Sem - 2 - Engineering Maths - III & IV

MATHEMATICS III & IV
DIPLOMA COURSE IN ENGINEERING

SECOND SEMESTER
A Publication under
Government of Tamilnadu
Distribution of Free Textbook Programme
( NOT FOR SALE )
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DIRECTORATE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

GOVERNMENT OF TAMIL NADU
Government of Tamilnadu
First Edition 2011
Chairperson
Thiru Kumar Jayanth I.A.S

Commissioner of Technical Education
Directorate of Technical Education, Chennai 25
Co-ordinator
Convener
Er. S. Govindarajan
P.L. Sankar
Principal
Dr. Dharmambal Government
Polytechnic College
Tharamani, Chennai 113
Lecturer (Selection Grade)

Rajagopal Polytechnic College
Gudiyatham-632602
Reviewer
Dr. S. Paul Raj
Associate Professor, Dept of Mathematics
Anna University, MIT Campus, Chennai - 42.
Authors
R. Ramadoss
Lecturer, (Selection Grade)
TPEVR Govt. Polytechnic College
Vellore-632002
B.R. Narasimhan
Arulmigu Palaniandavar Polytechnic
College
Palani-624601
M. Devarajan
Dr. Dharmambal Government
Polytechnic College for Women
Taramani, Chennai-600113
Dr. L. Ramuppillai
Thiagarajar Polytechnic College
Selam-636005
K. Shanmugam
Government Polytechnic College
Purasawalkam, Chennai-600 012
Dr.A. Shanmugasundaram
Valivalam Desikar Polytechnic College
Nagappattinam-611 001
M. Ramalingam
Government Polytechnic College
Tuticorin-628008
R. Subramanian
Arasan Ganesan Polytechnic College
Sivakasi-626130
Y. Antony Leo
Lecturer
Mothilal Nehru Government
Polytechnic College
Pondicherry-605008
C. Saravanan
Lecturer (Senior Scale)
Annamalai Polytechnic College
Chettinad-630102
This book has been prepared by the Directorate of Technical Education
This book has been printed on 60 G.S.M Paper

Through the Tamil Nadu Text Book Corporation
FOREWORD
We take great pleasure in presenting this book of mathematics to
the students of Polytechnic Colleges. This book is prepared in
accordance with the new syllabus framed by the Directorate of
Technical Education, Chennai.
This book has been prepared keeping in mind, the aptitude and
attitude of the students and modern methods of education. The lucid
manner in which the concepts are explained, make the teaching
learning process more easy and effective. Each chapter in this book is
prepared with strenuous efforts to present the principles of the subject
in the most easy-to-understand and the most easy-to-workout
manner.
Each chapter is presented with an introduction, definition,
theorems, explanation, worked examples and exercises given are for
better understanding of concepts and in the exercises, problems have
been given in view of enough practice for mastering the concept.
We hope that this book serves the purpose i.e., the curriculum
which is revised by DTE, keeping in mind the changing needs of the
society, to make it lively and vibrating. The language used is very clear
and simple which is up to the level of comprehension of students.
List of reference books provided will be of much helpful for further
reference and enrichment of the various topics.
We extend our deep sense of gratitude to Thiru.S.Govindarajan,
Co-ordinator and Principal, Dr. Dharmambal Government polytechnic
College for women, Chennai and Thiru. P.L. Sankar, convener,
Rajagopal polytechnic College, Gudiyatham who took sincere efforts
in preparing and reviewing this book.
Valuable suggestions and constructive criticisms for
improvement of this book will be thankfully acknowledged.
Wishing you all success.
iii
SYLLABUS
SECOND SEMESTER MATHEMATICS - III
UNIT - I
VECTOR ALGEBRA - I
1.1 Introduction: Definition of vectors types, addition and subtraction
of vectors, Properties, of addition and subtraction, position vector,
Resolution of vector in two and three dimensions, Direction cosines,
direction ratios - Simple Problems.
1.2 Scalar Product of vectors: Definition of scalar product of two
vectors Properties Angle between two vectors simple problems.
1.3 Application of scalar Product: Geometrical meaning of scalar
Product. Work done by Force. Simple Problems
UNIT - II
VECTOR ALGEBRA II
2.1.Vector product of two vectors:
Definition of vector product of two vectors-Geometrical meaningproperties-angle between two vectorsunit vector perpendicular to
two vectors-simple problems.
2.2.Application of vector product of two vectors and Scalar Triple
Product:
Definition of moment of a force, definition of scalar product of three
vectors - geometrical meaning coplanar vectors - simple problems.
2.3.Product of more vectors:
Vector Triple Product - Scalar and Vector product of four vectors.
Simple problems
iv
UNIT - III
INTEGRATION - I
3.1 Definition of integration Integral values using reverse process of
differentiation Integration using decomposition method- Simple
problems.
3.2 Integration by substitution: Integrals of the form
n
[f(x)] f ' (x)dx
where n -1,
f ' (x)
f (x)
dx,
F[f (x )] f ' ( x)dx - Simple Problems

3.3 Standard Integrals
Integrals of the form
dx
a 2 +x 2
dx
x 2 - a2 ,
dx
2
a -x
Ax + B
ax 2 + bx + c dx
Simple Problems.
UNIT - IV
INTEGRATION - II
4.1 Integration by Parts
Integrals of the form x sin nx dx , x cos nx dx, xenxdx, xnlog xdx, xlog
x dx - Simple Problems
4.2 Bernoulli's Formula
Evaluation of the integrals xm cos nx dx, xm sin nx dx, xm enxdx, when
m 2 using Bernoulli's formula. Simple Problems.
4.3 Definite Integrals
Definition of definite integral, properties of definite integrals. Simple
problems.
UNIT - V
PROBABLITY DISTRIBTION 1
5.1 RANDOM VARIABLE
Definition of Random Variable Type Probability Mass Function
Probability density function. Simple problems.
5.2.Mathematical expectation of discrete variable, mean and variance.
Simple problems.
5.3 BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION
Definition
nCxp x qn- x , x = 0,,1,,2,......., n
P(X = X) =
0
, Otherwise
(Statement only) Expressions for mean and variance, Simple

Problems
vi
SYLLABUS
SECOND SEMESTER MATHEMATICS - IV
UNIT - I
COMPLEX NUMBERS I
1.1 DefinitionConjugatesAlgebra of complex numbers (geometrical
proof not needed)Real and Imaginary parts. Simple problems.
1.2 Polar form of complex number Modulus and amplitude form
multiplication and division of complex numbers in polar form. Simple
Problems.
1.3 Argand planecollinear points, four points forming square,
rectangle, rhombus. Simple Problems.
UNIT II
COMPLEX NUMBER-II
2.1 Demoivre's Theorem (statement only) simple Problems
2.2 Demoivre's Theorem related Problems. Simple Problems
2.3 Finding the nth roots of unity Solving equation of the form xn1=0
where n 7 Simple Problems
UNIT- III
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION - II
3.1. POISSON DISTRIBUTION
-l x
Definition: P(X = x ) = e l x = 0,1,2,.......
x!
(Statement only). Expression for mean and Variance. Simple
problems.
3.2. NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

Definition of normal and standard normal distribution. (Statement
only). Constants of normal distribution (results only) Properties of
normal distribution Simple problems using the table standard
normal distribution.
vii
3.3. CURVE FITTING

Fitting of a straight line using least square method (result only)
simple problems.
UNIT- IV
APPLICATION OF INTEGRATION AND FIRST ORDER
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
4.1. AREA AND VOLUME
Area Area of circle, volume volume of cone and sphere
simple problems
4.2. FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
Definition of order and degree of differential equation solution of
first order variable separable type differential equation simple
problems
4.3. LINEAR TYPE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
Solution of linear differential equation simple problems
UNIT - V
SECOND ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
5.1 Solution of second order differential equations with constant
d2 y
dy
coefficien ts in the form a 2 + b
+ cy = 0. Simple Pr oblems
dx
dx
5.2 Solution of second order differential equations in the form
d2 y
dy
a
+b
+ cy = f ( x )
Where a, b and c are constants and
2
dx
dx
f(x) = emx, simple problems.
a
d2 y
dx
+b
dy
+ cy = f ( x ). Where a,b and c are constants and
dx
f(x) = sinmx or cosmx. Simple problems
viii
SECOND SEMESTER
MATHEMATICS - III
Contents
Page No
Unit 1
VECTOR ALGEBRA ............................................ 1
1.1 Introduction ...........................................................1

1.2 Scalar Product of vectors ...................................... 10
1.3 Application of scalar Product ................................ 15
Unit - 2
VECTOR ALGEBRA ............................................ 23
2.1 Vector product of two vectors ................................ 23

2.2 Application of vector product of two
vectors and Scalar Triple Product.......................... 33
2.3 Product of more vectors ........................................ 42
Unit 3
INTEGRATION - I ................................................ 54
3.1 Introduction ...........................................................54

3.2 Integration by substitution .................................... 70
3.3 Standard Integrals ................................................ 78
Unit 4
INTEGRATION II................................................ 103
4.1 Integration by Parts .............................................. 103

4.2 Bernoulli's Formula .............................................. 109
4.3 Definite Integrals .................................................. 110
Unit - 5
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION 1...................... 127
5.1 Random Variable .................................................. 127

5.2 Mathematical expectation .................................... 137
5.3 Binomial Distribution ............................................ 142
MODEL QUESTION PAPER ........................................ 157
ix
MATHEMATICS - IV
Contents
Page No
Unit - 1
COMPLEX NUMBERS I .................................... 163
1.1 Introduction ...........................................................163

1.2 Polar Form of Complex Numbers
(Or) (Modulus-Amplitude Form) ............................ 170
1.3 Argand Plane ........................................................ 177
Unti - 2
COMPLEX NUMBER-II ........................................ 196
2.1 De-Moivre's Theorem............................................ 196

2.2 De-Moivre's Theorem Related Problems ..............204
2.3 Roots of a Complex Number ................................ 209
Unit - 3
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION II...................... 229
3.1 Poisson Distribution .............................................. 229

3.2 Normal Distribution................................................ 234
3.3 Curve Fitting...........................................................248
Unit-
APPLICATION OF INTEGRATION AND

FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION ........266
4.1 Area and Volume ...................................................266

4.2 First Order Differential Equation ............................ 278
4.3 Linear Type Differential Equation .......................... 287
Unit - 5
SECOND ORDER DIFFERENTIAL

EQUATIONS ........................................................ 297
5.1 Solution .................................................................297

5.2 Solution .................................................................303
5.3 Solution .................................................................309
MODEL QUESTION PAPER ........................................ 321
SEMESTER II
MATHEMATICS III
UNIT I
VECTOR ALGEBRA - I
1.1 Introduction: Definition of vectors types, addition and
subtraction of vectors, Properties, addition and subtraction,
position vector, Resolution of vector in two and three dimensions,
Direction cosines, direction ratios - Simple Problems.
1.2 Scalar Product of vectors: Definition of scalar product of two
vectors Properties Angle between two vectors simple
problems.
1.3 Application of scalar Product: Geometrical meaning of scalar
Product. Work done by Force. Simple Problems
1.1 INTRODUCTION
A Scalar quantity or briefly a Scalar has magnitude, but is not
related to any direction in space. Examples of such are mass volume,
density, temperature, work, real numbers.
A vector quantity, or briefly a vector has magnitude and is related
to a definite direction in space. Examples of such are displacement,
velocity, acceleration, momentum, force etc.
A vector is a directed line segment. The length of the segment is
called magnitude of the vector. The direction is indicated by an arrow
joining the initial and final points of the line regiment. The vector AB, ie
joining the initial point A and the final point B in the direction of AB is
denoted as AB . The magnitude of the vector AB is AB = AB
Zero vector or Null vector:
A Zero vector is one whose magnitude is zero, but no definite
direction associated with it, for example, if A is a point, AA is a zero

vector.
Unit vector: A vector of magnitude one unit is called an unit vector if
a is an unit vector, it is also denoted as a
i.e a = a =1.
Negative vector: If AB is a vector, then the negative vector of AB is
BA .If the direction of a vector changed, we can get the negative

vector. i.e BA = - AB .
Equal vectors: Two vectors are said to be equal, if they have the
same magnitude and the same direction, but it is not required to have
the same segment for the two vectors. For example, in a
parallelogram ABCD, AB = CD and AD = BC .
Addition of two vectors: If BC =, a CA = b and BA = c , then
BC + CA = BA i.e a + b
= c [see
figure] If the end point of first vector and

the initial point of the second vector are
same, the addition of two vectors can be
found as the vector joining the initial point
of the first vectors and the end point of
the second vector.
Properties of vectors addition:
1) vector addition is commutative i.e a + b = b + a .

2) vector addition is associative i.e, ( a + b )+ c = a +( b + c ).
Subtraction of two vectors: if AB = a and BC = b
a - b = a +(- b )
= AB + CB
= AB + DA [ CB an
DA are equal ]
= DA + AB [addition
is commutative]
= DB .
Multiplication by a scalar : If a is a given vector and is a scalar,
then a is a vector whose magnitude is a and whose direction is

the same to that of a provided is a positive quantity. If is
/
negative, a is a vector whose magnitude is a and whose
direction is opposite to that of a .
Properties:
1) (m+n) a = m a +n a
2) m(n a ) =n(m a )=mn a
3) m( a + b )=m a + m b
Collinear vectors: If a and b are such that they have the same or
opposite directions, they are said to be collinear vectors and one is a
numerical multiple of the other, i.e b = a or a = k b

Let
Resolution of vectors:
a,b,c
be coplanar vectors
such that no two vectors are parallel. Then there exists scalars and
such that c = a + b . Similarly, we can get constants (scalars) such
that a = b + c and b = c + a If a , b , c , d are four vectors, no

.
three of which are coplanar then there exist scalars , , such that.
d = a + b + c
Position Vector:
If P is any point in the space and O is the
origin then OP is called the position vectors of the point P.

Let P be a point in a Plane. Let O be the origin and i and j be
the unit vectors along the x and y axes in that plane. Then if P is (,),
the position vector of the point P is OP = i + j
/ /
Similarly if P is any point (x,y,z) in the space i , j , k be the unit
vectors along x,y,z axes in the space then the position vector of the
point P is OP =x i +y j + z k .
The magnitude of OP = OP = x 2 + y 2 + z2
3
Distance between two points: P and Q are two points in the space
with co-ordinates P(x1,y1,z1) and Q (x2, y2, z2) then the position vectors
are
OP =x1 i +y1 j +
z1 k .and
OQ =x2 i +y2 j +
PQ=
(x 2 x1 )2 + (y 2 y1 )2 + (z 2 z1 )2
z2 k .distance
Direction Cosines and Direction Ratios:

Let AB be a straight
line making angles ,, with the Co-ordinate axes X OX, Y OY,
ZOZ respectively. Then Cos, Cos, Cos are called the direction
cosines of the line AB and denoted by l,m,n. Let OP be parallel to AB
and P be ( x ,y,z) Then OP also makes angles ,, with x,y and z
x 2 + y 2 + z2
axes. Now, OP = r=
Then, Cos =
x
y
z
, Cos = and Cos = .
r
r
r
Now, sum of squares of the direction corines of any straight line

2
y z
x
is l+m+n = + +
r
r r
x 2 + y 2 + z2
2
r2
=1
r2
r
Note: Let n be the unit vectors along OP. Then
n =
/
/
/
x i + y j + 2k
=
r
OP
OP
x/ y/ z /
i+ j+ k
r
r
r
/
/
/
= l i + m j + nk
=
Any three numbers p, q, r proportional to the direction cosines of

the straight line AB are called the directions ratios of the straight line
AB.
1.1 WORKED EXAMPLES

PART A
1.
If Position vectors of the points A and B are

/ / /
/
/
/
2 i + j k and 5 i + 4 j + 3k , find AB .
Solution:
Position vector of the point A,
/ / /
/
/
/
OA = 2 i + j k Position vector of the po int B , OB = 5 i + 4 j 3k
AB = OB OA
/
/
/
/ / /
= 5 i + 4 j 3k 2 i + j k
/ /
/
= 3 i + 3 j 2k
JJJG
AB = AB = 3 2 +3 2 + ( 2 ) 2 = 9 + 9 + 4 = 22
/
/ /
2. Find the unit vectors along 4 i 5 j + 7k.
Solution:
/ /
/
/
Let a = 4 i 5 j + 7k
/
a = 42 +( 5)2 +72
)(
16 +25 +49 = 90
/ / /
/
/ a 4 i 5 j + 7k
Unit vector alonga = / =
a
90
/
/
/
3. Find the direction cosines of the vector 2 j + 3 j 4k
Solution:
JG G
G
G
Let a = 2 j + 3 j 4 j
G
r = a = 2 2 +3 2 + ( 4 ) 2
= 4 + 9 + +16
= 29
Direction cosines of a are

Cos =
x
2
y
3
z 4
=
, Cos = =
, Cos = =
r
r
r
29
29
29
4.
Find the direction cosines and direction ratios of the vectors

/
/
i +2j k
Solution:
/
/ /
Let a = i + 2 j k
r = a = 12 +2 2 +( 1)2 = 1 + 4 + 1 = 6
Direction cosines are

Cos =
x 1
y 2
z 1
=
, Cos = =
, Cos = =
r
r
r
6
6
6
Direction ratio of a is
Cos : Cos : Cos =
1
6
= 1 : 2 : 1
5.
/ /
/
/
/
If the vectors a = 2 i 3 j and b = 6 i + m j are collinear, find the
value of m
Solution:
G G G
G
G
G
Given a = 2 i 3j and b = 6 i + m j arecollinear
JG
G
a = tb
2i 3j
/
/
= t 6 i + m j
/
/
= 6t i + mt j
/
Comparing coefficients of i
2 = 6t t = 1
3
/
Comparing coefficients of j,
3 = mt
i.e, 3 = m 1 m = 9
3
6.
If A (2,3,-4) and B (1,0,5) are two points find the direction cosines
of the AB
Solutions:
Given the points are A (2,3,-4) and B (1,0,5)
JJJJG G
G
G
Position vectors are OA = 2 i + 3 j 4k
JJJG G
G
OB = i + 5k
AB = OB OA
/
/
= i + 5k 2 i + 3 j 4k
/
= i 3 j + 9k
r = AB =
( 1)2 + ( 3)2 + 92
= 1 + 9 + 81 = 91
JJJG
Direction cosines of AB are
9
1
3
Cos =
, Cos =
, Cos =
91
91
91
PART B
1.
Show that the points whose position vectors

/ /
/ /
/ /
2 i + 3 j 5k , 3 i + j 2 k and 6 i 5 j + 7k are Collinear.
Solution:
/
/
Let OA = 2 i + 3 j 5k
/ /
OB = 3 i + j 2k
/
OC = 6 i 5 j + 7k
AB = OB OA
/ /
/
/
= 3 i + j 2k 2 i + 3 j 5k
/
/
= i 2 j + 3k
)(
BC = OC OB
/
/
/ /
/
6 i 5 j + 7k 3 i + j 2 j
/
/
= 3 i 6 j + 9k
/
/
= 3 i 2 j + 3k
)(
= 3 AB
i.e, BC = 3 AB
AB and BC are parallel vectors and B is the common point of

these two vectors.
The given points A, B and C are Collinear.
2. Prove that the points A(2,4,-1), B(4,5,1) and C(3,6,-3) form the
vertices of a right angled isosceles triangle.
Solution:
/
/
/
/
/
/
Let OA = 2 i + 4 j k, OB = 4 i + 5 j + k, OC = 3 i + 6 j 3k
/
/
/
/
AB = OB OA = 4 i + 5 j + k 2 i + 4 j k
/ /
= 2 i + j + 2k
/
/
BC = OC OB = 3i + 6 j 3k 4 i + 5 j + k
/ /
= i + j 4k
/
/
/
/
AC = OC OA = 3 i + 6 j 3k 2 i + 4 j + k
/
/
= i + 2 j 2k
)(
)(
)(
Now, AB = AB = 2 2 +12 +2 2 = 4 + 1 + 4 = 9
BC = BC =
( 1)2 +12 (4)2
= 1 + 1 + 16 = 18
AC = AC = 12 +2 2 +( 2 )2 = 1 + 4 + 4 = 9
AB = AC = 9 = 3
AB + AC 2 = 9 + 9 = 18 = BC 2
Triangle ABC is an isosceles right angled triangle.
2
3.
Prove that the position vectors
4i + 5 j + 6k, 5i + 6 j + 4k and
6i + 4 j + 5k form the vertices of an equilateral triangle.

Solution:
Let OA = 4 i + 5 j + 6k, OB = 5 i + 6 j +, 4k OC = 6 i + 4 j + 5k
/
/
/
/
AB = OB OA = 5 i + 6 j + 4k 4 i + 5 j + 6k
/ /
= i + j 2k
/
/
/
/
BC = OC OB = 6 i + 4 j + 5k 5 i + 6 j + 4k
/
/
= i 2j +k
/
/
/
/
AC = OC OA = 6 i + 4 j + 5k 4 i + 5 j + 6k
/ /
= 2i j k
Now, AB = AB = 12 +12 +( 2)2 = 1 + 1 + 4 = 6

BC = BC = 1 ( 2)2 +12 = 1 + 4 + 1 = 6
2
AC = AC = 22 +( 1)2 +( 1)2 = 4 + 1 + 1 = 6
Here, AB = BC = CA = 6
The given points form an equilateral triangle
1.2 SCALAR PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS OR DOT PRODUCT

OF TWO VECTORS
If the product of two vectors a and b

gives a scalar, it is called scalar product of
the vectors a and b and is denoted as
a.b = a b Cos
Where
is the angle between two vectors
a and b
Properties of scalar product
1.
If is an acute angle, a.b is positive and if is an obtuse angle,

a.b is negative.
2.
3.
Scalar product is Commutative (i.e) a . b = b .a

/
If a and b are (non - zero) perpendicu lar vectors, then a.b = 0
If a .b = 0 , either a = 0 or b = 0 or a and b are perpendicu lar vector
4.
If a and b are parallel vectors, = 0 or 180 , a . b = a b

a . a = a2
5.
/ /
i , j , k are the unit vectors along the x, y and z axes respectively.
/ / / /
i . i = j . j = k .k = 1
//
//
i . j = 0 j. i = 0
//
//
j/.k/ = 0 k/./j = 0
i .k = 0 k. i = 0
10
Hence,
6.
If a , b and c are three vectors,
7.
a. b + c = a . b + a . c
/
/
/
/
If a = a11i +a 2 j +a 3 k & b =b1 i +b 2 j +b 3 k,
/
/
/
/
a.b = a1 i +a2 j +a3 k b1 i +b2 j +b3 k
//
a.b = a1b1+a 2 b 2 +a3 b3
8.
Angle between two vectors
We know ,
)(
a.b = a b cos
Cos =
a.b
a b
9.
10.
11.
(a + b) (a + b) =a +b +2a.b.
(a b) (a b) =a +b 2a.b.
(a + b) (a b) =a b
2
a.b
= cos
a b
11
1.2 WORKED EXAMPLES

PART A
1.
Find
the
Scalar
Product
/
/
/
/
3 i + 4 j + 5k and 2 i + 3 j + k
of
the
two
vectors
Solution:
/
/
a = 3 i + 4 j + 5k
Let :
/
/
b = 2i + 3 j + k
/
/
/
/
a. b = 3 i + 4 j + 5k . 2 i + 3 j + k
= 3(2) + 4(3) + 5(1)
= 6 + 12 + 5 = 23
/ /
/
/
2. Pr ove that the vectors 3 i j + 5k and 6 i + 2 j + 4k
are perpendicular.
Solution: Let
/ /
/
/
a = 3 i j + 5k , b = 6 i + 2 j + 4k
)(
/ /
/
/
Now a.b = 3 i j + 5k . 6 i + 2 j + 4k
= 3( 6 ) + ( 1)2 + 5(4 )
= 18 2 + 20 = 0
/
a and b are r vectors
/ /
/
/
3. Find the value of ' a' if the vectors 2 i + a j k and 3 i + 4 j + 2k
are perpendicular.
Solution:
/
/
Let a = 2 i + a j k
/
/
b = 3 i + 4 j + 2k
a and b are perpendicular.
a.b = 0
12
i.e 2 i + a j k . 3 i + 4 j + 2k = 0
i.e 2(3 ) + a(4 ) + ( 1)2 = 0

i.e 6 + 4a 2 = 0
i.e 4a = 2 6 = 4
4
a = = 1
4
PART B
1.
/ /
/ /
Find the angle between the two vectors i + j + k and 3 i j + 2k
solution:
/ /
/ /
Let a = i + j + k, b = 3 i j + 2k
/ /
/ /
a.b = i + j + k . 3 i j + 2k
= 1(3 ) + 1( 1) + 1(2 )
= 3 1+ 2 = 4
a = 12 +12 +12 = 3
b = 32 +( 1)2 +22 = 9 + 1 + 4 = 14
Let be the angle between a and b
Cos =
a.b
ab
4
3 . 14
4
42
= Cos
42
13
/
/
/
/
/
/ /
Show that the vectors 3 i + 2 j k, i 3 j + 5 j and 2 i + j 4k
form a right angled triangle
Solution:
Let the sides of the triangle be
/
/
/
/
/
/
a = 3 i + 2 j k, b = i 3 j + 5k, c = 2 i + 2 j 4k
/
/
/
/
a.b = 3 i + 2 j k . i 3 j + 5k
= 3(1) + (+ 2)( 3 ) + ( 1)(5 )

= 3 6 5 = 14
/
/
/ /
b.c = i 3 j + 5k . 2 i + j 4k
=1 (2) + ( 3 )1 + 5( 4 )
= 2 - 3 - 20 = - 21
/ /
/
/
c.a = 2 i + j 4k . 3 i + 2 j k
= 2( 3 ) + 1(+ 2) + ( 4 ) (1)
=-6+2+4=0
2.
c.a = 0 implies A = 90 0
3.
The sides a, b and c form a right angled triangle

/
/
/
/ /
Prove that the vectors 2i 2 j + k, i + 2 j + 2k, 2 i + j 2k
are perpendicular to each other.

Solution:
/
/
Let a = 2 i 2 j + k
/
/
b = i + 2 j + 2k
/ /
c = 2 i + j 2k
/
/
/
/
Now, a.b = 2 i 2 j + k . i + 2 j + 2k
= 2(1) + ( 2)2 + 1(2)

=24+2=0
14
a r b
/
/
/ /
b.c = i + 2 j + 2k . 2 i + j 2k
)(
= 1(2 ) + 2(1) + 2( 2)
= 2 + 2 - 4 = 0.
b r c
/ /
/
/
c.a = 2 i + j 2k . 2 i 2 j + k
= 2(2) + 1( 2) + ( 2)1
=4- 2- 2=0
c r a
The three vectors are. r each another.
1.3 APPLICATION OF SCALAR PRODUCT
Geometrical meaning of scalar product
Let OA = a, OB = b
Draw BM perpendicular to OA
Let be the angle between a and b
i.e. BA=
Now, OM is the projection of b on a .
From the right angled triangle BOM
Cos =
OM OM
=
OB
b
OM = b cos
=
a b Cos
a
a.b
[By definition of Scalar producer ]
15
The Pr ojecton of b on a =
a.b
a
Similary, the projection of a on b =
a.b
b
WORK DONE:
A force F acting on a particle, displaces that particle from the

point A to the point B. Hence, the vector AB is called the
displacement vector d of the particle due to the force F
/
The work done = w = F.d .
1.
1.3 WORKED EXAMPLES

PART - A
/ /
/
/
Find the projection of 2 j + j + 2k on i + 2 j + 2k
Solution
/ /
/
/
`Let a = 2 j + j + 2k, b = i + 2 j + 2k
projection of a on b =
a.b
b
/ /
/
/
2 i + j + 2k . i + 2 j + 2k
=
/
/
i + 2 j + 2k
)(
2+2+4
12 +22 +22
16
8
9
8
3
2.
/
/
3 i + 5 j + 7k is the force acting on a particle giving the
/ /
displacement 2 i j + k.Find the workdone.
Solution:
/
/
/ /
Given F = 3 i + 5 j + 7k, d = 2 i j + k
workdone , w = F.d
/
/
/ /
= 3 i + 5 j + 7k . 2 i j + k
=65+7=8
PART B
A particle moves from the point (1,-2, 5) to the point (3, 4, 6) due
/ /
to the force 4 i + j 3k acting on it. Find the work done.
Solution
/
/ /
The force F = 4 i + j 3k
1.
The particle moves from A (1,2,5 ) to B(3,4,6 )
// //
Displacement vector d = AB = OB OA
/
/
/
/
= 3 i + 4 j + 6k i 2 j + 5k
/
/
= 2i + 6 j + k
workdone , W = F.d
/ /
/
/
= 4 i + j 3k . 2 i + 6 j + k
= 4(2) + 1(6 ) + ( 3 )1
= 8 + 6 3 = 11 Units
17
/
/
/
If a particle moves from 3i j + k to 2 i 3 j + k due to the forces
/
/
/
/
2 i + 5 j 3k and 4 i + 3 j + 2k, find the work done of the forces.
Solution:
/
/
/
/
The forces are F1 = 2 i + 5 j 3k & F2 = 4 i + 3 j + 2k.
2.
Total force F = F1 + F2
/
/
/
/
/
/
= 2 i + 5 j 3k + 4 i + 3 j + 2k = 6 i + 8 j k.
/ /
/
/
The particle moves from OA = 3 i j + k to OB = 2 i 3 j + k
d = AB = OB OA
/
/
/ /
= 2i 3 j + k 3i j + k
/
/
= i 2j
) (
workdone = W = F.d
/
/
/
/
= 6i + 8 j k . i 2j
)(
= 6( 1) + 8( 2) + ( 1)0
= 6 16 = 22 Units
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
EXERCISE
PART A
If A and B are two points whose position vectors are
/
/
/
/
i 2 j + 2k and 3 i + 5 j 7k respectively find AB.
/
/
/
/
If OA = i + 2 j 3k and OB = 2 i 3 j + k, find AB .
A and B are (3,2,-1) and (7,5,2) Find AB

/ /
Find the unit vector along 2 i j + 4k
/
/
Find the unit vector along i + 2 j 3k
The position vectors of A and B are
/
/
/ /
i + 3 j 4k and 2 i + j 5k
Find the unit vector along AB
18
7.
Find
the direction cosines of the

/
/
/
If OA = 2 i + 3 j 4k and OB = i + j 2k,
8.
Find the direction cosines of the vector AB .
vector
/
/
2 i 3 j + 4k
9.
If A is (2,3,-1) and B is (4,0,7), find the direction ratios of AB .

/
/
10. Find the modulus and direction cosines of the vector 4 i 3 j + k .
11. Find the direction cosines and direction ratios of the
vector i 2 j + 3k .
12. If the vectors i + 2 j + k and 2i + k j 2k are collinear, find the value of k.

13. Find the scalar product of the vectors.
/
/
/ /
(i) 3 i + 4 j 5k and 2 i + j + k
/ /
/
/
(ii) i j + k and 2 i + 3 j 5k
/ /
/
(iii) i + j and k + i
/
/
/
/
(iv ) i + 2 j 3k and i 2 j + k
14. Prove that the two vectors are perpendicular to each other.
/ /
/
/
(i) 3 i j + 5k and i + 2 j + k
/
/
/
/
(ii) 8 i + 7 j k and 3 i 3 j + 3k
/
/
/
(iii) i 3 j + 5k and 2 I + 6 j + 4k
/
/
/
(iv ) 2 i + 3 j + k and 4 I 2 j 2k
15. If the two vectors are perpendicular find the value of p.
/
/
/
/
(i) p i + 3 j + 4k and 2 i + 2 j + 5k
/
/
/
/
(ii) p i + 2 j + 3k and i + 3 j 4k
/
/
/
/
(iii) 2 i + p j k and 3 i 4 j + k
/
/
/ /
(iv ) i + 2 j k and p i + j
/
/
/
/
( v ) i 2 j 4k and 2 i p j + 3k
16. Find the projection of
/ /
/
/
(i) 2 i + j 2k on i 2 j 2k
/
/
/
/
(ii) 3 i + 4 j + 12k on i + 2 j + 2k
19
/
/
(iii) j + k on i + j
/
/
/ /
(iv ) 8 i + 3 j + 2k on i + j + k
17. Define the scalar product of two vectors a and b
18. Write down the condition for two vectors to be perpendicular.
19. Write down the formula for the projection of a and b
20. If a force F acts on a particle giving the displacement d write
down the formula for the work done by the force.
PART B
1.
2.
3.
4.
Prove that the triangle having position vectors of the vectices

form an equilateral triangle.
/
/
/
/
/
/
(i) 4 i + 2 j + 3k, 2 i + 3 j + 4k, 3 i + 4 j + 2k
/
/
/
/
/
(ii) 3 i + j + 2k, i + 2 j + 3k, 2 i + 3 j + k
/
/
/
/
/
/
(iii) 2 i + 3 j + 5k, 5 i + 2 j + 3k, 3 i + 5 j + 2k
Prove that the following triangle with the vertices form an
isosceles triangle.
/ /
/ /
/ /
(i) 3 i j 2k, 5 i + j 3k, 6 i j k
/
/
/
/
/
(ii) 7 j 10k, 4 i 9 j 6k, i 6 j 6k
/
/
/
/
/
(iii) 7 i + 10k, 3 i 4 j + 6k, 9 i 4 j + 6k
Prove that the following position vectors of the vertices of a
triangle form a right angled triangle.
/ /
/
/
/
/
(i) 3 i + j 5k, 4 i + 3 j 7k, 5 i + 2 j 3k
/ /
/
/
/
/
(ii) 2 i j + k, 3 i 4 j 4k, i 3 j 5k
/
/
/ /
/
/
(iii) 2 i + 4 j + 3k, 4 i + j 4k, 6 i + 5 j k
Prove that the following vectors are collinear.

