Fulbright Economics Teaching Program

(www.fetp.edu.vn)

GLOSSARY
Key Economic Terms for English-Vietnamese Translations

This glossary are colected by FETPs Team and for internal circulation only!

Page1

100% gold backing

100% bo chng vng

A
Ability to pay
Above the line (ref. Current
account/Below the line )
Absolute advantage
Accelerator (model)
Accelerator effect
Accounting price
Accumulated depreciation
Adaptive expectations (ref. )
Adjustable peg regime
Ad valorem tariff

Kh nng chi tr
Phn trn vch (cc giao dch trong ti khon vng lai)
Li th tuyt i
(M hnh) gia s
Hiu ng gia tc
Gi k ton
Khu hao tch ly
Nhng k vng thch ng
Ch iu chnh hn ch
Thu tnh theo phn trm c nh ca gi tr hng ho nhp
khu
Chi ph iu chnh (SX)
(Hin tng) La chn theo hng bt li
C sc cung bt li
Tng quan tui-thu nhp
ng/ Biu tng cu
Tng cu / Nhu cu tng hp
ng / Biu tng cung
Phn b; An nh
Phn tin tr cp
Phn tch
_Phn tch ri ro
_ Phn tch tnh hung
_ Phn tch nhy
Tnh theo by / ha
Th trng nin kim
Thin lch / nh kin chng xut khu
Thm nh
Tng gi tr v gim gi tr
Kinh doanh(da vo) chnh lch t gi
iu kin ngang bng li sut k vng

Adjustment cost
Adverse selection
Adverse supply shock
Age-earning profiles
Aggregate demand schedule
Aggregate demand
Aggregate supply schedule
Allocate
Allowance
Analysis (stats)
_Risk analysis
_Scenario analysis
_Sensitivity analysis
Animal spirit
Annuity market
Anti-export bias
Appraisal
Appreciation and depreciation
Arbitrage
Arbitrage condition (ref. Uncovered
interest /interest parity)
Asset stocks and service flows
Asymmetric information
Austerity program

D tr ti sn v lung dch v
Thng tin khng cn xng
Chng trnh tht lng buc bng

Autarky economy

Nn kinh t t cp t tc?

Automatic stabilizers
Autonomous and induced expenditure

Nhng cng c n nh t ng
Phn chi tiu t nh (phi) v phn chi tiu do (thu nhp)
thc y
Tiu dng t nh
Nhu cu u t t nh
Chi ph trung bnh
nh gi theo chi ph trung bnh
Bin ph trung bnh

Autonomous consumption
Autonomous investment demand
Average cost (AC)
Average-cost pricing
Average variable cost (AVC)

B
Balance of payments
Balance of trade
Balance sheet
Balanced (GDP) ~ Equilibrium (GDP)
Balanced budget multiplier
Bandwagon effect (ref. Network
effects/)
Bank runs
Bankruptcy
Banks cash-deposit ratio
Barriers to entry
Base year
Below the line (ref. Capital
account/Above the line )
Benefit principle
Beta
Big bang (ref. Grativity theory)
Bimodal
Black market premium
Bliss point = optimum optimoral
Blue-chip stock
Bond
Gild-edged bonds
Border price
Brain drain
Breakeven point
Budget deficit and surplus
Budget line
Budget shares
Buffer stocks
Building societies
Burgernomics (Big Mac index)
Business cycle

Cn cn thanh ton
Cn cn mu dch
Bn tng kt ti sn / Bn quyt ton / cn i thu chi
(GDP) c cn i ~ (GDP) cn bng
Tha s ca ngn sch cn bng
Tc ng theo tro lu
Hin tng x rt tin khi ngn hng
Ph sn
T s gia s tin mt v s tin gi ca ngn hng
Cc ro cn gia nhp / nhp ngnh
Nm gc/nm c s
Phn di vch (cc giao dch trong ti khon vn)
Nguyn tc li ch
Ch s tnh s bin ng li tc ca mt c phiu cng vi
s bin ng li tc ca ton b th trng chng khon
(M hnh) 2 phng thc
Mc / Khon chnh lch ca th trng ch en?
im hnh phc
C phiu sng gi?
Tri phiu
Tri phiu chnh ph c gi tr cao
Gi ca khu
Chy mu cht xm
im ha vn
Thm ht v thng d ngn sch
ng ngn qu / ngn sch
T phn ngn sch
Kho m
T chc cp tn dng xy nh
Kinh t hc bnh hamburger (ch s Big Mac)
Chu k kinh t

C
Capacity charges
Capacity utilization
Capital deepening
Capital gains and losses
Capital-labor ratio
Capital widening
Captive buyer
Cartel
Cash drainage
Cash flow
Cash flow statement
Cash limits
Catchall z
Causation
Ceilings and floors
Ceilings / floors price
Central tendency
Checkable deposites
Choice of production technique
Churning process
Circular flow of payments
Classical and Keynesian
unemployment
Classical dichotomy
Classical model
Closed shop
Closed/open economy
Coase Theorem
Cold turkey strategy (ref. Gradualism )
Collective action
Collective exhaustive
Collinearity
Multi-collinearity
Collusion
Combination
Command economy
Commodity monies
Company
Comparative advantage
Compensating differentials
Compensating variation (ref.
Equivalent )
Competition
Competition policy
Complement (stats)
Complement
Complementary inputs
Concave (~ convex)
Conglomerate
Concessionary price / rate
Consistent
Consolidated balance sheets
Constant prices
Constant returns to scale
Constraint (informal / formal)

