasthelegoppositethe30

angle,andtheotherlegistimes
3 theshorterleg),thelongerlegisfoundat7.7 6 cm.Thehypotenuseistwicetheshorter
leg,soitis15.4 2 cm.Thenumbersarenowallknowntobepluggedintothepythagorean
pyramidtochecktheheightofthepyramid.
a2 + b2 = c2
(7.72)2 + b2 = c2
(7.72)2 + b2 = (7 6) 2
118.58+ b2 =355.74
b2 =237.16
b =15.4
Figure14.TheHeightoftheSquarePyramid.
Thisformulagivesoftheanswerofb=15.4cm,showninFigure14,whichmeansthat
theheightofthesquarepyramidis15.4cm.Thefinalstepneededforthevolumetobefound
isfindingtheareaofthebase.Tofindtheareaofthebasetheformula s2 orsidesquaredis
used.
Abase = s2
Abase =(15.4 2 ) 2
Abase =474.32

PierceShereda17
Figure15.AreaoftheBaseoftheSquarePyramid.
Figure15,above,showstheareaofthebaseofthesquarepyramid.Withthis
informationthevolumeofthesquarepyramidcanbefound,usingtheformula V = Ab H
,pluggingin15.4for h and474.32for Abase.

V pyramid = Abase h
V pyramid = (474.32) (15.4)
V pyramid = (158.106) (15.4)
3
V pyramid =2434.842 6 cm

Figure16.VolumeoftheSquarePyramid.
Figure16,above,showsthatthevolumeofthesquarepyramidwouldbe2434.842 6
cm.Theotherpartofthismethodtocreateacuboctahedronisthetetrahedronthe
tetrahedronhasallsidelengthsof15.4 2 cm,becauselikewhatwaspreviouslystated,the
basecornersofthetetrahedronlieatthemidpointsoftheentirecubeedgescreating
454590triangles.Findingtheheightofthetetrahedronisslightlydifferentthantheother
shapespreviouslydone,becausethetetrahedroniscomprisedof4facesthatareall
equilateraltriangles,thealtitudesofeachfaceintersecteachotherintopiecesthatareand
oftheentirealtitude.Tofindthealtitude,thepropertiesof306090trianglescanbeused,
splittingonefaceofthetetrahedronintotwoequalpartsattheheightcreatestwo306090
triangles.Thesideoppositethe30

angleisthebaseside,whichisalreadyknowntobe15.4
2 cm,becausethelateralfacewascutinhalfattheheight,sowillthisbaselengthto
coincidewiththe306090triangle.Soifthebaseofthetriangleis7.7 2 cm.Thentheother
biggerlegorslantheightwouldhavetobe7.7 6 cm.Thenumber7.7 6 ,otherthanbeingthe
heightofoneface,isalsothealtitudeofeveryfaceofthetetrahedron.Nowtofindtheheight

PierceShereda17
ofthetetrahedron,thePythagoreantheoremwillbeusedwewillgoaboutthisbycreatinga
righttriangleusingtheheightofthetetrahedronasaleg,asideofthetetrahedronasa
hypotenuse,andofthealtitudeofafaceorthedistancefromacenterofthefacetoa
cornerasanotherleg,whichrelatesbacktowhatwassaidearlieraboutthealtitudesof
equilateraltrianglesbisectingeachothertocreateaandpiece.Becauseofthis,fromthe
pointwhereallthethealtitudesintersecttoanycornerofthetetrahedronwillbe5.1 3 6 cm,if
theportionisused,whichiswhatwewilldo.Thelengthofthehypotenuseis15.4 2
cm,whichisalreadyknown.Becausetheheightofthetetrahedronisnotknownyetitwillbe
replacedwiththevariableb.
a2 + b2 = c2
(5.1362 + b2 = c2
(5.1362 + b2 =(15.4 2 ) 2
b2 =316.21 3
b = 316.213
Figure17.HeightoftheTetrahedron.
Figure17,above,showsthePythagoreantheorembeingusedtofindtheheight,
whichis 316.213 cm.Nowthatwehavetheheight,allweneedtofindthevolumeistofind
theareaofthebaseofthetetrahedron.Theformulathatwillbeusedtofindthisis
A = 1/2 b h with A standingforarea, b standingforbase,and h standingforheight.The
baseofthetetrahedronisanyface,wealreadyknowthattheheightis7.7 6 cmandthebase
orsidelengthsare15.4 2 cm.
Abase = B H
Abase = 15.42 7.76
2
Abase =59.29 12 cm
Figure18.AreaofthebaseoftheTetrahedron.

PierceShereda17
Figure18,above,showsthetriangleareaformulabeingusedtocomeupwiththe
2
areaofthetriangle,whichis59.29 12 cm
.Finallywecanplugthesenumbersintothe

volumeformula V = Abase h.
V tetrahedron = Abase h
V tetrahedron = (59.2912) (316.2133)
3
V tetrahedron =19.7633 3794.5596 cm
Figure19.VolumeoftheTetrahedron.
Figure19,above,showsthepyramidvolumeformulabeingusedtofindthevolumeof
3
19.7633 3794.5596 cm
.Finally,wehavetomultiplythesquarepyramidsvolumeby6and

thetetrahedronsvolumeby8.
V cuboctahedron = V tetrahedron 8 + V pyramid 6
V cuboctahedron = 19.76333794.5596 8 + 2434.8426 6
V cuboctahedron = 158.1063794.5596 + 2434.8426 6
3
V cuboctahedron = 158.1063794.5596 + 14609.056 cm
Figure20.VolumeoftheCuboctahedron.
Figure20,above,givesthevolumeofthecuboctahedron,at 158.1063794.5596 +
3
3
14609.056 cm
.Whensimplifyingthatalloutlikewedidforcase2,weget

24348.4cm
,which

isthesamevolumethatwegotforcase3.

PierceShereda17
Figure21.ACuboctahedron.
Figure21,above,showsoneviewofacuboctahedron.Inthesituationofcreatinga
cuboctahedron,liketheoneinFigure11,therewerenotmanyissuesthatwereencountered.
Whencreatingthenetsforeachmethodofacuboctahedron,ifsmalltabswerenotmade
alongtheedgeofeachshapetoglue/tapetoeasilycreatetheshapes,itbecameveryhardto
putthenettogethertocreatetheshapes.intermsofcreatingthecuboctahedronitself,it
wasntnecessarilyhard,butittookalmosttwohourstoperfectlycreatethenetusingclassic
constructionsthen,ittookabouttenminutestocarefullycutoutthenet.Actuallyputtingit
togetherwasnttoobad,anditdidnttaketoolong.Thevolumeforourcuboctahedronwas
3
24348.4cm
,whichwasthevolumesharedbyallthreecases.Thisisbecausenomatter

whichmethodwasused,theexactsamecuboctahedronwascreatedandbecausethe
cuboctahedronwasthesameinallthreecasesthevolumewouldalsohavetobethesame.
Overall,thecuboctahedronwassurprisinglyaprettyfunproject,becauseitwasapuzzleto
figureout,andthatfeelingyougetwhenapuzzleiscompletediswonderful,andthatishowit
feltwhencreatingthecuboctahedronshapesandwhendoingallthemathforthispaper.

PierceShereda17

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