/ /
/
/
/
(i) 2 i + j k, 4 i + 3 j 5k, i + k
/
/
/
/
/
/
(ii) i + 2 j + 4k,4 i + 8 j + k,3 i + 6 j + 2k
/ /
/
/
/
/
(iii) 2 i j + 3k,3 i 5 j + k, i + 11 j + 9k
20
5.
Find the angle between the following two vector

/
/
/ /
(i) 2 i 3 j + 2k, and , i + j k
/
/
/ /
(ii) 4 i + 3 j + k, and 2 i j + 2k,
/ /
/ /
(iii) 3 i + j k, and i j 2k,
6.
If
the
position
vectors
of
A,B
and
C
are
/
/
/
/ /
i + 2 j + k, 2 i + 3k, 3 i j + 2k , find the angle between the vectors
AB and BC .
7.
8.
9.
/ /
/
i j + 2k,4 j + 2k
Show
that
the
vectors
/
/
10 i 2 j + 4k are perpendicular to one another.
and
Show that the following position vectors of the points form a right
angled triangle
/
/
/
/
/ /
(i) 3 i 2 j + k, i 3 j + 4k,2 i + j 4k
/
/
/
/
/
/
(ii) 2 i + 4 j k, 4 i + 5 j k, 3 i + 6 j 3k
/
/
/
/
/ /
(iii) 3 i 2 j + k, i 3 j + 5k,2 i + j 4k
/
Due to the force 2i 3 j + k a particle is displaced from the point
/
/
/
/
i + 2 j + 3k to 2 i + 4 j + k, find the work done.
10. A particle is displaced from A (3, 0, 2) to B (-6,-1,3) due to the

/
/
force F = 15 i + 10 j + 15k, find the work done.
/
/
11. F = 2 i 3 j + 4k displaces a particle from origin to (1,2,-1). Find
the work done of the force.
/ /
/ /
12. Two forces 4 i + j 3k and 3 i + j k displaces a particle from
the point (1,2,3) to (5,4,1) find the work done.
/
/
/
/
13. A Particle is moved from 5 i + 5 j 7k to 6 i + 2 j 2k due to the
/
/
/ /
/ /
three forces 10 i j + 11 k to 4 i + 5 j 6k and 2 i + j 9k find
the Work done.
14. When a particle is moved from the point (1,1,1) to (2,1,3) by a
/ /
force i + j + k the work done is 4. Find the value of
21
15. A force 2i + j + k displaces a particle from the point (1,1,1) to

(2,2,2) giving the work done 5. Find the value of.
/
/
16. Find the value of p, if a force 2 i 3 j + 4k displaces a particle
from (1,p,3) to (2,0,5) giving the work done 17.
1.
4.
ANSWER
PART A
/
/
2 i + 7 j 9k ,
/
2 i j + 4k
2.
5.
42
/
/
i 2 j 3k
29 2 3
10.
26,
4
26
34 ,
/
/
i 2j k
6.
14
21
7.
3.
8.
29
3
26
1 1 2
, , ,
3 3 3
11.
1
14
26
2 : 3 : 8
9.
14
3
14
12. K = 4
13.
15.
16.
(i) 5, (ii) 10, (1), (iii)1
(iv ) 6
5
(i) 7 (ii) 6, , (iii) , (iv ) 2 ( v ) 5
4
4
35
1
13
(i) (ii)
(iii)
, (iv )
3
3
2
3
PART B
5.
7
7
4
(ii) Cos 1
(i) Cos 1
(iii) Cos 1
234
51
66
6.
20
9. 14, 10. 130
(i) Cos 1
462
11. 8, 12. 40, 13. 87, 14. -2,
15.
22
2, 16.
7
3
, 1 : 2 : 3
UNIT- II
VECTOR ALGEBRA II
2.1. Vector product of two vectors:
Definition of vector product of two vectors-Geometrical meaningproperties-angle between two vectorsunit vector perpendicular
to two vectors-simple problems.
2.2. Application of vector product of two vectors and Scalar
Triple Product:
Definition of moment of a force, definition of scalar product of
three vectors - geometrical meaning coplanar vectors - simple
problems.
2.3. Product of more vectors:
Vector Triple Product - Scalar and Vector product of four vectors.
Simple problems
2.1.VECTOR PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS OR CROSS
PRODUCT
The vector product of two vectors a and b , whose directions are
inclined at an angle , is the vector whose modulus is a b sin , and

whose direction is perpendicular to both a and b , being positive
relative to a rotation from a to b .
/ / / /
/
i.e. a b = a b sin n
23
where n is an unit vector perpendicular to the plane of a and b ,

having the same direction as the translation of a right handed screw
due to the rotation from a to b . From this it follows that b a ,has the
same length, so that
a b =- b a .
Properties of vector product:
1.
b a = b a sin (- n )
= - a b sin n
=- a b
2.
If a and b are parallel, the angle = 0
a b = a b sin n
= a b sin 0 n
= 0 [sin 0=0]
/
/
The condition for two vectors a and b to be parallel is a b = 0
In particular, a a = 0
/
/
/
If a b = 0 , either a = 0 or b = 0 or a and b are parallel vectors
3.
If a, b, c are three vectors,

/ /
/ /
/ /
a b + c = a b + (a c )
4.
If i, j, k are the unit vectors along x, y & z axes respectively,

/ / / /
i i = j j = kk = 0
/ /
/ /
i j = j i = k
Also, /
/ /
j k = k j = i
/
/
/
k i = i k = j
) (
24
Hence
5.
/
i
/
j
/
i
/
j
-k
0
/
-i
k
/
j
/
i
0
/
/
/ /
/
/
/
If a = a1 i + a 2 j + a3k, b = b1 i + b 2 j + b3k ,
/
/
i
j
/
Then a b = a 1 a 2
b1 b 2
/
k
a3
b3
Proof:
G
G
G
G
Let a =a1 i +a 2 j +a 3 k, b =b1 i +b 2 j +b 3 k
G
G
G
axb = a1 i +a 2 j +a 3 k x b1 i +b 2 j +b 3 k
G G
G K
G G
=a1 b1 i i +a1 b 2 i j +a1 b 3 i k
G G
K G
K K
+a 2 b1 j i +a 2 b 2 j j +a 2 b 3 j k
G G
G K
G G
+ a 3b1 k i +a 3 b 2 k j + a 3b 3 k k
G
G
= o +a1 b 2 k +a1 b 3 j +a 2 b1 k + o
G
G
G
+ a 2b 3 i +a 3 b1 j +a 3 b 2 i + a 3 + b 3
G a 2 a 3 G a1 a 3
a a
=i
j
+k 1 2
b1 b 2
b1 b 3
b 2 b3
G G
i
j k
( )
( )
( )
) (
( )
(
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
= a1 a 2 a 3
b1 b 2 b 3
25
6.
7.
/
a x b = a b sin n
/ /
axb =| a || b | sin (1)
K G
axb
n = G G
| a || b | sin
K G
axb
n = K G by using (1)
| axb |
If is the angle between the vectors a and b then

Sin =
8.
[| n |= 1]
a xb
/
a b
Geometrical meaning of vector product
Let a = OA and b = OB
Complete the parallelogram OACB with the sides OA and OB
(See figure) Draw BL perpendicular to OA.
Let the angle between triangle a and b i.e., AB=
From right angled triangle OBL,
BL
Sin =
OB
BL = OB Sin = b Sin
Now, axb = a b Sin

= OA.OB Sin
= OA.BL
= (base )x(height )
=Area of the Parallelogram OACB
If a and b are the adjacent sides of a parallelogram , the area
of the parallelogram= axb .
26
9.
If a and b are two sides of a triangle,

1 / /
area of the triangle = axb
2
10.
If d1 and d 2 are the diagonal vectors of a parallelogram,
1
d1 x d 2
2
11. If three points A,B and C are collinear
area of the parallelogram =
ABxBC = BCx AC = ACx AB = 0.

12. If OA, OB, OC are the position vectors of the vertices of a triangle
ABC,
1
1
1
area of the triangle ABC = ABXBC = BCX AC = ACX AB
2
2
2
2.1 WORKED EXAMPLES
PART A
1.
/
/
/
If a = 2 i + 3 j k, b = j 2k, find a x b
Solution:
i j k
/
/
axb = 2 3 1 = i ( 6 + 1) j ( 4 + 0 ) + k (2 0 )
0 1 2
/
/
= 5 i + 4 j + 2k
2.
) (
) (
Prove that a x b x a b = 2 b a
Solution:
( )( )
= (a a ) (a b ) + (b a ) (b b )
= o + (b a ) + (b a ) o
= 2(b a )
L .H .S = a x b x a b
= R. H. S
27
3.
( ) ( ) ( )
/
Prove that a x b + c + b x c + a + c x a + b = o
Solution:
( ) ( ) ( )
L .H.S = ax b + c + bx c + a + cx a + b
= ab + ac + bc + ba + c a +
= ab + ac + bc ab ac bc
=0
/
/
/
/
Prove that i 2 j + 4k and 3 i 6 j + 12k are parallel vectors.
/
/
Solution: Let a = i 2 j + 4k
/
/
b = 3 i 6 j + 12k
4.
Now
/
i
/
j
axb = 1
6 12
/
/
i
j k
=31 2 4
1 2 4
()
=30 =0
R3
3
R 2 R3
The given vectors are parallel.
28
PART B
1.
( ) + (a.b)
Prove that a b
= a
b .
Solution
(axb) + (a.b)
2
= a b Sin n 2 + a b Cos 2
= a 2 b 2 Sin 2 (n)2 + a b Cos2

2
= a b Sin2 + Cos2
=a b
2
=a b
.1
2
= R.H.S
2
/ /
/
/
Find the unit vector perpendicular to 2 i j + k and 3 i + 4 j k
find also the sine of the angle between these vectors.

Solution
/ /
Let a = 2 i j + k
/
/
b = 3i + 4 j k
/
/
i
j
k
ab = 2 1
3
4 1
/
/
= i (1 4 ) j ( 2 3 ) + k (8 + 3 )
/
/
/
= 3 i + 5 j + 11 k
29
ab =
( 3 )2 +5 2 +112
= 9 + 25 + 121 = 155
a = 2 ( 1)2 +12 = 4 + 1 + 1 = 6
2
b = 3 2 +4 2 +( 1)2 = 9 + 16 + 1 = 26
/
/
/ a b 3 i + 5 j + 11 k
=
The unit vector to both a and b =
155
ab
r
Sin =
ab
ab
3.
155
6 . 26
155
156
Find the area of the parallelogram whose adjacent sides are

/ /
/
i + j + k and 3 i k
Solution
Let the adjacent sides of the parallelogram be

/ /
/
a = i + j + k and b = 3 i k
/
i
/
j
axb = 1
3 0 1
/
/
= i ( 1 0 ) j ( 1 3 ) + k (0 3 )
/
/
= i + 4 j 3k
Area of the Parallelogram= a b
=
( 1)2 +4 2 +( 3)2
= 1 + 16 + 9 = 26 sq. Units
30
4.
Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are having the
/
/
/
/
/
/
position vectors 2 i + 3 j + 4k , 3 i + 4 j + 2k and 4 i + 2 j + 3k .
Solution:
The position vectors of the vertices of the
/
/
triangle be OA = 2 i + 3 j + 4k
/
/
OB = 3 i + 4 j + 2k
/
/
OC = 4 i + 2 j + 3k
/
/
/
/
AB = OB OA = 3 i + 4 j + 2k 2 i + 3 j + 4k
/ /
/
= i + j 2k
/
/
/
/
BC = OC OB = 4 i + 2 j + 3k 3 i + 4 j + 2k
/
/ /
= i 2j +k
/ /
i j k
/
ABxBC = 1 1 2 = i (1 4 ) J(1 + 2) + k ( 2 1)
)(
)(
1 2 1
/
= 3 i 3J 3k
1
ABXBC
2
1
( 3 )2 +( 3)2 +( 3)2
=
2
Area of the triangle ABC =
1
27
9+9+9 =
sq. Units
2
2
/
/
/
/
5.Prove that the position vectors of the points i 2 j + 3k , 2 i + 3 j 4k
/
and 7 j + 10k form collinear points.
Solution:
Let the position vectors of the three points A,B,C be
/
/
OA = i 2 j + 3k
/
/
OB = 2 i + 3 j 4k
/
OC = 7 j + 10k
=
31
) (
/
/
/
/
AB = OB OA = 2 i + 3 j 4k i 2 j + 3k
/
/
= i + 5 j 7K
/
/
/
BC = OC OB = 7 j + 10k 2 i + 3 j 4k
/
/
= 2 i 10 j + 14K
/
/
i
j
k
ABxBC =
1
5
2 10
/ /
i
j
= ( 2)1 5
1 5
) (
7
14
k
7
7
= ( 2)O
[R2 R3 ]
=O
The points A,B,C are collinear points

/ /
/ /
6. If i j 3k and 2 i j 3k are the diagonals of a
parallelogram, find the area of the parallelogram.
Solution:
/ /
/ /
The diagonals of the parallelogram are d1= i j 3k,d2 = 2 i j 3k
/
/
i
j
k
d1 x d 2 = 1 1 3
2 1 3
/
/
= i (3 3 ) j ( 3 + 6 ) + k ( 1 + 2)
/
/
/
= i (0 ) 3 j + k = 3 j + k
Area of the parallelogram
1
= d1 xd2
2
=
1
2
( 3)2 +12
1
10
9 +1 =
sq. units
2
2
32
2.2 APPLICATION OF VECTOR PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS

Moment or Torque of a force about a point
/
Let O be any point and r be the position vector relative to the
/
point O of any point P on the line of action of the force F . The
moment of the force about the point O is defined as
/
M = r F
The magnitude of the moment

M = r F
= r F Sin
Scalar Triple product of the three vectors:
Scalar triple product of three vectors is defined as a. b c It is

/ / /
denoted as a b c = a, b, c . It is called box product of three vectors
( ) [
a, b, and c .
Let a = OA, b = OB, c = OC be the three vectors not lying in the
same plane and meeting at the point O.
33
Complete the parallelopiped with a, b, c as the adjacent edges

with a common intersection. Let AL be the height of the parallelepiped.
b c is the perpendicular vector of the parallelogram OBDC b c
is area of the parallelogram OBDC.
( )
Let be the angle between a and b c .

AL
AL
Cos =
=
OA
a
AL = a cos
( )
a. b c = a b c Cos
From the right triangle AOL
= a Cos b c
= AL b c
=(Height of the parallelepiped) (Area of the base parallelopiped)
a. b c =Volume of the parallelopiped.

Properties of scalar Triple Product
1.
If a, b, c are the three vectors of a parallelopiped (three edges

meeting at a common point),
34
( )
= b.(c a )
= c.(a b )
Volume of the parallelop iped, V = a. b c
2.
(1)
Scalar product is commutative,
( ) ( )
b (c a ) = (c a ) b
c (a b ) = (a b ) c
From (1) and (2) a ( b c ) = ( a b ) c
a b c = b c a
(2)
In scalar triple product , and x may be interchanged.

3.
In a box product of three vectors, if any two of the vectors are

equal or parallel to each other, then the scalar triple product is
zero.
/ //
/ / /
/ / /
i.e, a, a, b = [a, c, c ] = b, c, b = 0
/ / /
If a is parallel to b, then a, b, c = 0
4.
5.
6.
]
[
In the box product of three vectors for each interchange of two

vectors, the sign will change.
/// / /
/ /
/ /
i , j, k = i . j xk = j. kx i = k. i x j
// //
= i i = j. j = k.k
] ( ) ( ) ( )
= 1.
/
/
If a =a1 i +a2 j +a3 k
/
/
b =b1 i +b2 j +b3 k
/
/
c =c1 i +c 2 j +c 3 k
[a, b, c ] = a (b x c ) = b
a1 a 2
1 b2
c1 c 2
35
a3
b3
c3
/ /
i j k
/ b 2 b 3 / b1 b 3
b1 b 2
Proof : bxc = b1 b 2 b 3 = i
j
+k
c 2c 3
c 1c 3
c 1c 2
c 1c 2 c 3
( ) (
/
/
/ b2 b3 / b1b3
b1b2
a. b c = a1 i +a2 j +a3 k . i
j
+k
c1c 3
c1c 2
c1c 3
=a
b 2 b3
c2c3
a2
b1 b 3
c1c 3
+ a3
b1 b 2
c1c 2
a1 a 2 a 3
= b1 b 2 b 3
c1 c 2 c 3
7.
8.
If a, b, c are Coplanar vectors (those vectors in the same plane),
[a, b, c] = 0
If [a, b, c ] = 0 then
i. any one of the three vectors is zero or

ii. any two of the three vectors are parallel or
iii. a, b, c are coplanar vectors.
1.
2.2 WORKED EXAMPLES

PART A
// /
Find the value of i , j, k
Solution:
// / / /
i , j, k = i . j k
] ( )
1 0 0
= 0 1 0
0 0 1
=1
1 0
0 1
0+0
= 1 ( 0) = 1
36
/ // / / /
2. Find the value of i + j, j + k, k + i
Solution:
1 1 0
/ / /
/
i + j , j + k, k + i = 0 1 1
1 0 1
3.
= 1(1 0 ) 1(0 1) + 0
= 1+ 1 = 2
Find the scalar triple product of the vectors
/
/
/ /
/
i 3 j + 3k, 2 i + j k and j + k
Solution:
/
/
Let a = i 3 j + 3k
/ /
b = 2i + j k
/
c = j +k
1 3 3
a. b c = 2 1 1
0 1
1
= 1 ( 1 + 1) + 3(2 0) + 3(2 0)
= 2 + 6 + 6 = 14
Find the volume of the parallelepiped whose three edges
/
/
/
/ / / /
meeting at a point are 2 i 3 j + 4k, i + 2 j k, 3 i j + 2k
Solution:
/
/
Let a = 2 i 3 j + 4k
/
/
b = i + 2j k
/ /
c = 3 i j + 2k
4.
2 3 4
Volume of the parallelepiped V = a, b, c = 1 2 1
3 1 2
[ ]
= 2( 4 1) + 3(2 + 3) + 4( 1 6)
= 2(3) + 3(5) + 4( 7)
= 6 + 15 28 = 7
Volume of the parallelepiped =7 cubic Units
37
PART-B
/
Find the moment of the force 3 i + k acting along the point
/
/
/ /
i + 2 j k about the point 2 i + j + 2k .
Solution:
/ /
Let F = 3 i + k
/
/
OA = i + 2 j k
/ /
OB = 2 i j + 2k
/
r = BA = OA OB
/
/ /
/ /
= i + 2 j k 2 i j + 2k
/
/
/
= i + 3 j 3k
/
Moment M = r F
/ /
i j k
= 1 3 3
3 0 1
/
/
= i (3 + 0 ) j ( 1 + 9 ) + k (0 9 )
/
/
= 3 i + 8 j 9k
/
/
/
= 3 i 8 j 9k
/
/
M = 3 i 8 j 9k
1.
) (
( )
M = 32 +( 8 )2 +( 9 )2
= 9 + 64 + 81 = 154 units
O,A,B,C are points(0,0,0),(1,-2,3),(2,3,4) and (-1,0,2). Find the
volume of the Parallelepiped whose edges are OA, OB, and OC.
Solution:
O is the origin
/
/
OA = i 2 j + 3k
/
/
OB = 2 i + 3 j + 4k
/
OC = i + 2k
2.
38
OA,OB,OC are the edges.

Volume of the parallelepiped V = [OA, OB, OC]
1 2 3
= 2 34
1 0 2
3.
= 1(6 0 ) + 2(4 + 4 ) + 3(0 + 3 )

= 6 + 16 + 9 = 31 Cubic Units.
/
/
/
/
/ /
Prove that the vectors 3 i + 2 j 2k, 5 i 3 j + 3k, and 5 i j + k
are coplanar vectors.
Solution:
/
/
Let a = 3 i + 2 j 2k
/
/
b = 5 i 3 j + 3k
/ /
c = 5i j + k
3 2 2
3
5 1 1
[a, b, c] = 5 3
= 3( 3 + 3 ) 2(5 15) 2( 5 + 15)

= 0 2( 10) 2(10)
= 20 20 = 0
[a, b, c] = 0 a, b and c are coplanar vectors.
4.
/ /
/
/
/
If the three vectors 2 i j + k, i + 2 j 3k, and 3 i + m j + 5k, are
coplanar, find the value of m.
Solution:
/ /
Let a = 2 i j + k
/
/
b = i + 2 j 3k
/
/
c = 3 i + m j + 5k
39
[ ]
since a, b and c are coplanar vectors then a, b, c = 0

2 1 1
i.e, 1 2 3 = 0
3 m 5
i.e, 2(10 + 3m) + 1(5 + 9 ) + 1(m 6 ) = 0
i.e, 20 + 6m + 14 + m 6 = 0
i.e, 7m + 28 = 0
i.e,7M = 28
28
= 4.
i.e, m =
7
5.
Show that the points whose position vectors are

/
/
/
/
/
/
/
4 i + 5 j + k, j k, 3 i + 9 j + 4k and 4 i + 4 j + 4k lie on the same
plane.
Solution:
Let the position vectors of the four points be

/
/
OA = 4 i + 5 j + k
/
OB = j k
/
/
OC = 3 i + 9 j + 4k
/
/
OD = 4 i + 4 j + 4K
AB = OB OA
/
/
/
= j k 4i + 5 j +k
/
/
= 4 i 6 j 2k
)(
AC = OC OA
/
/
/
/
= 3 i + 9 j + 4k 4 i + 5 j + k
/
/
= i + 4 j + 3k
)(
)
40
AD = OD OA
/
/
/
/
= 4 i + 4 j + 4k 4 i + 5 j + k
/ /
= 8 i j + 3k
)(
4 62
Now, AB, AC, AD = 1
8 1
= 4(12 + 3 ) + 6( 3 + 24 ) 2(1 + 32 )
= 4(15 ) + 6(21) 2(33 )
= 60 + 126 66
=0
AB, AC, AD are coplanar vectors.
The given four points A,B,C and D lie on a same plane.
6.
] [ ]
Prove that a + b, b + c, c + a = 2 a, b, c
Solutions:
[
]
= (a + b ) [( b + c ) ( c + a )]
= (a + b ) [(b c ) + (b a ) + (cxc ) + (c a )]
/
= (a + b ) [(b c ) + (b a ) + 0 + (c a )]
= a (b c ) + a (bxa ) + a (cxa ) + b (bxc ) + b (bxa ) + b (cxa )
= [a, b, c ] + [a, b, a] + [a, c, a] + [b, b, c ] + [b, b, a] + [b, c, a ]
= [a, b, c ] + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0[b, c, a ]
[[b,c,a] = [a,b,c ]
= [a, b, c ] + [a, b, c ]
= 2[a, b, c ].
LHS = a + b, b + c, c + a
41
2.3 PRODUCT OF MORE VECTORS
Vector Triple Product: Vectors Triple product of three vectors a, b
and c is a x b x c
) or ( a x b) x c
Results
1.
2.
3.
(a x b)x c = (a . c )b (b . c ) a
a x ( b x c )= ( a . c )b (a . b ) c
a x (b x c ) ( a x b ) x c
Product of four vectors

Scalar Product of four vectors:
If a, b, c,d are four vectors, the scalar product of four vectors is
(a x b) (c x d)
( )( )
Here, axb is a vector, cx d is a vector and axb cxd . is the dot

product of two vectors and hence it is a scalar quantity.
( )( )
Result: axb cxd . =
a.c a.d
b.c b.d
( )( ) ( )
[x = cxd]
= a (b x x )
= a [bx (cxd)]
= a [(b.d)c (b.c )d]
= (a.c )(b.d) (a.d)(b.c )
Proof: axb cxd = axb x
a.c
a.d
b.c
b.d
42
Vector product of four vectors:
If a, b, c, and d are four vector, axb is a vector, cx d is a vector
( )( )
and axb x cxd is a vector and it is called vector product of four

vectors.
Results:
1.
( )( ) [ ] [ ]
If a, b, c,d are four vectors, a b c d = a, b, d c a, b, c d
Proof:
Let axb = x
( )( )
= x x (c d)
= (x d)c (x c )d
= { (a b ) d} c { (a b ) c} d
= [a, b, d] c [a, b, c ] d
L.H.S = axb c d
R.H.S
2.
If a, b, c and d are Coplanar vectors, then axb and cx d are

parallel vector perpendicular to the plane of these four vectors.
( )( )
ab cd = o
2.3 WORKED EXAMPLES

PART A
1.
( )
/ /
Find the value of i j k
Solution:
/ /
/ /
ix j k = i i
( )
=o
43
2.
( )
/
/
. If a = i + j, b = j + k, c = k + i find ax bxc .
/
i j k
bxc = 0 1 1
1 0 1
/
/
= i (1 0 ) j (0 1) + k (0 1)
/ /
= i + j k
/ /
i j
/
k
ax bxc = 1 1 0
1 1 1
/
/
= i ( 1 0 ) j ( 1 0 ) + k (1 1)
/ /
= i + j
PART B
/ /
/
/ /
If a = i j + k, b = i 2 j, c = 2 i j + k, prove that
/ / /
a b c = a.c b a.b c
Solution:
/ /
a = i j +k
/
/
b = i 2j
/ /
c = 2i j + k
/
i j k
1.
) ( ) ( )
bxc = 1 2 0
2 1 1
/
= i ( 2 0 ) j(1 0 ) + k ( 1 + 4 )
/
= 2 i j + 3k
44
/
i
ax(bxc ) =
1 1
21 3
/
= i ( 3 + 1) j(3 + 2) + k ( 1 2)
(i.e ) a x (bxc ) = 2 i 5 j 3k
/
)(
)(
(1)
/ /
/
a.c = i j + k . 2 i j + k
= 1(2) + ( 1)( 1) + 1(1)
= 2 + 1+ 1 = 4
/
/
a.b = i j + k . i 2 j
= 1(1) + ( 1)( 2 ) + 1(0 )
= 1+ 2 = 3
( ) ( )
( ) (
a.c b a.b c
/
/
= 4 i 2j 3 2 i j + k
= 4i 8 j 6i + 3 j 3k
/
= 2 i 5 j 3k
(2)
( ) ( ) ( )
From (1) & (2) , ax bxc = a.c a a.c c

/
/
/
/
2. If a = i j + k, b = i + 2 j k, c = i + 2 j, d = i j 3k
/
Find a b c d
Solution:
/
a = i j+k
/
b = i + 2j k
/
c = i + 2j
/ /
d = i j 3k
( )( )
45
/
i j k
axb = 1 1 1
1 2 1
/
= i (1 2) j( 1 + 1) + k (2 1)
/
= i + k
/
i j k
cx d = 1
2 0
1 1 3
/
= i ( 6 0 ) j( 3 0 ) + k ( 1 2)
/
= 6 i + 3 j 3k
/
/
axb cxd = i + k 6 i + 3 j 3k
= ( 1)( 6 ) + 0(3 ) + 1( 3 )
= 63 = 3
Alternate Method
/
/
a.c = i j + k i + 2 j
= 1(1) + ( 1)2 + 1(0 )
= 1 2 = 1
/
/
a.d = i j + k i j 3k
= 1(1) + ( 1)( 1) + 1( 3 )
= 1 + 1 3 = 1
/
/
b.c = i + 2 j k i + 2 j
= ( 1)1 + 2 (2 ) + ( 1)0
= 1 + 4 = 3
/
/
b.d = i + 2 j k i j 3k
= ( 1)1 + 2( 1) + ( 3 )
= 1 2 + 3 = 0
( )( ) (
)(
)(
)(
)(
46
(1)
1
=0+3=3
0
b.c b.d
/
/
/
3.
If a = i + j + k, b = i j k, c = i + j + 2k,
/
d = 2 i + j, find axb x cxd .
Solution:
/
a = i + j + k,
/
b = i j k,
/
c = i + j + 2k,
/
d = 2i + j
G K
i j k
axb = 1 1 1
1 1 1
G
K
= i ( 1 + 1) j ( 1 1) + k ( 1 1)
G
K
= i (0 ) j ( 2) + k ( 2)
K
= 2 j 2k
G
K
i
j k
cx d = 1 1 2
2 1 0
G
K
= i (0 2) j (0 4 ) + k ( 1 2)
G
K
= 2 i + 4 j 3k
G
K
i
j
k
axb x cxd = 0
2 2
2 4 3
G
K
= i ( 6 + 8 ) j (0 4 ) + k (0 + 4 )
G
K
= 2 i + 4 j + 4k
a.c
a.d
1
3
( )( )
( )( )
47
Alternate Method
[a,b,d] =
1 1 1
1 1 1
2 1 0
= 1(0 + 1) 1(0 + 2 ) + 1(1 + 2)

= 1(1) 2 + (3 )
= 1 2 + 3 = 2
[ ]
1 1 1
a, b, c = 1 1 1
1 1 2
= 1( 2 + 1) 1(2 1) + 1(1 1)
= 1 1 = 2
[ ] [ ]
) (
(
][ ]
a, b, d c a, b, c d
G K
G K
= 2 i + j + 2k ( 2) 2 i + j
G
G
G
K
K
K
= 2 i + 2 j + 4k + 4 i + 2 j = 2 i + 4 j + 4k
3.
Prove that axb, bxc, cxa = a, b, c
Solution:
(bxc )x(cxa) = [b,c,a ]c [b,c,c ]a

= [ b, c, a ]c 0
[ [b,c,c] = 0
= [b, c, a ]c
[axb,bxc,cxa ] = (axb) {(bxc )x(cxa)}
= (axb ) [b, c, a ]c
= [ b, c, a ](axb ).c
= [b, c, a ][a, b, c ]
= [a, b, c ][a, b, c ]
[ [a,b,c] = [b,c,a ]
=[a, b, c ]
2
48
EXERCISE
PART - A
1.
2.
Find the vector product of two vectors.

G
G
K
K
(i) 2 i + 3 j 4k and i 2 j + 4k
G K
G K
(ii) i + j + k and 2 i j + 3k
G
G
K
K
(iii) 2 i 3 j + 5k and i 2 j 2k
G K
G
K
(iv) 3 i + j + k and 2 i 3 j + 2k
G
G
K
K
Prove that the two vectors 5 i 7 j + 3k and 15 i 21 j + 9k are
3.
parallel vectors.
G
K
K
If a = 2i + j k and b = i 2 j + 2k Prove that axb. = 5 2
4.
Find the area of the Parallelogram whose adjacent sides are

G
G
K
K
(i) 2 i 3 j and i 2 j 3k
G
G
K
K
(ii) 3 i + 2 j + 2k and i 2 j + 3k
G K
G
K
(iii) 2 i + j 2k and i + 2 j + 3k
5.
Find the Scalar triple product of

G
G K
K
K
(i) i 2 j + 3k , 2 i + j k, j + k
G
G
G
K
K
(ii) 2 i + 5 j + k , i 2k, 5 i + 2 j k
G G
G
G
K
K
(iii) i j + k , 2 i + 3 j 3k, 6 i 2 j k
6.
Find the Volume of parallelepiped whose edges are

G
G K
G
K
K
(i) 2 i 4 j + 5k , i j + k, 3 i 5 j + 2k
G
G
G
K
K
K
(ii) 2 i + 3 j + 4k , 4 i + 3 j + k, i + 2 j + 4k
G
G
G
K
K
K
(iii) 3 i + 7 j + 2k , 2 i + 5 j k, i + 6 j + k
49
7.
Prove the following three vectors are coplanar

G
G
G
K
K
K
(i) i + 4 j 3k , 3 i + 2 j + 5k, 3 i + 8 j 5k
G
G
G K
K
K
(ii) 3 i + 2 j 2k , 5 i 3 j + 3k, 5 i j + k
G
G
K
K
K
(iii) i 2 j + 3k , 2 i + 3 j 4k, j + 2k
8.
( )
G K
G K
G
K
If a = i j, b = + 2 i + j + k, c = i + 3 j + k, find ax bxc
PART B
1.
Find the Unit vector perpendicular to the following two vectors as

well as the angle between them.
G
G K
K
(i) 4 i + 3 j + k
and
2 i j + 2k
G K
G
K
(ii) i + j + 2k and 4 i + 3 j 2k
G K
G
K
(iii) 2 i + j + k
and
i + 2j + k
G K
G
K
(iv) 3 i + j + 2k and
i + 2j +k
2.
Show that the following points are Collinear

G K
G
G
K
K
(i) 2 i + j k,4 i + 3 j 5k ,2 i + 5 j 9k
G
G
G
K
K
K
(ii) i + 2 j + 4k,4 i + 8 j + k ,3 i + 6 j + 2k
G K
G
G
K
K
(iii) 2 i j + 3k,3 i 5 j + k , i + 11 j + 9k
3.
Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are given as position
vectors:
G
G
G K
K
(i) i + 2 j k,2 i + 3k ,3 i j + 2k
G K
G
G
K
(ii) i + j + k,2 i + 3 j k,3 i + k
(iii) (3,1,2),(1,-1,-3) and (4,-3,1)
(iv) (1,3,4),(-2,1,-1) and (0,-3,2)
50
4.
5.
6.
G K
Find the moment of the force 6 i + j k acting along the point
(0,1,-1) about the point (4,3,-1).

G
G K
The force i + 2 + 3k is acting along the point i + j + k Find the
/ /
moment of the force about the point 2 i j + k
G K
G K
A force 3 i + j + 2k is acting along i j + 2k Find the moment of
the force about the point
G K
G
G K
G K
K
a = 3 i + j k, b = i + 2 j 3k, c = i j + 3k, d = i + j k,
7.
Prove that the following four points line in a same plane

G
G
G
G
G
G
K
K
(i) 6 i + 3 i + 2k, 3 i 2 j + 4 k, 5 i + 7 j + 3k, 13 i + 17 i k
(ii) (4,5,1),(0,-1,-1),(3,9,4),(-4,4,4)
(iii) (1,3,1),(1,1,-1),(-1,1,1),(2,2,-1)
(iv) (1,2,3),(3,-1,2),(-2,3,1),(6,-4,2)
G
G
G K
K
K
G
8. If a = 3 i + 2 j 4k, b = 5 i 3 j + 6k, c = 5 i j + 2k, find (a b) c
/ /
G K
G
G
K
9. If a = i + j + k, b = 3 i 2 j + k, c = 2 i j 4k find a b c
G
G
G
K
K
10. If a = i 2 j + 3k, b = 2 i + 3 j, c = 3 i k find (i) a.(b c )
( )
(ii) a b c
G
G
G K
K
K
11. If a = 2 i + 3 j k, b = j + k, c = i + k, d = i + j + k, find
(i) (a b).(c d)
G K
G
G
G K
G K
12. If a = i j + k, b = 2 i + 3 i 5k, c = 2 i + j 2k, d = 3 i j + 4k,
show that (a b).(c d) =
a.c a.d
b.c b.d
G K
G K
G
G K
K
13. If a = 2 i j + k, b = i j k, c = 2 i + 3 j k, d = i + j k, find
(a b) (c d) .
51
14. If
G K
G
G K
G K
K
a = 3 i + j k, b = i + 2 j 3k, c = i j + 3k, d = i + j k, find
(a b) (c d)
G
G
G K
K
K
K
15. If a = 3 i + 2 j 4k, b = 5 i 3 j + 6k, c = 5 i j + 2k, d = 3 j 4k,
find (a b) (c d) .
16. Prove that a (b c ) + b (c a) + c (a b) = 0
1.
ANSWERS
PART - A
G
G K
K
(i) 4 i 12 j 7k (ii) 4 i j 3k
G
G
K
K
(iii) 16 i + 9 j k (iv) 5 i 4 j 11k
4.
(i)
5.
(i) 12
(ii) -35
(iii) -15
6.
(i) 8
G
K
5 i 5 j 3k
(ii) 5
(iii) 26
8.
166
(ii)
69
(iii)
PART - B
1.
(i)
(ii)
G
K
7 i 6 j 10k
185
G
K
8 i 10 j + k
, sin =
185
, sin =
165
234
3 165
174
G K
i j +k
3
(iii)
, sin =
2
3
G K
i j k
3
(iv)
, sin =
3
84
52
90
4.
62
,
(ii)
2
G
K
2 i 4 j + 8k, 84
5.
G
K
6 i + 3 j 4k, 61
6.
G K
i j k, 3
8.
G
K
95 i 95 j + 190k
9.
G
K
13 i + 8 j + 5k
10.
/
34,12 i 4k
3.
(i)
62
2
(iii)
11. - 2
G
K
13. 2 i + 8 j + 4k
14.
G
K
14 i 14 j + 18k
15.
G
K
190 i + 38 j 76k
53
473
2
(iv)
933
2
UNIT III
INTEGRATION - I
Introduction:
3.1 Definition of integration Integral values using reverse process
of differentiation Integration using decomposition methodSimple problems.
3.2 Integration
[f(x)] f ' (x)dx

n
by
substitution:
where n -1,
Integrals
f ' ( x)
f(x)
of
the
form
dx,
F[f (x )] f ' ( x)dx - Simple Problems .

3.3 Standard Integrals
dx
a +x
2
dx
x 2 a2 ,
dx
a2 x 2
Ax + B
ax 2 + bx + c dx
Simple Problems.
3.1 INTRODUCTION:
Sir Sardar Vallabhai Patel, called the Iron Man of India integrated
several princely states together while forming our country Indian
nation after independence. Like that in maths while finding area under
a curve through integration, the area under the curve is divided into
smaller rectangles and then integrating i.e., summing up all the areas
of rectangles together. So integration means summation of very
minute things of same kind.
Integration as the reverse of differentiation:
Integration can also be introduced in another way, called

integration as the reverse of differentiation.
54
Differentiation in reverse:
dy
= 4x 3
dx
3
Integration reverse this process and we say that the integral of 4x as
4
x . Pictorially we can think of this as follows:
4
Suppose we differentiate the function y = x . We obtain
The situation is just a little more complicated because there are

3
lots of functions we can differentiate to give 4x .
Here are some of them:
x 4 + 14, x 4 - 6, x 4 - 0.5, x 4 -
1
3
3
Each of these functions has the same derivative 4 x , because

when we differentiate the constant term we obtain zero. Consequently,
when we try to reverse the process, we have no idea what the original
constant term might have been. Because of this we include in our
answer an unknown constant, C say, called the constant of
integration. We state that the integral values of 4 x 3 is x 4 + c
The symbol for integration is , known as an integral sign.

Formally we write
4x dx = x
3
+c
Along with the integral sign there is a term dx which must always
be written and which indicates the name of the variable involved, in
this case x. Technically integrals of this sort are called Indefinite
Integrals.
55
List of Formulae:
S.
No
Differentiation
Integration
( )
x n +1
+ c ( n 1) ,
n +1
d n
x = nx n -1
dx
d
(log x ) = 1
dx
x
d x
(e ) = e x
dx
x dx = log x + c
x
x
e dx = e + c
d
(sin x )= cos x
dx
cos xdx = sin x + c
d
(cos x ) = sin x
dx
d
(tan x ) = sec 2 x
dx
sin xdx = cos x + c
d
(cot x ) = cos ec 2 x
dx
d
(sec x ) = sec x tan x
dx
d
(co sec x ) = co sec x cot x
dx
cos ec
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
sec
d
1
(sin1 x) =
dx
1 x2
xdx = tan x + c
2
xdx = cot x + c
sec x tan xdx = sec x + c

cos ecx cot xdx = cos ecx + c
1
1 x2
dx = sin1 x + c
(or )
11
x ndx =
= cos 1 x + c
1
1
1 + x 2 dx = tan x + c
(or )
d
1
tan 1 x =
dx
1+ x2
= cot 1 x + c
1
1
x x 2 1 dx = sec x + c
(or )
d
1
(sec 1 x ) =
dx
x x2 1
= cos ec 1x + c
56
Particular forms of
x1+1
x2
+c =
+c
1+ 1
2
1.
xdx =
2.
x 3 dx =
3.
dx = x + c
4.
5.
x 3 +1
x4
+c =
+c
3 +1
4
x dx =
2
3 dx
x4
xn +1
+ c where n 1
n +1
xndx =
1
x 2 dx
+1
x2
x2
=
+c =
+c
1
3
+1
2
2
2
+1
3
1
1
x3
=
+c =
+ c = 3x 3 + c
1
2
+1
3
3
dx =
x 4 dx =
x 4 +1
x 3
x 3
+c =
+c =
+c
4 +1
3
3
Note that the final answer can be written in a variety of equivalent

ways, for example
x 3
1
1 3
1 1
+
+
c
,
or
+c
c
or
x + c, or
3
3
3 x3
3x3
Two Basic Theorems on Integration (without Proof)
1. If u, v, w etc are functions of x, then
(u v w .....) dx = udx vdx wdx ....