Ph cng sut
Mc s dng nng lc sn xut ?
Tp trung/chiu su vn
Li vn v l vn
T s vn lao ng
Phn tn vn
Ngi / Ngn hng b buc phi mua mt s chng khon
va pht hnh (nh nc quy nh)
Cc ten
Tht thot/ht tin mt?
Ngn lu / Dng lu kim
Bo co lung tin / ngn lu
Cc hn mc tin mt
Bin tng hp z
Quan h nhn qu
Mc nh v mc y
Gi trn / sn
Hng tm
Tin gi dng sc
S la chn k thut sn xut
Qu trnh khuy ng c cu vic lm do tin b cng ngh
Dng thanh ton lun chuyn
Tht nghip theo l thuyt c in v theo l thuyt Keynes
Tnh lng phn theo m hnh c in
M hnh c in
Quy b hp? Cng ty c t chc cng on
Nn kinh t khp kn / m ca
nh l Coase
Chin lc cp tc (gim nhanh lm pht bng cch gim
mnh tng trng tin)
Hnh ng tp th (c t chc)
Hon ton
Cng tuyn?
a cng tuyn?
Cu kt
T hp
Nn kinh t mnh lnh / ch huy
Ha t; tin t bng hng ha
Cng ty
Li th tng i
Cc mc b thm tin lng
Bin thin b p
Cnh tranh
Chnh sch v cnh tranh
B
Hng b tr
Nhp lng b tr
Lm (~ li)
Tp on
Gi / T sut u i
Thng nht / nht qun
Bng cn i (k ton/ti sn) hp nht
Gi c nh / gi khng i
Sinh li c nh theo quy m
Hn ch / rng buc (khng chnh thc / chnh thc; ngoi
quy nh / theo quy nh)

Consumer borrowing
Consumer choice
Consumer distortion loss
Consumer sovereignty
Consumer surplus
Consumption
Independent / induced consumption
Consumption bundle
Consumption externalities
Consumption function
Contestable market
Conversion factor
Convertibility
Corner solution
Correlation _Positive(~negative)
correlation
Correlation of returns
Cost-benefit analysis
Cost minimization
Cost of capital
Cost overrun
Cost of protection
Cost plus pricing
Cost-push inflation
Counter-vailing duty
Covered interest parity (ref.
Uncovered interest )
Cracking spread (ref. Refining margin
)
Crawling-peg (exchange rate)
Credible threat
Credit-based VAT
Criminalization
Crony capitalism
Cross price elasticity of demand
Cross-section data
Crowding out
Crowding-out effect
Currency board
Current account
Current and capital accounts
Current prices

Vay tiu dng

La chn ca ngi tiu dng
Mt mt do lch lc trong tiu dng
Ch quyn ngi tiu dng
Thng d ngi tiu dng
Tiu dng
Tiu dng ph thuc / thay i?
im kt hp tiu dng
Nhng ngoi tc tiu dng
Hm tiu dng
Th trng c th cnh tranh c
H s chuyn i
Kh nng chuyn i
Gii php kh x
Tng quan
_Tng quan ng bin (~nghch bin)
Tng quan ca li tc
Phn tch chi ph v li ch
Cc tiu ha / ti thiu ha chi ph
Chi ph vn
Chi ph pht sinh
Chi ph ca vic bo h
nh gi theo cch thm vo chi ph
Lm pht do chi ph y (~demand-pull inflation)
Thu chng bo h gi; thu nh vo hng xut/nhp khu
c tr gi
Chnh lch gi du th v sn phm lc du
iu chnh tng lc/ph gi dn dn (t gi hi oi)
e da c th thc hin c
VAT trn c s hon thu
Quy l ti phm
Ch ngha t bn da trn s thn cn
co gin cho ca cu theo gi
S liu cho / mu / c trng?
S ln p / chn p
Tc ng ln p / chn p
C ch y ban tin t / CB (d tr ngoi t ni t lu hnh)
Ti khon hin hnh/cn cn ti khon vn lai
Ti khon vng lai v ti khon vn
Gi hin hnh (thi gi)

D
Dead weight loss
Dead weight tax burden
Debt management
Debt rescheduling
Decile
Deflation (ref. Disinflation)
Demand deposits
Demand for foreign exchange
Demand management
Demand-pull inflation
Demand schedule
Demonetization
Depletable and renewable resources
Depreciation
Depreciation rate
Deregulation
Derived demand
Devaluation and revaluation
Deviation
-Standard deviation
Differentiated goods
Diminishing marginal rate of
substitution
Diminishing marginal utility of wealth
Diminishing returns
Direct / indirect taxes
Dirigiste
Disbursement
Discount rate
Discounting
Discouraged worker/unemployed (ref.
)
Discriminating monopoly
Diseconomies of scale
Disinflation (ref. Deflation)
Dispersion
Disposable income
Dissaving
Distortions
Distortions and market failure
Distribution (stats)
_Continuous distribution
_Deterministic distribution
_Discrete distribution
_Normal distribution
_Probability distribution
_Step distribution
_Triangular distribution
_Uniform distribution
Divergence
Diversification
Dividends
Dollar openness index
Dollar standard
Domestic absorption
Domestic-oriented growth
Domestic resources cost
Dumping

S / mc mt mt v ch
Gnh nng v ch ca thu kha
Qun l n
Hon n / gia hn n
Thnh mi nhm bng nhau
Gim pht (tc gim gi hay gim gi thc)
Tin gi khng k hn (thuc ti khon vng lai)
Cu ngoi t
Qun l nhu cu
Lm pht do cu ko (~ cost-push inflation)
Biu cu / ng cu
(qu trnh) Phi tin t ha; gim bt s dng tin mt
Cc ti nguyn khng th ti sinh v ti sinh
Khu hao/mt gi ng tin
T l khu hao
Ni lng kim sot
Nhu cu dn xut / phi suy / th pht
(chnh sch) Ph gi v nng gi
lch
_ lch chun
hng ha (cng loi) mang nt c trng ring
(Quy lut) T l thay th bin gim dn
Gi tr tha dng bin gim dn ca ti sn
(Quy lut) Li tc gim dn
Thu trc thu / gin thu
Chnh ph can thip
Gii ngn
Sut chit khu
Chit khu
Ngi tht nghip do nn lng
c quyn phn bit i x
Tnh phi kinh t v quy m
Gim lm pht (tc tng gi gim)
Phn tn
Thu nhp kh dng
Tiu(xi) tin tit kim/gim tit kim
Nhng bin dng
Cc bin dng v tht bi th trng
Phn phi
_Phn phi lin tc
_ Phn phi tt nh
_ Phn phi ri
_ Phn phi chun
_ Phn phi xc sut
_ Phn phi bc thang
_ Phn phi tam gic
_ Phn phi u
Sai bit
a dng ha
Li c phn / c tc
Ch s m ca theo ng la
Bn v la
Hp thu trong nc
Tng trng hng vo th trng ni a
Chi ph ti nguyn trong nc
Bn ph gi

Dummy variable
Dynamic (additional) gains

Bin s gi
Li ch nng ng (b sung)

E
Easy / tight monetary or fiscal policy
Eclectic Keynesian
Econometrics
Economic cost
Economic price
Economic profit
Economic rate of return
Economic rent = supra normal profit
Economies of scale
Effective
Effective demand
Effective protection
Effective rate of protection
Effective rate of return
Efficiency
Efficiency loss
Efficiency wages
Efficient asset market
Efficient resource allocation
Elasticity (Ref. Responsiveness )
Elastic, inelastic and unit elastic
demand
Embodied technical progress
Endogeneous consumption
Entry and exit
Envelop/meta production function
Escrow account
Equilibrium aggregate output
Equivalent variation (Ref.
Compensating variation )
Equalizing wage differentials
Equity
Evolving market condition
Ex-ante
Ex-post
Excess burden
Excess demand
Excess productive capacity (idle
capital goods)
Excess profits
Excess reserves
Excess supply
Exchange rate
Effective exchange rate
Exchange rate speculation
Excise taxes (cf. )
Exogenous
Exogenous expectations
Expected / unexpected inflation
Expenditure approach
Export-led growth
Export-oriented industrialization
Export credit subsidy
Extensive margin (ref. Intensive
margin )
Externalities
Dynamic externalities
Extrapolative expectations

Chnh sch ni lng / tht chc tin t hay thu chi ngn sch
Ngi theo thuyt Keynes chit trung
Kinh t lng
Chi ph kinh t
Gi kinh t
Li nhun kinh t
T sut li nhun kinh t
Li nhun kinh t = li nhun trn bnh thng
Li th kinh t nh quy m
Hiu dng / hiu qu
Cu hiu dng
Bo h hu hiu
T l bo h hiu dng (r = v -v/ v)
Sut sinh li hiu dng
Tnh hiu dng / qu
Hiu qu mt mt
Tin cng / lng hiu dng / qu
Cc th trng ti sn c hiu dng / qu
S phn b ngun lc c hiu dng / qu
co gin (s p li/phn ng li)
Nhu cu co gin, khng co gin, co gin mt n v
Tin b k thut c p dng
Tiu dng ni sinh
Nhp ngnh v xut ngnh
Hm sn xut tng hp
Ti khon thu gi (do bn th ba qun l)
Tng sn lng cn bng
Bin thin tng ng
Cn bng cc mc chnh lch tin cng
Vn c phn
S tin trin ca tnh hnh kinh t
Tin on
Hu suy
Gnh nng thu qu mc
Tri cu
Tha cng sut (t liu SX nhn ri)
Li vt
D tr d/tri
Cung vt
T gi hi oi
T gi hi oi hiu dng
S u c theo t gi hi oi
Thu trn tng mt hng
Ngoi sinh, ngoi tc
Nhng d tnh ngoi sinh
Lm pht d tnh c / bt thng
Phng php da vo chi tiu ( tnh GDP)
Tng trng theo hng xut khu
Cng nghip ha theo hng xut khu
Tr cp tn dng xut khu
Gia tng theo qui m ngun lc (a n tng trng sn
lng)
Ngoi tc, ngoi ng
Ngoi tc ng
Nhng d tnh ngoi suy

Extreme Keynesian

Ngi theo thuyt Keynes cc oan

F
Factor endowments
Factor incomes
Factor intensity
Factors of production
Factor substitution effect
Factorial
Fallacy of composition
Feasibility study
Fiat (or Token) money
Final goods
Finance deepening
Fine tuning
Intermediate goods
Financial depth
Financial discipline
Financial intermediary
Financial restraint
Financial reppression
Financial price
Financial statement
Financial rate of return
Finite horizon
Firm-specific human capital
First-best and second-best efficiency
F-test
Fiscal policy (~)
- Automatic (~)
- Discretionary (~)
- Expansionary (~)
- Contractionary (~)
Fixed cost (FC)
Fixed factors
Fixed / floating exchange rates
Flow variable
Force of compounding
Foreign exchange reserves
Forward and contingent market
Forward markets and spot markets
Fractional reserve banking
Fractional reserve system
Free entry/(exit)
Free riders
Free-rider problem
Natural unemployment = Frictional +
structural unemployments
Full-employment budget
Function
Functional income distribution
Fundamental trading
Future value

S s hu cc yu t sn xut
Thu nhp t cc yu t sn xut
Mc / cng huy ng (s dng) cc yu t sn xut
K (chi ph K), L (lng), v T (tin thu t)
Tc ng thay th yu t sn xut
Giai tha
Khi nim sai lm i vi s ng/s ng b sai lm
Nghin cu kh thi
Tin php nh
Hng ha cui cng
Tng cng ti chnh; pht trin h thng ti chnh theo
chiu su
Tinh chnh
Hng ha trung gian
su ti chnh
K lut ti chnh
Trung gian ti chnh
p ch ti chnh
Gi ti chnh
Bo co ti chnh
Sut sinh li ti chnh
Tm nhn/khung tri hu hn
Vn nhn lc c th i vi hng
Tnh hiu dng / hiu qu tt nht v tt nh
Kim nh Fisher
Chnh sch thu chi ngn sch
- (~) t ng
- (~) ch ng
- (~) m rng; ni rng
- (~) thu hp
nh ph
Cc yu t sn xut c nh
T gi hi oi c nh / th ni
Bin s mang tnh dng chy; bin s dng
Sc mnh ca ly tin
D tr ngoi t / ngoi hi
Cc th trng bt trc v k hn
Cc th trng t trc v cc th trng giao ngay
Hot ng ngn hng vi khon d tr khng ng k
H thng d tr mt phn
Nhp ngnh/(xut ngnh) t do
Nhng ngi xi cha/ngi n theo
Vn ngi xi cha
Tht nghip t nhin = t/ng do cha tm c vic lm ng
+ t/ng do s nng ng/ thay i c cu ca nn kinh t.
Ngn sch ton dng nhn cng
Hm s
Phn phi thu nhp theo chc nng
u t ngc qun tnh th trng (theo gi tr thc)
Gi tr tng lai