2. If f (x) is any function of x and k any constant then
kf ( x )dx = k f ( x)dx
57
Example:
1. Evaluate
7x
2
x
4
dx
x
Solutions:
(7 x
2
x2
4
x
) dx = 7 x 3 dx 2
x 2 dx + 4
= 7 x dx 2 x dx + 4 x
3
1
x
1
2
dx
dx
1
+1
7 x 4 2x 2 +1 4 x 2
=
+
+c
1
4
2 +1
+1
2
1
7 x 4 2x 1 4 x 2
=
+
+c
1
4
1
2
1
7x 4
+ 2x -1 + 8x 2 + c
4
Integration using decomposition method:
In integration, there is no rule for multiplication or division of

algebraic or trigonometric function as we have in differentiation Such
functions are to be decomposed into addition and subtraction before
applying integration.
For example:
sin 2 x
can be decomposed as follows
1 + cos x
sin2 x
1 cos2 x (1 + cos x )(1 cos x )
=
=
1 + cos x
1 + cos x
(1 + cos x )
= 1-cosx which can be integrated by using above basic
theorems.
58
Examples:
1.
Evaluate
(x
+ 1 x2 2
x
dx
Solution:
(x
+ 1 x 2 2 dx
x
= x 4 1 + x 2 2 dx
x
2.
(x
+ x 2 x 2 1 dx
x
x
x
+
x+c
1
5
3
x 5 x3
+
+ x 1 x + c
5
3
Evaluate
(1 + x
2 3
) dx
Solution:
(1 + x
) dx = (1 + 3 x 2 + 3x 4 + x 6 )dx
2 3
=x+
3x 3 3 x 5 x 7
+
+
+c
3
5
7
= x + x3 +
3.
Evaluate
3 x5 x7
+
+c
5
7
sin x
1 + sin x dx
Solution:
sin x
sin x
1 sin x
1 + sin x dx = 1 + sin x 1 sin x dx

=
sin x sin2 x
1 sin2 x
sin x sin2 x
cos2 x
dx
dx
59
sin x
sin2 x
dx
=
cos2 x cos2 x
sin x 1
sin2 x
dx
=
cos x cos x cos2 x
(
)
= [tan x sec x (sec x 1)]dx
= [tan x sec x sec x + 1]dx
= tan x sec x tan2 x dx
2
= sec x tan x + x + c
Integrals of function containing linear expression in x (ie) ax+b
If
f ( x)dx = g( x ) + c
then
f (ax + b)dx = a g(ax + b) + c

The extended forms of fundamental formulae:
1 (ax + b)n +1
+ c, [n 1]
n + 1
1.
(ax + b) dx = a
2.
ax + b dx = a log(ax + b) + c
3.
4.
sin(ax + b)dx = a cos(ax + b) + c
5.
cos(ax + b)dx = a sin(ax + b) + c
6.
sec
7.
cos ec
ax + b
dx =
1 ax + b
e
+c
a
1
(ax + b)dx =
2
1
tan( ax + b ) + c
a
1
(ax + b)dx = cot(ax + b) + c
a
60
8.
sec(ax + b) tan(ax + b)dx = a sec(ax + b) + c
9.
cos ec(ax + b) cot(ax + b)dx = a cot(ax + b) + c
10.
1 + (ax + b)2 dx = a tan
11.
1
1 (ax + b)
dx =
(ax + b) + c
1 1
sin (ax + b) + c
a
Example:
1.
Evaluate
(3 4x) dx
7
Solution:
1 ( 3 4x )
(3 4x) dx = 4 8 + c
8
=
2.
Evaluate
8 4x
( 3 4x )8
32
+c
dx
Solution:
8 4x
1
dx = e8 4 x + c
4
e8 4 x
+c
4
61
3.1 WORKED EXAMPLES

PART - A
1.
Evaluate
(2 sec
x + 5 cos x
4
+ 2e x )dx
x
Solution:
4
2
x
2sec x + 5cos x x + 2e dx
= 2tanx+5sinx-4logx+2ex+c
1
Evaluate x +
dx
x
Solution:
1
1
1
2
x + x dx = x + x 2 dx
2.
+1
+1
x2
x2
=
+
+c
1
1
+1 +1
2
2
3
x2 x2
=
+
+c
3
1
2
2
3
2x 2
=
+ 2x 2 + c
3
3.
Evaluate
(1 + x
3 2
) dx
Solution:
(1 + x
) dx = (1 + 2x 3 + x 6 )dx
3 2
2x 4 x 7
+
+c
4
7
x 4 x7
=x+
+
+c
2
7
=x+
62
4.
Evaluate
(2x 5)(36 + 4x )dx
Solution:
(2x 5)(36 + 4x)dx = (72x + 8x 180 20x )dx

= (8 x 2 + 52 x 180 )dx
2
5.
Evaluate
8 x 3 52 x 2
+
180 x + c
3
2
8x 3
+ 26 x 2 180 x + c
3
x 3 + 4x 2 3x + 2
x2
dx
Solution:
x 3 + 4x 2 3x + 2
x
dx = (
x3
x
4x2
x
3x
x
2
x2
)dx
3
+ 2 x 2 )dx
x
x2
2x 1
=
+ 4 x 3 log x +
+c
1
2
x2
=
+ 4 x 3 log x 2x 1 + c
2
= (x + 4
6.
Evaluate
1 x2
dx
1 x
Solution:
1 x2
(1 + x )(1 x )
1 x dx = (1 x) dx
= (1 + x )dx = x +
7.
Evaluate
tan
x2
+c
2
x dx
Solution:
tan
x dx =
(sec
x 1)dx
= tan x-x + c
63
8.
Evaluate
(sec x + tan x )
dx
Solution:
(sec x + tan x ) dx = (sec x + tan x + 2 sec x tan x)dx

= (sec 2 x + sec 2 x 1 + 2 sec x tan x )dx
2
= (2 sec 2 x + 2 sec x tan x 1)dx

= 2 tan x + 2 sec x x + c
9.
Evaluate
1 sin 2x dx
Solution:
1 sin 2x dx =
sin2 x + cos 2 x 2 sin x cos x dx
(sin x cos x )dx
(sin x cos x )2 dx
= cos x sin x + c
10. Evaluate
1 + sin x dx
Solution:
1 sin x
1 + sin x dx = 1 + sin x 1 sin x dx

1 sin x
1 sin2 x dx
=
1 sin x
cos2 x
dx
sin x
1
=
dx
2
2
cos x cos x
64
sin x
1
1
=
dx
2
cos x cos x cos x
= (sec 2 x tan x sec x )dx
= tan x sec x + c
11. Evaluate
( 4 x + 5)
dx
Solution:
1 ( 4 x + 5)7
6
(
4
x
+
5
)
dx
=
+c

7
4
=
12. Evaluate
(4x + 5)7
28
3x+2
+c
dx
Solution:
3x +2
1
dx = e3x + 2 + c
3
=
13. Evaluate
e3 x + 2
+c
3
(3 2 x )
dx
Solution:
1 (3 2 x )4
3
(
3
2
x
)
dx
=
+c

4
2
=
14. Evaluate
(3 2 x ) 4
+c
8
sin(3x + 1)dx
Solution:
sin(3x + 1)dx = 3 cos(3x + 1) + c

=
cos(3 x + 1)
+c
3
65
15. Evaluate
1
1 2x
dx
Solution:
1
1 2x
dx = (1 2x )
1
=
2
1
2 dx
1
+1
2
(1 2 x )
1
+1
2
+c
1
1
1 (1 2x ) 2
=
+ c = (1 2x ) 2 + c
1
2
2
PART B
1.
Integrate the following w.r.t x:

(a) ( x +
1 3
)
x
(b) (1 x + x 2 ) (1 + x + x 2 )
(c)
2
x
7
3
+
x sin2 x
(d) (2 x + 3)2 ( x 1)
Solution:
3
1
1 1
1
(a) x + = x 3 + 3 x x + + 3
x
x x
x
3
1
+
x x3
3
= x 3 + 3x + + x 3
x
= x3 + 3x +
x +
x
= (x3 + 3x +
3
+ x 3 )dx
x
66
x 4 3x2
x 2
+
+ 3 log x +
+c
4
2
2
x 4 3x2
x 2
+
+ 3 log x
+c
4
2
2
(b) (1 x + x 2 )(1 + x + x 2 )
= (1 + x 2 x )(1 + x 2 + x )
= (1 + x 2 )2 x 2
= 1 + 2x 2 + x 4 x 2
= 1+ x2 + x4
(1 x + x
)(1 + x + x 2 )dx =
= x+
(c)
2
x
+ x 4 )dx
x3 x5
+
+c
3
5
7
3
+
x sin2 x
7
(1 + x
= 2x 2
7
+ 3 cos ec 2 x
x
x 2 x + sin2 x dx = (2x
=
7
+ 3 cos ec 2 x )dx
x
2 x 1
7 log x 3 cot x + c
1
= 2x 1 7 log x 3 cot x + c
(d) (2 x + 3)2 ( x 1)
= ( 4 x 2 + 12x + 9)( x 1)
= 4 x3 4 x 2 + 12 x 2 12 x + 9 x 9
= 4 x3 + 8x 2 3x 9
(2x + 3) ( x 1)dx
2
(4x
4x 4 8 x3 3x 2
+
9x + c
4
3
2
67
+ 8 x 2 3 x 9)dx
2.
Evaluate the following:

x4 x2 + 1
dx
(a)
x +1
1
dx
(b)
x +1 x 2
Solution:
(a)
x4 x2 + 1
x +1
x 2 ( x 2 1) + 1
x +1
2 2
x ( x 1)
1
=
+
x +1
x +1
x 2 ( x + 1)( x 1)
1
=
+
x +1
x +1
1
2
= x ( x 1) +
x +1
4
2
x x +1
1
dx = x 2 ( x 1) +
dx
X +1
x + 1
= ( x3 x 2 +
=
1
x +1 x 2
=
=
x 4 x3
+ log( x + 1) + c
4
3
1
x +1 x 2
x +1+ x 2
( x + 1)2 ( x 2 )2
1
( x + 1) 2 + ( x 2) 2
=
x + 1 ( x 2)
1
( x + 1) 2 + ( x 2) 2
=
x + 1 x + 2
=
x +1+ x 2
x +1+ x 2
1
(b)
1
)dx
x +1
(x
1
2
+ 1)
68
+ (x
3
1
2
2)
1
x +1 x 2
dx =
1
1
1
( x + 1) 2 + ( x 2 ) 2 dx
3
3
1 ( x + 1) 2 ( x 2 ) 2
=
+
3
3 3
2
2
=
3.
3
2
3
(x + 1) 2 + (x 2) + c
9
2

(a)
cos2 x
1 + sin x dx
(b) sin 3 x sin x dx

(c) sin3 x dx
Solution:
(a)
cos2 x
1 + sin x
1 sin2 x
1 + sin x
(1 + sin x )(1 sin x )

(1 + sin x )
= 1 sin x
2
cos x
1 + sin x dx
(1 sin x )dx
= x ( cos x ) + c
= x + cos x + c
(b) sin 3 x sin x =
+c
1
[2 sin 3x sin x ]
2
[2 sin A sin B = cos( A B) cos( A + B)]
69
1
[cos(3x x ) cos(3x + x )]
2
1
[cos 2x cos 4x]
2
1
sin 3x sin xdx = 2 cos 2x cos 4x

=
1 sin 2x sin 4x
+c
2 2
4
(c) sin 3 A = 3 sin A 4 sin3 A

4 sin3 A = 3 sin A sin 3A
sin3 A =
1
3 sin A sin3A
4
sin3 x =
1
3 sin x sin3x
4
sin
xdx =
1
[3 sin x sin 3x ]dx
4
1
( cos 3x )
= [ 3 cos x
]+c
4
3
1
cos 3x
= [ 3 cos x +
]+c
4
3
3.2 INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION
So far we have dealt with functions, either directly integrable

using integration formula or integrable after decomposing the given
functions into sums or differences.
2x + 3
sin(log x )
, 2
etc which
x
x + 3x + 5
cannot be decomposed into sums or differences of simple functions.
But there are functions like
70
In these cases, using proper substitution, we shall reduce the

given form into standard form, which can be integrated using basic
integration formula.
When the integrand (the function to be integrated) is either in
multiplication or in division form and if the derivative of one full or
meaningful part of the function is equal to the other function then the
integration can be evaluated using substitution method as given in the
following examples.
1
2x + 3
x 2 + 3x + 5 dx
Since
d 2
( x + 3x + 5) is 2x+3 it can be integrated by taking
dx
u = x2 + 3x + 5
2.
sin(log x )
dx
x
Hare
sin(log x) x dx
d
1
(log x ) =
dx
x
The above integration can be evaluated by taking u = log x

Integrals of Some Standard Forms:
[f ( x)]
f ' ( x )dx,
f ' ( x)
dx, f [ f ( x )]f ' ( x )dx are
f ( x)
all, more or less of the same type and the use of substitution
u = f (x) will reduce the given function to simple standard form which
can be integrated using integration formulae.
71
Examples:
1. Integrate ( x 2 + 7x 3)10 (2x + 7) w.r.t x.

Solution:
Let I =
(x
+ 7x 3)10 (2x + 7)dx
put u = x 2 + 7x 3
du = (2x + 7)dx
I = ( x 2 + 7x 3)10 (2x + 7)dx
u11
+c
11
10
u du =
(x
=
+ 7x 3
11
+c
11
1 + cos x
dx
2. Evaluate
x + sin x
Solution:
Put u = x + sin x
du = (1 + cos x )dx
1 + cos x
x + sin x dx = u du
= log u + c
= log( x + sin x ) + c
3. Evaluate
sec
(sin x ) cos x dx
Solution:
Now put u = sin x
du = cos x dx
sec
(sin x ) cos x dx
=
sec
u du
= tan u + c
= tan (sin x ) + c
72
3.2 WORKED EXAMPLES

PART A
1.
cot x dx
Evaluate
Solution:
cos x
cot x dx = sin x dx
Put u = sin x
du = cos x dx
cos x
cot x dx = sin x dx
1
u du = log u + c
= log (sin x ) + c
2.
Evaluate
cos x
x
dx
Solution:
Put u =
du
cos x
x
2 x
dx 2du
1
x
dx
dx = 2 cos u du
= 2 sin u + c
= 2 sin x + c
3.
Find the value of
(log x )5
x dx
Solution:
Put u = log x
du =
(log x )5
dx =
x
1
dx
x
u du
5
u6
(log x )6
+c =
+c
6
6
73
PART - B
1.
Find the value of the following:

a.
sec x
dx
sin1 x
b.
c.
1 x2
2
dx
cos( x 3 )dx
sec 2 x
d.
(2 + 3 tan x)3 dx
e.
tan x
sec x dx
Solution:
a.
sec x
dx
sec x + tan x
sec x sec x + tan x dx
sec 2 x + sec x tan x

dx
sec x + tan x
Put u = sec x + tan x

du
sec x dx
= (sec x + tan x + sec 2 x )dx

=
=
sec 2 x + sec x tan x

sec x + tan x dx
1
u du
= log u + c
= log (sec x + tan x ) + c

b.
sin1 x
1 x2
dx
Put u = sin1 x
du =
1
1 x2
dx
74
sin1 x
1 x2
dx = udu
=
c.
u2
(sin1 x )2
+c =
+c
2
2
cos( x 3 )dx
Put u = x 3
du = 3x 2dx
1
du = x 2dx
3
x 2 cos( x 3 )dx =
=
d.
1
cos u du
3
1
1
sin u + c = sin( x 3 ) + c
3
3
sec 2 x
(2 + 3 tan x)3 dx
Put = 2 + 3tanx
du = 3sec 2 x dx
1
du = sec 2 x dx
3
sec 2 x
(2 + 3tanx)3 dx = 3 u3 du = 3 u
=
e.
tanx
=
du
1 u2
(2 + 3 tan x )2
+c =
+c
6
3 2
secx dx
tan x secx sec x

secx
dx
75
tan x sec x
sec x
Put
dx
= sec x
du = sec x tan x dx
tanx
secx dx =
1
u
1
2
du
du
1
+1
2
u
1
+1
2
+c =
1
2
u
1
2
+c
= 2 sec x + c
2.

a
( 2x
8 x + 5)11 ( x 2)dx
e x + e x
b.
e x e x dx
c.
d.
a + b sin x dx
sin 2 x
sin 2x dx
cos x
(a) Put u = 2x 2 8 x + 5
du = ( 4 x 8)dx = 4 ( x 2)dx
(2x
=
8 x + 5)11 ( x 2)dx
11
du 1 11
=
u du
4 4
76
du
= ( x 2)dx
4
1 u12
(2x 2 8 x + 5)12
+c =
+c
4 12
48
x
(b) Put
-x
u=e -e
x
-x
du = [e -(-e )] dx
x
-x
= (e +e ) dx
e x + e x
e x e x dx
u du
= log u + c = log(e x e x ) + c
(c) Put u
= sin x
du = 2sinx cosx dx
= sin2x dx
sin 2 x
. sin 2 x dx =
e du = e
u
+ c = e sin
+c
(d) Put u = a+b sinx du = b cosx dx

1
du = cos x dx
b
cos x
a + b sin x dx
1 1
1
1
du = log u + c = log(a + b sin x ) + c
b u
b
b
77
3.3 STANDARD INTEGRALS

1.
dx
a2 + x2
1
a2
dx
dx
2
x
1+
a
1
1
x
= 2
d a
2
a
x a
1+
a
1
1
x
1
x
d( ) = tan1
=
2
a
a
a
a
x
1+
a
x
dx
1
= tan 1 + c
2
2
a
a
a +x
1
=
dx
(a + x )(a x )
2.
dx
a2 x 2 , x 2 + a2 and
dx
a2 x 2
1
2a
dx
2a (a + x )(a x )
1 (a + x ) + (a x )
dx
2a (a + x )(a x )
1
1
1
[
+
]dx
2a a x a + x
1
[ log( a x ) + log( a + x )] + c
2a
1
a+x
log
+c
2a
ax
78
dx
a x2
2
3.
x 2 a 2 dx
1
2a
dx
2a ( x + a)( x a)
1 ( x + a ) ( x a)
dx
2a ( x + a)( x a)
1
1
1
=
[
]dx
2a x a x + a
4.
1
a x
2
1
[log( x a ) log( x + a)] + c
2a
1
x a
log
+c
2a
x+a
dx =
1
a
1
x
1
a
1
a
dx
x
d a
a
x
1
a

1
x
d =
a
x
1
a
1
x
= sin1 + c
a
So remember,
dx
x
1
tan 1 + c
a
a
dx
a+x
1
+c
log
ax
2a
dx
x a
1
+c
log
x+a
2a
1.
a2 + x2
2.
a2 x 2
3.
x 2 a2
4.
dx
a2 x 2
= sin 1
x
+c
a
79
3.3 WORKED EXAMPLES

PART - A
1.
Evaluate
dx
9 + x2
Solution:
We known that
a2 + x 2
dx
dx
9 + x2
32 + x 2
1
x
tan 1( ) + c
3
3
=
2. Evaluate
1
x
tan 1( ) + c
a
a
dx
7 x 2 dx
Solution:
We known that
a+x
1
+c
log
ax
2a
1
1
7 x 2 dx = ( 7 )2 x 2 dx
dx
a2 x 2 dx
=
3.
Evaluate
1
2 7
log
7+x
7 x
+c
dt
25 t 2
Solution:
We known that
dx
a2 x 2
dt
25 t
x
= sin1 + c
a
80
dt
5 t
2
t
= sin1 + c
5
4.
Evaluate
dt
t 2 16
Solution:
We known that
dx
x a
x 2 a2 = 2a log x + a + c
dt
dt
t4
t 2 16 = t 2 42 = 2(4) log t + 4 + c
=
5.
Evaluate
1
t4
log
+c
8
t+4
dx
2 3x 2
Solution:
We known that
dx
dx
a2 x 2
1
a+x
log
+c
2a
ax
2 3x 2 = 3 2
3
1
=
3
dx
x
1
3
dx
(
2 2
) x2
3
2
+x
3
log
+c
2
2
2
x
3
3
1
3
3 2 2
1
2 6
81
=
2
log
log
2 + 3x / 3
2 3x / 3
2 + 3x
2 3x
+c
+c
PART - B
1.
Evaluate
dx
(3x + 2)2 16
Solution:
dx
(3x + 2)2 16
=
take
1
dt
2
3 t 42
t = 3x+2
dt = 3dx
dt
= dx
3
2.
1
1
t4
log
+c
3 2( 4)
t+4
1
3x + 2 4
+c
log
24
3x + 2 + 4
1
3x 2
log
+c
24
3x + 6
Find the value of
(3x + 2)2 + 16 + dx
Solution:
(3x + 2)2 + 16 dx
=
take
1
1
du
2
3 u + 42
u = 3x+2
du = 3dx
du
= dx
3
1 1
u
tan 1 + c
3 4
4
1
3x + 2
tan1
+c
12
4
82
3.
dx
49 9x 2
Find the value of
Solution:
dx
49 9x 2
dx
take t = 3x
7 (3 x )2
2
1
dt
3 72 t 2
dx
1
a+x
a2 x 2 = 2a log a x + c
1
1
7+t
log
+c
3 2(7)
7t
dt = 3dx
dt
= dx
3
1
7 + 3x
log
+c
42
7 3x
1
dx
4. Evaluate
121 12 x 2
Solution:
1
-1 x
We known that
dx = sin + c
2
2
a
a x
1
121 12 x
dx =
1
(11) (2 3 x )2
2
dx
dt
2 3
=
=
1
2
taking t = 2 3 x
(11)2 t 2
dt
dt = 2 3 dx
(11)2 t 2
t
sin1 + c
2 3
11
2 3x
1
+c
=
sin1
11
2 3
dt
2 3
83
= dx
Method of partial fraction
p( x )
,
q( x )
the degree of p(x) may be greater or less then that of q(x). If it is
greater or equal degree, first we shall divide p(x) by q(x) and
p( x )
p (x)
=Q+ 1
, when Q is the quotient and p1(x), is the reminder
if
q( x )
q( x )
and is of degree less then q(x).
If the denominator q(x) can be factorized into two or more
p ( x)
as algebraic sum of two or more
factors, then we can express 1
q( x )
fractions, called Partial fractions. Then integrating the rational function
becomes simpler and we can integrate term by term, the partial
fractions.
When we integrate algebraic rational functions in the form
Example:
1.
Evaluate
2x 4 + x 3 5 x 2 + 5 x + 3
dx
x2 + x 2
Solution:
x 2 + x 2)2x 4 + x 3 5 x 2 + 5 x + 3(2x 2 x
2x 4 + 2x 3 4 x 2
x3 x2 + 5x2
x 3 x 2 + 2x
3x + 3
2x 4 + x 3 5x 2 + 5 x + 3
x +x2
2
= 2x 2 x +
= 2x 2 x +
Now let
3x + 3
x +x2
2
3x + 3
( x 1)( x + 2)
A
B
3x + 3
+
=
( x 1)( x + 2)
x 1 x + 2
84
A( x + 2) + B( x 1)
( x 1)( x + 2)
3x + 3 = A (x+2) + B (x-1)
When x=1, 3(1) + 3 = A (1+2) + 0
6 = 3A A= 2
When x = -2, 3(-2) + 3 = A (-2+2) + B (-2-1)
-6+3 = 0-3B
-3 = -3B B = 1
Now
2x 4 + x3 5x 2 + 5x + 3
x +x2
2
dx =
(2 x
x+
2
1
+
)dx
x 1 x + 2
2x3 x 2
+ 2 log( x 1) + log( x + 2) + c
3
2
Ax + B
and
Note: If the function to be integrated is in the term 2
lx + mx + n
the denominator is not factorisable, then the following method is
adopted.
Put,
=
Numerator = k1 (exact derivative of Denominator) + k2, where k1

and k2 are constants.
Then the function to be integrated will be divided into two parts
and each can be integrated separately.
Example :
1.
Find the integral
x +1
x 2 + 6x + 25 dx
Solution:
Here the denominator is not factorisable.

Put,
Numerator = k1 (exact derivative of denominator) +k2
x+1 = k1 (2x+6) + k2
85
Comparing coefficients of x terms, we have

1
2
2
1 = 2k1 k1 =
Comparing constant terms, we get

1 = 6k1 + k2
1
= 6 + k2
2
1 = 3+k2 k2 = -2
x +1
x 2 + 6x + 25 dx =
1
(2x + 6) + ( 2)
2
dx
x 2 + 6 x + 25
1
2x + 6
1
dx 2 2
dx
2 x 2 + 6 x + 25
x + 6 x + 25
1 d( x 2 + 6 x + 25 )
1
2
dx
2
2
2
x + 6 x + 25
( x + 3) 9 + 25
(by the method of making a perfect square)

=
1 du
1
2
dx
2 u
( x + 3 )2 + 4 2
taking u = x + 6x + 5
du = (2x+6) dx
=
dt
1 du
2 2
2 u
t + 42
taking t = x+3
dt = dx
1
1
t
logu 2 tan1 + c
2
4
4
1
1
x+3
log(x 2 + 6x + 25) tan1
+c
2
2
4
86
WORKED EXAMPLES
PART - B
1.
Evaluate
dx
x 2 3x + 2
Solution:
Let
1
x 3x + 2
2
1
A
B
=
+
( x 1)( x 2) x 1 x 2
= A (x-2) + B (x-1)
When x=1; 1
= A (1-2) + B (1-1)
= A (-1) + 0
= -A A = -1
When x=2; 1
= A (2-2) +B (2-1)
= 0+B(1)
=B
1
dx
x 2 3x + 2 = x 1 + x 2 dx
=- log (x-1) + log (x-2) + c
= log
2.
Evaluate
x2
+c
x 1
x+7
x 2 + 2x 8 dx
Solution:
Let
x+7
x + 2x 8
2
A
B
x+7
+
=
( x + 4)( x 2) x + 4 x 2
x+7 = A (x-2) + B (x+4)

When x=2; 2+7 = A (2-2) + B (2+4)
87
= 0 + 6B B =
9 3
=
6 2
When x= -4; -4+7= A (-4-2) + B (-4+4)

= -6A+0 A = -
3
1
2
=
+ 2 dx
x + 4 x 2
x+7
x 2 + 2x 8 dx
=
3.
Evaluate
3
1
=
6
2
1
3
log( x + 4) + log( x 2) + c
2
2
3x + 2
x2 + x + 1
Solution:
Here the denominator is not factorisable

d
= A ( x 2 + x + 1) + B
dx
3x+2
3x+2
= A (2x+1) + B
Comparing coefficient of x;
3= 2A A =
3
2
Comparing constant terms;

2. = A+B
=
2-
3
+B
2
3
=B
2
43
1
=B
2
2
88
3x + 2
x 2 + 2x + 1 dx =
3
1
(2x + 1) +
2
2 dx
x2 + x + 1
3
2x + 1
1
1
dx + 2
dx
2
2 x + x +1
2 x + x +1
3 du 1
2
+ I where u = x + x + 1
2 u 2
3
1
log u + I
2
2
3
1
log( x 2 + x + 1) + I
2
2
du = (2x+1)dx
Now I =
and I =
x 2 + x + 1 dx
x 2 + x + 1 dx
dx
2
1
1
x + +1
2
4
(by making a perfect square)
1
2
1
3
x + +
2
4
dx
3
1
x + +
2
2
x+ 1
1
2
tan 1
3
3
2
2
89
dx
2x + 1
2
tan 1 2
3
3
2x + 1
tan1
3
3
3x + 2
x + x +1
2
dx =
2x + 1
1 2
3
2
log (x +x+1) +
tan 1
2
2
3
3
1
2x + 1
3
2
tan 1
+c
log (x +x+1)+
2
3
3
EXERCISE
PART A
1.
Evaluate the following

1
i
dx
1 cos x
ii
secx(secx + tanx) dx
iii
x
x
sin + cos dx
2
2
iv
cosec
v
2.
(3x + 4)dx
6
(3x+4) dx

i
ii
3x + 5dx
9x 2
e dx
iii
iv
1
t + dt
t
1 + cos 2 x dx
90
vi
vii
sec(3x + 4) tan(3x + 4)dx
viii
cos2 (px + c )dx
ix
sin2 (l mx) dx
x 2e
xi
3.
1 + sin 2x dx
1
dx
( 4 5x )7
1
+ cos ec 2 x 7 dx
ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d
x2
6x
dx
i
3x 2 1
log x
ii
dx
x
dx
iii
iv
v
vi
vii
x2
e 2xdx
2
tan x sec x dx
cot x cos ecx dx
e tan x
cos2 x dx
dx
x
cos x
viii
dx
1 + sin x
sin x
ix
dx
1 cos x
91
x
xi
4.
tan xdx
cos ecxdx

1
i 2
dx
x 36
dx
ii
9 x2
1
iii
dx
3 + 4x 2
1
iv
dx
2 x2
1
dx
v
121 + t 2
1
dx
vi
4 x2
1
vii
dx
2
x
1+
4
dx
viii
2
a b2 x 2
PART - B
1.

i
(x
ii
( x 1)( x + 2)( x + 1)dx
iii
( x + x )(
iv
(x +
1 ( 2 + x ) dx
1
dx
x
x )2 dx
92
2.
1 x3
1 x
( 2x
dx
)(
+ 1 3x 2 4x + 5
vi
vii
(1 + x
viii
ix
( x 1)
(3 x + 4 )
3 x + 7 dx
xi
x
2
) dx
)(1 x )2 dx
dx
x+3 x4
x + 1 dx
ax + b ax + c
dx
Evaluate the Following

sin x
dx
i
1 sin x
cos x
ii
1 + cos x dx
iii
1 cos x dx
iv
sin2 x
dx
1 + cos x
sin2 x
dx
1 cos x
vi
1 sin x dx
vii
cos
cos x
cos2 x
3
xdx
93
viii
sin2 x cos2 x
sin2 x cos2 x
dx
sin 5x cos 2xdx

x sin 7 x cos 5 xdx
xi cos 3 x cos xdx
xii cos 2x sin 4 xdx
xiii sin10 x sin 2xdx
ix
3.
1 + cos 2x
xiv
xv
xvi
sin x cos xdx

3
sin x cos xdx
sin2 x
1 cos 2x
cos2 x
dx
dx
a + b sin x
cos2 x
ii
e tan 1x
iii
1 + x2
iv
1 + e x dx
vi
dx
1 x 3 dx
1
cos ec 2 x
dx
cot x
(1 + log x )
11
vii
dx
94
(3 + x ) dx
3
viii
ix
log(sin x ) dx
x
4.
cot x
6x2 1
2x 2 x + 5) dx
Integrate the following

i
10
(3x -6x+1) (x-1)

x
11 x
ii (2e -3) e
iii
1
x(3 + log x )5
iv
cos x
sin x + 5
sec 2 x
3 + tan x
vi
e x sin x
e x + cos x
7
vii Sin x cosx

5
viii Cos x sinx

ix \e
5.
xlogx
(1+logx)

1
dx
i.
(2 x )2 + 16
ii
iii
( 3x + 2 )2 + 16
1
( x 2 )2 + 9
dx
dx
95
6.
iv
9x 2 4 dx
vi
ax 2 b2 dx
vii
( x + 1)2 9 dx
viii
(2x + 3)2 25 dx
ix
xi
xii
xiii
4 2x 2 dx
xiv
25 ( x + 1)2 dx
xv
36 (2x + 3)2 dx
xvi
16 ( x 1)2 dx
( 2x + 3 )2 + 9
dx
1
4 9x 2
dx
1
4 ( x + 3 )2
dx
1
16 ( x + 1)2
dx
1
25 ( x + 3)2
dx

1
dx
i.
(3 x )( x 5)
96
ii
x( x 1) dx
iii
2x 2 x 1 dx
iv
x( x + 2) dx
x+3
ANSWERS
PART - A
1.
(i) cotx cosecx+c

(ii) Tanx + secx+c
(iii) x-cosx + c
(iv) -
(v)
1
cot (3x+4)+c
3
(3 x + 4 )7
+c
21
3
2.
(i)
2 ( 3x + 5 ) 2
9
+c
(ii)
e9 x 2
+c
9
(iii)
t3 1
+ 2t + c
3 t
(iv)
2 sin x + c
(v) cos x + sin x + c

(vi)
(4 5x)6
+c
30
97
(vii)
sec(3 x + 4)
+c
3
tan(px + c )
+c
p
(viii)
(ix)
cot(l mx )
+c
m
(x) 3 log x 2e x cot x 7 x + c

(xi)
3.
ax 2
dx 3
+ bx + c log x
+c
2
3
2
3
2
(iv) (tan x )2 + c
3
(v) 2 cos ecx + c
(vi) e
(viii) log (1 + sinx) + c
(ix) log (1 - cosx) + c
+c
(x) log secx + c

(i)
x
2
(vii) 4 tan 1
+c
x
+c
2
(v)
1
t
tan1 + c
11
11
(viii)
1 1 bx
sin
+c
a
6
PART B
(i)
x
+ x 4 + x 3 2x 2 4 x + c
5
(ii)
x 4 2x 3 x 2
+
2x + c
4
3
2
5
(iii)
tanx
+c
(xi) log (cosecx - cotx) + c
1
x6
1
3+x
log
+ c (ii)
log
+c
12
x+6
16
3x
(iv) sin 1
1.
(iii) e x + c
(ii)
(vii) 2 e
4.
(log x )2 + c
(i) log(3x -1) +c
2 2 2 2
x x + 2x 2 + 2x 2 + c
5
3
98
(iii)
1
2 3
(vi) sin 1
tan 1
x
+c
2
2x
3
+c
x3 x2 4 2
(iv)
+
+ x +c
3
2 5
(v) x +
x2 x3
+
+c
x
3
5
+c
x
(vi) 2x3 4x 2 + 13x 4logx (vii)
x5 x 4 2 3
+ x x2x + c
5
2 3
(viii)
3
3
2
(x + 3) 2 (x 1) 2 + c
21
(ix)
2
4
(x + 1) 2 (x + 1) 2 + c
5
3
5
2
(3x + 7) 2 2(3x + 7) 2 + c
15
3
3
2
(ax + b)2 2 (ax + b)2 + c
(xi)
3a(b c )
3a(b c )
(i) secx+tanx-x+c
(x)
2.
(ii)-cosecx +cotx+x+c
(iii)-cosecx-cotx-x-c
(iv)x-sinx+c
(v) x+sinx+c
(vi)x-cosx+c
(vii)
3
1
sin x +
sin x + c
4
12
(viii) tanx+cotx+c
99
(ix)
1 cos 7x cos 3x
+
+c
2 7
3
(x)
1 cos12x cos 2x
+
+c
2 12
2
1 sin 4x sin 2x
+
+c
2 4
2
(xi)
(xii)
(xiii)
1 cos 6x cos 2x
+c
2
6
2
1 sin8x sin12x
+c
2 8
2
(xiv) 2[ cot x x] + c
(xv) 2[tan x x] + c
(xvi) a tanx + b secx + c
3.
(i)
sin3 x
+c
3
cos4 x
+c
4
(iii) e tan 1x + c
(ii)
2
(iv) (1 x 3 ) 2 + c
9
(v) log(1 + e x ) + c
(vi) 2 cot x + c
1
(vii)
(1 + log x)12 + c
12
(3 + x )4
(viii)
+c
2
100
(ix) log [log(sinx)]+c

3
(x) log (2x -x+5)+5

4.
(i)
1
(3x 2 6x + 1)11 + c
66
1
(2e x 3)10 + c
24
1
(iii)
+c
4(3 + log x)4
(ii)
(iv) log (sinx+5)+c

(v) log (3+tanx)+c
x
(vi) log (e +cosx)+c

(vii)
1 8
sin x + c
8
cos6 x
+c
6
x logx
(ix) e
+c
(viii)
5.
(i)
1
2x
tan1
+c
4
4
(ii)
1
3x + 2
tan 1
+c
12
4
(iii)
1
x+2
tan1
+c
3
3
(iv)
1
2x + 3
tan1
+c
6
3
(v)
1
3x 2
+c
log
12
3x + 2
(vi)
1
2 ab
log
ax b
ax + b
+c
101
(vii)
1
x2
log
+c
6
x+2
(viii)
1
x 1
log
+c
20
x+4
(ix)
1 1 3x
sin
+c
3
2
x+3
(x) sin1
+c
2
x + 1
(xi) sin1
+c
4
x+3
(xii) sin1
+c
5
6.
(xiii)
2 + 2x
+c
log
2 2x
4 2
(xiv)
1
6+x
log
+c
10
4x
(xv)
1
9 + 2x
log
+c
24
3 2x
(xvi)
1
3+x
log
+c
8
5x
(i)
1
x5
+c
log
2
x3
x 1
(ii) log
+c
x
(iii)
1
2
log ( x 1) log ( 2x + 1) + c
3
3
(iv)
3
1
log x log ( x + 2 ) + c
2
2
102
UNIT IV
INTEGRATION - II
4.1 INTEGRATION BY PARTS
Integrals of the form x sin nx dx , x cos nx dx, xe dx,
n
x log xdx, xlog x dx - Simple Problems
nx
4.2 BERNOULLIS FORMULA

Evaluation of the integrals x cos nx dx , x sin nx dx,
m
nx
x e dx, when m 2 using Bernoullis formula. Simple
Problems.
m
4.3 DEFINITE INTEGRALS