10

G
Gains from trade
Game theory
GATT
General equilibrium
General human capital
Geometric series
GNP and national income
GNP at factor cost
GNP at market prices
GNP deflator
Gold reserve
Gold standard
Goldbugs
Goods
Related goods
Inferior goods
Government regulation
Government spending and net taxes
Government spending on goods and
services
Gradualism policy (ref. Cold turkey
strategy )
Gradualist monetarist
Grativity theory (Ref. Big Bang)
Greenfield (project)
Gross domestic product (GDP)
Growth rate
Sharp gyration

Li ch t thng mi/ngoi thng

L thuyt tr chi
Hip nh chung v thu quan v mu dch
Cn bng chung / tng th
Vn nhn lc mang c im chung
Chui s nhn
GNP v thu nhp quc dn
GNP theo chi ph cho yu t sn xut
GNP theo gi th trng
H s gim pht/kh lm pht
D tr vng
Bn v vng
Nhng con b vng
Hng ha
Hng ha c lin quan
Hng ha th cp
S iu tit ca chnh ph
Chi tiu ca chnh ph v thu rng
Chi tiu chnh ph cho hng ha v dch v
Chnh sch tun t (gim lm pht bng cch gim dn mc
tng trng tin)
Ngi theo thuyt trng tin tun tin
(D n) hon ton mi
Tng sn phm quc ni
Tc tng trng
Chu k xoay vng r rt

11

H
Hands-off policy
Hedgers
High-powered money or monetary
base
High turn-over sector
Homogeneous products
Horizontal and vertical equity
Horizontal/ vertical / conglomerate
mergers
Hotelling rent
Human capital
Human wealth
Hyperinflation
Hysteresis

Chnh sch khng can thip

Nhng ngi t bo him
Qu tin mnh/ c s tin
Khu vc c s thay i nhn cng cao
Sn phm ng nht
Bnh ng theo chiu ngang / dc
Hp nht theo tuyn ngang / dc / kt khi
Gi tr s dng ngun lc t nhin
Ti sn nhn lc
Ca ci ca con ngi
Siu lm pht
Hin tng tr

12

I
ICOR
Identities
National Income Identities
Imperfect competition
Implicit cost
Import restrictions
Import substitution
Import substitution industrialization
Incidence of taxation
Income and substitution effects
Income approach
Income distribution
Income effect
Income effect of wages
Income elasticity of demand
Income statement
Income policy
Index of distortion
Index numbers
Indexation
Indifference curve
Indifference map
Inductive reasoning
Industrial concentration
Industrial policy
Industrialization
Infant industry
Infant industry tariff argument
Inferior goods
Infinitely elastic
Inflation-adjusted budget
Inflationary gap
Informative econom analysis
Injection
Innocent entry barrier
Innovation
Inputs and outputs
Insiders and outsiders
Insolvency
Intangible capital
Intensive margin (ref. Extensive
margin )
Intercept
Interest
Interest sensitivity
Intermediate goods
Internal rate of return
Internal / external balance
International debt crisis
Intersection
Intervention and official financing
Intra-industrial trade
Invention and innovation
Inventory
Inverse relation
Investment
Inventory _
Just-in-case _

T l bin t gia vn v sn lng

ng nht thc
ng nht thc ca thu nhp quc dn
Cnh tranh khng hon ho
Chi ph n
Nhng hn ch nhp khu
Thay th nhp khu
Cng nghip ha thay th nhp khu
i tng chu thu
nh hng thu nhp v nh hng thay th
Phng php da vo thu nhp ( tnh GDP)
Phn phi thu nhp
nh hng thu nhp
nh hng thu nhp ca lng
co gin ca cu theo thu nhp
Bn bo co thu nhp / Bn thu nhp
Chnh sch thu nhp
Ch s bin dng/bp mo
S ch s
Phng php ch s ha
ng ng dng/bn quan
Bn ng dng
Lp lun quy np
S tp trung cng nghip
Chnh sch cng nghip
Cng nghip ha
Ngnh non tr
Lun c ng h thu nhp khu v mt ngnh non tr
Hng ha th cp
Co dn hon ton
Ngn sch c iu chnh theo lm pht
H cch/khong trng lm pht
Phn tch thng tin kinh t
(cc khon/lng) bm vo
Cn tr ngu nhin i vi vic nhp ngnh
Sng kin
u vo (nguyn vt liu) v u ra / xut v nhp lng
Ngi trong cuc v ngi ngoi cuc
Tnh trng khng tr n c / mt kh nng chi tr
Vn v hnh
Gia tng nng sut ngun lc (dn n tng trng sn
lng)
Tung gc
Li sut
nhy cm theo li sut
Hng ha trung gian
Ni sut thu hi vn / ni sut sinh li
Cn bng bn trong / bn ngoi
Khng hong n quc t
Giao
Can thip v ti tr chnh thc
Thng mi trong ngnh
Pht minh v ci tin k thut
Hng tn kho
Tng quan nghch bin
u t
u t hng tn kho?
u t d phng?

13

Just-in-time _
Just-in-time management
_trust company

u t khi cn?
(Qun l) iu vt t va c sn ngay khi cn gim
gnh nng chi ph tn kho
Qu/Cng ty y thc u t

Investment demand schedule

Invisible hand
IOU money
Iron-rice bowl
Iso-cost
Iso-quant
Iso-value line
IS and LM schedule

ng biu th nhu cu u t
Bn tay v hnh
Tin da theo n
Thi k bt st (n tp th)
(ng) ng ph
ng lng
ng ng gi tr
Cc ng biu th IS v LM

14

J
Job acceptance schedule
Joint stock company
Junk bonds

ng th s ngi chp nhn cng vic

Cng ty c phn
Tri phiu li sut cao

L
Labor force schedule
Labor hoarding
Labor-intensive
Labor market tight
Laffer curve
Laissez-faire economy
Law of diminishing marginal utility
Law of diminishing return
Law of One price
Leakages and injections
Leasing firm
Least square
Legal tender
Lender of last resort
Less developed countries (LDCs)
Level field
Leveraged buy out (LBO)
Leveraged financing
Life-cycle hypothesis
Life-cycle oriented expectation
Liability
Limited liability
Line of credit
Liquid assets ratio
Liquidity
Loan facility
Local content requirement
Logrolling
Long run average cost (LAC) curve
Long run competitive equilibrium
Long run marginal cost (LMC) curve
Long run total cost curve
Long / short run Phillips curve
Lumpy investment
Lump-sum tax (ref. Excise taxes )

ng th lao ng
Tch tr lao ng
Thm dng lao ng
Th trng lao ng khan him
ng Laffer
Nn kinh t t do [Chnh ph khng can thip]
Quy lut tha dng bin gim dn
Quy lut sinh li gim dn
Quy lut mt gi
Cc khon r r v bm vo / hao ph v b sung
Cng ty cho thu ti chnh
Bnh phng nh nht
Phng tin thanh ton hp php (lut nh)
Cu cnh cho vay cui cng
Cc nc km pht trin hn
Sn chi cng bng / cng mt sn chi?
n by mua chuc thi vic?
Ti tr n by?
Gi thuyt v vng i / chu k tuui th (sn phm)
K vng theo nh hng chu k i ngi
N, tin n, ngha v, tiu sn
Trch nhim hu hn
Mc tnh dng
T l ti sn d thanh tiu
(Tnh) Thanh hon / Thanh tiu
Chng trnh cho vay
Yu cu v thnh phn (c ngun gc) ni a
B phiu theo kiu mc ngoc
ng chi ph bnh qun di hn
Cn bng cnh tranh di hn
ng chi ph bin di hn
ng tng ph di hn
ng Phillips di / ngn hn
u t theo tng mng
Thu gp / khon

15

M
M1
M2
M3
M1 and M0
Macroeconomics demand schedule
Macroeconomics
Managed or dirty floating
Management board
Marginal cost
Marginal cost of labor
Marginal cost pricing
Marginal firm
Marginal income tax rate
Marginal principle
Marginal product of labors
Marginal propensity to consume
(MPC)
Marginal propensity to import
Marginal propensity to save (MPS)
Marginal rate of substitution
Marginal rate of transformation
Marginal revenue
Marginal revenue product of labor
Maturity
Marginal utility
Marginal value product of capital
Marginal value product of labor
Market clearing
Market demand curve
Market failure
Market mechanism
Market niche
Market oriented reform
Market premium rate
Black market premium rate
Parallel market premium rate
Market structure
Mark-up () / mark-up price
Matching grant
Non-matching grant
Maturity
Mean
Means test
Median
Median voter
Medium of exchange
Menu cost of inflation
Merit goods
Meso-economics
Microeconomics
Minimum wage
Mix of fiscal and monetary policy
Mixed economy
Mobility of labor
Mode
Model

Lng tin lu hnh + tin gi khng k hn

M1 + tin gi c k hn + $ tit kim qui m nh + gi tr
giao dch ngn hn
M2 + $ tit kim qui m ln + gi tr giao dch di hn
Mc cung tin M1 v M0
ng cu mang tnh kinh t hc v m
Kinh t hc v m
S th ni c qun l hay khng thun khit
Ban qun l/Hi ng Qun tr
Chi ph bin t
Chi ph bin t cho lao ng
nh / t gi theo chi ph bin t
Xut bin?
Thu sut bin nh vo thu nhp
Nguyn l bin
Sn phm bin ca lao ng
Thin hng tiu dng bin t
Thin hng nhp khu bin t
Thin hng tit kim bin t
T l thay th bin t
T l chuyn i bin
Doanh thu bin t
Sn phm doanh thu bin ca lao ng
n hn thanh ton
Tha dng bin t
Sn phm gi tr bin ca vn
Sn phm gi tr bin ca lao ng
im cn bng th trng
ng cu ca th trng
Trc trc / tht bi ca th trng
C ch th trng
V th th trng
Ci cch theo nh hng th trng
T l chnh lch gi
T l chnh lch gi ca th trng ch en
T l chnh lch gi ca th trng song hnh
C cu th trng
Phn tng thm hay cng thm () / Gi n
Tr cp i ng
Tr cp n thun
n hn/o hn
Trung bnh
Chng trnh tr cp trn c s thu nhp thp
Trung v
C tri trung dung
Phng tin trao i
Chi ph thc n ca lm pht
Hng c li , hng khuyn dng
Kinh t hc trung dung (Macro-eco. > Meso-eco > Microeco.)
Kinh t hc vi m
Tin lng ti thiu
Kt hp chnh sch ngn sch v tin t
Nn kinh t hn hp
Tnh lun chuyn ca lao ng
Cao tn (tn s)
M hnh

16

Momentum trading (ref. fundamental)

Monetarists
Monetary accommodation
Monetary aggregate
Monetary base
Monetary overhang
Monetary standard
Monetary Union
Monetized economy
Money illusion
Money market equilibrium
Money multiplier
Money supply
Monopolies and mergers commission
Monopolistic competition
Monopoly power
Monopsony
Moral hazard
Multiplier
Multiplier-accelerator model
Multiplier coefficient
Multually exclusive