Definition of definite integral, properties of definite integrals.
Simple problems.
4.1 INTEGRATION BY PARTS
Introduction:
When the integrand is a product of two functions and the method
of decomposition or substitution cannot be applied, then the method of
by parts is used.In differentiation , we have seen.
d
dv
du
(uv ) = u
+v
dx
dx
dx
(ie) d(uv) = udv+ vdu
Integrating both sides ;
d (uv)
= udv + vdu
uv
= udv + vdu
(ie) udv
= uv - vdu
udv = uv - vdu is called Integration By Parts formula
103
The above formula is used by taking proper choice of u and dv

u should be chosen based on the following order of preference
1. Inverse trigonometric functions
2. Logarithmic functions
3. Algebraic functions
4. Trigonometric function
5. Exponential Functions
Example:
1.
Evaluate x cosx dx
Solution :
udv
= uv - vdu
Choosing u =x
and
dv = cosx dx
dv= cosxdx
du = dx
v = sin x
.
. .x cos x dx = xsinx -sinx dx

= xsinx + cosx + c
2.
Evaluate x sinx dx
2
Here we have to apply the integration by parts formula twice

Solution :
udv
= uv - vdu
Choosing u =x
and
dv = sinx dx
dv= sinxdx
du = 2x dx
v = -cos x
.
. .x sin x dx = x (cosx) -( cosx) 2x dx

2
= -x cosx +2x cosx dx

2
= -x cosx+2I, Where I
Choosing u =x and
dv = cosx dx
104
=xcosx dx
dv= cosxdx
du = dx
v = sin x
I=x cos x dx
= xsinx -sinx dx
= xsinx - (-cosx)
= xsinx + cosx)
x sin x dx = -x cosx + 2[xsinx+cosx] + c

2
4.1 WORKED EXAMPLES

PART A
1.
Evaluate . .xe dx
Solution:
udv = uv - vdu
Choosing u = x
and
dv = e dx
dv= e dx
x
du = dx
v=e
.
.x e dx
= x e - e dx
x
=xe -e +c
2.
Evaluate x sinx dx
udv = uv - vdu
Choosing u =x
du =dx
and
dv = sinx dx
dv = sinxdx
v = -cos x
. .xsin x dx
= x(cosx) -( cosx) dx
= -x cosx + cosx dx
=-x cosx+sinx +c
105
PART - B
1.
Evaluate x log x dx
Solution :
udv = uv - vdu
Choosing u = logx and
du =
dv = xdx
1
dx
x
dv= xdx
x2
2
v=
x logx dx = log x
2.
x2
x2
2
2
1
dx
x
x2
1
log x
2
2
x2
1 x2
log x
+C
2
2 2
x2
x2
log x
+C
2
4
xdx
2 ax
Evaluate.x e dx
Solution:
udv = uv - vdu
Choosing u = x
and
ax
dv = e dx
dv = e dx
ax
du = 2x dx
v =
.
ax
. .x e dx
e ax
a
e ax
x 2 e ax
-
2x dx
a
a
106
Choosing u = x
x 2 e ax
a
2
ax
xe dx
a
x 2 e ax
a
2
ax
I Where I=x e dx
a
ax
and
dv = e
dv = e dx
ax
du =dx
e ax
a
v=
I= x e dx
ax
= x
x e dx
2
3.
ax
e ax
e ax
-
dx
a
a
x e ax
a
1 ax
e dx
a
x e ax
a
1 e ax
a a
x 2 e ax
a
2
a
x e ax e ax
2
a
a
Evaluate log x dx
Solution:
udv = uv - vdu
Choosing u = logx and
dv = dx
1
dx
x
dv= dx
du =
v=x
.
.logx dx
= logx x -x
1
dx
x
= xlogx-dx
= xlog x x+c
107
+C
4. Evaluate (x+3) cos 5x dx

Solution:
udv = uv - vdu
Choosing u =x+3 and
dv = cos5x dx
du = dx
dv= cos5x dx
sin 5 x
v=
5
sin 5 x
sin 5 x
.
dx
. .(x+3) cos 5x dx = (x + 3)
5
5
( x + 3) sin 5 x 1
sin 5 x dx
=
5
5
( x + 3) sin 5 x 1 cos 5 x
=

+c
5
5
5
( x + 3) sin 5 x cos 5 x
+
+c
5
25
=
5.
Evaluate x logx dx
n
Solution:
Choosing u = logx
du =
and
1
dx
x
dv = x dx
dv= x dx
n
v=
x logx dx
n
= log x
x n +1
n +1
x n +1
xn +1 1
dx
n +1
n +1 x
x n +1 log x
1
x n dx
n +1
n +1
x n +1 log x
1 x n +1
+c
n +1
n +1 n +1
x n +1 log x
x n +1
+c
n +1
(n + 1)2
108
4.2 BERNOULLIS FORM OF INTEGRATION BY PARTS

FORMULA
If u and v are functions of x, then Bernoullis form of integration
by parts formula is
udv = uv uv1+uv2 -uv3+.., Where u,u, u. are
successive differentiation of the function u and v1,v2,v3. the
successive integration of the function v.
Example:
Evaluate x e dx
2
and
Choosing u =x
u = 2x
2 ax
u = 2
ax
dv = e dx
ax
dv= e dx
ax
e
v =
a
e ax
v1 = 2
a
v2 =
e ax
a3
udv = uv uv1+uv20-uv3+..,
x 2 e ax 2 x e ax 2e ax
2 ax
+ 3 +c
x e dx =
a
a2
a
Note: The function u gets differentiated till its derivative becomes a
constant.
4.2 WORKED EXAMPLE

PART B
1.
Evaluate x cos xdx

2
Solution:
Choosing u = x
u = 2x
and
dv = cos x dx
dv= cos x dx
109
v =sinx
v1 = - cosx
u = 2
v2 = -sinx
x cos x dx
2
2.
x sinx 2x (-cos x) + 2 (-sin x) + C
x sinx + 2x cos x - 2 sin x + C
Evaluate x e dx
3
2x
Solution:
3
2x
Choosing u = x
and
du = e dx
2
2x
u =3x
dv= e dx
e2x
u= 6x
v=
2
u =6
e2x
4
e2x
v2 =
8
v1 =
e2x
16
6 xe2 x 6e 2 x
+
+c
8
16
v3 =
e dx =
3 2x
x 3e2x 3x 2e2x
2
4
4.3 DEFINITE INTEGRALS

Definition of Definite Integrals:
Let f(x)dx= F(x) + C, Where C is the arbitrary constant of
integration The value of the integral
when x = b, is F (b) + C
and when x = a, is F (a) + C
Subtracting (2) from (1) we have

F(b) F(a) = (The value of the integral when x=b)
- (The value of the integral when x=a)
110
(ie)
f ( x )dx = [F( x ) + c ]
= [F(b) + c] - [F(a) +c]

= [F(b) +c] [F(a) +c]
= F(b) F(a)
b
Thus
f ( x ) dx is called the definite
integral, here a and b are
called the lower limit and upper limit of integral respectively.

Properties of Definite integrals
Certain properties of definite integral are useful in solving
problems. Some of the often used properties are given below . It is
assumed throughout that f(x) = F(x)
a
f ( x )dx
a
b
a
b
3
4
a
b
f ( x )dx = f ( x )dx
b
kdx
a
b
=0
= k(b a) where k is a cons tan t

b
kf ( x )dx = k f ( x ) dx
a
[f ( x) g( x)]dx
a
= f ( x ) dx g( x ) dx
b
If f(x) 0 on [a, b] , then
f ( x ) dx 0
a
If f(x) 0 on [a, b] , then
f ( x ) dx 0
a
111
If f(x) g(x) on [a, b] , then
f ( x ) dx g( x) dx
If a < c < b in [a, b] ,
9
10
f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx + f ( x) dx
f ( x ) dx = f (t ) dt
(i.e) value of the integral is independent of the variable of

integration.
a
11
f ( x )dx = f (a x )dx
12
f ( x ) dx = f (a + b x ) dx
13
f ( x ) dx = 2 f ( x) dx, if f ( x ) is even
=0
2a
14
i.e f ( x ) = f ( x )
if f ( x ) is odd
i.e f ( x ) = f ( x )
2a
f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx + f (2a x ) dx
Examples:
9
1.
Evaluate
25
x dx
if
25
x dx =
196
3
Solution:
9
25
x dx
25
=
Given that
196
3
2.
x dx u sin g property f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx
f ( x ) dx = 20
and
112
f ( x ) dx = 13, find f ( x ) dx
2
Solution:
b
Using
a
7
c
4
f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx + f ( x ) dx if a < c < b,
f ( x) dx = 20 = f ( x) dx + f ( x ) dx
We have
4
20 = f ( x ) dx + 13
2
4
f ( x ) dx = 20 13
=7
3.
Evaluate
x dx
Solution:
3
x dx =
1
3
x dx
1
3
4
1 +1
x3
x3
=
= 4
1 + 1
3
1 3
4
4
3
3
= x 3 = 3 3 1
4
4
113
WORKED EXAMPLES
PART A
2
1.
dx
x
1
Evaluate
Solution:
2
Let I =
dx
x
1
= [log x ]1
= log2 log 1
( log 1 = 0)
I = log 2
2.
Evaluate
sin xdx
0
Solution:
Let I =
sin xdx
0
= [ cos x ]0 2
= cos
+ cos 0
2
= 0+1
I = 1
114
3.
Evaluate
sec
xdx
Solution:
Let I = sec 2 xdx

0
= [tan x ]04
= tan
-tan 0
= 1-0
I=1
1
4.
Evaluate :
dx
1 x2
Solution:
1
Let I =
dx
1 x2
= sin 1 x
1
0
-1
-1
= sin 1 - sin 0
=
I =
0
2
115
5.
Evaluate
(x x
)dx
Solution:
2
Let I = ( x x 2 )dx
1
2
x2
x3
3
2
1
2 2 23 1 1
3 2 3
2
8 1 1
2 3 2 3
2 1 4 1
=
3 6
6
5
=
6
1
6.
Evaluate
dx
Solution:
2
f(x) = x
2
2
Now f(-x) = (-x) = x = f(x)
f(x) is an even function
1
2
x dx
= 2 x 2dx Using property of even function

0
1
x3
= 2
3 0
13 03
= 2
3
3
2
=
3
116
PART - B
1.
Evaluate:
cos
x dx
x dx
Solution:
Let I =
cos
0
1 + cos 2x
dx
2
0
1 + cos 2x
2
cos x =
(1 + cos 2x )dx = 1
2
0
sin 2x 2
x + 2
1
2
sin 2
sin
2
(
0
)
1
2 0+
+
2
2
2 2
1
2
sin
2 + 2 {0 + 0}
1
2
2 + 0
117
2.
Evaluate :
Sin x dx
3
Solution:
Let I =
Sin x dx
3
1
4
sin 3 x = 3 sin x 4 sin3 x

1
sin 3 x = [3 sin x sin 3 x ]
4
[3 sin x sin 3x]dx

0
1
cos 3 x 2
3 cos x
4
3
1
cos 3 x 2
3 cos x +
4
3 0
cos 3
cos
0
2 3 cos 0 +
3 cos +
4
2
3
3
1
1
0 + 0 3(1) +
4
3
1
1 1 9 1
0+3 =
4
3 4 3
18 2
=
43 3
118
3.
Evaluation :
cos 2 x
1 + sin x dx
0
Solution:
Let
cos 2 x
1 + sin x dx
1 sin 2 x
1 + sin x dx
0
(1 + sin x )(1 sin) dx

(1 + sin x )
(1 sin x )dx
[x ( cos x )]02
2
0
[x + (cos x )]
+ cos (0 + cos 0 )
2
2
+ 0 (0 + 1)
2
1
2
=
=
I
4.
Evaluate
Sin
x cos x dx
x cos x dx
Solution:
Let I =
Sin
Put u = sin x
du = cosx dx
119
= u3 du
=
u4
4
sin 4 x
4
sin 4 x 2
Now Sin x cos x dx =
4 0
0
4
=
sin (sin 0 )
4
2
1
1 4
(1) 0
=
=
4
4
5.
Evaluate :
cos 5x sin 3x dx
0
Solution:
Let
=
1
2
cos 5x sin 3xdx
cos A sin B
[sin(5x + 3x ) sin(5x 3x )]dx
1
[sin 8x sin 2x] dx
2
1 cos 8 x ( cos 2x )
=
2
8
2
1 cos 8 x cos 2x
+
2
8
2
Now
cos 5x sin 3x dx
0
1 cos 8 x cos 2x 2
+
=
2
8
2 0
120
1
[sin(A + B) sin(A B)]
2
cos 8 cos 2
cos
0
cos
0
1
2
2
+

+
=
2
8
2
8
2
1 cos 4 cos 1 1
=
+
+
2
8
2
8 2
=
1 1 1 1
+
2 8 2 8
1
[ 1] = 1
2
2
6.
Evaluate
x+ 9x
1
2
dx
Solution:
Using
f ( x )dx = f (a x ) dx We get
9
x
x+
dx
9x
(1)
9 x 9 (9 x )
9x
9x
9x+ x
dx
dx
(2)
Adding (1) and (2)

9
2I
0
9
x
x+ 9x
x + 9x
x + 9x
dx +
0
dx
121
9x
9x+ x
dx
1dx = [x]0
9
= 9-0
2I
= 9
9
2
7.
Evaluate
sin x
sin x + cos x dx
Solution:
a
Using the result
f (a)dx
= f (a x ) dx We get
0
sin x
sin x + cos x dx
(1)
sin x
2
dx
=
0 sin
x + cos x
2
cos x
cos x + sin x dx
(2)
Adding (1) and (2)
2I
2
sin x
cos x
=
dx +
dx
sin x + cos x
cos x + sin x
0
0
sin x + cos x
sin x + cos x dx
122
1dx = [x]20
0
0
2
=
2
=
4
=
2I
I
8.
Evaluate:
x cos x dx
Solution:
f(x) = x cos x
f(-x) = (-x) cos (-x) = -x cos x
= -f(x)
f(x) is an odd function
x cos x dx = 0 Using property of odd function
EXERCISE
PART A
1. Find the value of
xe
2. Evaluate
x cos x dx
3. Evaluate
xe
2x
dx
dx
4. Evaluate the following

1
(i)
dx
5 3x
0
(ii)
(5 3x )dx
0
123
(x + 2x
2
(iii)
1
4
)dx
5 x
(iv)
(vi)
cos xdx
0
1
(ix)
(viii)
tan
0
1
dx
0 1+
dx
sin xdx
0
(vii)
cos x
0
dx
(v)
x2
(x)
xdx
ex
0 1+ e
dx
PART B
1.
2.
Integrate the following with respect t x :

2x
(i) x cos nx
(ii) (2x-1) e
2
2 3x
(iii) x sin x
(iv) x e
2
3
(v) x cos x
(vi) x log x
2 -x
2
(vii) x e
(viii) x sec x
(i)
sin
xdx
(ii)
(iii)
cos 2 x
1 sin x dx
0
(v)
(vii)
sin x
cos
(iv)
x sin x dx
xdx
sin 2 x
1 + cos x dx
0
dx
1 cos x
cos
(vi)
(2 + sin x )
cos x dx
(viii)
124
sin x cos x dx
(ix)
sin 2x cos 3 x dx
0
1
(xi)
(2x + 3 )
(x)
0
2
dx
(xii)
(xiii)
(xv)
cos x
1 + sin x
(xvii)
(xix)
sin
(xvi)
e x + e x
dx
(xviii)
(sin x + cos x ) dx
2
(3x
1
1 + sin x dx
(i) Evaluate
(xx)
x
x + 5x
(ii) Evaluate
(a
3
x) 2
dx
dx
0
1
(iii) Evaluate
x cos xdx
x(1 x )
dx
ANSWERS
PART A
1.
3.
dx
1 + e x
0
dx
e x e x
x dx
x 3 + 1 dx
(xiv)
(cos 2x + sin 4x ) dx
tan x sec
xe 2 x 1 2 x
e +c
2
4
125
+ 1 (x 1) dx
2.
xsinx +cos x +c
.-xe -e +c
.(i)
-x
-x
1 5
log
3 2
(ii)
7
2
(iii)
(iv) 1
(v) log
(vii) 0
(viii) 1-
5 1
5 4
37
6
(vi) 2
(ix)
(iii)
+1
2
1+ e
(x) log
PART B
1
x
1
sin n x + 2 cos nx +c
n
n
2x
(ii) e (x-1) =c
2
(iii) x cosx +2x sin x +2cos x +c
(i)
(iv)
e 3 x 2 2x 2
+ +c
x
3
3 9
(v)
x2
1
+ x sin 2x + cos 2x + c
4
4
(vi)
x 4 log x x 4
+c
4
16
(vii) x 2 e x 2xe x 2e x + c
(viii) x tanx - log sec x +c
2.
(i)
(ii)
2
3
126
(iv)
1
2
(vii).
1
6
(x)
1
2
(xiii) 1
1
8
(xix) 2
(xvi)
3
3. (i)
2
(v)
+1
2
(vi)
65
4
2
3
(ix)
3 3 4
10
(xii)
52
9
(viii)
(xi) 288.2
(xiv) log
1+ e
2
(xvii) log
x
e2 + 1
(xviii) + 1
2e
2
(xv) log 2
(xx) 4
a
16a 2
(ii)
3/5
127
(iii)
1
20
UNIT V
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION 1
RANDOM VARIABLE
5.1. Definition of Random Variable Type Probability Mass Function
Probability density function. Simple problems.
5.2. Mathematical expectation of discrete variable, mean and
variance. Simple problems.
BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION
5.3. Definition
nCxp x qn x , x = 0,,1,,2,......., n
P(X = X) =
0
, Otherwise
(Statement only) Expressions for mean and variance, Simple
Problems
5.1 RANDOM VARIABLE
INTRODUCTION
Let a coin be tossed. Nobody knows what we will get whether a

head or tail. But it is certain that either a head or tail will occur. In a
similar way, if a dice is thrown, we may get any of the faces 1,2,3,4,5,
and 6. But nobody knows which one will occur. Experiments of this
type where the outcome cannot be predicted are called random
experiments.
The word probability or chance is used commonly in day to-day
life. For example the chances of India and South Africa winning the
world cup cricket, before the start of the game are equal (i.e., 50:50).
We often say that it will rain tomorrow. Probably I will not come to
function today. All these terms chance, probable, etc., convey the
same meaning i.e., that event is not certain to take place. In other
128
words, there is an uncertainty about the happening of the event. The

term probability refers to the randomness and uncertainty.
TRAIL AND EVENT
Consider an experiment of throwing a coin. When tossing a coin,

we may get a head (H) or tail (T). Here tossing of a coin is a trail and
getting a head or tail is an event.
From a pack of cards, drawing any three cards is trail and getting
a king or a queen or a jack are events.
Throwing of a dice is a trail and getting 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6
is an event.
Sample space:
The set of all possible cases of an experiment is called the

sample space and is denoted by S
Mathematical Definition of Probability
Probabilit y of happening an event E

Number of favourable cases of the event
=
Total number of exhaustive cases
m
=
n
Where m
n
= number of favorable cases = n(E)

= number of exhaustive cases = n(S)
Random Variable:
A function x which transforms events of a random experiment

into real numbers is called random variable. It is denoted as X: SR
where S is sample space of random experiment and R is set of real
numbers
Example:
Two coins are tossed at a time

Sample space is S = {HH, HT, TH,TT}
129
If we take X is the number of heads appearing then HH becomes

2, HT and TH becomes 1 and TT becomes 0
X (number of heads) is a random variable
TYPES OF RANDOM VARIBLES
The are two types of random variables known as

(i) Discrete random variable
(ii) Continuous random variable
Discrete random variable
If a random variable takes only a finite or a countable number of

values, it is called a discrete random variable.
For example, when two coins are tossed the number of heads
obtained is the random variable X. X assumes the values 0,1,2 which
is a countable set. Such a variable is called discrete random variable.
Definition: probability Mass Function:
Let X be a discrete random variable with values x1,x2,x3,.xn.

Let p (xi) be a number associated with each xi
Then the function p is called the probability function of X if it
satisfies the conditions:
(i) p ( x i ) 0 for i = 1,2,3,....n
(ii) p(xi) = 1
The set of ordered pairs (xi, p(xi)) is called the probability
distribution of X. The probability function is also known as Probability
Mass Function of X.
Continuous Random Variable:
A random variable X is said to be continuous if it can take all

possible values between certain limits.
Examples:
1. Life time of electric bulb in hours

2. Height, weight, temperature, etc,.
130
Definition: Probability density function:

A function f is said to be probability density function (pdf) of the
continuous random variable X if it satisfies the following conditions:
1. f ( x ) 0 for all x R;
2.
f ( x ) dx = 1.
Definition:
Distribution function (Cumulative Distribution Function):
The function F(x) is said to be the distribution function of the
random variable X if F(x) = P ( X x ); x .
The distribution function F is also called Cumulative distribution
function.
Note:
1. If X is a discrete random variable then from the definition it
follows that F(x) = p(xi) where the summation is overall XI
such that x i x.
2. If X is a continuous random variable, then from the definition
it follows that
x
F(x) =
f (t)dt
x . where f(t) is the value of the
probability density function of X at t.

WORKED EXAMBLES
PART - A
1.
Find the probability distribution of X when tossing a coin, when X

is defined as setting a head.
Solution:
Let X denote getting a head.
1
Probabilit y of getting a head =
2
1
Probabilit y of getting a tail =
2
The probability distribution of X is given by
x
0
1
P(X = x)
1
2
1
2
131
2.
In a class of 10 students, 4 are boys and the rest are girls. Find
the probability that a student selected will be a girl.
Solution:
Total number of students = 10
Number of boys = 4
Number of girls = 6
m
Probabilit y that a girl is selected =
n
6
3
=
=
10
5
3. When throwing a die what is probability of getting a 4?
Solution:
Total number of cases
n = 6 {1,2,3,4,5,6,}
Number of favorable cases
=1
m 1
=
n 6
4. Find the chance that if a card is drawn at random from an
ordinary pack, it is one of the court cards.
Solution:
Total no. of exhaustive cases = 52 cards.
Number of favorable cases = 12
(Court cards mean kings, queens, jacks. There are 43=12 court
cards)
Probability of getting
4=
12 3
=
52 13
5. A bag contains 7 white and 9 red balls. Find the probability of
drawing a white ball.
Solution:
Number of favorable cases
=7
Number of exhaustive cases
= 16
Probability =
7
16
(One white ball can be drawn out of 7 in 7c1 ways = 7 ways)
Probability
132
2x
0x3
,
6. Verify that f ( x ) = 9
is a probability density
0, otherwise
function.
Solution:
2x
2 x2
2 9
dx = = . = 1
2
9
9
9
2
0
0
3
f ( x)dx =
f (x) is a probability density function
7.
A continuous random variable X has the pdf defined by
ce ax ,0 < x <
f (x) =
0, else where
Find the value of c if a > 0.
Solution:
e ax
f ( x )dx = c e ax = c
a
= c 0 1 = c
a a
Since pdf is given
f ( x)dx = 1
c
=1
a
c=a
PART - B
1.
Find the probability mass function, and the cumulative

distribution function for getting 3 when two dice are thrown.
Solutions:
Let X is the random variable of setting number of 3s. Therefore

X can take the values 0,1,2.
133
Two dice are thrown, therefore total number of exhaustive cases is 36.
S={(1,1) (1,2) (1,3) (1,4) (1,5) (1,6)
(2,1) (2,2) (2,3) (2,4) (2,5) (2,6)
(3,1) (3,2) (3,3) (3,4) (3,5) (3,6)
(4,1) (4,2) (4,3) (4,4) (4,5) (4,6)
(5,1) (5,2) (5,3) (5,4) (5,5) (5,6)
(6,1) (6,2) (6,3) (6,4) (6,5) (6,6)}
25
36
10
Probabilit y of one '3' = P (X = 1) =
36
1
Probabilit y of two '3' = P (X = 2) =
36
Probability mass function is given by
X
0
1
2
Probabilit y of no '3' = P (X = 0) =
25
10
36
36
Cumulative distribution function
1
36
P( X = x )
x
F(x) =
P( X = xi)
x =-
F(0) = P( X = 0) =
25
36
F(2)
25 10 35
+
=
36 36 36
= P( X = 0) + P( X = 1) + P( X = 2)
25 10
1 36
+
+
=
=1
36 36 36 36
0
1
2
F(1) = P( X = 0) + P( X = 1) =
F(x)
25
36
35
36
134
2.
A random variable X has the following probability mass function
x
p(x)
0
k
1
3k
2
5k
3
7k
4
9k
5
11k
6
13k
Find (i) k (ii) Evaluate P (X < 4), P (X 5), and P (3 < x 6)

(iii) What is the smallest value of x for which P(X x) >
1
2
Solutions:
i.
Since P(X=x) is the probability mass function,

6
pi = 1
i= 0
i.e, k+3k+7k+9k+11k+13k=1
49k = 1
k=
1
49
ii P(X < 4) = P(X = 0) + P(X=1) + P(X=2) + P(X=3)

= k + 3k + 5k + 7k
= 16k =
16
49
P(X 5) = P(X = 5) + P(X = 6) = 11k + 13k = 24k =

P(3 < 6)
24
49
= P(X = 4) + P(X = 5) + P(X = 6)

= 9 k + 11 k + 13 k = 33 k =
33
49
iii The minimum value of x may be determined by trial and error

method.
135
P(X 0) = k =
1
1
<
49 2
4
1
<
49 2
9
1
P(X 2) = k + 3k + 5k = 9k =
<
49 2
16 1
P(X 3) = k + 3k + 5k + 7k = 16k =
<
49 2
25 1
P(X 4) = k + 3k + 5k + 7k + 9k = 25k =
>
49 2
P(X 1) = k + 3k = 4k =
The smallest value of x for which

3.
P(X x) >
A continuous random variable X has pdf
kx(1 x )10 , 0 < x < 1

f ( x) =
0
, otherwise
Find k.
Solution:
Since f ( x ) is a pdf , we have
f (x)
kx(1 x )
10
dx = 1
Put t = 1 - x x = 1 - t
dt = dx
when x = 0, t = 1
when x = 1, t = 0
136
dx = 1
1
is 4
2
k (1 t )t10 ( dt ) = 1
1
t11 t12 0
k
=1
11 12 1
1
1
k 0
= 1
11 12
12 11
k
=1
132
k = 132
cx (1 x )3
For the pdf f(x) =
0
Find
(i) the constant c.
1
(ii) P X <
2
Solution:
, 0 < x <1
, elsewhere
(i) Since f(x) is a pdf, we here
f ( x)dx = 1
-
1
cx(1 x)
dx = 1
c (1 x )(1 (1 x ))3 dx = 1
0
c (1 x )x 3 dx = 1
0
x 4 x5
c
=1
5
4
0
1 1
c = 1 c = 20
4 5
137
( f ( x )dx = f (a x )dx )
P(X <
1
2
1
) = 20 x(1 x )3 dx
2
0
1
2
= 20 x(1 3 x + 3 x 2 x 3 )dx
0
1
2
(ii)
= 20 ( x 3 x 2 + 3 x 3 x 4 )dx
0
x 2 3 x 2
x 4 x 5 2
= 20
+3
4
5
3
2
0
1 4 3 1 1 1
= 20 +
8 8 4 16 5 32
1
3
15 2 13
= 20
= 20
=
64 160
320 16
5.2 MATHEMATICAL EXPECTATION OF DISCRETE VARIABLE
Expectation of a discrete random variable.
Definition: If X denotes a discrete random variable which can
assume the value x1,x2,..,xn with respective probabilities
p1,p2,,pn then the mathematical expectation of X, denoted by E(X)
is defined by
E(X)
= p1x1+p2x2+.+pnxn
n
pixi
i =1
where
pi = 1
i =1
Thus E(X) is the weighted arithmetic mean of the values xi with

the weight to p (xi)
mean X = E( X)
Hence the mathematical expectation E(X) of a random variable is
simply the arithmetic mean.
Result: If (x) is a function of a random variable X, then
E [(x)] = P(X=x) (x).
138
Properties of mathematical expectation:
(1) E (c)
= c where c is a constant
(2) E (c X)
= c E (X) where c is a constant.
(3) E (a X +b)
= a E (X) + b where a & b are constants.
(4) Variance of X
= var (X) = E{X -E(X)}
(5) Var (X)
= E (X ) - [E(X)]
(6) Var (X c)
= Var (X) where c is a constant.
(7) Var (a X)
= a Var (X)
(8) Var (a X +b)
= a Var(X)
(9) Var (c)
= 0 where c is a constant.
2
2
WORKED EXAMPLE
PART - A
(1)
Find the expected value of the number on a die when thrown.
Solution:
p( x )
1
6
1
6
1
6
1
6
1
6
1
6
E(x)
= xi P (xi)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6
6 6 6 6 6 6
=
(2)
21 7
= .
6 2
Evaluate Var (2 X 3)
We have, Var (a X b)
= a Var(X)
Var(2 X 3)
= 2 Var(X)
2
2
= 4 Var(X)
139
(3)
A random variable X has E (X) = 2 and E (X ) = 8. Find its

variance.
2
Var (X)
= E(X ) [E(X)]
2
= 8-2
= 8-4
= 4.
PART - B
(4)
An urn contains 4 white and 3 red balls. Find the probability

distribution of the number of red balls in three draws when a ball
is drawn at random with replacement. Also find its mean and
variance.
Solution:
Let X be the random variable of drawing number of red balls in

three draws.
X can take the values 0,1,2,3.
P (Red ball) =
3
4
; P (not a red ball) =
7
7
64
4 4 4
P( X = 0) = P( WWW ) = . . . =
343
7 7 7
P( X = 1) = 3 P(RWW )
3 4 4 144
= 3. . . =
7 7 7 343
P( X = 2) = 3P(RRW )
3 3 4 3.36 108
= 3. . . =
=
7 7 7 343 343
3 3 3 27
.
P( X = 3 ) = P(RRR ) = . . =
7 7 7 343
140
The required probability distribution is

x
64
343
144
343
108
343
27
343
P( X = x )
Mean
= E( X )
=
xi p (xi )
i
64 144 108 27
= 0
+ 1
+ 2
+3
343 343 343 343
0 + 144 + 216 + 81
343
441
=
343
=
E(X2 )
= xi p ( xi )
2
64 2 144
108
27
= 02
+1
+ 22
+ 32
343
343
343
343
0 + 144 + 432 + 243
=
343
819
=
343
Var(X)
= E(X ) [E(X)]
819 441
=
343 343
819 194481
343 117649
280917 194481
117649
86436
117649
141
(5)
A random variable X has the following distribution

X
P( X = x )
1
3
0
1
6
1
1
6
2
1
3
Find mean and variance.

Solution:
Mean = E( X) = x ip( x i )
i
1
1 1
1
= 1 + 0 + 1 + 2
3
6
6

3
=
E(X2 )
1 2 02 + 1 + 4 3 1
1
+0+ + =
= =
3
6 3
6
6 2
xi2p( xi )
i
1
1
1
2 1
= ( 1) + 02 + 12 + 22
3
6
6

3
1 1 4 2 + 1 + 8 11
= + + =
=
3 6 3
6
6
Var(X) = E(X2 ) - [E(X)]
=
=
11 1

6 2
11 1 22 3 19
=
=
6 4
12
12
142
5.3 BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION

Introduction:
Binomial distribution was discovered by James Bernoulli (16541705) in the year 1700 and was first published in 1713.
An experiment which has two mutually disjoint outcomes is called
a Bernoulli trail. The two outcomes are usually called success and
failure.
An experiment consisting of repeated number of Bernoulli trails is
called Binomial experiment. A Binomial distribution can be used under
the following conditions:
i. The number of trials is finite.
ii. The trials are independent of each other.
iii. The probability of success is constant for each trial.
Probability Function of Binomial Distribution
Let X denotes the number of success in n trial satisfying binomial
distribution conditions. X is a random variable which can take the
values 0,1,2,..,n, since we may get no success, one success,.or
all n success.
The general expression for the probability of x success is given
by
x n-x
P(X=x)=nCx p q ,x=0,1,2,3,.,n. where p=probability of success

in each trial, q=1-p
Definition: A random variable X is said to follow binomial
distribution, if is probability mass function if given by
P(X = x) = nC xp x qn - x : x = 0,1,2,3, ., n.
0
Otherwise
Where n, p are called parameters of the distribution.
Constants of the binomial distribution:
Mean
= np
Variance = npq
Standard Deviation = npq
143
Note:
(i)
0 p 1, 0 q 1 and p + q = 1
(ii) In binomial distribution mean is always greater then variance.

(iii) To denote the random variable X which follows binomial
distribution with parameters n and p is X~B(n,p).
WORKED EXAMPLES
PART - A
1.
Comment, if any in the following statement: The mean of a

binomial distribution is 5 and its standard deviation is 3.
Solution:
given mean = 5
np
=5
1
Standard deviation = 3
npq
=3
Squaring,
npq = 9
( 2)
npq 9
=
(1)
np
5
9
>1
5
Hence, the given statement is not true.
2. Find n and p in the binomial distribution whose mean is 3 and
variance is 2.
Solution:
given, mean = 3
np = 3
1
Variance = 2
npq =2
2
( 2)
npq 2
=
(1)
(1)
np
3
q=
144
2
3
p = 1-q
q=
= 1
=
Put p =
3.
Find
2
3
1
3
1
in n p = 3,
3
the
mean
x
1
=3 n=9
3
of
the
binomial
nx
distribution
20 x
2 3
p(x)=20cx
5 5
Solution:
x n-x
The binomial distribution is P(X=x) = ncx p q
2
3
Here n = 20 p =
q=
5
5
2
Mean = np = 20 = 8
5
4.
Write down the binomial distribution in which n = 8, p =
Solution:
3
,n = 8
4
q=1p
3
= 1
4
1
=
4
Here p =
The binomial distribution is P( X = x ) = nc xp x qn x

x
3 1
= 8c x
4 4
Where x= 0,1,2,.8
145
8 x
3
4
if
5.
In a binomial distribution if n=9 and p =
1
, what is the value of
3
variance.
Solution:
1
3
1 2
q = 1 p = 1 =
3 3
Variance
= npq
1 2
= 9. .
3 3
=2
A random variable X has the mean 6 and variance 2. If it is
assumed that the distribution is binomial, find n.
n = 9, p =
given
6.
Solution:
given mean = 6
variable = 2
np = 6
npq
npq 2 1
= =
np
6 3
q=
=2
1
3
1 2
=
3 3
mean = np
2
=n
6
3
=9
n
p = 1 q =1
PART - B
1.
In tossing 10 coins, what is the chance of having exactly 5

heads.
Solution:
Let X denote number of heads

146
p = probability of getting a head =
1
2
1 1
=
2 2
n = no of trials = 10
q =1 p = 1
The binomial distribution is

P( X = x ) = nc x p x qn x
P(getting exactly 5 heads)
= P (X = 5)
5
10 5
1 1
= 10c 5
5 2
63
256
A pair of dice is thrown 10 times, if getting a doublet is
considered a success, find the probability of
=
2.
(i) 4 success
(ii) no success
Solution:
Let X denote getting a doublet in a throw of a dice.

(A doublet means getting a pair is (1,1),(2,2),(3,3),(4,4),(5,5),(6,6)).
p = P(getting a doublet ) =
6
1
=
36 6
1 5
=
6 6
n = number of trials = 10
q = 1 p = 1
14 5
= 10c 4
6 6
(i) P( 4 success) = P( X = 4)
=
210 5 6
610
147
35 5

216 6
10
1 5
(ii) P(no success) = P( X = 0) = 10c 0
6 6
3.
10
5
=
6
If the sum of mean and variance of a binomial distribution is 4.8

for 5 trials, find the distribution.
Solution:
Mean = np
variance = npq
Sum of mean and variance = 4.8

np + npq = 4.8
np(1+q) = 4.8
5p(1+1-p) = 4.8
(p + q = 1)
P - 2p + 0.96 = 0 p=1.2,0.8
p=0.8 q=0.2 (p cannot be greater then 1)
The binomial distribution is p( X = x ) = 5c x (0.8)x (0.2)5 x
When x = 0,1,2,3,4,5.
4
If on an average 1 ship out of 10 do not arrive safely to ports.

Find the mean and the standard deviation of ships returning
safely out of a total of 500 ships.
Solution:
Let X denote the ships arriving safely.

9
p = P(safe arrival ) =
10
9
1
q = 1 p = 1
=
10 10
n = 500
148
9
= 450
10
9
1
var iance = npq = 500
= 45
10 10
mean = np = 500
5.
S.D = 45 = 3 5
In a hurdle race a player has to cross 10 hurdles. The probability
5
that he will clear each hurdle is . What is the probability that he
6
will knock down less than 2 hurdles.
Solution:
Let X denote a player clearing the hurdle.

5
q = Probability of clearing =
6
p = probabiity of knocking = 1
n = 10
P(less than 2 hurdles )
5 1
=
6 6
= P( X < 2)
= P( X = 0) + P( X = 1)
0
1 5
= 10c 0
6 6
10
5
=
6
6.
10
10 5

6 6
1 5
+ 10c 1
6 6
59
610
(15 )
The overall percentage of passes in a certain examination is 80.

If 6 candidates appear in the examination, what is the probability
that atleast 5 will pass the examination.
Solution:
Let X denote the overall percentage of passes.

p=
80
4
=
100 5
q = 1 p = 1
4 1
=
5 5
149
n=6
P(atleast 5)
= P( X 5) = P( X = 5) + P( X = 6)
= 6c 5 p 5 q1 + 6c 6 p 6 q0
5
4 1 4 1
= 6 +
3 5 5 5
5
4 6 4
4
= + = 2 .
5 5 5
5
7.
With usual notation find p for binomial random variable if n = 6

and if 9P(X=4) = P(X=2).
Solution:
x n-x
The binomial distribution is P(X=x) = ncxp q

Given 9 P(X = 4) = P(X = 2) and n = 6
4 2
2 4
9 6c4p q = 6c2p q
4 2
2 4
9.15 p q = 15p q
2
9p =q
Taking square root

3p = q
3p = 1-p
(p + q = 1)
4p = 1
p=
1
4
EXERCISE
PART - A
1.
Define discrete random variable?
2.
When a random variable is called a continuous random variable?
3.
A random variable X has the following distribution

x
2
150
P(X=x)
3a
4a
6a
7a
8a
find the value of a.