Giao dch theo qun tnh th trng

Nhng ngi theo thuyt trng ngn
S iu tit tin t
Cung tin (M1, M2, M3)
C s tin
(tnh trng) S dng qu nhiu tin mt
Bn v tin
Lin minh tin t
Nn kinh t tin t ha
o tng v tin
S cn bng ca th trng tin t
S nhn tin t
Cung tin
y ban v c quyn v hp nht
Cnh tranh c tnh c quyn
Quyn lc c quyn
c quyn mua
Cc nguy hi do tm l li
Tha s/H s nhn
M hnh tng tc theo tha s / h s nhn
H s khuych i?
Loi tr ln nhau

17

N
Narrow banking
National debt
National income accounting
National procurement
Nationalized identities
Nationalized industries
Natural monopoly
Natural rate of unemployment
Net economic welfare
Net export
Net present value
Net property income abroad
Network effects/externalities (ref.
Bandwagon effect )
New classical macroeconomics
New international economic order
New protectionism
Newly industrializing countries (NICs)
Nominal and real interest rates
Nominal and real money balances
Nominal variables
Nominal / real exchange rate
Non-institutional civilian population
Non market
Non-participation rate (ref.
Discouraged worker/)
Non-tariff barriers
Non performing assets
Non performing loans
Non traded
Normal and inferior goods
Normal profit opportunity cost of K
Normative economics
Null hypothesis
Numeraire

(Chnh sch) Hot ng ngn hng thu hp

N quc gia
Hch ton thu nhp quc dn
Vic mua hng ca chnh ph
ng nht thc ca thu nhp quc dn
Cc ngnh quc hu ha
c quyn t nhin
T l tht nghip t nhin
Phc li kinh t rng
Xut khu rng
Gi tr hin ti rng
Thu nhp ti sn rng t nc ngoi
Tc ng/ngoi tc t mng li
Kinh t hc v m tn c in
Trt t kinh t th gii mi
Ch ngha bo h mi
Cc nc mi cng nghip ha
Li sut danh ngha v li sut thc t
S d/d tr tin danh ngha v thc t
Cc bin s danh ngha
T gi hi oi danh ngha / thc t
Lc lng lao ng dn s (available for civilian emplyment)
Phi th trng
T l khng tham gia lc lng lao ng
Cc hng ro phi thu quan
Nhng ti sn khng sinh li
Nhng khon vay khng thc hin ng hp ng
Phi ngoi thng
Hng bnh thng v hng th cp
Li nhun thng thng chi ph c hi ca vn
Kinh t hc chun tc
Gi thuyt khng?
Th nguyn/thng s o lng

18

O
Offer price
Offer curve
Oligopoly
Open economy economics
Open market operations
Opportunity cost of capital
Optimal tariff
Other things equal
Outcome
_Basic outcome
Outstanding credit/loans
Overall fit of regression
Overhead inputs
Overshooting
Overtime and short time

Gi cho
ng cong cho hng
c quyn nhm / tp on
Kinh t hc v m ca nn kinh t m
Nhng nghip v th trng t do
Chi ph c hi ca vn
Thu nhp khu ti u
Cc iu kin khc gi nguyn / khng i
Kt qu; Kt cc
_Kt qu c s
Tn dng cha thanh ton / d n
Mc ph hp tng th ca phng trnh hi quy?/ Hi
quy kt qu chng
Nhp lng gin tip
Tng vt
Ch lm thm gi v ch rt gi lm

P
Paid-in capital
Panel data
Par value of gold
Paradigm
Paradox of thrift
Paradox of voting
Pareto efficiency of resource
allocation
Partial equilibrium
Participation rate
Partnership
Patents
Path of government spending
Pattern of trade
Pay in kind
Peak load pricing
Pension
Pay As You Go_
Fully Funded_
Per capita real GNP
Perceived wealth
Percentage change
Perfect capital mobility
Perfect competition
Performance
Permanent income hypothesis
Permutation
Personal income distribution
Personnem
Physical and financial capital
Physiocrat
Plug
Point-year of access unemplyment
Policy coordination
Political business cycle
Poll tax
Pooled lending/loan
Positive bias
Positive economics
Potential output

Vn gp
D liu theo nhm mu
Gi tr ngang gi ca vng
Lun thuyt
Nghch l tit kim
Nghch l v b phiu
Tnh hiu qu Pareto ca phn b ngun lc
Cn bng b phn
T l tham gia
Hi chung vn
Bng pht minh / sng ch
M hnh/cch thc chi tiu ca chnh ph
M thc ngoi thng
Tr bng hin vt
nh gi theo gi cao im/theo cng sut ti a
Lng hu / hu bng
Lng hu do ngi khc ng gp
Qu lng hu t gp
GNP thc t tnh theo u ngi
Ca ci d tnh c
Chnh lch tnh bng phn trm
Kh nng lu chuyn hon ho ca vn
Cnh tranh hon ho
Thnh qu
Gi thuyt v thu nhp lu di
Chnh hp
Phn phi thu nhp cho c nhn
Vn hin vt v vn ti chnh
Ngui theo phi trng nng
Nm im phn trm tht nghip vt qu mc t nhin
iu phi chnh sch
Chu k kinh t chnh tr
Thu thn
Cho vay lin hip
Thin lch ng bin
Kinh t hc thc chng
Sn lng tim tng

19

Pre-commitment
Present value
Premium
- High risk premia
Price elasticity of demand
Price fixing
Price volatility
Price support
Primary commodities
Principle of targeting
Private and social cost of
unemployment
Private sector cash-deposit ratio
Prabability
_Conditional probability
_Cumulative probability
Product differentiation
Product distortion loss
Production externalities
Production function
Production incentives
Production Possibility Frontier (PPF)
Production smoothing
Productivity
Profit
Progressive taxes
Project appraisal
Property rights
Protection
Proxy
Public / private goods
Public choice
Public ownership
Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)
Purchasing power of money
Pure inflation

Cam kt trc
Gi tr hin ti
Thng kim/Ph thng
- Ph thng ri ro cao
co gin theo gi ca cu
C nh gi
Bin ng gi c
Tr gi
Hng s ch
Nguyn tc hng ch
Thit hi / ph tn c nhn v x hi ca tht nghip
T s gia tin mt v s tin gi ca khu vc t nhn
Xc sut
_Xc sut c iu kin
_Xc sut tch ly
Phn bit cng mt nhm sn phm
Mt mt do lch lc trong sn xut
Nhng ngoi tc sn xut
Hm sn xut
Cc ng c / khuyn khch sn xut
ng gii hn kh nng sn xut
Vic lm cho sn xut c tri chy
Nng sut
Li nhun
Thu ly tin
Thm nh d n
Cc quyn s hu ti sn
Bo h
i din; biu trng
Hng cng cng / t nhn
S la chn ca cng chng
S hu cng cng / nh nc
Ngan bng sc mua / ng mi lc
Sc mua ca ng tin
Lm pht thun ty

20

Q
Quadrant
Quantity theory of money
Quasiliquid asset
Quick-disbursing funds
Quintile
Quota
Import / Export quota
Rents_

Gc ta /gc phn t
Thuyt nh lng tin t
Ti sn gn nh c kh nng thanh khon
Tin k pht nhanh
Thnh nm phn bng nhau
Hn ngch
Hn ngch nhp khu /Xut khu
Trc li thng qua hn ngch

R
Radical critique
Random events
Random error
Range of values
Ratchet effect
Rate of return
Rate of return on investment
Internal rate of return
Rateable value
Rational expectations (Ref. Adaptive
expectations )
Real / relative price
Real balance effect
Real interest rate
Real prices and real income
Real variables
Real-wage hypothesis
Receipt
Recessionary gap
Reciprocal capital
Red tape (barriers)
Redundant labor
(surplus/disguised/hidden/concealed
unemployment)
Refining margin (ref. Cracking spread
)
Reflation
Regional integration
Registered unemployment
Regression
Regulation
Regulatory capture
Regulatory policy
Rent
Rent seeker / seeking
Rental on capital
Replacement ratio
Required rate of return on capital
Required real rate of return on capital
Required reserve ratio
Research & Development (R&D)
Reservation wage
Resiliency
Resource
Responsiveness (ref. Elasticity )
Restrictive practices
Retail price index (RPI)

S ch trch theo khuynh hng cp tin

Cc bin c ngu nhin
Sai s ngu nhin
Min gi tr
Tc ng thanh truyn
Sut sinh li / t sut li tc / t sut sinh li
Sut sinh li t u t
Ni sut thu hi vn / T l hon vn ni b
Gi tr c th nh thu
Nhng k vng hp l
Cc gi thc t / tng i
nh hng s d tin thc/hiu ng tin thc
Mc li sut thc t
Gi thc t v thu nhp thc t
Cc bin s thc t
Gi thuyt v tin lng thc t
S thu
h cch/khong trng suy thoi
Vn i ng
(Nhng ro cn) th tc phin h
Lao ng d tha (tht nghip ngy trang)
Chnh lch tng doanh thu sn phm vi chi ph lc du
Lm tng lm pht (do tng sn lng ca nn kinh t)
Hi nhp khu vc
Tht nghip c ng k
Hi qui
iu tit (gi)
iu tit b tri
Chnh sch iu tit
T / Li
Ngi / s kim c li?
Tin thu vn
T s thay th
Sut sinh li cn c ca vn
Sut sinh li thc t cn c ca vn
T l d tr bt buc
Nghin cu v pht trin
Mc lng ti thiu theo th trng/mc lng theo chi ph
c hi
Tnh nhy bn
Ngun ti nguyn / ngun lc
(Lut v) Cc hot ng hn ch
Ch s gi bn l

21

Retained earnings
Returns to scale/labor
Revenue
Risk attitude/risk character
Risk-aversion
Risk-diversification
Risk-loving
Risk Master
Risk-neutrality
Risk-pool
Risk premium
Risk-sharing
Room to maneuver
Robustness of an exchange rate
regime
Run (a)

Li nhun gi li
Sut sinh li theo quy m/theo lao ng
Doanh thu
Thi i vi ri ro
Khng thch ri ro
Phn tn ri ro
Thch ri ro
Phn mm Risk Master (khng ch ri ro)
Bng quan vi ri ro
Gp chung ri ro
Ph ri ro
Chia x ri ro
Phm vi an ton cho php (iu chnh thu chi n/s)
Tnh thit thc ca 1 ch t gi hi oi
(Mt) cn st rt tin

22

S
Sacrifice ratio
Sample space
Savings function
Scarcity
Scatter diagram
Second-best
Second fiddle
Secular stagnation
Self-financing
Seigniorage
Separations
Shadow price
Shareholder
Shoe-leather costs of inflation
Short-run aggregate supply schedule
Short-run average fixed costs (AFC)
Short-run fixed costs (AFC)
Short-run marginal costs (SMC)
Short-run total costs (STC)
Short-run variable costs (SVC)
Short-run / long-run adjustments
Shutdown price
Signaling and screening
Significance of coefficients
Simulation
Single market
Single-peaked preferences
Social cost of monopoly
Sole trader
Solvent (= creditworthy)
Special deposits
Specific tariff
Speculative bubbles
Spreadsheet
Stabilization policy
Stagflation
Stand-by arrangement/agreement
Standard paradigm
Steady state
Sterilization
Sterilization impact of capital inflow
Stochastical dominance (ref. Lorens
curve/ Gini coefficient)
Stock
Stock and flows
Store of value
Strategic entry barrier
Strategic entry deterrence
Strategy
Strike/exercise price
Structural adjustment loans
Subsidy
Subsistence
Subsistence agriculture
Subsistence crop
Subsistence wage
Sustainability of external debt

T l nh i (gia tht nghip v lm pht)