4. A
discrete
P(X = 0) =
random
variable
takes
values
0,1,2.
Also
if
144
1
,P( X = 1) =
then find the value of if P(X=2)
169
169
5.
If 3 coins are tossed simultaneously and X is the number of

heads. What is the value of P(X=3).
6.
Four coins are tossed at a time. If X denotes the number of tails,

what are the possible values of X.
7.
A random variable X has the following distribution function.

X
0
1
P(X = x)
6
1
1
3
2
1
3
3
1
6
Find P(X2)
8.
A random X has the following probability distribution function.

X
P( X = x )
1
8
3
8
3
8
1
8
Find the distribution function F(x).

9.
2x
,0 x 3 can be a pdf of a
9
continuous random variable X?
Examine whether
f(x) =
10. The probability density function of a random value X is f(x) = Ax ,

0 x 1, determine A.
11. If f(x) = kx , 0 x 3,
2
0 else where
is a pdf, find the value of k?
151
2
1
.
, < x < is a pdf ?
4 + x2
12. Verify whether f(x) =

2
13. If E(X) = 12 and E(X )=200 what is var (X).

2
14. If E(X) = 3 and E(X ) = 30, what is the variance of X

15. If var (X) = 2 , what is var(5 X +7)?
16. If E(X) = 8 what is the value of E (3X).
17. A binomial distribution has mean 4 and variance
8
find p and n.
3
18. A discrete random variable X has the mean 6 and variance 2. If it

is assumed that the distribution is binomial find n.
10 x
19. Find the S.D of the binomial distribution 10cx 3 2

5 5
20. For a binomial distribution mean is 9 and variance is14. Is it

possible?
x
16 x
1 1
21. Find the mean of the binomial distribution 16c x
2 2
PART - B
1.
A random variable X has the following probability distribution

function.
X
0
P( X = x )a
Find
1
3a
2
5a
3
7a
(i) The value of a

(ii) P(X<4)
(iii) P(X 3)
(iv) P(2<X<5)
152
4
9a
5
11a
2.
A random variable X has the following probability distribution

X
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8
P( X = x ) k 3k 5k 7k 9k 11k 13k 15k 17k
i. Determine the value of k
ii. P(X < 5)
iii. P(X 4)
iv. P(0 X< 5)
3.
The probability denity function of a random variable X is
3 x 2 ,0 x 1
f ( x) =
0 , elsewhere
If (i) P(X a) = P(X >a) and (ii) P(X >b)=0.05
Find the value of a & b
4.
A
3
,1 < x < e
is the pdf of a random variable X, find p
If f ( x ) = x
0 , otherwise
P(X >e).
5.
The amount of bread (in hundred of ks) x, that a certain bakery is

able to sell in a month is found to be a numerical valued random
phenomenon specified by probability density function f(x) given
by
for
Ax
f ( x ) = A(10 x )for
0
i.
0x5
5 x 10
elsewhere
Find the value of A
ii. What is the probability that the number of kg of bread that will
be sold next month is,
(a) more than 500 kg
(b) Between 250 and 750 kg?
153
6.
Two cards are drawn from a well shuffled pack of 52 cards with
replacement, find the mean and variance of the number of aces
7.
The probability that a student will graduate is 0.4. Find the

probability that out of 5 student (i) none (ii) one (iii) at least one
will be a graduate.
8.
A player tosses 3 fair coins. He wins Rs.5 if 3 heads appear,

Rs.3, if 2 head appears Rs.1 if 1 head occurs. On the other head
he losses Rs.15/- if all tails occurs. Find the expected gain.
9.
If a random variable X has the following probability distribution

1
1
P( X = x )
3
X
0
1
6
1
1
6
2
1
3
Find (i) E(X) (ii) var (X) (iii) E(2 X +3)
10. A game is played with a single fair die. A player wins Rs.20 if a 2
turns up, Rs 40 of a 4 turns up, loses Rs.30 if a 6 turns up. While
he neither wins nor loses if any other face turns up. Find the
expected sum of money he can win.
11. Ten coins are tossed simultaneously. Find the probability of
getting exactly 2 heads.
12. In a binomial distribution having 6 independent trials the
probabilities of 0 and 1 successes are 0.4 and 0.2 respectively.
Find p and P(X=0)
13. With usual notation find p for the binomial distribution X if n=6
and if 9P(X =4)=P(X =2)
14. Find the probability that in a family of 4 children there will be
ateast 1 boy and 1 girl.
15. Ten coins are tossed simultaneously. Find the probability of
getting (i) atleast seven heads (ii) exactly 7 heads and (iii) almost
seven heads
16. In a binomial distribution with 5 independent trial the probability
of getting 1 and 2 success are 0.6 and 0.2 respectively. Find p
154
17. In a large consignment of iron boxes 10% are defective . A

random sample of 20 is taken for inspection. Find the probability
that at the most there are 3 defective iron boxes.
18. The mean and variance of a binomial variate X with parameters n
and p are 16 and 8 respectively. Find P(X =0) and P(X =1)
19. Four coins are tossed simultaneously probability distribution.
Find the probability of getting at least 2 heads.
20. A random various X has the following probability distribution
X
0
P( X = x )3a
1
4a
2
6a
3
7a
4
8a
Find the value of a the find E(X + X)
ANSWERS
PART-A
3.
a=
1
28
4.
6.
0,1,2,3,4
7.
8.
10
F( x )
1
8
4
8
7
8
A=3
14. 21
1
n = 12
3
20. not possible
17
24
169
5
6
p=
1
9
5.
1
8
13.
56
24
11.
k=
15.
50
16.
18.
19.
21.
155
12
5
PART - B
1.
(i) a =
1
36
2.
(i) a =
1
25
65
25
(ii)
(iii)
(iv )
81
81
81
81
3.
1 3
a=
2
5.
(i) A =
6.
2 24
,
13 169
7.
(i) 0.0776 (ii)
0.2592 (iii)
8.
Rs.0.25
(i)
(ii)
1
13
(iv)
4
9
(ii) (a)
9.
1
2
(ii)
(ii)
2
3
0.9224
14
12
(iii)
67
3
13.
1
4
14.
16.
p= 1
7
17.
0.8666
18.
n = 32 p =
20.
1
3
210
(i)
1
2
(i) A =
45
11.
12
(ii)
13
4.
1
(b)0.75
2
12.
19. 11
16
3
4
(iii)
19 3
b=
20
1
25
10. Rs.5
4
9
(ii)
1
2
15.
32
(i)a =
(iii)
(i)
11
64
1
227
1
28
(ii)
156
72
7
(ii)
121
15
(iii)
125
128
MATHEMATICS III
MODEL QUESTION PAPER - 1
Time : 3 Hrs
(Maximum Marks: 75)

PART A
(Marks: 15 x 1 = 15)
Answer any fifteen (15) questions:

1.
2.
3.
/ /
If position vectors of the points A and B are 2 i + j k and
/
/ /
5 i + 4 j + 3k find AB
/
/
/
/
If the vectors a = 2 I 3J and b = 6 I + m j are collinear, find
the value of m.
Define scalar product of two vectors.
4.
5.
6.
Find the projection of the vector 2 i + 3 j k on 2 i + 4 j k

/ /
/ / /
/
/ /
If a = 2 i j + k and b = i + 2 j + 3k find a x b
/ /
/ /
/
Prove that a b x a + b = 2 a + b
( ) (
) (
7.

Find the value of i , j , k
8.

Find i x j x k and ( i x j) x k
9.
Evaluate
(3 x
5 sec 2 x + 7 / x )dx
10. Evaluate sin x dx

ex
11. Evaluate
e x + 1 dx
12. Evaluate
4x 2 25 dx
13. Evaluate x e dx
157
14. Evaluate log x dx

3
15. Evaluate
16. Evaluate
3 x 2 + 1dx
x 3 dx
17. Define discrete random variable.

18. A random variable X has the following probability distribution
X:
P(x) :
5a
3a
7a
4a
Find the value of a

19. A random variable X has the following probability distribution
X:
P(x) :
1/7
2/7
1/7
3/7
Find E(X)
20. Find the mean and variance of the binomial distribution given by
x
P(X=x) = 10Cx (1/4) (3/4)
10-x
when x=0,1,210
PART - B
(Marks : 5 x 12 = 60)
[ N.B :- (1) Answer all questions choosing any two divisions
from each question.
(2) All questions carry equal marks. ]
21 (a) Show that the points whose position vectors
2 i + 3 j 5 k ,3 i + j 2 k and 6 i 5 j + 7 k are collinear
(b) Prove that the vectors are a = i + 2 j + 5 k , b = i + j 3 k
and c = 7 i 4 j + k are mutually perpendicular.
(c)
particle
acted
on
by
the
forces 3 i 2 j + 2 k
and 2 i + j 3 k is displaced from the point 2 i + 3 j k
the point 4 i j + 2 k Find the work done.

158
to
22 (a) Find the area of the triangle formed by the points whose
position vectors are
2 i + 3 j + 4 k , 3 i ,+ 4 j + 2 k ,4 i ,+ 2 j , + 3 k ,
(b) Find the magnitude of the moment about the point (1,-2,3) of a
force 2i + 3j + 6k whose line of action passes through the
origin
/
(c) If
a = i + j ; b = j + k ; c = k + i ; d = i + j + k verify
that
(a x b )x (c x d )= [a d b ]c [a b c ]d
23 (a) Integrate (i)

(b) Evaluate (i)
(c)
Evaluate
sin x
1 + cos x
(ii) Sin7x Cos5x
6x + 5
3x 2 + 5x + 6
dx
(ii)
e tan x
cos2 x dx
3 x 2 13 x 10 dx
24 (a) Evaluate (i)
(ii) x cos 5x
log x dx
(b) Using Bernoullis formula evaluate

(i) x 2 e 2 x dx
(ii)
cos 2 x dx
x
1
6 cos 2 dx
(ii)
dx
1
2
0
2
x
25 (a) A Random variable X has the following probability distribution
X
0
1
2
3
4
5
P(X)
a
3a
5a
7a
9a
11a
Find (i) Value of a (ii) P(X>3)
(iii) P(1x4)
(b) The random variable X has the following probability
distribution
X
0
1
2
3
4
5
P(x)
1/16
3/8
3/16
1/16
1/16
Find the mean and variance
(c) A perfect cube is thrown 8 times. The occurrence of 2 or 4 is
called a success, find the probability of (i) 2 success (ii)
atleast 2 successes.
(c)
Evaluate (i)
x2 3 x +
159
MATHEMATICS III
MODEL QUESTION PAPER - 2
Time : 3 Hrs
(Maximum Marks: 75)

PART A
(Marks: 15 x 1 = 15)
1.
/
If a = 3 i j 4 k , b = 2 i + 4 j 3 k and
c = i + 2 j k , find 2 a b 3 c
2.
Find the direction cosines of the vector 2 i + 3 j 4 k
3.
If a = 5 i j 6 k , b = 7 i + 3 j 2 k find dot product of a and b
4.
State the formula to find work done by the force
in displacing
the particle from the point A to B.

5.
Define vector product of two vectors.
6.
If a and b are the two adjacent sides of a parallelogram, find its
7.
area.
Define scalar product of three vectors
8.
Express a x b (c x b ) in the form of determinant.
9.
Evaluate sec 2 (3 + 4 x )dx
10. Evaluate
sin 5 x cos 2x dx
11. Evaluate
1+ x 2
12. Evaluate
16 + x 2
2x
dx
dx
160
13. Evaluate log x dx

14. Evaluate x sjnx dx
15. Evaluate
3 x 2 + 4 dx
16. Evaluate
( 2x
+ 5 x ) dx
17. Define Random variable

18. A random variable X has the following the probability distribution
X :
P(X) :
1/16
5/16
3/16
3/16
Find P (X<3)
2
19. If E(X) = 5 and E (X ) = 35 find variance of X

20. In a binomial distribution, the mean and standard deviation are
12 and 2 respectively. Find p.
PART B
(Marks: 5 x 12 = 60)
[N.B :- (1) Answer all questions choosing any two divisions from
each question.
21 (a) Show that the points given by the vectors
4 i + 5 j + k , j k , 3 i + 9 j + 4 k and 4 i + 4 j + 4 k are
coplanar.
(b) Find the angle between the vectors
3 i + 4 j + 12 k on i + 2 j + 2 k .
(c)
The work done by force F = a i + j + k in moving the point of
application from i + j + k t o 2 i + 2 j + 2 k . along a straight

line is given to be 5 units. Find the value of a.
161
22 (a) Find the angle and the unit vector perpendicular to both the
/
vectors a = I + 2 j + 2k and b = i j k.
.
/
(b) Find the moment about the point I + 2J K of a force
represented by
(c)
][
Prove that a x b, b x c, c x a = a b c
23 (a) Evaluate (i)

(b) Evaluate (i)
(c)
3 i + k acting through the point 2I J 2K
Evaluate
(tan x + cot x ) dx
(ii)
tan
(ii)
x sec 2 x
4x 3
x 2 + 6x + 8
24 (a) Evaluate (i)
1 + sin 2x dx
sin x
dx
dx
x log x dx
x cos 5x
(ii)
(b) Using Bernoullis formula evaluate

(i)
(c)
e 2 x dx
Evaluate (i)
(ii)
1 e tan
0 1 + x 2
(ii)
dx
2
0
2
1
1 < x < 1,
1+ x2
25 (a) Show that f(x) =
cos 2x dx
sin x
dx
sin x + cos x
is
probability
density function.
(b) A random variable X has the following probability distribution
X
P(X)
Find E(2X+3)
(c)
1/8
3/8
3/8
1/8
Four coins are tossed simultaneously. What is the probability

of getting (a) exactly 2 heads (b) at least two heads (c) at
most two heads.
162
MATHEMATICS IV
UNIT I
COMPLEX NUMBERS I
1.1 DefinitionConjugatesAlgebra of complex numbers (geometrical
proof not needed)Real and Imaginary parts. Simple problems.
1.2 Polar form of complex number Modulus and amplitude form
multiplication and division of complex numbers in polar form.
Simple Problems.
1.3 Argand planecollinear points, four points forming square,
rectangle, rhombus. Simple Problems.
Introduction
The concept of imaginary numbers has its historical origin in the
fact that the solution of the quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 leads to
an expression
b b2 4ac
which is
2a
not found meaningful
when b 2 4ac < 0 . This is because of the fact that the square of a
real number is never negative. So it created the need of the extension
of the system of real numbers. Euler was the first mathematician who
introduced the symbol i for
1 with the properties i = -1 and

2
accordingly a root of the equation x 2 + 1 = 0, also symbol of the form

a + ib where a and b are real numbers is called a complex number.
Definition of Complex Numbers:
2
A number of the form a + ib, where a,b are real numbers and i =
-1 is called a complex number.
If z = a + ib , then a is called the real part of z and b is called the
imaginary part of z and are denoted by Re(z) and Im(z) respectively.
Example:
z = 2 + 5i
Re(z ) = 2, Im(z ) = 5
163
Note:
In the complex number a + ib
i. If a = 0, then the number is purely imaginary.

ii. If b = 0, then the number is purely real.
iii. The complex number a + ib is also denoted as the ordered
pair (a,b).
Conjugate of a complex numbers:
A pair of complex numbers of the form a + ib and a ib are

called conjugate complex numbers of each other.
If z is any complex number then its conjugate is usually denoted
by
z.
z z = (a + ib )(a ib )
z z = a2 + b2
Algebra of complex numbers:

Addition of two complex numbers:
Let z 1=a+ib and z 2=c+id be any two complex numbers. Then

the sum z 1+ z 2 is defined as follows.
z 1+ z 2 =a+ib+c+id
= (a+c)+ i(b+d) which is again a complex numbers.
For example, 2+3i+ (-4+7i)= (24)+I(3+7)=-2+10i
Difference of two complex numbers:
When any two complex numbers z 1 and z 2, the difference
z 1- z 2 is defined as follows.
z 1- z 2= z 1+(- z 2)
For example 6+3i-(2-i) =(6+3i)+(-2+i)
=(6-2)+i(3+1)
=4+4i
and 2-i-(6+3i)=2-i+(-6-3i)=-4-4i
164
Multiplication of two complex numbers:
Let z 1=a+ib and
z 2 = c+id then
z 1 z 2 =(a+ib)(c+id)
2
=ac+ibc+iad+i bd
=ac+i(ad+bc)-bd
=ac-bd+i(ad+bc)
For example (3+5i)(2+6i)=(32-56)+i(36+52)
=-24+i(28)
=-24+28i
Division of two complex numbers:
Consider any two complex numbers z1 and z 2 where z 20, the

z1
a + ib c id
=
quotient
z2
c + id c id
=
=
=
ac iad + ibc i2bd

c 2 i2d2
ac + i(bc ad) + bd
c 2 + d2
ac + bd + i(bc ad)
c 2 + d2
z1
ac + bd (bc ad)
= 2
+i 2
z2
c + d2
c + d2
For example, Let z 1 = 6 + 3i and z 2 = 2 i
z1 6 + 3i 6 + 3i 2 + i
=
=
z2
2i
2i 2+i
Then
12 + 6i + 6i + 3i2
(2)2 + ( 1)2
12 + 12i 3
4 +1
9 + 12i 9 12i
=
= +
5
5
5
=
165
(i
= 1
1.
1.1 WORKED EXAMPLES

PART - A
Write the real and imaginary parts of the complex
number 4 i 7
Solution:
Let z = 4 i 7 , Re(z ) = 4, Im(z ) = 7

2.
What is the complex conjugate of 4 + i 3
Solution:
3.
Let z
= 4+i 3
= 4i 3
What is the complex conjugate of 6i-4
Solution:
Let z
z
4.
= 6i 4 = 4 + 6i
= 4 6i
Write the following complex numbers in a+ib form

(1) 27
(2) 3 5
Solution:
(i)
27 =
( 1) 27 =
27i2 = i 27 = 0 + i 27
(ii) 3 5 = 3 1 5 = 3 5i2 = 3 i 5
5.
1
Express ( 5i) i in the form a+bi.
8
Solution:
( 5i) 1 i = 5 i2 = 5 ( 1) = 5 + i(0 )
8
166
6.
Express the following in the standard form a+ib.

(i) 3-4i+(-7-i)
(ii) 8-6i-(-4i-7)
Solution:
(i) 3-4i+(-7-i) = (3-7)+i(-4-1)=-4+i(-5)=-4-5i

(ii) 8-6i-(-4i-7)=8-6i+ 4i+7=15-2i=15+i(-2)=15-2i
7.
If z1 = (-1,2 ),
z2 = (3,4 ) find 3z 1 4z 2
Solution:
3z1 4z2 = 3( 1,2) 4( 3,4 )

= ( 3,6 ) ( 12,16 )
= (9,10 )
8.
Find the real and imaginary parts of
Solution:
Let z =
=
1
3 2i
3 + 2i 3 2i
3 2i
3 +2
2
3 2i
9+4
3
2
+ i
13 13
3
2
Re(z ) =
;Im(z ) =
13
13
=
167
1
3 + 2i
PART - B
1.
4 + 5i
3 - 2i
Solution:
Let z
4 + 5i 3 + 2i
3 - 2i 3 + 2i
12 + 8i + 15i + 10i2
Re(z )
2.
9 4i
2 + 23i 2
23
=
=
+i
13
13 13
2
23
, Im(z ) =
=
13
13
2
12 + 23i 10
9+4
3
i
+
4 + 3i 3 4i
Solution:
Let z
3
i
+
4 + 3i 3 4i
3(4 3i)
i(3 + 4i)
=
+
(4 + 3i)(4 3i) (3 4i)(3 + 4i)
=
12 9i
16 9i2
3i + 4i2
9 16i2
12 9i 3i 4
+
16 + 9 9 + 16
12 9i 3i 4
+
25
25
12 9i + 3i 4
=
25
Re(z )
8 6i 8 6
=
+
i
25
25 25
8
6
; Im(z ) =
25
25
168
3.
Express
(1 + i)(1 + 2i) in a+ib form. Find also its conjugate.

1 + 3i
Solution:
Let z
(1 + i)(1 + 2i) = 1 + 2i + i + 2i2
1 + 3i
1 + 3i
1 + 3i 2 1 + 3i 1 3i
=
=
1 + 3i
1 + 3i 1 3i
=
1 + 3i + 3i 9i2
1 9i
1 + 6i + 9 8 + 6i
=
1+ 9
10
8 + 6i 8
6
=
+
i
10
10 10
4 3
= + i
5 5
z =
conjugate of
4 3
4 3
+ i= i
5 5
5 5
1- i
Find the real and imaginary part of
1+ i
Solution:
1- i 1 i
Let z =
1+ i 1 i
4.
(1 i)2
1 2i + i2
1+ 1
1 i2
1 2i 1 2i
=
=
= i
2
2
=
()
1 i
3
z3 =
= ( i) = i3 = i i2
+
1
i
= i( 1)
= i = 0 + i(1)
Re al part = 0, Im aginary part = 1
169
5.
Express
(1 + 2i)3 in a+ib form.

(1 + i)(2 i)
Solution:
Let z
=
=
(1 + 2i)3
(1 + i)(2 i)
(a + b )3 = a3 + b3 + 3a2b + 3ab2
1 + 8i3 + 6i + 12i2
2 i + 2i i
11 2i 3 i
z =
3+i
3i
=
Re(z )
33 + 11i 6i + 2i2
1 8i + 6i 12 11 2i
=
2 + i +1
3+i
9i
35 + 5i 35 5i
=
=
+
10
10
10
7 1
=
+ i
2
2
1
7
, Im(z ) =
=
2
2
2
i3 = i
33 + 5i 2
9 +1
1.2. POLAR FORM OF COMPLEX NUMBERS (OR)

(MODULUS-AMPLITUDE FORM)
Let the point P represent the non-zero complex number

Z = a + ib Let the directed line segment OP be of length r and be
the angle which OP makes with the positive direction of x-axis.
We may note that the point P is uniquely determined by the
ordered pair of real numbers (r,), called the polar coordinates of the
point P. We consider the origin as the pole and the positive direction
of the x-aixs as the initial line.
170
We have, a=rcos, b=rsin and therefore, Z=a+ib=r(cos+isin)

i
=re . The latter is said to be the polar form of the complex number.
Equating real and imaginary parts,
a=rcos,
b=rsin
Squaring and adding,
2
2 2
2
2
a +b =r (cos +sin )
2
2 2
a +b =r
r = a2 + b2
(Taking positive sign)
a
b
;
sin =
r
r
b
sin
b
= r =
a a
cos
r
b
b
tan =
= tan 1
a
a
Now cos =
r is called the modulus of the complex number Z and is denoted by Z
and is called the argument (or) amplitude of the complex number Z

171
and is denoted by arg(Z) (or) amp Z. r is single valued where as will

have infinite number of values differing by multiples of 2. The values
of lying in the range -< is called the principal value of the
argument.
Theorems of complex numbers:
(i)
The product of two complex numbers is a complex number

whose modulus is the product of their moduli and whose
amplitude
is
the
sum
of
their
amplitudes.
i.e. Z1Z 2 = Z1 Z2 and arg (Z1Z 2 ) = arg Z1 + arg Z 2
(ii)
The quotient of two complex numbers is a complex number

whose modulus is the quotient of their modulii and whose
amplitude is the subtraction of the amplitude of the denominator
from the amplitude of the numerator.
Z
arg 1 = arg(Z1) arg(Z 2 )
Z2
Z1
Z1
=
and
Z2
Z2
i.e.
1.2 WORKED EXAMPLES

PART - A
1.
Find the modulus of the complex number
1
3
+
i
2
2
Solution:
1
3
+
i
2
2
1
Here a =
and
2
Let Z =
b=
mod ulus = r = a2 + b 2
3
2
2
1 3
= +
2 2
172
1 3
+ = 1 =1
4 4
2.
Find the amplitude of the complex number 1+ i 3
Solution:
Let Z1 = 1 + i 3 = r[cos + i sin ]

r cos = 1= a
r sin = 3 = b
3
b
Amplitude = = tan 1 = tan 1

1
a
3.
If Z1 = cos
3
3
+ i sin and Z 2 = cos
+ i sin
what is the value
8
8
8
8
of Z1Z 2 .
Solution:
Z1Z2
3
3
= cos + i sin cos

+ i sin
8
8
8
8
3
3
= cos +
+ i sin +
8
8
8 8
= cos + i sin
2
2
= 0 + i(1) = i
4.
If Z1 = cos
+ i sin and Z2 = cos + i sin what is the value of

2
2
4
4
Z1
Z2
Solution:
Z1
Z2
+ i sin
2
2
=
cos + i sin
4
4
cos
= cos + i sin
2 4
2
1
= cos + i sin =
+
4
4
2
173
4
1
3
PART - B
1.
Find the modulus and amplitude of
1
3
+i
2
2
1
3
+i
= a + ib
2
2
1
3
Here a = , b =
2
2
Solution: Let Z =
mod ulus = r = a + b
2
2
3
1
= +
2
2
1 3
+
4 4
= 1
=1
b
and = tan 1
a
3
= tan 1 2
1
= 60 =
3
= tan 1 3
( )
2. Find the modulus and amplitude of 3 i

Solution:
Let Z = 3 i, Here a = 3 , b = 1
mod ulus = r = a2 + b 2 =
cos =
a
,
r
cos =
3
2
sin =
= 3 +1 = 4 = 2
b
r
sin =
= 30
( 3 ) + ( 1)
1
2
Amplitude =
174
3.
Find the modulus and argument of
1 + 3 3i
3 + 2i
Solution:
Let Z
=
=
=
=
=
1 + 3 3i
3 + 2i
1 + 3 3i
3 + 2i
3 2i
3 2i
3 2i + 9i 6 3i2
( 3 ) 4i
2
3 + 7i + 6 3 7 3 + 7i
=
3+4
7
7 3 +i
7
= 3 + i = r [cos + i sin ]
r cos = 3 = a,
mod ulus
Argument
4.
Express
r sin = 1 = b
= r = a2 + b2 =
+ i2 = 3 + 1 = 4
1
b
= = tan 1 = tan 1
a
3
= = tan 30 =
6
1 + 2i
in the form r(cos+isin)
1 3i
Solution:
Let Z
( 3)
1 + 2i
1 3i
1 + 2i 1 + 3i
=
1 3i 1 + 3i
=
175
1 + 3i + 2i + 6i2
1 9i2
1 + 5i 6
1+ 9
5 + 5i 5( 1 + i) 1
=
= ( 1 + i)
10
10
2
1 1
=
+ i = r [cos + i sin ]
2 2
r cos =
1
1
= a r sin = = b
2
2
2
1
1
mod ulus = r = a 2 + b 2 =
+
2

2
=
1 1
+ =
4 4
1
1
=
2
2
a
1 c
1
cos = = 2 = =
1
r
2 1
2
2
1
b
1
2
1
2
sin = =
=
=
1
r
2 1
2
2
cos 135 = cos(90 + 45 ) = sin 45 =
sin 135 = sin(90 + 45 ) = cos 45 =
3
Argument = 135 =
4
1 + 2i
1
3
3
=
+ i sin
cos
1 3i
4
4
2
176
1
2
1
2
5.
5i
2 3i
Solution:
Let Z
5 i
2 3i
5 i 2 + 3i
=
2 3i 2 + 3i
=
10 + 15i 2i 3i2
10 + 13i + 3
4+9
4 9i
13 + 13i 13(1 + i)
=
=
4+9
13
1 + i = r [cos + i sin ]
r cos = 1 = a
r sin = 1 = b
2
mod ulus = r = a 2 + b 2 = 12 + 12 = 1 + 1 = 2
b
1
Argument = = tan 1 = tan 1
a
1
= tan 1(1)
=
4
1.3. ARGAND PLANE
We have discussed some properties of a complex number in the

previous section. There we have defined addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division of complex numbers. Here we shall give the
geometrical representation of a complex number.
Let Z=(x,y)=x+iy be a complex number.
177
We can represent a complex number Z=x+iy by a point P whose

coordinates are (x,y) referred to the rectangular axes OX and OY
known as real and imaginary axes respectively. The point P is known
as image of the complex number Z and the complex number Z is
known as the complex coordinates of the point P. The plane whose
points are represented by the complex numbers is called the argand
plane or argand diagram or complex plane or a Gaussian plane.
Sum of Two Complex Numbers:
Let OX is the real axis and OY is the imaginary axis. Let

Z 1 =x1+iy1 and Z 2 =x2+iy2 be two complex numbers represented by
178
the points P and Q on the Argand diagram. Complete the

Parallelogram OPRQ. Draw PK, RM, QL perpendiculars to ox. Also
draw PN r RM
OM=OK+KM=OK+OL=x1+x2 and RM=MN+NR=KP+LQ=y1+y2
The coordinates of R are (x1+x2, y1+y2) and it represent the
complex number.
(x1+x2)+i(y1+y2) = (x1+iy1)+(x2+iy2)
Thus the sum of two complex numbers is represented by the
extremity of the diagonal of the parallelogram formed by OP ( Z 1 ) OQ
( Z 2 ) as adjacent sides Z1 + Z2 =OR and arg ( Z1 + Z2 )=ROM
Subtraction of Complex Numbers:
Let OX be the real axis and OY be the imaginary axis. Let P and
Q represent the complex numbers (x1+iy1) and (x2+iy2). Draw PL, QM,
rs
RN to OX and RS QM. Join OP and OQ and complete the
parallelogram OPQR having OP and OQ as a side and a diagonal.
Then R represents the difference of two complex numbers.
Now OLP =RSQ
OL=RS, PL=QS, ON=OM-NM=OM-OL=x2-x1
RN=SM=QM-QS=QM-PL=y2-y1
R represents the complex number (x2-x1, y2-y1)
179
Multiplication of Two Complex Numbers:
Let z 1 =x1+iy1 and z 2 =x2+iy2 be two complex numbers. Now we

know that a complex numbers z can be put in the form
y
z=r (cos+isin) where r = x 2 + y 2 and = tan 1
x
Let Z 1 =r1[cos1+isin1]
Z 2 =r2[cos2+isin2]
Then Z 1Z 2 =r1r2 [cos(1+2)+isin(1+2)]
So that r1r2 is the modulus and Q1+Q2 is the argument of Z 1Z 2
Let OP=r1 and OQ=r2
POX = 1
QOX = 2
Let A be a point on the real axis such that OA=1. Join PA. Now
draw the triangle OQR similar to the OAP. Then the point Ris the
required point. Now in the OAP and OQR
OR OP
OR r1
=
= OR = r1r2
OQ OA
r2
1
180
and
= XOR = XOR + QOR

= XOQ + AOP
= 2 + 1
Hence R is the required point.

Division of Complex Numbers:
Let Z 1 = r1 (cos1+isin2) and Z2=r2 (cos2+1sin2) be the two

complex numbers, then their quotient R
Z1
Z
r
is 1 = 1 [cos (1-2) +
Z2
Z2 r2
isin (1-2)]. Thus the modulus and argument of the complex number
Z1 r1
is and 1-2 respectively. Now the point R representing the
Z2 r2
complex number
Z1
is the point in the argand plane with polar coZ2
r1
, 1 2 ). Let A be a point on the real axis such that
r2
OA=1. Let P and Q represent the complex numbers Z 1 and Z 2 .Now
ordinates (
construct the triangle OPR similar to OQA, then we have
181
OP OQ
r
r
=
1 = 2
OR OA
OR 1
r1
OR =
r2
Also
XOR = XOP ROP
Thus R is the required point.
Note:
= 1 2
If Z1 = x 1 + iy1 , and Z 2 = x 2 + iy 2 then

Z1 Z 2 = (x 1 x 2 ) + i(y1 y 2 ) and
Z1 Z 2 =
(x 1 x 2 )2 + (y1 y 2 )2
clearly
Z1 Z 2 is
the
distance between the point represented by the complex numbers.
1.
1.3 WORKED EXAMPLES

PART - A
Find the distance between the points represented by the complex
numbers (2+i) and 1-2i
Solution:
Let A (2+i) and 1-2i

AB
= (2 + i) (1 2i)
= 2 + i 1 + 2i
= 1 + 3i
= 12 + 32 = 1 + 9 = 10 units.
PART - B
1.
Prove that points in the Argand plane representing the complex

numbers 3+7i, 6+5i and 15-i are collinear.
Solution:
Let A(3+7i), B(6+5i), C(15-i) be the point representing the
complex numbers in the Argand plane.
182
AB = (3 + 7i) (6 + 5i) = 3 + 7i 6 5i
= 3 + 2i
( 3 )2 + 22 = 9 + 4 = 13
BC = (6 + 5i) (15 i) = 6 + 5i 15 + i
=
= 9 + 6i
( 9 )2 + 62 = 81 + 36 = 117 =
AC = (3 + 7i) (15 i) = 3 + 7i 15 + i
=
9 13 = 3 13
= 12 + 8i
=
( 12)2 + 82
= 144 + 64 = 208 = 16 13 = 4 13
AB + BC = 13 + 3 13
AB + BC
= 4 13
= AC
The given points are collinear.

2.
Prove that the complex numbers -1,3i, 3+2i and 2-I are the
vertices of a square in the argand plane.
Solution:
Let A(-1), B(3i), C(3+2i), D(2-i) be the four points in the argand
plane.
183
AB = 1 3i
( 1)2 + ( 3)2 = 1 + 9 =
BC = 3i (3 + 2i) = 3i 3 2i
=
= 3+i =
( 3 )2 + 12
10
= 9 + 1 = 10
CD = (3 + 2i) (2 i) = 3 + 2i 2 + i = 1 + 3i
= 12 + 3 2 = 1 + 9 = 10
DA = (2 i) ( 1) = 2 i + 1 = 3 i
= 3 2 + ( 1) = 9 + 1 = 10
2
AB = BC = CD = DA = 10
All four sides are equal.
Also diagonal
AC = 1 (3 + 2i) = 1 3 2i = 4 2i
=
BD =
=
( 4)2 + ( 2)2 = 16 + 4 = 20
3i (2 i) = 3i 2 + i = 2 + 4i
( 2)2 + 42
= 4 + 16 = 20
AC=BD
The given points form a square.
3.
Show that the points representing the complex numbers 2-2i,

8+4i, 5+7i and -1+i form the vertices of a rectangle.
Solution:
Let A(2-2i), B(8+4i), C(5+7i) and D(-1+i) be the points

representing the complex numbers in the argand diagram.
184
AB = (2 2i) (8 + 4i) = 2 2i 8 4i
( 6 )2 + ( 6 )2
= 6 6i =
= 36 + 36 = 72
BC = (8 + 4i) (5 + 7i) = 8 + 4i 5 7i = 3 3i
= 3 2 + ( 3 ) = 9 + 9 = 18
2
CD = (5 + 7i) ( 1 + i) = 5 + 7i + 1 i = 6 + 6i
= 62 + 6 2 = 36 + 36 = 72
DA = ( 1 + i) (2 2i) = 1 + i 2 + 2i = 3 + 3i
=
( 3)2 + 32
= 9 + 9 = 18
AB=CD and BC=DA

Also diagonals
AC = (2 2i) (5 + 7i) = 2 2i 5 7i = 3 9i
=
( 3 )2 + ( 9 )2
= 9 + 81 = 90
BD = (8 + 4i) ( 1 + i) = 8 + 4i + 1 i = 9 + 3i
= 92 + 32 = 81 + 9 = 90
AC=BD
Opposite sides are equal and also diagonals are equal.
The given four points form a rectangle.
185
4.
Show that the complex numbers 9+I, 4+13i, -8+8i, and -3-4i form
a rhombus.
Solution:
Let A(9+i), B(4+13i), c(-8+8i) and D(-3-4i) be the points

representing the complex numbers in the Argand plane.
AB = (9 + i) (4 + 13i) = 9 + i 4 13i = 5 12i
= 52 + ( 12 ) = 25 + 144 = 169 = 13
2
BC = (4 + 13i) ( 8 + 8i) = 4 + 13i + 8 8i = 12 + 5i

= 12 2 + 52 = 144 + 25 = 169 = 13
CD = ( 8 + 8i) ( 3 4i) = 8 + 8i + 3 + 4i = 5 + 12i
=
AD =
( 5 )2 + 122 = 25 + 144 = 169 = 13

(9 + i) ( 3 4i) = 9 + i + 3 + 4i = 12 + 5i
= 122 + 5 2 = 144 + 25 = 169 = 13

AB=BC=CD=AD=13
i.e. All the four sides are equal.
ABCD is a rhombus.
5.
Prove that the complex numbers 1-2i, -1+4i, 5+8i, 7+2i form a
parallelogram.
Solution:
Let A(1-2i), B(-1+4i), C(5+8i) and D(7+2i) be the points

representing the complex numbers in the argand plane.
Mid po int of AC
Mid po int of BD
1 2i + 5 + 8i
6 + 6i
=
= 3 + 3i
2
2
6 + 6i
1 + 4i + 7 + 2i
=
=
= 3 + 3i
2
2
=
186
Since the midpoint of AC and BD are the same, the diagonals AC

and BD bisect each other.
ABCD is a parallelogram.
6.
Show that the points representing the complex numbers 7+9i, 3+3i form a right angled isosceles triangle in the argand diagram.
Solution:
Let A (7+9i),(-3+7i) and B(-3+7i) and C(3+3i) be the points

representing the complex number in the Argand plane
AB = (7 + 9i) ( 3 + 7i) = 7 + 9i + 3 7i = 10 + 2i
= 10 2 + 2 2 = 100 + 4 = 104
BC = ( 3 + 7i) (3 + 3i) = 3 + 7i 3 3i = 6 + 4i
=
CA =
=
( 6)2 + 42 = 36 + 16 = 52
(3 + 3i) (7 + 9i) = 3 + 3i 7 9i
( 4)2 + ( 6 )2
= 4 6i
= 16 + 36 = 52
Here BC = CA = 52
and BC2 + CA 2 = 52 + 52 = 104
AB 2 = 104
BC2 + CA 2 = AB 2
ABC is a right angled triangle.
Hence ABC is a right angled isosceles triangle.
EXERCISE
PART A
1.
If z1=(5,2) and z2=(-2,3) find 3z1+5z2
2.
If z1=(-1,0) and z2=(4,5) find 7z1-2z2
3.
If z1=(6,4) and z2=(-5,2) find z1z2
4.
What is the value of i +i
187
5.
What is the value of i +i
6.
7.
If z = z what is the nature of Z?