Khng gian mu
Hm tit kim
S khan him
th ri
Loi hai / K ci tt nht
Th yu (b hai)
S nh tr v lu v di
T ti tr
Thu lm pht / Li nhun pht hnh tin?
B vic hay mt vic
Gi m / bng
C ng
Chi ph da giy ca lm pht
ng tng cung ngn hn
nh ph bnh qun ngn hn
nh ph ngn hn
Chi ph bin t ngn hn
Tng ph ngn hn
Bin ph ngn hn
Nhng iu chnh ngn hn / di hn
Gi ng ca / gi cui ngy (th trng chng khon)
Pht tn hiu v sn lc
Mc c ngha thng k ca h s
M phng
Th trng thng nht
Nhng iu mun la chn c chung
Chi ph / tn tht x hi cho c quyn
Ngi bun bn c th
C tn nhim, c kh nng thanh ton n
Cc khon k gi c bit
Thu quan tnh theo n v hng ha
Cc bong bng u c
Bng tnh (trn my tnh)
Chnh sch n nh ha
Lm pht + tr tr
Hp ng d phng
thc h/m hnh/kiu mu tiu chun
Trng thi dng
V hiu ha (bng chnh sch tin t)
Tc ng v hiu ha thm ht cn cn thanh ton bi
dng vn chy vo
1. Tr lng 2. C phiu
Tr lng v lu lng
D tr gi tr
Cn tr chin lc i vi vic nhp ngnh
Ngn chn nhp ngnh c tnh chin lc
Chin lc
Gi thc hin
Cc khon vay iu chnh c cu kinh t
Tr cp
Nng nghip t cung t tiu
V ma t tiu
Lng va sng
Kh nng duy tr n nc ngoi

23

Substitutes and complements

Substitution and output effects
Substitution effect of wages
Substitution effect
Sunk cost fallacy
Sunrise and sunset industries
Supernormal profits
Supplementary benefit
Supply-side economics
Symmetric (~non-sym)
Syndicate loan

Hng thay th v hng b tr

nh hng / Tc ng thay th v sn lng
nh hng / Tc ng thay th ca lng
nh hng / Tc ng ca thay th
S hiu lm v chi ph chm
Cc ngnh mi mc/ln v cc ngnh sp ln/ht thi
Siu li nhun / Li nhun siu ngch
Tr cp b sung
Kinh t hc trng cung
i xng (~bt/phi i xng)
Cho vay lin hip

24

T
Takeover and mergers
Tangency equilibrium
Tangible wealth
Tariff
Taste
Tax base
Tax incident
Tax wedge
Tax-based incomes policy
Technical change through R&D
Technical efficiency
Technical knowledge
Technology
Technological unemployment
Terms of trade
_ gains
Test discount rate
Testing an economic model
The Corset
Tiebout model
Time series data
Token money
Total costs
Total revenue
Tradable
Trade balance
Trade creation
Trade diversion
Traded and non-traded (goods)
Trade Unions
Trade-off
Tranche
Transaction
Transaction, precautionary, and
assets motives
Transfer earnings
Transfer payment
Transfer in kind
Transmission mechanism
Trend output path
Treasury
T statistic
Two-part tariffs

S mua t v s hp nht
Tip im cn bng
Ti sn hu hnh
Thu quan
S thch, th hiu
C s (tnh/chu/thu) thu
Ai phi chu thu
Chnh lch gi do thu
Chnh sch thu nhp da vo thu
Thay i cng ngh qua R&D
Tnh hiu dng / qu v mt k thut
Tri thc / Kin thc k thut
K thut / Cng ngh
Tht nghip do tin b cng ngh
T gi trao i mu dch (PX/PM)
Li ch t (trao i) ngoi thng
T l chit khu th im
Kim nghim mt m hnh kinh t
K hoch Corset
M hnh Tiebout
Dy s liu theo thi gian
Tin quy c
Tng ph
Tng doanh thu
Kh thng
Cn cn thng mi
To lp ngoi thng
Chch hng ngoi thng
(Hng) ngoi thng v phi ngoi thng
Cng on
S nh i
Giao dch / thng v
Nhng ng c giao dch, d phng, v ti sn
Thu nhp t chuyn giao
Chi chuyn giao/Chi tr cp
Tr cp bng hin vt
C ch lan truyn
ng biu th xu th sn lng
B ti chnh / ngn kh
Tr thng k t
(H thng) gi hai phn

U
Uncertainty (ref. Risk)
Uncovered interest parity (Ref.
Arbitrage condition )
Unemployment benefit
Unemployment rate
Union
Unit of account
Involuntary unemployment
Utility
Utility maximization

Tnh khng chc chn; tnh bp bnh

Ngang bng li sut theo t gi k vng (khng m bo)
Tr cp tht nghip
T l tht nghip
Hi
n v k ton
(T l, s) tht nghip bt buc
tha dng
Ti a ha tha dng

V
Value added

Gi tr gia tng

25

Value added tax (VAT)

Variability
Variable
_Dummy variable
_Stochastic variable
Variable cost (VC)
Variable factors
Variance
Venture capital
Viability
Vested interest
Velocity of money
Volatility
Voluntary export restraints

Thu gi tr gia tng

bin thin
Bin s
_Bin s gi
_Bin s ngu nhin
Bin ph
Cc yu t sn xut thay i
Phng sai
Vn u t vo doanh nghip mi
Kh nng thnh tu/tnh kh thi
Quyn li c m bo bt di bt dch
Vng quay ca tin / tc lu chuyn tin
Tnh d bin ng
Nhng hn nh xut khu t nguyn

W
Wage and price flexibility
Wage indexation
Wage-price spiral
Wage-rental ratio
Wealth effects
Wealth taxes
Weighted social welfare
Welfare economics
Willingness to pay
Working capital

Tnh linh hot ca gi v tin lng

Vng xoy gi-lng
T s tin cng -tin thu vn
Hiu ng / tc ng ca ci
Thu ti sn
Phc li x hi c trng s
Kinh t hc phc li
Mc sn lng chi tr
Vn hot ng

Y
Yield on external debt
Yield on investment

Li i vi n nc ngoi
Li nhun t u t

Z
Z-score
Zero growth proposal

Gi tr ca Z
xut tng trng bng khng

26