Write down the complex conjugate of
(i) c + id
(ii) 2i 5
(iii) 4 - 6i
(v) 7 + 9i
8.
(vi)
1
4 3i
Find the modulus of the following

(i) 2-i
9.
(iv) 8i
(ii)
3 + 2i
(iii)-1-5i
(iv) 1+i
(iv) -i
(v)i
What is the amplitude of the following
(i)
3 +i
(ii) 5
(iii) -1-I
(iv)
3
3
10. If z1 = 2 cos + i sin , z2 = 4 cos

+ i sin
8
8
8
8
a) What is amplitude of the following complex numbers?

z
(i) z1 z2
(ii) 2
z1
b) What is the modulus of the complex numbers?
z
(iii) z1 z2
(iv) 1
z2
11. Find z1 z2 and
z1
if
z2
(i) z1 = 3(cos10+isin10)
z2 = 4(cos20+isin20)
(ii) z1 =10(cos40+isin40)
z2 = 5(cos70+isin70)
12. Find the value of
(cos20+isin20) (cos30+isin30) (cos40+isin40)
1+ i
13. Prove that
=i
1 i
188
-1-i 3
14. Prove that
1 i
= i
1+ i
15. Find the distance between the complex numbers

(i) 2+3i and 3-2i
(ii) 2+3i and 3-i
(iii)1+i and 3-2i
(iv) 2-3i and 5+7i
PART-B
1.
2.

1+ i
1 i
1
(a)
(b)
(c)
1 i
1+ i
5 + 4i
1
3
1
(e)
(f)
(g)
1+ i
2+i
4 5i
5
1
(j)
(i)
4 2i
+ i
Find the real and imaginary part of
1
5
3 2i 1 3i
(a)
(b)
+
3 + 4i 4 3i
5 + 4i 4 5i
2i
1 i
3
1
+
(d)
+
(c)
7 4i 3 + 2i
3 + 4i 5 2i
2
1 I
(e)
1+ I
1
1
+
(g)
2 + 3i 1 i
1+ i 1 i
(i)
1 i 1+ i
(k)
3.
4
2
+
3 + 2i 5 4i
(f)
3 + i 3 4i
+
2 5i 5 + 2i
(h) + i
(j)
(l)
2+i
(1 + i)2
1 + 3 3i
3 + 2i
i 4 1 + 4i
1
(m)
+
(n)
3 2i 2 3i
1 + cos + i sin
Express in the form a + ib
189
(d)
(h)
2
3+i
3
3 + 4i
(a)
(c)
(e)
(g)
(1 + i)2
1 i
7 5i
(2 + 3i)2
2 + 3i
1 i
6.
(1 + i)(1 + 2i)
(h)
2
(j)
1 + 4i
(1 + i)(3 + i)2
(2 i)2
(k)
(2 + 3i)2
(1 2i)2
Find the conjugate of the following

(a)
(1 + i)2
1 i
(b)
(1 + i)(2 + i)
(3 + 2i)
(c)
(d)
1 i
3 + 2i
(e)
3+i
2 + 5i
(f)
(g)
5.
1+ i 1 i
(d)

1 i 1+ i
(1 + i)(1 2i)
(f)
(1 + 3i)
3
i
+
4 + 3i 3 4i
(i) (1+2i)(1+i)
4.
(2 + i)2
(3 + 2i)
(b)
(1 + i)2 (1 i)2
(h)
1 + 2i
1 3i
1 i
(2 + i)2
(1 + i)2 + (1 i)2
(1 + i)2 (1 i)2
Find the modulus and argument of

(a) 1+i
(b) i
(c) 1+ 3i
(d) 1+ 3i
(e) 1 3i
(f) 3+4i
(g) 2-i
(h) 1+itan
Find the modulus and amplitude (or) argument (or) principal

value of the following
(1 + i)(2 + i)
2i
(a)
(b)
(3 i)
3 + 7i
1 i
(c)
(d) (1+i)(3+4i)
1+ i
190
7.
(e)
1 + 3i
1+ i
(f)
(g)
i3
i 1
(h)
(i)
5i
2 3i
(j)
1
1 + cos + i sin
1+ i
3 +i
1+ i 3
1 i
(k)
(1 + i)(1 + 2i)
1 + 3i
Find the argument of the sum of the complex numbers (1,0) and
(0,1)
8.
Find the product of 3 cos + i sin and 4 cos + i sin

3
3
6
6
9.
5
5
+ i sin
Find the product of 5 cos + i sin and 3 cos
6
6
6
6
10. Simplify:
cos + i sin cos + i sin cos + i sin

4
4
3
3
6
6
11. Sow that the following complex numbers are collinear

(a) 4+2i, 7+5i, 9+7i
(b) 1+3i, 5+i, 3+2i
(c) 1+3i, 2+7i, -2-9i
(d) 5+8i, 13+20i, 19+29i
(e) 3+7i, 6+5i, 15-i

12. Prove that the following complex numbers form a square
(a) 9+i, 4+13i, -8+8i, -3-4i
(b) 3+2i, 5+4i, 3+6i, 1+4i
(c) 2+i, 4+3i, 2+5i, 3i
(d) 4+5i, 1+2i, 4-i, 7+2i
(e) -1, 3i, 3+2i, 2-i
(f) i, 2+i, 3i, -2+i
13. Show that the following complex numbers form a rectangle
(a) 1+2i, -2+5i, 7i, 3+4i
191
(b) 4+3i, 12+9i, 15+5i, 7-i

(c) 1+i, 3+5i, 4+4i, 2i
(d) 2-2i, 8+4i, 5+7i, -1+i
14. Prove that the following complex numbers form a rhombus
(a) 2+i, 4+3i, 2+5i, 3i
(b) 3+4i, 9+8i, 5+2i, -1+2i
(c) 8+5i, 16+11i, 10+3i, 2-3i
(d) 6+3i, 4+5i, 6+3i, 8+i
15. Prove that the following complex numbers from a parallelogram
(a) 3+i, 2+2i, -2+i, -1
(b) 2-2i, 8+4i, 5+7i, -1+i
(c) 7, 4+3i, -2+5i, 1+2i
(d) -3+3i, -2i, 2+6i, 5+i
(e) 1-2i, -1+4i, 5+8i, 7+2i
(f) 1, 4+3i, -2-i, 1+2i
16. Prove that the points represented by the following complex
numbers form an equilateral triangle.
(i) 2 + 2i, - 2 - 2i, - 2 3 + 2 3i
(ii) 1,
(iii)
) (
1
1
1 + 3i ,
1 3i
2
2
3 3i, 1 i, 1 + i
17. Prove that the following complex numbers form a right-angled

triangle
(i) 2-3i, -6-7i, -8-3i
(ii) -3-4i, 2+6i, -6+10i
192
(1) (5,21)
ANSWERS
PART A
(2) (-15,-10)
(3) (-38,-8)
(4) 0
(5) 2
(6) z is a Real Number
(7) (i) c-id
(ii) -2i-5
(iii) 4+6i(iv) -8i
4
3i
25 25
(v) 7-9i
(vi)
(ii)
(v) 1
(8) (i)
(iv)
(9) (i) 30(or )
(ii) 0
(ii)
(b) (i) 8i
(ii)
(10) (a) (i)
(iii)
(vi) 1
(iii)
4
1
2 2
26
(or )45
4
(iv)
(or )60
3
(1 i)
) 34 (cos 10 i sin10)
(11) (i) 6 3 + i ,
(ii) 50(cos 110 + i sin 110 ), 3 i

(12) i
(13.) (i)
26
(ii)
17
(iii)
13
ANSWERS
PART - B
1. (a) 0,1
(b)
5 4
,
41 41
193
(c) 0,-1
(iv)
109
(d)
3 1
,
5 5
(e)
1 1
,
2 2
(f)
(g)
6 3
,
5 5
(h)
9 12
,
25 25
(i) 1,
(j)
4 5
,
41 41
1
2
,
2 + 2 2 + 2
2. (a)
(c)
17 19
,
25 25
(b)
26 29
,
41 41
23 24
,
65 65
(d)
386 298
,
725 725
(f)
8 9
,
29 29
(h)
193 149
,
41 41
(j)
1
,1
2
(e) -1,0
(g)
17 7
,
26 26
(i) 0,2
(k)
622 224
,
533 533
(l)
3 ,1
(m)
312 78
,
169 169
(n)
1 1
, tan
2 2
2
(b)
17 6
+
i
13 13
(c)
(e)
95 59
i
169 169
(f) -i
(h)
11 7
+
i
17 17
(i) -4+2i
(k)
33 56
i
25 25
3. (a) -1+I
(d) -2i
(g)
1 5
+ i
2 2
(j) -2+2i
194
8
6
i
25 25
4. (a) -1-i
(b)
(g) -i
11 13
i
29 29
(h) 0
5. (a) r = 2 , = 45
(b) r = 1, = 90
(c) r = 2, = 60
(d) r =2, = 120
(e) r =2, = -120
4
(f) r = 5, = tan-1
3
(d)
1
5
+
i
13 13
9
7i
13 13
(e)
1
5 , tan 1
2
(g)
6. (a)1, ,
2
(b )
1

( f ) sec ,
2
2 2
3 1
, tan 1
3 + 1
2
1+ 3
( j) 2 , tan 1
1 3
7.
8. 12i
1 1
i
2 2
(f)
1 7
i
25 25
(h) r=sec, =
(d) 50 , tan 1( 7),
(h )
(c)
290
, tan1(17 )
58
(c ) 1,
3 1
(e) 2 , tan 1
3 + 1
1
(g) 5 , tan 1 ,
2
(i) 2 ,
3
(k ) 1, tan 1
4
9. -15
195
10. cos
3
3
+ i sin
4
4
UNIT II
COMPLEX NUMBER-II
2.1 Demoivres Theorem (statement only) simple Problems
2.2 Demoivres Theorem related Problems. Simple Problems
2.3 Finding the n th roots of unity Solving equation of the form
xn +1 = 0 where n 7 Simple Problems.

2.1 DE-MOIVRES THEOREM
Statement: (i) If n is an integer (positive or negative)
(cos + iSin)n
=cosn + isinn
(ii) If n is a fraction, then cosn+iSinn is one of the

values of (cos + iSin )
Examples:
(cos + isin )3 = cos3 + isin3

(cos + isin )2 = cos2 - isin2
(cos4 + isin4 )2 = cos8 + isin8
Note:
1
If cos + isin = z
1
1
1
=
= (cos + isin ) = cos i sin
z (cos + iSin )
1
1
2. If z = cos i sin then =
= cos + i sin
z cos i sin
3. If z = cos + i sin then
zn = (cos + i sin ) = cos n + i sin n

n
z n = (cos + i sin )
= cos n i sin n
4. If z1 = r1(cos 1 + i sin 1 ), z 2 = r2 (cos 2 + i sin 2 ),

z 3 = r3 (cos 3 + i sin 3 )
196
(i)
z1z 2
= r1(cos 1 + i sin 1 ) r2 (cos 2 + i sin 2 )
= r1r2 [cos(1 + 2 ) + i sin(1 + 2 )]

(ii) z1z 2 z3 = r1(cos 1 + i sin 1 )r2 (cos 2 + i sin 2 )r3 (cos 3 + i sin 3 )
= r1r2r3 [cos(1 + 2 + 3 ) + i sin(1 + 2 + 3 )]
(iii)
z1
r (cos 1 + i sin 1 )
= 1
z 2 r2 (cos 2 + i sin 2 )
=
r1
[cos(1 2 ) + i sin(1 2 )]
r2
Eulers formula:
x
The values of e , cosx and sinx can also be given in the form of
series as below.
ex = 1 +
x x2 x3 x 4
+
+
+
+ ..........
1! 2! 3! 4!
x2 x 4
+
+ ......
2! 4!
x3 x5
sin x = x
+
+ ......
3! 5!
cos x = 1
eix = 1 +
ix i2 x 2 i3 x 3 i4 x 4
+
+
+
+ ..........
1!
2!
3!
4!
x2
x3 x4
i
+
.......
2!
3!
4!
x x 3 x5
x2 x 4
= 1
+
+
..... + i
....
1! 3!
2!
4!
5!

= 1 + ix
eix = cos x + i sin x
u sin g
(1)
This is called Eulers formula to represent a complex number.
197
1)
2.1 WORKED EXAMPLES

PART - A
If z = cos 30 + i sin 30 what is the value of z 3
Solution:
z3 = (cos 30 + i sin 30)
= cos 90 + i sin 90 = 0 + i(1) = i

2)
If z = cos
+ i sin what is the value of z 8

2
2
Solution:
z 8 = cos + i sin
2
2
= cos 8 + i sin 8
2
2
= cos 4 + i sin 4 = 1 + i(0 ) = 1
2
3)
If z= cos 90 + i sin 90 what is the value of z 3
Solution:
2
3
z
= (cos 90 + i sin 90 )3 = cos

= cos 60 + i sin 60 =
4)
2
(90) + i sin 2 (90)
3
3
1
3
+i
2
2
If z = cos 45 i sin 45 what is the value of
Solution:
1
1
=
z cos 45 i sin 45
= cos 45 + i sin 45 =
1
2
+i
1
2
198
1
z
1
= cos 60 + i sin 60 what is the value of z
z
Solution:
1
1
1
z=
=
= (cos 60 + i sin 60)
1 cos 60 + i sin 60

z
= cos 60 i sin 60
5)
If
=
6)
1
3
i
2
2
Find the value of
cos 5 + i sin 5
cos 3 + i sin 3
Solution:
cos 5 + i sin 5
= cos(5 3) + i sin(5 3)
cos 3 + i sin 3
= cos 2 + i sin 2
5
5
+ i sin
7) Find the product of cos + i sin and cos
6
6
6
6
Solution:
Product of two complex numbers
5
5
= cos + i sin cos

+ i sin
6
6
6
6
5
5
= cos +
+ i sin +
6
6
6 6
= cos + i sin
= 1 + i(0 ) = 1
8)
If x = cos + i sin ,
Find x +
1
x
Solution:
x = cos + i sin
1
1
=
= cos i sin
x
cos + i sin
1
x +
= cos + i sin + cos i sin
x
= 2 cos
199
9)
If x = cos + i sin ,
y = cos + i sin , Find xy
Solution:
xy = (cos + i sin )(cos + i sin )

= cos( + ) + i sin( + ).
10) Simplify: cos + i sin cos + i sin cos + i sin

4
4
3
3
6
6
Solution:
cos + i sin cos + i sin cos + i sin

4
4
3
3
6
6

= cos + + + i sin + +
4
3
6
4 3 6
3 + 4 + 2
3 + 4 + 2
= cos
+ i sin
12
12
9
9
= cos
+ i sin
12
12
3
3
= cos
+ i sin
4
4
1
1
=
+i
2
2
PART - B
1)
Prove that (Sin +cos ) n = cos n + i sin n

2
2
Solution:
n
(Sin + icos) n = cos + i sin

2
2
= cos n + i sin n
2
2
200
2)
Simplify using De Moivres theorem
(cos 3 + i sin 3)4 (cos 4 i sin 4)5

(cos 4 + i sin 4)3 (cos 5 + i sin 5) 4
Solution:

(cos 4 + i sin 4)3 (cos 5 + i sin 5)4
[(cos + i sin ) ] [(cos + i sin ) ]

=
3 4
4 5
4 3
5 4
(cos + i sin )12 (cos + i sin )20

12 20 12 + 20
= (cos + i sin )
0
= (cos + i sin ) = 1
3)
Simplify :

(cos 4 + i sin 4) 6 (cos + i sin )8
Solution:

(cos 4 + i sin 4) 6 (cos + i sin )8
=

[(cos + i sin ) ] (cos + i sin )
3 3
2 3
4 6

(cos + i sin ) 24 (cos + i sin )8
6 + 9 + 24 8
= (cos + i sin )
31
= (cos + i sin )
= cos 31 + i sin 31
201
4)
Find the value of

(cos 2 + i sin 2)3 (cos 4 i sin 4)3 when =
cos 3 + i sin 3
9
Solution:
cos 3 + i sin 3

=
2 3
4 3
(cos + i sin )3
=
(cos + i sin )3
6 12 3
= (cos + i sin )
9
= (cos + i sin ) = cos 9 i sin 9
when =
= cos 9 i sin 9
9

9
= Cos i sin
= 1 i(0)
= 1
4
5)
cos + i sin
Prove that
= cos 8 + i sin 8
sin + i cos
Solution:
[i(cos + i sin )]
cos + i sin
sin
i
cos
[i(sin + i cos )]4

4
=
=
(i)4 (cos + i sin )4
(i sin + i
cos
1(cos + i sin )
(i sin cos )4
(cos + i sin )4
=
[ (cos i sin )]4
202
(cos + i sin )4
(cos i sin )4
(cos + i sin )4
=
=
[(cos + i sin )]
1 4
(cos + i sin )4
(cos + i sin ) 4
4+ 4
8
= (cos + i sin )
= (cos + i sin )
= cos 8 + i sin 8
n
6)
1 + cos + i sin
Prove that
= cos n + i sin n
1 + cos i sin
Solution:
Let z = cos + i sin and

1
1
=
= cos i sin
z cos + i sin
1+ z
1 + cos + i sin
1 + cos i sin
1 + 1
z
1+ z
=
z + 1
z
z(1 + z )
==
(z + 1)
= zn = (cos + i sin )
= cos n + i sin n
203
7)
Prove that
1 cos 2 i sin 2
= i tan
1 + cos 2 + i sin 2
Solution:
1 cos 2 i sin 2 2 sin2 i2 sin cos

=
1 + cos 2 + i sin 2 2 cos2 + i2 sin cos
2 sin (sin i cos )
=
2 cos (cos + i sin )
(sin i cos ) x i
= tan
(cos + i sin ) x ii
tan i sin i2 cos

i(cos + i sin )
tan [cos + i sin ]
=
i(cos + i sin )
tan [cos + i sin ]
=
= i tan
i(cos + i sin )
=
1)
2.2 DE-MOIVRES THEOREM RELATED PROBLEMS

PART - B
If a = cos + i sin , b = cos + i sin prove that
(i) cos( + ) = ab +
2
ab
1 a b
(ii) sin( ) =
2i b a
Solution:
(i) If a = cos + i sin , and b = cos + i sin

ab = (cos + i sin ) ( cos + i sin )
= cos( + ) + i sin( + )
1
1
=
=
= cos( + ) i sin( + )
ab cos( + ) + i sin( + )
204
ab +
1
= cos( + ) + i sin( + ) + cos( + ) i sin( + )
ab
= 2 cos( + )
1
1
ab +
2
ab
a cos + i sin
=
= cos( ) + i sin( )
b cos + i sin
b 1
1
= =
= cos( ) i sin( )
a a cos( ) + i sin( )
b
a b
= cos( ) + i sin( ) cos( ) + i sin( )
b a
= 2i sin( )
cos( + ) =
(ii)
1 a b

2i b a
If a = cos x + i sin x, b = cos y + i sin y prove that
sin( ) =
2)
x+y
= 2 cos
ab
2
(i)
ab +
(ii)
a
b
xy
+
= 2 cos
b
a
2
Solution:
When a = cos x + i sin x, b = cos y + i sin y
(i) ab = (cos x + i sin x )(cos y + i sin y )

= cos(x + y ) + i sin(x + y )
= ab = (ab ) 2 = [cos(x + y ) + i sin(x + y )]2

1
x+y
x+y
= cos
+ i sin
2
1
1
x+y
x+y
=
= cos
i sin
ab cos x + y + i sin x + y
2
2
2
2
205
x+y
x+y
x+y
x+y
= cos
i sin
+ cos
+ i sin
2
2
2
2
x+y
ab +
= 2 cos
ab
2
a cos x + i sin x
=
= cos(x y ) + i sin(x y )
b cos y + i sin y
ab +
ab
1
1
a a 2
xy
xy
= = [cos(x y ) + i sin(x y )]2 = cos
+ i sin
b b
2
2
b
1
1
xy
xy
=
=
= cos
i sin
a
2
2
xy
xy
a
cos
+ i sin
b
2
2
a
b
xy
xy
xy
xy
+
= cos
+ i sin
+ cos
i sin
b
a
2
2
2
3)
xy
= 2 cos
2
If x = cos + i sin , y = cos + i sin , z = cos + i sin and if
x + y + z = 0 then prove that
1 1 1
+ + =0
x y z
Solution:
given x = cos + i sin , y = cos + i sin , z = cos + i sin
x+y+z=0
cos + i sin + cos + i sin + cos + i sin = 0
cos + cos + cos + i(sin + sin + sin ) = 0 + i(0 )
Equating real and imaginary parts
cos + cos + cos = 0
sin + sin + sin = 0
1 1 1
1
1
1
+ + =
+
+
x y z cos + i sin cos + i sin cos + i sin
= cos i sin + cos i sin + cos i sin
= cos + cos + cos i(sin + sin + sin )
= 0 i(0) = 0
206
4)
Show that (1 + i) + (1 i) = 2
n
n+ 2
2
cos
n
4
Solution:
Let 1 + i = r (cos + i sin )

Hence a=1, b=1
r = 12 + 12 = 1 + 1 = 2
b
1
= tan 1 = tan 1 = tan 1(1) =
4
a
1
1+ i = 2 cos + i sin
4
4
Replace i by i i n (1),we get
1 i = 2 cos i sin
4
4
(1 + i)
+ (1 i)

= 2 cos + i sin + 2 cos i sin
4
4
4
4

n
n
n
n
n
n
n
= 2 cos
+ i sin + 2 cos
i sin
4
4
4
4
n
n
n
n
n
= 2 cos
+ i sin
+ cos
i sin
4
4
4
4
= 2 2 2 cos
4
= 22
=2
+1
n+2
2
cos
n
4
cos
n
4
207
1 + sin A + i cos A
Show that
= cos n A + i sin n A
1 + sin A i cos A
Solution:
Let sin A + icos A = z
z = cos A + i sin A
2
5)
1
=
z
= cos A i sin A
2
2
cos A + i sin A
2
2
= SinA iCosA
1+ z
1 + sin A + i cos A
1 + sin A i cos A =
1 + 1
z
1+ z
=
z + 1
z
z(1 + z )
n
=
=z
z
1
+
= cos A + i sin A
2
6)
= cos n A + i sin n A
2
2
1
1
If 2 cos = x + and 2 cos = y + prove that one of the values
x
y
of xm yn +
1
m n
x y
is 2 cos(m + n)
Solution:
1
x
2x cos = x 2 + 1
2 cos = x +
208
x 2 2x cos = 1
x 2 2x cos + cos 2 = 1 + cos 2
= 1 cos2
(x cos )
= sin = i sin
2
x cos = i sin
x = cos + i sin
xm = (cos + i sin ) = cos m + i sin m
m
Similarly y = cos + i sin

y n = (cos + i sin )
= cos n + i sin n
n
x m y n = (cos m + i sin m)(cos n + i sin n)
= (cos(m + n) + i sin(m + n))

1
1
=
x m y n (cos(m + n) + i sin(m + n))
= cos(m + n) i sin(m + n)
1
x m y n + m n = (cos(m + n) + i sin(m + n)) + cos(m + n) i sin(m + n)
x y
= 2 cos(m + n)
2.3. ROOTS OF A COMPLEX NUMBER

DEFINITION:
A number is called a nth root of a complex number Z

1
if n = z and we write = (z )n
Working rule to find the nth roots of a complex number:

Step1: write the given number in polar form.
Step2: Add 2k to the argument.
Step3: apply De-moivres theorem (bring the power to inside)
Step4: Put k=0,1. up to (n-1)
209
Illustration:
Let
z = r (cos + i sin )
= r [cos(2k + ) + i sin(2k + )], k is an int eger
z n = [r{cos(2k + ) + i sin(2k + )}]n
1
2k +
2k +
= (r )n cos
+ i sin
n
n
Where k=0,1,2,3(n-1)
1
Only these values of k will give n different values of z n provided z 0

Note:
(1) The number of nth roots of a non-zero complex number is n.

(2) The moduli of these roots is the same non negative real
number.
(3) The argument of these n roots is equally spaced. That is if the
principal valve of argument of z is , i.e., -< then the
argument of other roots of z are obtained by adding
2 4
,
respectively
......to
n n
n
(4) If k be given integral values greater than or equal to n, these n
values are repeated and no fresh root is obtained.
The nth roots of unity:
1 = (cos0 + isin0) = cos2k +i sin 2k

nth roots of unity = (1)
1
n
= (cos 2k + i sin 2k)
1
n
2k
2k
= cos
+ i sin
where k = 0,1,2.......(n 1)
n
n
The nth roots of unity are cos0+isin0,

2
2
2
4
4
6
6
2
cos
+ i sin , cos
+ i sin , cos
+ i sin , cos(n 1)
+ i sin(n 1)
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
Let = cos
2
2
i2
+ i sin
=e
n
n
n
210
Then the nth roots of unity are

i4
i6
i2(n 1)
i2
e 0 , e n , e n , e n .......e n
become 1, , 2 .......n 1
It is clear that the roots are in geometric progression.

Results:
(1)
=1
(2)
2
2
n = cos
+ i sin = cos 2 + i sin 2 = 1
n
n
Sum of the roots is zero

2
3
n-1
i.e., 1 + + + + . + =0
2
n-1
is a G.P with n terms.
LHS
= 1+ + +.
1 n
1 1
1 rn
=
= 0 = RHS 1 + r + r 2 ..... + r n 1 =
1 1
1 r
3)
The roots are in G.P with common ratio
4)
The argument are in A.P with common difference
5)
Product of the roots = (-1)
n+1
Cube roots of unity: (1)3

1
Let x
= (1)3
x = (cos 0 + i sin 0 )3
= (cos 2k + i sin 2k)3 where k is an int eger

2k
2k
+ i sin
where k = 0,1,2
3
3
The three roots are
4
4
2
2
cos 0 + i sin 0, cos
+ i sin , cos
+ i sin
3
3
3
3
x = cos
1
3 1
3
+i
, i
2
2
2
2
1
3
The roots are 1, i
2
2
i.e., 1,
211
2
n
Result:
1
The modulus of each root of (1)3 is 1.
All these roots lie on the circumference of the unit circle. Let
1
3
i
in
2
2
ordered pair form. The angles between OA and OB, OB and OC and
2
OA are each
radians or 120. Hence when these points are joined
3
by straight line they will form the vertices of an equilateral triangle.
2
2
If we denote the second root cos
+ i sin
by then the
3
3
A,B and C be points represented by the three roots 1,
2
2
4
4
+ i sin
= cos
+ i sin = 2
3
3
3
3
Hence we observe that the cube roots of unity namely 1, ,
are in G.P.
Note:
other root cos
1+ i 3
1 i 3
is taken as it can be proved that
= 2
2
2
2
2. 1+ + =0 i.e., the sum of the cube roots of unity is zero.
3
3
3. Since is a root of the equation x =1, we see that =1.
1. Even if
212
Fourth roots of unity:

1
Let x be a fourth root of unity. Then x = (1)4

x4 = 1
= (cos 2k + i sin 2k) where k is an int eger

1
x = (cos 2k + i sin 2k)4

2k
2k
+ i sin
x = cos
4
4
k
k
x = cos
+ i sin
where k = 0,1,2,3
2
2
The four roots are
3
3
cos 0 + i sin 0, cos + i sin , cos + i sin , cos
+ i sin
2
2
2
2
i.e., 1,i,-1,-i.
Let as denote cos + i sin by .

2
2
2
3
Then the four roots of unity are 1, , and
3
The fourth roots of unity form the vertices square all lying on the
unit circle. We observe that the sum of the fourth roots of unity is zero.
2
3
4
i.e., 1+ + + =0 and =1
Note: The values of used in cube roots of unity and in fourth roots
of unity are different.
213
Sixth roots of unity:

1
Let x be a sixth root of unity. Then x = (1) 6

1 = cos 0 + i sin 0
1
(1)6 = (cos(0 + 2k) + i sin(0 + 2k)6 = (cos 2k + i sin 2k)6

where k is an integer
By De-moivres theorem
1
x = (1)6 = cos
2k
2k
+ i sin
where k = 0,1,2,3,4,5
6
6
The six roots are

cos 0 + i sin 0, cos
cos
2
2
+ i sin , cos
+ i sin
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
5
5
+ i sin , cos
+ i sin , cos
+ i sin
3
3
3
3
3
3
Then the six, sixth roots of unity are 1, , , , , .

2
From the figure it can be noted that the six roots of unity form the
vertices of hexagon all lying on the unit circle.
214
1.
2.3 WORKED EXAMPLES

PART - A
2
If is the cube root of unity what is the value of 1+ +
Solution:
1+ + =0
2
2.
If is the cube root of unity what is the value of
Solution:
=1
3
3.
If is the cube root of unity what is the value of ( +1)
Solution:
( +1) = + = -1
2
4.
If is the fourth root of unity what is the value of + +

2
Solution:
1+ + + =0
2
+ + =-1
2
5.
If is the nth root of unity what is the value of 1+ + +...+

2
n-1
Solution:
1+ + + ++
2
6.
n-1
=0
Solve x +1=0
Solution:
2
x +1=0
X
=-1
1
x = ( 1) 2 = (cos + i sin ) 2
= [cos(2k + ) + i sin(2k + )]2
2k + 1
2k + 1
= cos
+ i sin
where k = 0,1.
2
215
7. Find the value of (i)

Solution:
1
3
Let x = (i)3
x = cos + i sin
2
2
= cos 2k + + i sin 2k +
2
2
= cos 2k + + i sin 2k + where k = 0,1,2.

3
2
3
2
8.
Find the value of ( 1)
1
4
Solution:
Let x = ( 1)
1
4
x = (cos + i sin )
1
4
1
= cos 2k + + i sin 2k +
4
4
1
1
= cos 2k + + i sin 2k +
4
4
4
4
where k = 0,1,2,3...
PART - B
1. Solve x 3 + 1 = 0
Solution:
x3 + 1 = 0 x 3 = 1
1
x = ( 1)3
= (cos + i sin )3
216
= [cos(2k + ) + i sin(2k + )]3
2k + 1
2k + 1
= cos
+ i sin
where k = 0,1,2
3
3
1
3
+ i sin = + i
3
3 2
2
k = 1, x = cos + i sin = 1
For k = 0, x = cos
k = 2, x = cos
The solutions are

2)
5
5 1
3
+ i sin
= i
3
3
2
2
1 i 3
1 i 3
+
,1,
2
2
2
2
Solve: x 5 1 = 0
Solution:
x5 + 1 = 0
x = (1)1 / 5
1
x = (cos 0 + i sin 0 )5
= [cos(0 + 2k) + i sin(0 + 2k )] 5

2k
2k
= cos
+ i sin
where k = 0,1,2,3,4
5
5
1
For k = 0, x = cos 0 + i sin 0 = 1

2
2
k = 1, x = cos
+ i sin
5
5
4
4
k = 2, x = cos
+ i sin
5
5
6
6
k = 3, x = cos
+ i sin
5
5
8
8
+ i sin
k = 4, x = cos
5
5
217
3)
Solve: x 5 + 1 = 0
Solution:
x5 + 1 = 0
x 5 + 1 = 0 x 5 = 1
x = ( 1)
1
5
= (cos + i sin )
1
5
= [cos(2k + ) + i sin(2k + )]5
2k + 1
2k + 1
= cos
+ i sin
where k = 0,1,2,3,4
5
5
+ i sin
5
5
3
3
x = cos
+ i sin
5
5
x = cos + i sin
7
7
x = cos
+ i sin
5
5
9
9
+ i sin
x = cos
5
5
For k = 0, x = cos
k = 1,
k = 2,
k = 3,
k = 4,
4)
(8i) 13
Find the value
Solution:
Let x = (8i)
x=8
1
3
1
3
(i) 13
x = 2cos + i sin
2
2
1
3
= 2cos 2k + + i sin 2k +
2
2
218
1
3

4k +
4k +
= 2cos
+ i sin
2
2
1
3
4k +
4k +
= 2cos
+ i sin
where k = 0,1,2,
6
6
For k = 0, x = 2cos + i sin

6
6
5
5
k = 1 x = 2 cos
+ i sin
6
6
9
9
k = 2 x = 2cos
+ i sin
6
6
5) Solve x 7 + 1 = 0
Solution:
x7 + 1 = 0
x 7 + 1 = 0 x 7 = 1
1
x = ( 1) 7 = (cos + i sin )7
= [cos(2k + ) + i sin(2k + )]7
2k + 1
2k + 1
= cos
+ i sin
where k = 0,1,2,3,4,5,6
7
7
For k = 0, x = cos + i sin

7
7
3
3
k = 1, x = cos
+ i sin
7
7
5
5
k = 2, x =
+ i sin
7
7
k = 3, x = cos + i sin
9
9
+ i sin
7
7
11
11
+ i sin
k = 5, x = cos
7
7
13
13
+ i sin
k = 6, x = cos
7
7
k = 4, x = cos
219
1
3 4
6) Find the values of + i
. Prove that the product of the four
2
2
values is 1
Solution:
1
3
+i
= a + ib = r (cos + i sin )
2
2
1
3
a= , b=
2
2
Let
2
3
1
= 1 + 3 = 1 =1
r = a +b = +
4 4
2
2
2
b
3
a 1
= , sin = =
r
2
r 2
= 60 0 =
3
cos =
3
1
+i
= 1cos + i sin
2
3
3
2
34
1
4
+ i 3 = cos + i sin 4 = cos + i sin
2
2
3
3
3
3
= (cos + i sin ) 4 = [cos(2k + ) + i sin(2k + )]4

1
For k = 0,
k = 1,
k = 2,
k = 3,
2k + 1
2k + 1
= cos
+ i sin
where k = 0,1,2,3,
4
R1 = cos + i sin
4
4
3
3
+ i sin
R 2 = cos
4
4
5
5
+ i sin
R 3 = cos
4
4
7
7
+ i sin
R 4 = cos
4
4
220
The product is

5
5
3
3
+ i sin
+ i sin
R1R 2R 3R 4 = cos + i sin cos
cos
4
4
4
4
4
4
7
7
+ i sin
cos
4
4
3 5 7
3 5 7
= cos +
+
+
+
+
+ i sin +
4
4
4
4
4 4
4 4
16
16
= Cos
+ i sin
4
4
= cos 4 + i sin 4 = 1
7)
Solve: x 5 + x 3 + x 2 + x = 0
Solution:
x5 + x3 + x2 + x = 0
) (
x3 x2 + 1 + x2 + 1 = 0
(x
)(
+1 x +1 = 0
3
x +1= 0
and x 3 + 1 = 0
Case 1
x 2 + 1 = 0 x 2 = 1
1
x = ( 1) 2 = (cos + i sin ) 2
= [cos(2k + ) + i sin(2k + )]2
2k + 1
2k + 1
= cos
+ i sin
where k = 0,1
2
2
+ i sin = i
2
2
3
3
k = 1, x = cos
+ i sin
= i
2
2
For k = 0, x = cos
221
Case: 2
x3 + 1 = 0
1
x 3 = 1 x = ( 1)3
1
x = (cos + i sin ) 3
= [cos(2k + ) + i sin(2k + )]3
2k + 1
2k + 1
= cos
+ i sin
where
3
3

3
3
k = 1 x = cos + i sin
k = 2 x = cos + i sin
3
3
8) Solve x 8 x 5 + x 3 1 = 0
Solution:
x8 x5 + x3 1 = 0
) (
x5 x3 1 + x3 1 = 0
(x
)(
1 x5 + 1 = 0
x 1 = 0 and x 5 + 1 = 0
Case: 1
1 x3 1 = 0
3
x 3 = 1 x = (1)3
x = (cos 0 + i sin 0 )3
= (cos 2k + i sin 2k)3
cos 2k i sin 2k
+
where
3
3
For k = 0, x = cos 0 + i sin 0 = 1
2
2
k = 1 x = cos
+ i sin
3
3
4
4
k = 2 x = cos
+ i sin
3
3
x=
222
k = 0,1,2
k = 0,1,2
Case: 2
x5 + 1 = 0
x 5 = 1
1
x = ( 1)5 = (cos + i sin )
1
5
= [cos(2k + ) + i sin(2k + )]
1
5
2k + 1
2k + 1
= cos
+ i sin
where k = 0,1,2,3,4
5
5

5
5
3
3
k = 1, x = cos
+ i sin
5
5
k = 2, x = cos + i sin
7
7
+ i sin
5
5
9
9
k = 4, x = cos
+ i sin
5
5
k = 3, x = cos
1.
EXERCISE
PART - A
State Demoivres theorem.
2.
Write the value of ( (cos + i sin )
3.
Simplify:
(a) (cos + i sin )
(b) (cos i sin )
(c) (cos 4 i sin 4)
(e) (cos + i sin )5

4.
(d) (cos i sin )
(f) (cos + i sin ) 3
Simplify the following:

(i) (cos + i sin ) (cos + i sin )
(ii) (cos x + i sin x ) (cos x + i sin x )

5
223
5.
Find the value of the following:

(a)
(c)
(e)
cos 3 + i sin 3
cos 4 i sin 4
(cos + i sin )8
(cos 2 + i sin 2)7
(b)
cos 2 + i sin 2
cos 3 i sin 3
(d)
cos 5 i sin 5
cos 6 + i sin 6
cos 6 + i sin 6
(cos i sin )3
6.
If z = cos 30 0 + i sin 30 0 find
7.
If z = cos 100 0 + i sin100 0 find
8.
9.
If z = cos + i sin find zn

If x = cos + i sin find
1
1
(i) x +
(ii) x 3 + 3
x
x
z3
1
z5
(iii) xn +
1
xn
10. Solve x 2 1 = 0
11. If is the cube roots of unity, what is the value of 1+ .
12. If is the fourth roots of unity, what is the value of 1 + + 2
13. If
is the sixth roots of unity, what is the value of
1 + + 3 + 4
2
PART - B
1.
Simplify the following using Demoivres theorem

(a)
(cos 2 i sin 2)4 (cos 4 + i sin 4)5

(cos 3 + i sin 3)2 (cos 5 i sin 5) 3
(b)

(cos 3 + i sin 3)2 (cos 5 i sin 5) 3
(c)
(cos i sin )3 (cos 3 + i sin 3)5

224
where =
2
13
(d)
(cos 2x i sin 2x )8 (cos 3x + i sin 3 x )4

(cos 4 x + i sin 4x )2 (cos 5x i sin 5x )3
(e)

(cos i sin )7 (cos 2 + i sin 2)5
(f)
(cos 5 i sin 5) (cos 2 i sin 2)3

(cos + i sin )5 (cos 3 + i sin 3)5
when =
16
when =
2
11
2.
cos + i sin
Show that
=1
sin i cos
3.
1 + cos + i sin
Show that
= cos 3 + i sin 3
1 + sin i cos
4.
1 + cos + i sin
Show that
= cos 5 + i sin 5
1 + sin i cos
5.
cos + i sin
Express
sin i cos
6.
Show that 1 + i 3
7.
If a = cos x + i sin x
ab +
8.
b2
in x + iy form
4
4
= 16 cos
+ i sin
3
3
b = cos y + i sin y prove that
and
b
x+y a
xy
= 2 cos
+
= 2 cos
,
.
a
ab
2 b
2
1
If a = cos + i sin ,
a2
9.
b = cos + i sin
find the value of
b2
a2
If a = cos x + i sin x , b = cos y + i sin y , and c = cos z + i sin z

find the value of
(i)
ab c
+
c ab
225
(ii)
ab c
.
c ab
10. If x = cos 3 + i sin 3 , b = cos y + i sin y , find the value of

(i)
xy +
1
3
(ii)
xy
xy
1
3
xy
11. When n is an integer, prove that

n
n
n
1 + i 3 + 1 i 3 = 2n +1 cos
3
) (
12. Evaluate: 1 + i 3
) + (1 i 3 )
8
13. When n is a positive integer, prove that
(1 + i)n + (1 i)n = 2
n+ 2
2
cos
n
4
14. Evaluate: (1 + i) + (1 i)
4
)(
15. If a 1 + ib1 a 2 + ib2 .......... .. a n + ibn = A + iB Prove that
)(
(i) a12 + b12 a 22 + b 22 .......... .. an2 + bn2 = A 2 + B2
b1
b 2
b
B
(ii) tan 1 + tan 1 + .......... .. + tan 1 n = n + tan 1
A
an
a1
a2
16. If
x iy = A iB where A > 0, prove that
A 2 B 2 = x,2 AB = y
17. Find the value of (i) 3

18. Find the cube roots of 8
1
19. Find the value of (1 + i) 4

20. Find the value of (1 + i
1
4
3)
21. Solve x 3 1 = 0 (or) Find the cube roots of unity

22. Solve x 7 1 = 0
23. Solve x 4 + 81 = 0
24. Solve x 4 + 4 = 0
226
25. Solve x 7 + x 4 + x 3 + 1 = 0
26. If 1, , 2 are the cube roots of unity prove that
) + (1 + ) = 32
(ii) (2 )(2 )(2 )(2 ) = 49
(i) 1 + 2
2 5
(iii) Prove that
11
1
1
1
+
=0
1 + 2 1 + 2 +
(2) cos n i sin n
ANSWERS
PART - A
(3) (a). cos 3 + i sin 3
(b) cos 8 i sin 8
(c). cos 20 + i sin 20
(d). cos 7 i sin 7
3
3
(e). cos i sin
5
5
5
5
(f). cos i sin
3
3
(4) (i). cos i sin
(ii) cos 11x + i sin11x
(5) (a) cos 7 + i sin 7
(b) cos 5 + i sin 5
(c) cos 22 + i sin 22
(d) cos 11 i sin 11
(e) cos 9 + i sin 9

(7) cos 20 0 + i sin 20 0
(8) cos n + i sin n
(9) (i) 2 cos
(ii) 2i sin 3
(iii) 2 cos n
(10) cos k + i sin k, k = 0,1
(11) 2
(13) 4 5
227
12.) 3
ANSWERS
PART - B
(1) (a) cos 49 i sin 49 (b) cos 15 + i sin 15 (c) 1(d)
19
19
cos 11x + i sin 11x
(e) cos
+ i sin
(f) 1
16
16
2 i sin(2 2)
5.) sin 10 i cos 10
8.)
(9.).(i) 2 cos(x + y z )
(ii) 2i sin(x + y z )
10.) (i) 2 cos( + )
(ii) 2i sin( + )
8
14.) -8
3
2k + 1
2k + 1
17.) cos
+ i sin
k = 0,1,2.
3
3
12.) 29 cos
2k
2k
k = 0,1,2
18.) 2cos
+ i sin
3
3
8k + 1
8k + 1
19.) 2 8 cos
+ i sin
k = 0,1,2,3.
16
16
20.)
6k
4
2 cos
+ 1
6k + 1
+ i sin
k = 0,1,2,3.
12
12
2k
2k
+ i sin
k = 0,1,2.
3
3
2k
2k
22.) cos
k = 0,1,2,3,4,5,6.
+ i sin
7
7
2k +
2k +
23.) 3 cos
+ i sin
k = 0,1,2,3
4
4
21.) cos
24.)
2k +
2k +
2 2 cos
+ i sin
, k = 0,1,2,3
4
2k +
2k +
25.) cos
+ i sin
, k = 0,1,2,3
4
4
2k +
2k +
cos
+ i sin
, k = 0,1,2
3
3
228
UNIT- III
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION - II
POISSON DISTRIBUTION
e x
x = 0,1,2,.......
x!
(Statement only). Expression for mean and Variance. Simple
problems.
3.1 Definition:- P(X = x ) =
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
3.2 Definition of normal and standard normal distribution. (Statement

only). Constants of normal distribution (results only) Properties
of normal distribution Simple problems using the table standard
normal distribution.
CURVE FITTING
3.3 Fitting of a straight line using least square method (result only)
simple problems.
3.1 POISSON DISTRIBUTION
Introduction: Poisson distribution was discovered by the French
Mathematician and Physicist Simeon Denis Poisson (1781-1840) in
the year 1837. Poisson distribution is the discrete distribution.
Poisson distribution is a limiting case of the Binomial distribution

under the following conditions:
i. n, the number of trials is indefinitely large; i.e., n
ii. p, the probability of success for each trial is sufficiently small;
i.e., p 0
iii. np, = (say), is finite.
Definition: The probability function is the Poisson distribution if
e x
P(X = x ) = x!
0
x = 0,1,2,.......
otherwise
229
Note:
i. Poisson distribution is a discrete probability distribution, since

the variable X can take only integral values 0,1,2..
ii. is known as the parameter of the distribution.
Constants of Poisson distribution:
Mean =
Variance =
Standard deviation =
Examples of Poisson Distribution:
1. Number of printing mistakes at each page of the book
2. Number of defective blades in a packet of 150.
3. Number of babies born blind per year in the city.
4. Number of air accidents in some unit of time.
5. Number of suicides reported in a particular city in 1 hour.
6. Number of deaths due to snake bite in some unit of time.
We use the notation Xp ( ) to denote that X is a Poisson
varitate with parameter.
1.)
3.1 WORKED EXAMPLES

PART - A
The Probability of a Poisson variable taking the values 3 and 4
are equal. Calculate the value of the parameter and the
standard deviation.
Solution:
e x
x = 0,1,2,.......
x!
Given P(X = 3 ) = P(X = 4 )
P(X = x ) =
e 3 e 4
=
3!
4!
1
=
=4
6 24
SD = = 4 = 2
230
2.)
For a Poisson distribution with n=1000, and =1 find p.
Solution:
np =
1000 p = 1
P =
3.)
1
= 0.001.
1000
Criticise the following statement
The mean of a Poisson distribution is 5 while the standard

deviation is 4
Solution:
Let be the parameter of the Poisson distribution

mean = and
S.D.=
S.D.=
mean
4 = 5 which is not possible.

4.)
Find the Probability that no defective fuse will be found in a box

of 200 fuses if experience show that 2% such fuses are
defective.
Solution:
The Poisson distribution is P(X = x ) =

Let X denote the defective fuse.
p = 2%=
2
100
n=200
2
200=4
100
P(no defective fuse) = P(X=0)
mean =n p=
e 0
= e4
o!
231
e
, x =,01,2,3,.........
x!
PART- B
1.)
Let X is a Poisson variate such that P(X=1) = 0.2 and P(X=2)

0.15, find P(X=0).
P(X = x ) =
Given
e x
x = 0,1,2,.......
x!
P(X=1) = 0.2
1
P(X=2) = 0.15
e 2
= 0.15
2!
e
= 0.2
1!
e = 0.2
e 2 = 0.3
(2) = e
(1)
e
0.3 3
=
0.2 2
=1.5
e 0
= e = e 1.5 = 0.2231
0!
The Probability that a man aged 50 years will die within a years
is 0.01125. What is the probability that of 12 such men at least
11 will reach their fifty first birthday?
P( X = 0 ) =
2.)
Solution:
Since the probability of death is very small, we use poisson

distribution. Here p=0.01125 and n=12.
Mean = np
= 0.01125 12
= 0.135
P (atleast 11 persons will survive)=P(X 11)
=P (at most one person dies)
=P(X 1)
=P(X=0)+P(X=1)
=
e 0 e 1
+
0!
1!
= e (1 + ) = e .135 (1 + 0.135) = 0.9916.

232
3.)
The number of accidents in a year involving taxi drivers in a city

follow a Poisson distribution with mean equal to 3. Out of 1000
taxi drivers find approximately the number of drivers with (i) no
accident in a year (ii) more then 3 accident in a year
[e
= 0.0498
Solution:
Let X denote number of accident in a year involving taxi drivers,

Given mean =3
(i) P(no. of accident in a year) =P (X=0)

=
e 0
= e = e 3 = 0.0498
0!
No. of taxi drivers with no accidents = 1000 0.0498

= 49.8=50(approx)
(ii) P(more than 3 accidents) =P(X>3)

=1- P(X3)
= 1 {P(X = 0 ) + P(X = 1) + P(X = 2) + P(X = 3 )}
e 0 e 1 e 2 e 3
= 1
+
+
+
+
1!
2!
3!
o!
9 27
= 1 e 3 1 + 3 + +
2 6
= 1 e 3 (13) = 1 0.0498 x13 = 0.3526

No. of taxi drivers with more than 3 accidents=1000 0.3526
=352.6
=353drivers (approx)
4.)
20% of the bolts produced in a factory are found to be defective.

Find the probability that in a sample of 10 bolts chosen at
random exactly 2 will be defective using. (i) Bionomial distribution
(ii) Poission distribution.
Let X denote the number of bolts produced to be defective
233
20 1
=
100 5
1 4
q =1 p = 1 =
5 5
p = 20% =
n = 10
2
1 4
(i) Using Binomial Distribution, P( X = 2) = 10C2
5 5
= 45.
48
510
(iii) Using Poisson Distribution, = np = 10

P( X = 2 ) =
= 0.3020
1
=2
5
e 2 e 2 .22
=
= 0.1353 2 = 0.2706
2!
2
3.2 NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

Introduction: In this unit we deal with the most important continuous
distribution, known as normal distribution.
The normal distribution was first discovered by the English

mathematician De Moivre (1667-1754) in 1733 as a limiting case of
the binomial distribution. The normal distribution is also known as
Gaussian distribution in honour of Karl friedrich Gauss.
Definition: A Continuous random variable X is said to be normally
distributed if it has the probability density function represented by the
equation.
f (x ) =
1
2
1 x
(1)
< x <
< <
>0
Here and , the parameters of distribution are respectively the

mean and the standard deviation of the normal distribution. The
234
function f(x) is called the probability density function of the normal

distribution and is called the normal variable. The probability
distribution is sometimes briefly denoted by symbol N , 2
Constants of Normal Distribution:
Mean =
Variance = 2
Standard deviation =
The graph (shape) of the function given by (1) is called normal
probability curve or simply normal curve and is shown in the following
diagram.
Properties of Normal Distribution:
1.)
The normal curve is perfectly symmetrical about the mean. This

means that if we fold the curve along the vertical line at , the
two halves of the curve would coincide. Further the curve is bell
shaped.
2.)
Mean, median and mode of the distribution coincides. Thus

mean = median= mode =
3.)
It has only one mode at x= Hence it is unimodal.
4.)
The maximum ordinate is at x=. Its value is
5.)
Since the curve is symmetrical, Skewness is zero.
6.)
The points of inflection of the normal curve are x= +

235
1
2
7.)
X-axis is an asymptote to the curve i.e., as the distance of the

curve from the mean increases, the curve comes closer and
closer to the axis and never touches it.
8.)
The ordinate at the mean of the distribution divides the total area
under the normal curve into two equal parts.
Standard normal distribution:
A random variable z is called a standard normal variable if its

mean is zero and its standard deviation is one.
The normal distribution with mean zero and standard deviation
one is known as standard Normal Distribution.
The Probability density function of the standard normal variate is
given by
(z ) =
1
2
1
z2
2
< z <
The Standard Normal Distribution is usually denoted by N(0,1)

Where z =
Remark: (i)
Normal Distribution is a limiting form of the

Binomial Distribution under the following Conditions.
a)
n, the number of trials is infinitely large i.e.n and
b)
neither p nor q is very small
(ii)
Normal distribution can also be obtained as a limiting

form of Poisson distribution with parameter
Note:
The table of area (Probabilities) under the standard normal

distribution is given at the end of the this unit.
236
1.)
3.2 WORKED EXAMPLES

PART - A
Let z be a standard normal variate. Calculate following
Probability
(i) P(0 z 1.2) (ii) P( 1.2 z 0 ) (iii) Area right of z = 1.3
(iv) Area left of z =1.5

(vi) P( 1.2 z 0.5 )
(v) P( 1.2 z 2.5 )
(vii) P(1.5 z 2.5 )
Solution:
(i) P(0 z 1.2)
P(0 z 1.2) =Area between z =0 and z = 1.2

=0.3849
(ii) P( 1.2 z 0 ) = P(0 z 1.2 ) (By symmetry)

=0.3849
(iii) Area to the right of z = 1.3

P(z > 1.3 ) =Area between z = 0 to z = Area
between z = 0 to z = 1.3
= P(0 < z < ) P(0 z < 1.3 )
237
= 0.5-0.4032
= 0.0968
(iv) Area to the left of z = 1.5

= P( z < 1.5)
= P( < z < 0 ) + P(0 z < 1.5 )
= 0.5+0.4332
= 0.9332
v. P( 1.2 z 2.5 )
P( 1.2 < z < 0 ) + P(0 < z < 2.5 )
P(0 < z < 1.2) + P(0 < z < 2.5 ) (By symmetry)
=0.3849+0.4938
=0.8787
238
vi P( 1.2 z 0.5 )
= P( 1.2 < z < 0 ) P( 0.5 < z < 0 )
= P(0 < z < 1.2) P(0 < z < 0.5 )
=0.3849 - 0.1915 (By symmetry)
=0.1934
vii P(1.5 z 2.5 )

= P(0 z 2.5 ) p(0 z 1.5 )
=0.4938-0.4332
=0.0606
239
2.)
If z is a standard normal variate, find the value of C for the

following (i) P(0 < z < C) = 0.25 (ii) P( C < z < C) = 0.40
(iii) P(z > C) = 0.85
Solution:
(i) P(0 < z < C) = 0.25
C = 0.67 (from the tables)

(ii) P( C < z < C) = 0.40
P( C < z < 0 ) + P(0 < z < C) = 0.40

P(0 < z < C) + P(0 < z < C) = 0.40
2P(0 < z < C ) = 0.40

P(0 < z < C ) = 0.20
C = 0.52
( from the tables )
(iii) P(z > C) = 0.85

P(0 < z < C) = 0.35
C = 1.4
3.)
In a normal distribution mean is 12 and the standard deviation is

2. Find the probability in the interval from x = 9.6 to x = 13.8
Solution:
Given mean = 12
S.D = 2
To find P(9.6 < X < 13.8 )
When x =9.6, z =
X 9.6 12 2.4
=
=
= 1.2
2
2
When x =13.8, z =
X 13.8 12 1.8
=
=
= 0.9
2
2
P(9.6 < X < 13.8 ) = P( 1.2 < z < 0.9 ) = 0.3849 + 0.3159 = 0.7008
240
PART - B
1.)
If X is normally distributed with mean 6 and standard deviation 5,
find (i) P(0 X 8 ) (ii) P X 6 < 10
Solution:
Given mean = 6 S.D = 5

i.
P(0 X 8 )
When X = 0, z =
X 06
=
= 1.2
5
When X = 8, z =
x 86 2
=
= = 0.4
5
5
P(0 X 8 ) = P( 1.2 < z < 0.4 )

= P( 1.2 < z < 0 ) + P(0 < z < 0.4 )
= P(0 < z < 1.2) + P(0 < z < 0.4 ) (due to symmetry )
= 0.3849 + 0.1554 = 0.5403
ii.
P X 6 < 10 = P( 10 < X 6 < 10 )

= P( 4 < X < 16 )
When X=-4, z =
X 4 6 10
=
=
= 2
5
5
When X=16, z =
16 6 10
=
=2
5
5
P( 4 < X < 16 ) = P( 2 < z < 2)

= P( 2 < z < 0 ) + P(0 < z < 2)
= P(0 < z < 2 ) + P(0 < z < 2)
= 2(0.4772)
= 0.9544.
241
2.)
Obtain K, and 2 of the normal distribution whose probability

distribution function is given by f (x ) = Ke
2 x 2 + 4 x
< x <
Solution:
The normal distribution is f (x ) =
1
2
= 2 (x 1) 1
2
= 2(x 1) + 2
2
e 2x
= e 2(x 1)
+ 4x
+2
1 x 1
2 1
e2 . e 2
Comparing with f(x), we get,
, < x <
2 x 2 + 4 x = 2 x 2 2 x = 2 x 2 2 X + 1 1
Consider
Ke
1 x
2 x 2 4 x
1 x 1
2 1
e 2e 2
1
2
1 x

1
2
1 x
1
1
, = 1 and e 2K =
2
2
1
1
K=
. 2
1
2 e
2
We get, =
2e 2
2
242
3.)
The life of army shoes is normally distributed with mean 8

months and standard deviation 2 months. If 5000 pairs are
issued, how many pairs would be expected to need replacement
after 12months.
Solutions:
Given, mean = 8 and
SD = 2
To Find P(X > 12)

When X = 12, z =
X 12 8 4
=
= =2
2
2
P(X > 12 ) = P(z > 2)
= 0.5 P(0 < z < 2)

= 0.5 0.4772
= 0.0228
No, of shoes = 5000 0.0228

=114 are in good Condition
No. of shoes to be replaced after 12 months = 5000-114
= 4886 shoes
243
4.)
Find C, and 2 of the normal distribution whose probability
function is given by f (x ) = Ce x
Solution:
+ 3x
The normal distribution is f (x ) =
, < x <
1
2
consider x 2 + 3 x = x 2 3 x
1 x
, < x <
9 9
= x 2 3 x +
4 4
3
9
= x
2
4
e x
=
+ 3x
9
e 4 .e
3 9
x +
e 2 4
X
2
3
9
x
2
4
e .e
Comparing,
Ce x
+ 3x
9 x 3
C e. 4 .e 2
x 3
1
2

1
2
9
C .e. 4 .e 2
1
2
1
2
1 x

1 x

e 2
1
2
=
C=
1 x

2
e
3
1
, =
2
2
1
.e
2.
244
Ce 4 =
9
1
2
5.)
If the height of 300 Students are normally distributed with mean

64.5 inches and standard deviation 3.3 inches. Find the height
below which 99% of the students lie.
Solution:
Given mean = 64.5, SD = 3.3 let h denote the height of
students
6.)
To find P(z h) = 0.99

P(0 < z < h) = 0.49
( from the tables )
h = 2.33
X
h=
X 64.5
2.33 =
3.3
7.686 = X 64.5
X = 72.189
X = 72.19
Marks in an aptitude test given to 800 students of a schools was
found to be normally distributed. 10% of the students scored
below 40 marks and 10% of the students scored above 90
marks. Find the number of students scored between 40 and 90.
Solution:
Let be the mean & be the S.D
245
Given 10% of the students scored below 40.

P(z < z1 ) = 0.1
P(0 < z < z1 ) = 0.4
z1 = 1.28
z1 =
1.28 =
( from the tables )
40
40 = 1.28
Given 10% of the students scored above 90 marks.
P(z > z1 ) = 0.1
p(0 < z < z 2 ) = 0.4
z2 = 1.28
z2 =
246
1.28 =
Solving,
90
90 = 1.28.
90 = 1.28.
40 = 1.28.
50 = 2.56
Sub = 19.53 in (2)
90 = 1.28 (19.53 )
= 19.53
90 = 24.998
To Find P(40 < X < 90 )
= 65
X 40 65
=
= 1.28
19.53
90 65
= 1.28
When X=90, z =
19.53
When X = 40 ,
z=
P(40 < < 90 ) = P( 1.28 < z < 1.28 )

= 2P(0 < z < 1.28 )
2(0.3997 )
= 0.7994
No. of students = (0.7994 )800
= 639 .52
= 640 students
7.)
In a test on electric light bulbs , it was found that the life time of
a particular make was distributed normally with an average life of
2000 hours and a standard deviation of 60 hours. What
proportion of bulbs can be expected to burn for more than 2100
hours.
247
Solution:
Given, mean = 2000 SD = 60

To find P(X > 2100 )
When x = 2100
z=
x 2100 2000 100

=
=
= 1.7
60
60
P(X > 2100 ) = P(z > 1.7 )
= P(0 < z < ) P(0 < z < 1.7 )

= 0.5 0.4554
= 0.0446
4.46% of the bulbs will burn for more than 2100 hours.
3.3 CURVE FITTING
Introduction:
The graphical method and the method of group averages, are

some methods of fitting curves. The graphical method is a rough
method and in the method of group average, the evaluations of
constants vary from one grouping to another grouping of data. So, we
adopt another method of least squares which gives a unique set of
values to the constants in the equation of the fitting curve.
Fitting a straight line by the method of least squares.
Let us consider the fitting a straight line y=a x + b

to the set of n points (x i , y i ), i = 1,2,3.........n
(1)
For different values of a and b equation (1) represent a family of

straight lines. Our aim is to determine a and b so that the line (1) is the
line of best fit
248
W e apply the method of least squares to find the value of a and

b. The principle of least square consist in minimizing the sum of the
square of the deviations of the actual values y from its estimated
values as given by the line of best fit.
Let Pi (x i, y i ) be any general point in the scatter diagram,
i = 1,2,3.........n in the n sets of observations and let
y=f( x )
(1)
be the relation suggested between x and y. Let the ordinate at P i meet

y=f( x ) at Q i and the X axis at Mi
MiQ i = f (x i ),andMi Pi = y i
Q i Pi = Mi Pi Mi Q i
= y i f (x i ),i = 1,2,3........, n
di = y i f (x i ) is called the residual at x = x i Some of the dis

may be positive and some may be negative
249
di2 = [yi f (x i )2 ]
E=
i =1
i =1
is the sum of the square of the
residual.
If E=0, i.e., each di =0, Then all the n points Pi will lie on
y = f (x ). If not, we will close f (x ) such that E is minimum. This

principle is known as the as the principle of least squares.
The residual at x = xi is xi
di = y i f (x i ) = y i (ax i + bi ), i = 1,2,.....n
E=
di
i =1
[yi (ax i + b)]

i =1
By the principle of least square, E is minimum

E
E
= 0 and
=0
b
a
i.e.,2 [y i (ax i + b )]( x i ) = 0 and 2 [y i (ax i + b )]( 1) = 0
(x i yi ax i2 bx i ) = 0
n
and
i=1
i =1
i.e., a
(yi axi b ) = 0
i =1
i =1
i =1
xi2 + b xi = xi yi
i =1
i =1
(1)
xi + nb = yi
(2)
Since x i , yi are known, equations (1) & (2) give two equations in
a and b. solve for a and b (1) and (2) and obtain the best fit
y = ax + b .
Note
1. Equation (1) and (2) are called normal equation.
2. Dropping suffix i from (1) and (2), the normal equations are
a x + nb =
y and a x 2 + b x =
xy which are got by
taking on both sides of y = ax +b and also taking on both

sides after multiplying by x both sides of y=ax+b
250
3.
x a
y b
,Y =
reduce the linear
h
k
equations y = x + to the form y=Ax+B. Hence, a linear fit is
another linear fit in both systems of co-ordinates.
Transformations
like
X=
3.3 WORKED EXAMPLES

PART B
1).
Fit straight line to following data by the method of least squares.

X:
10
15
20
25
Y:
15
19
23
26
30
Solution:
Let the straight line by Y= ax + b

The normal equations are
x + nb = y
a x 2 + b x = xy
a
To Calculate
x, x 2 , y, xy we form below the table.
xy
16
25
80
10
19
100
190
15
23
225
345
20
26
400
520
25
30
625
750
75
114
1375
1885
The normal equations are

75a + 5b =114
(1)
1375a+75b=1885
(2)
251
(1) 15 1125a + 75b = 1710

( 2) 1
1375a + 75b = 1885
(3)-(4) 250a =175 or a=0.7

Hence b=12.3
Hence, the best fitting line is y=0.7x+12.3
ALITER:
Let X =
x 15
, Y = y 23
5
Let the line in the new variable be Y=AX+B

The normal equation are
A X + nB = Y
A X2 + B X = XY
x
XY
16
-2
-7
14
10
19
-1
-4
15
23
20
26
25
30
14
10
-1
35
Substituting the values, we have

5B=-1
B=-0.2
10A=35 : A=3.5
The equation is y=3.5x-0.2
x 15
y 23 = 3.5
0.2
5
252
=0.7x-10.5-0.2
y=0.7x+12.3
2.)
Fit a straight line to the data given below. Also estimate the value
of y at x=2.5
x:
y:
18
3.3
4.5
6.3
Solution:
Let the straight line be y = ax+b
x + nb = y
a x 2 + b x = xy
a
To form the table:

x
xy
1.8
1.8
3.3
6.6
4.5
13.5
6.3
16
25.2
10
16.9
30
47.1
Substituting the values, we get

10a+56 = 16.9
30a+10B = 47.1
Solving, we get a=1.33, b=0.72
Hence, the equation of best fit is
y=1.33x+0.72
To find the value of y when x=2.5
y=1.33(2.5)+0.72
= 3.325+0.72
y=4.045
253
3.)
Fit a straight line for the following data:

x: 0
12
24
36
48
y: 35
55
65
80
90
we form the table below:

Let X =
x 24
,
12
Y=
y 65
10
Let the line in the new variable be Y=AX+B The normal equation
are A X + nB = Y ;
A X2 + B X = XY
x y
XY
0 35
-2
-3
12 55
-1
-1
24 65
36 80
1.5
1.5
48 90
2.5
10
13.5
Substituting we values, we have

B=0
A10 =13.5 ; A=1.35
The equation is Y=1.35X
(x 24 )
y 65
= 1.35
10
12
(
x 24 )
y 65 = 13.5
12
= 1.125 x 27
y = 1.125 x + 38 is the equation of best fit.
254
4.)
The following table shows the number of students in a post

graduate course.
Year
No.of Students
1922
1993
1994
1995
1996
28
38
46
40
56
Use the method of least squares to fit a straight line trend and
estimate the number of students in 1997.
Solution:
Let x denote the year and y the number of students

y 46
Y=
Let X = x-1994
2
Let the line of best fit be Y = AX+B
A X + nB = Y
A X2 + B X = XY
The table is
x
XY
1992
28
-2
-9
18
1993
38
-1
-4
1994
46
1995
40
-3
-3
1996
56
10
-11
10
29
we get , 0.A + 5B = -11

B = -2.2
10A-0 = 29
A= 2.9
The line of best fit is Y = 3X -2.2
y 46
= 2.9(x 1994 ) 2.2
2
y = 5.8(x 1994 ) + 41.6
255
The estimates of the number of students in 1997 is obtained on

putting x=1997.
Y = 5.8 (1997 1994) + 41.6
y1997 = 5.8(3 ) + 41.6 = 59.0.
5.)
Fit a straight line trend to the following data

Year
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
12
15
18
23
Production 7
(in tones)
Estimate the production for the year 1990.

Solution:
Let x denote the year and y the number of students

Let X = x 1987
Y = y-15
Let the line of best fit be y= A x+ B
A X + nB = Y
A X2 + B X = XY
To form the table:
x
XY
1984
-3
-8
24
1985
-2
-6
12
1986
12
-1
-3
1987
15
1988
18
1989
23
16
-3
-6
19
58
256
Substituting the values,

-3A + 6B = -6
19A 3B = 58
Solving the equations, we get,
35A =110
A = 3.142
-3(3.142) + 6B = -6
B = 0.571
The eqn of best fit is
Y = 3.142 X+0.571
y-15 =3.142 (x-1987) +0.571
The production for the year 1990 is
y = 3.142 (1990-1987) +15.571
= 3.142(3) + 15.571
= 9.426 +15.571
= 24.997 tonnes.
PART - A
1.)
The Variance of a Poisson distribution is 0.35. Find P(X=2).
2.)
For a Poisson distribution n =1000, =2 find p
3.)
In a Poisson distribution P(x=1) =P(x=2) Find
4.)
If a random variable X- follows Poisson distribution such that

P(x=2) =P(x=3). Find the mean of the distribution.
5.)
If X is a Poisson distribution and P(X=0) = P(X=1) find the

standard deviation.
6.)
Write any two constant of Poisson distribution.
7.)
Give any two examples of Poisson distribution.

257
8.)
Under what conditions Poisson distribution

approximation of binomial distribution.
is
good
9.)
Comment on the following For a Poisson distribution mean =8

and valances =7
10.) Define Poisson distribution

11.) Define normal distribution
12.) Define standard normal distribution
13.) Write down the constants of normal distribution
14.) Write down any three properties of normal distribution
15.) Write down the mean and standard deviation of the standard
normal distribution
16.) Find the area that the standard normal variable lies between 1.56 and O from the table.
17.) Find the area to the right of 0.25
18.) Find the area to the left of z = 1.96
19.) Write down the normal equations for the straight line y= ax+b
20.) Write down the normal equations for the straight line y =a+bx
PART - B
1.)
2.)
3.)
If X is a Poisson variable with P(X=2) =
2
P(X=1) Find P(X=0)
3
and P(X=3)
10% of the tools produced in a factory one found to be defective.
Find the probability that in a set of 10 tools chosen at random
exactly two will be defective.
At a busy traffic junction, the probability p of an individual car
having an accidents is 0.0001. However during certain part of the
day 1000 car pass through the junction. What is the probability
that two or more accidents occurs during that period.
258
4.)
5.)
6.)
7.)
8.)
A telephone switch board receives on average of 5 emergency

calls in a10 minute interval, what is the probability that (i) There
are atmost 2 emergency call in ten minute interval.(ii) atleast 3
emergency call in a minute interval.
A taxi firm has 2 cars which it hires out day by day. The number
of demands of a car on each day is distributed as Poisson
distribution with mean 1.5 Calculate the proposition of days on
which.
(i) neither car is used
(ii) some demand is refused.
If 4% of the items manufactured by a Company are defective,
find the probability that in a sample of 200 items (i) exactly one
item is defective (ii) none is defective.
The Probability of a Poisson variable taking the values 2 and 3
are equal, Calculate the valance and standard deviation.
Articles of which 0.1 percent are defective are packed in boxes
each containing 500 articles. (i) Using Poisson distribution find
the probability that one box contains (i) no defective (ii) two or
more defective articles e 0.5 = 0.6065
9.)
A manufacture of pins known that 2% of his product are defective

If he sells pins in boxes of 100 and guarantees that not more
then 4 pins will be defective what is the probability that a box
will fail to meet the guaranteed quantity.
10.) If a random variable X follows Poisson distribution, such that
P(X=3) = P(X=2), find P(X=1).
11.) Find the mean and standard deviation of the normal distribution
1
given by f(x) = Ce 24
(x
6x + 4
< x<
12.) Obtain the value of C, and 2 of the normal distribution whose

probability
density
function
is
given
by
f ( x ) = Ce 2 x
+ 4x
< x <
13.) In America, a person travelled by jet plane may be affected by

cosmic rays is normally distributed. Its mean is 4.35m rem and
standard deviation is 0.59m rem. Find the probability for one
person affected by cosmic rays above 5.20m rem.
259
14.) Students of a class were given an aptitude test. This marks were
found to be normally distributed with mean 60 and standard
deviation 5. What percent of students scored (i) more than60
marks (ii) lines than 56 marks (iii) between 45 and 65 marks.
15.) The life of a lamp produced by a factory is distributed normally
with a mean of 50 days and standard deviation of 15 days. If
5000 lamps are fitted on the same day find the number of lamps
to be replaced after 74 days.
16.) The life of automobile battery is normally distributed with mean
36 months and standard deviation of 5 months what is the
probability that a particular battery last 28 to 44 months.
17.) The mean weight of 500 student is 68 kg and the standard
deviation is 7kg.
Assuming that the weight are normally
distributed, find how many students weigh between 54kg and
75kg.
18.) In a normal distribution which is exactly normally 31% of the
items are under 45 and 8% are over 64. Find the mean and the
standard deviation of the distribution.
19.) In a normal distribution 7 percent of the items are below 35 and
11 percent of the items are above 63. Find the mean and
standard deviation of the distribution.
20.) The mean weight of 500 students is 151 lb and the standard
deviation is 151lb. Assuming that the weight are normally
distributed, find (i) How may students weigh between 120 and
155 lb? (ii) How may weigh more than 185 lb.
21.) Fit a straight line to the following data
X
12
16
20
24
12
15
19
22
26
30
22.) Fit a straight line for the following data by the method of least
squares
X
10
14
19
26
31
260

X 1
Y 9
10
12
11
13
14
16
15

X
10
12
10
12
14
17
24
25.) Fit a straight line trend by the method of least squares to the
following data. Also estimate the production for the year 1992.
Year
Production
(Rs. In Crores)
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
10
12
14
17
24
1965
1966
1967
600
870
930

Year :1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
Value
Find 380
400 650
720
690
Find the value for the year 1968.
Year
Sales
1985
16
1986
18
1987
19
1988
20
1989
24
ANSWERS
PART - A
1.)
e 3.5 2
2
(2)P=0.002
(3) = 2
(4)
mean=3
(5)SD=1
(9)wrong statement
(16)
(17)
15.) mean=0 SD=1
0.4406
18.) 0.9750
19.)
y = a x + nb : xy = a x 2 = a x 2 + b x
20.)
y = na + b x : xy = a x + b x
261
0.4013
PART - B
e 13 (1.3 )
6
1
2e
1.)
= 1.3, e 1.3 ,
(4)
(i) 0.1246
(ii) 0.8754
5.)
(i) e 1.5
(ii) 1 e 1.5 (3.65 )
6.)
(i) 8e 8
(ii)
7.)
=3
8.)
(i) 0.6005
(ii) 0.0902
9.)
0.1429
(10)
11.) = 3, = 12 , C = e
12.) C =
(2)
(3)
0.0047
e 8
5
24 .
0.1494
1
24
2 2
1
e , = 1, 2 =
13.) 0.0749
14.) (i) 50%
(ii) 21.19%
15.) 0.0548
(16)
18.) = 50 ,
19.) = 50.3 ,
(iii) 84%
0.8904
(17)
409 students
= 10
= 10.36
20.) (i) 294
(ii) 6
21.) Y= (0.9) x+8.07
(22)
Y=5.4x+9.2
24.) Y=1.542x+26.794 (25) 27.86 Crores

26.) Value for the year 1968 =1124.162
27.) Y=1.8 (x-1987) + 19.4
262
(23)19x-20y+145=0
POINTS TO REMEMBER
1.)
Probability mass function : P(xi ) o for all xi and
p(xi) = 1
i
2.)
Probability density function : f (xi ) o for all xi and
3.)
Mean = E(X) =
f (x )dx = 1
xi P(xi )
i=0
( )
4.)
E X2 = x i P(x i )
5.)
Variance of X= var (x)= E(x ) - [E(x)]
6.)
7.)
i=0
Binomial distribution : P(x = x ) = nc xP x qn x

n: no of trails
p= Prob of success
Q: Prob of failure
Mean of binomial distribution = np
Variance
= npq
S.D
8.)
9.)
npq
x
e
, x,0,1,2,3,.....
x
Mean = variance = of a poisson distribution
Poisson distribution P(X = xi) =
10.) Pdf of normal distribution f (x ) =
1
2
1 x 2
, < x <
12.) To fit the straight line y = ax+b, the normal equations are
y = a x + nb
11.)
z=
xy = a x 2 + b x
263
Standard Normal Distribution Area Table
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.0
.0000
.0040
.0080
.0120
.0160
.0199
.0239
.0279
.0319
.0359
0.1
.0398
.0438
.0478
.0517
.0557
.0596
.0636
.0675
.0714
.0753
0.2
.0793
.0832
.0871
.0910
.0948
.0987
.1026
.1064
.1103
.1141
0.3
.1179
.1217
.1255
.1293
.1331
.1368
.1406
.1443
.1480
.1517
0.4
.1554
.1591
.1628
.1664
.1700
.1736
.1772
.1808
.1844
.1879
0.5
.1915
.1950
.1985
.2019
.2054
.2088
.2123
.2157
.2190
.2224
0.6
.2257
.2291
.2324
.2357
.2389
.2422
.2454
.2486
.2517
.2549
0.7
.2580
.2611
.2642
.2673
.2704
.2734
.2764
.2794
.2823
.2852
0.8
.2881
.2910
.2939
.2967
.2995
.3023
.3051
.3078
.3106
.3133
0.9
.3159
.3186
.3212
.3238
.3264
.3289
.3315
.3340
.3365
.3389
1.0
.3413
.3438
.3461
.3485
.3508
.3531
.3554
.3577
.3599
.3621
1.1
.3643
.3665
.3686
.3708
.3729
.3749
.3770
.3790
.3810
.3830
1.2
.3849
.3869
.3888
.3907
.3925
.3944
.3962
.3980
.3997
.4015
1.3
.4032
.4049
.4066
.4082
.4099
.4115
.4131
.4147
.4162
.4177
1.4
.4192
.4207
.4222
.4236
.4251
.4265
.4279
.4292
.4306
.4319
1.5
.4332
.4345
.4357
.4370
.4382
.4394
.4406
.4418
.4429
.4441
1.6
.4452
.4463
.4474
.4484
.4495
.4505
.4515
.4525
.4535
.4545
1.7
.4554
.4564
.4573
.4582
.4591
.4599
.4608
.4616
.4625
.4633
1.8
.4641
.4649
.4656
.4664
.4671
.4678
.4686
.4693
.4699
.4706
1.9
.4713
.4719
.4726
.4732
.4738
.4744
.4750
.4756
.4761
.4767
2.0
.4772
.4778
.4783
.4788
.4793
.4798
.4803
.4808
.4812
.4817
264
Standard Normal Distribution Area Table

Z
.00
.01
.02
.03
.04
.05
.06
.07
.08
.09
2.1
2.2
.4821
.4826
.4830
.4834
.4838
.4842
.4846
.4850
.4854
.4857
.4861
.4864
.4868
.4871
.4875
.4878
.4881
.4884
.4887
.4890
2.3
.4893
.4896
.4898
.4901
.4904
.4906
.4909
.4911
.4913
.4916
2.4
.4918
.4920
.4922
.4925
.4927
.4929
.4931
.4932
.4934
.4936
2.5
.4938
.4940
.4941
.4943
.4945
.4946
.4948
.4949
.4951
.4952
2.6
.4953
.4955
.4956
.4957
.4959
.4960
.4961
.4962
.4963
.4964
2.7
.4965
.4966
.4967
.4968
.4959
.4970
.4971
.4972
.4973
.4974
2.8
.4974
.4975
.4976
.4977
.4977
.4978
.4979
.4979
.4980
.4981
2.9
.4981
.4982
.4982
.4983
.4984
.4984
.4985
.4985
.4986
.4986
3.0
.4987
.4987
.4987
.4988
.4988
.4989
.4989
.4989
.4990
.4990
2.1
.4990
.4991
.4991
.4991
.4992
.4992
.4992
.4992
.4993
.4993
3.2
.4993
.4993
.4994
.4994
.4994
.4994
.4994
.4995
.4995
.4995
3.3
.4995
.4995
.4995
.4996
.4996
.4996
.4996
.4996
.4996
.4997
3.4
.4997
.4997
.4997
.4997
.4997
.4997
.4997
.4997
.4997
.4998
3.5
.4998
.4998
.4998
.4998
.4998
.4998
.4998
.4998
.4998
.4998
3.6
.4998
.4998
.4999
.4999
.4999
.4999
.4999
.4999
.4999
.4999
3.7
.4999
.4999
.4999
.4999
.4999
.4999
.4999
.4999
.4999
.4999
3.8
.4999
.4999
.4999
.4999
.4999
.4999
.4999
.4999
.4999
.4999
3.9
.5000
.5000
.5000
.5000
.5000
.5000
.5000
.5000
.5000
.5000
265
UNIT- IV
APPLICATION OF INTEGRATION AND

FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATION
AREA AND VOLUME
4.1 Area Area of circle, volume volume of cone and sphere
simple problems
FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
4.2 Definition of order and degree of differential equation solution
of first order variable separable type differential equation
simple problems
LINEAR TYPE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
4.3 Solution of linear differential equation simple problems
Introduction
In mathematics III, we discussed the basic concepts of
integration. In mathematics II, we studied the differential equation
and formation of differential equation. In this unit, we shall study the
application of integration and first order differential equation.
4.1. AREA AND VOLUME
W e apply the concept of definite integral to find the area and
volume.
Area
The area under the curve y = f(x) between the x-axis and the
b
ordinates x=a and x=b is the definite integral
266
f( x )dx or
ydx
a
Area( A ) = f ( x )dx or
a
ydx
a
Similarly, the area between the curve x=g(y) and the y=axis and
d
the lines y=c and y=d is the definite integral
g( y )dy
X=g(y)
Area ( A ) = g( y )dy or
c
xdy
c
267
or
xdy
Volume
The volume of solid obtained by rotating the area bounded by the
curve y=f(x) and x-axis between x=a and x=b about the x-axis is the
b
definite integral [f ( x )] dx or y 2 dx
Volume (v)= [f ( x )] dx or y 2 dx
Similarly, the volume of solid obtained by rotating the area

bounded by the curve x = g(y) and y-axis between y=c and y=d about
d
the y-axis is the definite integral [g(y )] dy or
Volume (v)= [g(y )] dy or x 2 dy

2
x 2 dy
268
4.1 WORKED EXAMPLES

PART - A
3
1) Find the area bounded by the curve y=4x , the x-axis and the
ordinates x=0 and x=1
Solution:
1
b
1
x4
A = ydx = 4 x 3dx = 4
a
0
4 0
[ ]
= x 4 0 = (1) 0 = 1 0 = 1 Sq. units

x
2) Find the area bounded by the curve y=e , the x-axis and the
ordinates x=0 and x=6.
Solution:
1
A = ydx = e x dx
[ ]
= e x 0 = e6 e0 = e6 1 Sq. units
3) Find the area bounded by the curve y=cosx, x-axis and between
x=0 and x=
2
Solution:
A = ydx = cos xdx

a
2
0
sin 0 = 1Sq. units

2
2
4) Find the area bounded by the curve x=4y-y , the y-axis and the
lines y=0 and y=3
Solution:
= [sin x ] = sin
A = xdy
c
= 4 y y 2 dy
0
4 y 2 y3
y3
=
= 2 y 2
3
3
2
0
0
= 18 9 = 9 Sq. units
269
5)
Find the volume of the solid formed when the area bounded by
2
the curve y =4x between x=1 and x=2 is rotated about x-axis.
Solution:
b
v = y 2 dx
= 4 xdx
x2
= 4
2
(2)2 (1)2
= 4
2
2
3
= 4.
2
= 6 Cubic units
6)
the curve y= 10 + x between x=0 and x=5 is rotated about xaxis.
Solution:
Given y = 10 + x
Squaring on both sides, we get
2
y =10+x
b
v = y 2 dx
= (10 + x )dx
x2
= 10 x +
0
25
= 50 +
2
125
Cubic units.
2
270
7)
2
2
the curve x = sec y between y=0 and y = is rotated about y4
axis.
Solution:
d
v = x 2 dy
c
= sec 2 ydy
0
= [tan y ]04
= tan tan 0 = [1 0]
4
= Cubic units.
PART - B
1.
Find the area of the circle whose radius is a units.
Solution:
Area of AOB bounded by x +y =a , the x-axis between x=0 and

x=a is
271
AOB = ydx
Area of
a 2 x 2 dx
x
a2
x
=
a2 x 2 +
sin 1
2
a 0
2
a 2
a2
a
a a2 +
sin 1 (0 + 0 )
=
2
a
2
a2
. sin 1 (1)
2
a 2 a 2
. =
2 2
4
Re quired area = 4 Area of AOB
=
= 4
a 2
4
Area of circle = a 2 Squnits.

Aliter
a
a2 x 2 dx
Let I
a2 x 2 dx
a2 a2 sin2 (a cos )d
Put x = a sin
a2 1 sin2 (a cos )d
dx = a cos d
272
a2 1 sin2 (a cos )d
when x = 0, = 0
= a 2 cos cos d
and x = a, =
= a 2 cos2 d
0
1 + cos 2A
1 1
= a 2 + cos 2 d cos 2 A =
2 2
2
1 sin 2 2
=a +
2 2 0
2
21
a2
=
2
2
+ 2 sin 2
1
1

+ sin 2/ / 0 + sin 2(0 )

2
2
2
2

a2
2
a2 1
1 a 2
0
0
+
(
)
(0 ) =
2 2 2
2
4
a 2
= a 2
4
2
Find the area bounded by the curve y=x +x+2, the x-axis and the
ordinate x=1 and x=2.
Area of the circle = 4
2.
Solution:
b
(x
2
A = ydx =
+ x + 2 dx
x3 x2
=
+
+ 2x
2
273
23 2 2
13 12
=
+
+ 2(2) +
+ 2(1)
2
2
3
3
8
1 1
= + 2 + 4 + + 2
3
3
2
8 6 2 + 3 + 12
= +
6
3 1
26 17 52 17
=
3
6
6
35
=
Sq units
6
2
Find the area bounded by the curve y=x -6x+8 and the x-axis.
=
3.
Solution:
The curve meets the x-axis at y=0

2
y = 0 x -6x+8=0
(x-2)(x-4)=0
x=2,4
b
A = ydx =
a
(x
4
x3
x2
6 x + 8 dx =
6
+ 8x
3
2
4
x3
=
3x 2 + 8x
3
2
274
64
8
=
48 + 32 12 + 16
3
3
64
8
64 8
64 8 60
=
16 4 =
20 =
3
3
3 3
3
4 4
Sq units.
=
=
3
3
4. Find the volume of a right circular cone of base radius r and
altitude h by integration.
Solution:
Let y=mx be rotated about the x-axis to get the cone.

r
Then m = tan = .
h
r
Now y = mx y = x
h
b
r
Volume V = y dx = x dx
a
0h
2
r 2
h2
dx
=
V=
r 2 x 3
r 2
= 2
2
h 3 0 h
r 2h3
h
h3
1 2
r h Cubic units.
3
275
5. Find the volume of the sphere of radius r by integration.

Solution:
2
2
2
When the semi-circle x + y = r is rotated about X-axis solid
sphere is obtained.
Volume of the sphere
V = y 2 dx
a
= r 2 x 2 dx
r
= 2 r 2 x 2 dx
( function is even )
x3
= 2r 2 x
r3
= 2r 3
(0 0 )
3
= 2.
2r 3
4
v = r 3cubic units.
3
3
276
6.
Find the volume of the solid generated when the region enclosed
2
3
2
by y =4x +3x +2x between x=1 and x=2 is revolved about x-axis.
Solution:
b
= y 2 dx
x4
x2
x3
= 4 x + 3 x + 2x dx = 4
+3
+2
2
3
4
1
1
2
[
= [(2
]
+ 2 ) (1
= x 4 + x3 + x2
2
1
2
4
+ 23
+ 13 + 12
= [(16 + 8 + 4 ) (1 + 1 + 1)]
= [(28 3 )]
= 25 Cubic units.
7.
)]
Find the volume generated by the area enclosed by the curve

2
2
y =x(x-1) and the x-axis, when rotated about x-axis.
Solution:
The curve meets x-axis

y=0
2
y =0
2
x(x-1) =0
x=0,1
277
= y 2 dx
a
= x(x 1) dx
2
= x x 2 2x + 1dx
0
= x 3 2x 2 + x dx
0
x 4 2x 3 x 2
=
3
2
4
0
1 2 1
= + (0 0 + 0 )
4 3 2
3 8 + 6
1
=
= 12 = 12 Cubic units.
12
4.2. FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

Introduction:
Since the time of Newton, physical problems have been

investigated by formulating them mathematically as differential
equations Many mathematical models in engineering employ
differential equations extensively.
Order and degree of Differential Equation:
The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest

differential coefficient appearing in the equation.
The degree of an equation is the degree of the highest
differential coefficient is free from radicals and fractional exponents.
278
Solution of First Order Differential Equation:
Recalling that we formed differential equation by differentiating

algebraic equations involving x,y etc and constants. Now, we will
consider the reverse process.
Consider the differential equation
dy
= 3x 2
dx
(1)
3
A solution of this equation is y=x , since this satisfy (1) All the
Possibilities which satisfy are of the form
y = x3 + c
(2)
This is called the general solution of (1), here c may be any

constant. We call c an arbitrary constant. The general solution of (1)
has one arbitrary constant. For second order differential equation, two
arbitrary constants will be there.
A particular solution is one where a value is given to c. Particular
solutions arise when we are required to find a solution fitting certain
conditions.
If we give y=1 when x=0 in (2), we get c=1.
3
Hence the particular solution is y=x +1.

Solution of the variable separable differential equation:
dy
= f (x, y ) , if the
dx
function of x can be grouped with dx on one side and the function of y
can be grouped with dy on the other side, then this type of equation is
called variable separable differential equation. The solution can be
obtained by integrating both sides after separating the variables.
In the first order differential equation, say
279
1.
4.2 WORKED EXAMPLES

PART - A
Write the order and degree of the following differential equations
y=2
dy
d2 y
+3 2 +5
dx
dx
ii y+y = 0
2
Iii (D +5D+4)y=e
iv
d2 y
dx
dy
+ 2y
dx
= 3x =
Solution:
i.
y=2
dy
d2 y
+3 2 +5
dx
dx
Here, Highest order=2

Degree of highest order=1
Order=2, degree=1
ii. y ' + y 2 = 0
dy
+ y2 = 0
dx

Degree of Highest order=1
Order=1, degree=1
iii
(D
+ 5D + 4 y = e x
d2 y
dx
+5
dy
+ 4y = e x
dx

Order=2, degree=1
280
iv
d2 y
dx 2
+ 3x =
dy
+ 2y
dx
To eliminate the radical in the above equation, raising to the

2
d2 y
dy
+ 2y
power 2 on both sides, we get 2 + 3 x =
dx
dx

Order=2, degree=2
2.
Solve x dx+y dy=0
Solution:
Given x dx+y dy=0

Integrating, we get,
dx + y 8 dy = 0
x9 y9
+
=c
9
9
3.
Solve
dy
2
=
dx 1 + x 2
Solution:
Given
dy
2
=
dx 1 + x 2
dy =
2
1+ x2
dx
2dx
dy = 1 + x 2
y = 2 tan 1 x + c
281
4.
dy 1 y 2 2
Solve
=
dx 1 x 2
Solution:
1
dy 1 y 2 2
=
dx 1 x 2
Given
1 y2
dy
=
dx
1 x2
dy
dx
=
2
1 y
1 x2
Integrating, we get
-1
dy
1 y
dx
1 x2
-1
Sin y=sin x+c

5.
Solve
dy 3 + x
=
dx 3 + y
Solution:
Given
dy 3 + x
=
dx 3 + y
(3 + y )dy = (3 + x )dx
3y +
(3 + y )dy = (3 + x )dx
x2
y2
= 3x +
+c
2
2
282
6.
Solve
dy
= e x 5y
dx
Solution:
dy
= e x 5y
dx
Given
dy
= e x e 5y
dx
dy
5 y = e x dx
e
e 5 y dy = e x dx
Integrating, we get
5y
dy = e x dx
e5 y
= ex + c
5
7.
Solve x
dy
=y
dx
Solution:
Given
dy
=y
dx
dy dx
=
y
x
dy
=
y
dx
x
log y = log x + log c
log y = log cx
y = cx
283
8.
dy
y cos x = 0
dx
Find the solution of
Solution:
dy
y cos x = 0
dx
Given
dy
= y cos x
dx
dy
= cos xdx
y
dy
= cos xdx
y
Logy = sinx + c
PART - B
1)
Solve (x - y) dx + (y - x) dy = 0
Solution:
Given
(x - y) dx + (y - x) dy = 0
2
x dx ydx + y dy xdy = 0
2
x dx + y dy = xdy + ydx
x dx + y dy = d(xy)
Integrating, we get
dx + y 2 dy = d(xy )
x3 y3
+
= xy + c
3
3
284
2)
Solve
dy 1 + cos 2y
+
=0
dx 1 + cos 2x
Solution:
Given
dy 1 + cos 2y
+
=0
dx 1 + cos 2x
dy
1 + cos 2y
=
dx
1 + cos 2x
dy
2 cos2 y
=
dx
2 cos2 x
dy
dx
=
2
cos y
cos2 x
sec 2 ydy = sec 2 xdx

sec
ydy = sec 2 xdx
tany = -tanx + c
tanx+tany=c
3)
Solve
dy
= e x y + 3x 2e y
dx
Solution:
dy
= e x y + 3x 2e y
dx
Given
dy
= e x e y + 3x 2 e y
dx
dy
= e y e x + 3x 2
dx
]
Integrating, we get. e dy = (e
e y dy = e x + 3 x 2 dx
y
e =e +x +c
285
+ 3 x 2 dx
4)
Solve
dy y 2 + 4 y + 5
=
dx x 2 2x + 2
Solution:
dy y 2 + 4 y + 5
=
dx x 2 2x + 2
Given
dy
y + 4y + 5
2
dy
(y + 2)
Integrating, we get
+1
dx
=
=
x 2x + 2
2
dx
(x 1)2 + 12
dy
dx
(y + 2)2 + 12 = (x 1)2 + 12
-1
-1
tan (y+2)=tan (x - 1) + c
5)
Solve (1-e ) sec ydy + e tany dx = 0
Solution:
Given (1-e ) sec ydy + e tany dx = 0

x
(1-e ) sec ydy = -e tany dx
sec 2 ydy e x dx
=
tan y
1 ex
Integrating, we get
d(tan y )
d 1 ex
=
tan y 1 e x
x
log (tany) = log (1-e ) + log c

x
log (tany) = log c (1-e )

x
tany = c (1-e )
286
4.3. LINEAR TYPE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
A first order differential equation is said to be linear in y if the

dy
and y are unity.
power of the terms
dx
dy
+ Py = Q is a linear differential equation. Here P and Q are
dx
function of x. The solution of linear differential equation is given by
ye pdx = Qe pdx dx + c
y (IF) = Q(IF) dx + c
i.e.
Here IF = e pdx is called an Integrating factor

Note:
e log f (x ) = f (x )
1.)
4.3 WORKED EXAMPLES

PART - A and B
dy 5
Find the integrating factor of
+ y=x
dx x
Solution:
Given
dy 5
+ y=x
dx x
Here P = 5
IF = e pdx = e
1
dx
x
= e 5 log x
= e log x
IF = x 5
287
2.)
dy
xy =0
dx
Solution:
Given
dy
xy =0
dx
dy
y = x
dx
Here P=-1
IF = e pdx = e dx = e x
3.)

dy
sin 2x = y cot x
dx
Solution:
Given
dy
sin 2x = y cot x
dx
dy
y cot x = sin 2x
dx
Here P = cotx
IF = e pdx
= e cot xd x
= e log sin
= e log cos ecx

IF = cos ecx
288
PART - B
1.)
Solve
dy
1
+ 3y =
dx
3
Solution:
Given
dy
1
+ 3y =
dx
3
Here P = 3 and Q =
1
3
Now, IF= e pdx

= e 3 dx = e 3 x
The Required solution is
y IF = Q IF dx + c
1
y e3 x = e3 x dx + c
3
y e3 x =
2.)
e3 x
+c
9
dy 3 x 2 y
2
+
=
3
dx 1 + x
1+ x3
2
3x
2
and Q =
Here P =
3
1+ x
1 + x3
Solve
Now, IF = e pdx
=e
3 x2
1+ x 3
dx
= eLog (1+ x
IF = 1 + x 3
y (IF) = Q(IF)dx + c
y(1 + x 3 ) =
2
3
1 + x 3 (1 + x )dx + c
( )
y (1 + x ) = 2x + c
y 1 + x 3 = 2 dx
3
289
3.)
dy
+ y cot x = 2 cos x
dx
Solve
Solution:
dy
+ y cot x = 2 cos x
dx
Here P = Cotx , Q= 2 Cos x
Given
Now, If = e pdx
= e cot xdx = elog sin x = sin x
The Required Solution is
y(IF ) = Q(IF )dx + c
y sin x = 2 cos x sin xdx + c

y sin x = sin 2xdx + c
y sin x =
4.)
cos 2x
+c
2
dy 3
y = x 3 cos x
dx x
Solve
Solution:
dy 3
y = x 3 cos x
dx x
Here P = 3 , Q = x 3 cos x
x
Given
Now, IF = e pdx
=e
1
3 dx
x
= e 3 log x = elog x
1
x3
= x 3 cos x
y
x3
y
x3
1
x3
dx + c
= cos xdx + c
= sin x + c
290
= x 3 =
1
x3
5.)
Solve 1 + x 2
) dy
+ 2xy = 1
dx
Solution:
) dy
+ 2xy = 1
dx
Divide both sides by (1+ x ) , we get
Given 1 + x 2
dy
2xy
1
+
=
2
dx 1 + x
1+ x2
2 xy
1
,
Q=
Here P=
2
1+ x
1 + x2
Now If = e pdx
2x
= e 1+ x
dx
= elog(1+ x
= 1 + x2
) 1 +1x (1 + x )dx + c
y (1 + x ) = dx + c
y (1 + x ) = x + c
y 1 + x2 =
2
2
EXERCISE
PART - A
1. Find the area bounded by the curve y= 2x the x-axis and the
ordinates x =0 and x=1.
2. Find the are bounded by the curve y=x and x-axis between x=0
and x=2
3. Find the area bounded by the curve y =

x=1, and x=3.
291
x2
, x-axis, and between
2
4.
Find the area under the curve y =
1
1+ x2
x- axis,
x = -1 and x = 1
5.
Find the area bounded by the curve y=sinx, x-axis and between
x=0 and x =
6.
Find the area bounded by the curve y=3x, the x-axis and line
x=3
7.
Find the area bounded by the curve xy=1 the y-axis and the lines
y=1 and y=5.
8.
Find the area bounded by the curve x=2y+5, the y-axis and the
lines y=1 and y=2.
9.
the curve y=25x between x =1 and x =3is rotated about x- axis.
10. Find the volume of the solid formed when the area bounded by
the curve y=8x between x=0 and x=2 rotated about x-axis.
11. Find the volume generated by rotating the triangle with vertices
at (0,0),(3,0) and (3,3) about x-axis.
12. Find the volume generated when the area bounded by the curve
x=3y between y=0 and y=1 is rotated about y-axis.
13. Write the order and degree of the following differential equations.
(i)
d2 y
dy
+ 2 +
+ y = ex
3
dx
dx
dx
d3 y
(ii) y11 + y 2 = 0
(iii) y" =
dy dx
+
dx dy
d2 y
dy
(iv)
= 1 +
2
dx
dx
1
3
14. Solve xdx+ydy=0

292
15. Solve
dy x 2
=
dx y 2
dy
= 3x 2 y
dx
dy 1 + x
=
dx 1 + y
16. Solve
17.
dy
= xy + y + x + 1
dx
dy
= e 2x y
19. Solve
dx
dy y
=
20. Solve
dx
x
18.
dy
+ y sin x = 0
dx
dy 1
22. Find the integrating factor of
+ y=x
dx x
21. Find the solution of
dy
1
+
y =1
dx 1 + x 2
dy
y tan x = e x sec x
dx
25. Find the integrating factor of 2 cos x
1)
dy
+ 4 y sin x = sin 2x
dx
PART - B
Find the area of the circle whose radius is 4 units using
integration.
2)
Find the area of region bounded by the curve y= 3 x 2 4 x + 5 ,

the x-axis and the lines x=1 and x=2
3)
Find the area bounded by the curve y = x 2 + x + 1 and x-axis and

the ordinates x=1 and x=3
293
4)
Find the area bounded by the curve y = 4 x x 2 and the x-axis
5)
Find the area bounded by the curve y = 10 3 x x 2 and the xaxis
6)
the curve y 2 = 2 + x x 2 the x-axis and the lines x=-1 and x=2.
7)
the curve x 2 =
a2
b2
(b
y 2 , the y-axis and the lines y=-b and y=b
8)
Solve xy2 + x dx + yx 2 + y dy = 0
9)
Solve
dy 1 + cos y
=
dx 1 + cos x
10) Solve
dy
= e x + y + xe y
dx
11) Solve
dy
= e 3 x 2 y + x 3 e 2y
dx
12) Solve
dy y 2 + 2y + 10
=
dx x 2 + 2x + 10
( )
Solve (1 + e )sec
13) Solve 1 + x 2 sec 2 ydy = 2 x tan ydx

14)
ydy e x tan ydx = 0
15) Solve 3e x tan ydx + 1 + e x sec 2 ydy = 0
16) Solve e x + 1 cos ydy + e x sin ydx = 0

17) Solve
dy
+ 3y = 6
dx
18) Solve
dy y
+ = x4
dx x
19) Solve
dy
2xy
1
+
=
dx 1 + x 2 1 + x 2
294
20) Solve
dy
+y = x
dx
21) Solve
dy
+ y cot x = e x cos ecx
dx
22) Solve
dy
+ y tan x = 4 x cos x
dx
23) Solve
dy 2y
= x 2 sin x
dx
x
24) Solve x
dy
3y = x 4 e x
dx
25) Solve 1 + x 4
1
+ 4x y =
) dy
dx
1+ x
3
ANSWERS
PART - A
8
2)
Sq unit
3
13
Sq unit
3
1)
1 Sq unit
4)
Sq unit
2
5) 2 Sq unit
6) 6 Sq unit
7)
log 5 Sq unit
8) 8 Squnit
9) 500 cubic unit
10)
16 Cubic units
11) 9 cubic units
12)
cubic units
13) (i) order =3, degree=1

(iii) order =1, degree=2
14)
x2 y2
+
=c
2
2
17)
y+
y2
x2
= x+
+c
2
2
3)
(ii) order =2, degree=1

(iv) order =2, degree=3
15)
y3 x3
=c
3
3
18) Log (1 + y ) =
295
16) log y = x 3 + c
x2
+x+c
2
19)
ey =
22)
e2x
+c
2
20) xy=c
1
(23) e tan x
21) logy=cosx+c
(25) sec 2 x
(24) Cos x
PART - B
(3)
44
Sq. units
3
(6)
9
Cubic units
2
1)
16 Sq. units
(2) 6 Sq. units
4.)
32
Sq. units
3
(5)
7)
4 2
a b cubic units
3
9)
tan
11)
e 2y e3 x x 4
=
+
+c
2
3
4
13)
tan y = c 1 + x 2
15)
tan y 1 + e x
17)
ye3 x = 2e 3 x + c
19)
y 1+ x2 = x + c
(20)
ye x = xe x e x + c
21)
y sin x = e x + c
(22)
y sec x = 2x 2 + c
23)
y
+ cos x = c
x2
(24)
25)
y 1+ x 4 = x + c
y
x
= tan + c
2
2
)
=c
343
Sq. units
6
(8)
x2 + 1 y2 + 1 = c
(10) e x + e y +
x2
=c
2
y + 1
1 x + 1
(12) tan 1
tan
=c
3
3
14)
tan y = c 1 + e x
16)
(e + 1)sin y = c
x
(18) xy =
296
y
x3
x6
+c
6
= ex + c
UNIT - V
SECOND ORDER DIFFERENTIAL

EQUATIONS
5.1. Solution of second order differential equations with constant
d2 y
dy
+b
+ cy = 0. Simple Problems
2
dx
dx
coefficients in the form a
d2 y
dy
+ cy = f ( x ) . Where a,b and c are constants and
dx
dx
mx
f(x) = e . Simple problems.
5.3. Solution of second order differential equations in the form
a
+b
d2 y
dy
+b
+ cy = f ( x ). Where a,b and c are constants and f(x) =
dx
dx 2
sinmx or cosmx. Simple problems
a
5.1 SECOND ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Introduction:
In the last unit, we learnt first order differential equation. In this

unit, we will learn second order differential equation.
The second order differential equation is of the form
a
d2 y
dy
+b
+ cy = f ( x ).
dx
dx 2
(1)
Where a,b and c are real numbers and f(x) is a function of x.

2
We use differential operators Dy, D y in (1), we get
(aD2 + bD + c )y = f ( x ) where D=
d
dx
(2)
Now, we put f(x) = 0 in (1), we get

a
d2 y
dx
+b
dy
+ cy = 0
dx
(3)
297
The solution of (3) is called complementary function (CF) of (1).

px
To solve (3), we assume a trial solution y = e for some value of

p. Then
dy
d2 y
= pe px and 2 = p 2epx .
dx
dx
Substituting these values in (3), we get
ap 2 e px + bpe px + cepx = 0
epx [ap 2 + bp + c ] = 0
(4)
ap + bp + c = 0
2
This equation in p is called the Auxillary Equation (AE)

Solving (4), we get two roots say p1 and p2. Then the following
three cases arise.
Case (i)
If the roots p1 and p2 are real and distinct, then the solution of (3) is
y = Ae p1x + Be p 2 x
Case (ii)
If the roots p1 and p2 are real and equal, then the solution of (3) is
y = ep1x ( Ax + B)
Case (iii)
If the roots p1 and p 2 are complex say p1 = + i and p2 = -i, then

the solution of (3) is
y = e x [ A cos x + B sin x]
In all cases, A and B are arbitrary constants.
298
5.1 WORKED EXAMPLES

PART A
1.
If roots of the auxillary equation are
1
3
i
, what is the solution
2
2
of the differential equation?

Solution:
1
3
, =
,
2
2
.
. . The solution of differential equation is
Here, the roots are complex and =
y = e 2 [ A cos
3
3
x + B sin
x]
2
2
2
2. Find the solution of (D 81) y = 0

Solution:
2
The auxillary equation is p 81 = 0

(p+9) (p-9) = 0
p1 = -9, p2 = 9
Here, the roots are real and distinct

.
. . The solution of differential equation is

-9x
y = Ae
3.
Solve
d2 y
dx 2
+Be 9 x
+ 64 y = 0
Solution:
Given
d2 y
dx
+ 64 y = 0 (D2 + 64 )y = 0
2
The auxillary equation is p +64=0

p = 8i
Here, the roots are complex,=0 and = 8

.
. . The solution is y = A cos8x + B sin 8x

299
4.
Solve (D -2D-3)y=0
Solution:
2
The auxillary equation is p -2p-3=0

(p+1) (p-3) = 0
p1 = -1, p2 = 3

.
-x
3x
. . The solution is y = Ae + Be
5.
Solve (D -4D-1) y =0
Solution:
2
The auxillary equation is p -4p-1 = 0

Here a = 1, b = -4, c = -1
P=
b b 2 4ac
2a
4 16 4(1)(1)
2(1)
4 20
2
42 5
=2 5
2
So, p1 = 2 +
5 and p 2 = 2 5

.
. . The solution is
(2 + 5 )x
(2 y = Ae
+ Be
)x
300
6.
Solve
dy
d2 y
6
+ 9y = 0
dx
dx 2
Solution:
Given:
d2 y
dy
6
+ 9 y = 0 (D 2 6D + 9) y = 0
2
dx
dx
2
The auxillary equation is p 6p+9 = 0

(p-3)(p-3)=0
p1=3, p2 = 3
Here, the roots are real and equal.

3x
.. The solution is y = e [Ax+B]

7.
Solve (D +D+2)y =0
Solution:
2
The auxillary equation is p +p+2 = 0

Here a = 1, b = 1, c = 2
P=
b b 2 4ac
2a
1 1 4(1)(2)
2(1)
1 7
2
1 i 7
=
2
1
7
=
i
2
2
1
7
Here, the roots are complex, = , =
2
2
1
.
. . The solution is y = e 2 [ A cos
301
7
7
x
x + B sin
2
2
PART B
1.
Solve (D +1) y = 0 when x = 0, y = 2 and x =
, y=-2.
2
Solution:
2
The auxillary equation is p + 1 = 0

p=i
Here, the roots are complex, = 1

.
. . The solution is
y = A cosx + B sinx
When x=0, y=2, the equation (1) becomes

A cos0 + B sin0 = 2
A+0=2
A=2
When x =
, y=-2, the equation (1) becomes

2
+B sin
= -2
2
2
0 + B = -2
B = -2
.
. . The required solution is
y = 2 cosx 2 sinx
A cos
2.
Show that the solution of the equation (D + 3D + 2) y = 0 if y(0)

1
-x
-2x
= 1 and y (0) = 0 is y = 2e e
Solution:
2
The auxillary equation is p +3p+2=0

(p+1) (p+2) = 0
p1 = -1, p2 = -2
302
-x
-2x
. . The solution is y = Ae + Be
-x
-2x
Now, y = -Ae 2Be
1
2
If y(0) = 1, the equation (1) becomes

A+B=1
If y(0) =0 , the equation (2) becomes

A+2B=0
Solving (3) and (4) we get A=2, B=-1

The required solution is
-x
-2x
y=2e -e
5.2. SOLUTION OF SECOND ORDER EQUATIONS IN THE FORM
d2 y
dy
+b
+ cy = f ( x ) WHERE A,B AND C ARE CONSTANTS
dx
dx 2
AND f(x) = emx .
a
Introduction:
In previous section, we find the complementary function . In this

section, we have to find the particular integral (PI) and the general
solution of a second order differential equation.
The Solution of Differential equation with Constant Coefficients is
y=CF+PI
Method of finding particular integral
2
Consider (aD +bD+c)y = e
mx
where m is a constant.
Let f(D) = aD +bD+c

Then PI is given by
1 mx emx
e =
f (D)
f (m)
Three cases arise in PI

Case (i)
If f(m) 0 then PI =
1 mx emx
e =
f (D)
f (m )
303
Case (ii)
If f(m) = 0 and f ' (m) 0 then
PI =
x emx
f ' (m )
Case (iii)
If f(m) = 0 and f ' (m) = 0 and f ' ' (m) 0 then
PI =
x 2emx
f " (m)
5.2 WORKED EXAMPLE

PART A
1.
Find the complementary function of (D +16)y= e
Solution:
2
2.
The auxiliary equation is p +16=0 p=4i

Here, the roots are complex , =4
CF = A cos 4x + B sin 4x
2
40x
Find the complementary function of (D -60D+800)y=e
Solution:
The auxiliary equation is
3.
p -60p+800=0
(p-40) (P-20) =0
P1=40, P2=20
Here the roots are real and distinct
40x
20x
CF = Ae + Be
2
Find the particular integral of (D +1) y =1
Solution:
1
1
=
e0
D2 + 1 D2 + 1
1
1
=
= =1
0 +1
1
PI =
304
-x
4. Find the particular integral of (D +7D+14) = 8e

Solution:
1
PI = 2
8e x
D + 7D + 14
8e x
8e x
=
= e x
8
( 1)2 + 7( 1) + 14
2
-x
5. Find the particular integral of (D -2D-3)y = e
Solution:
1
PI = 2
e x
D 2D 3
=
x e x
2D 2
x ex
x ex
=
2( 1) 2
4
Since f ( 1) = 0
PART - B
2
1. Solve (D +5D+6)y=30
Solution:
p +5p+6=0
(p+2) (P+3) =0
P1=-2, P2=-3
-2x
-3x
CF = Ae +Be
1
Now PI = 2
30
D + 5D + 6
30e
= 2
D + 5D + 6
30e
= 2
0 + 5(0) + 6
30
=
6
PI = 5
-2x
-3x
Y=CF+PI = Ae +Be +5
305
2.
Solve (D +6D+5) y =2e
Solution:
2
p +6p+5=0
(p+1) (P+5) =0
P1=-1, P2=-5
-x
-5x
CF = Ae +Be
1
Now PI = 2
2e x
D + 6D + 5
=
2e x
12 + 6(1) + 5
2e x
12
ex
PI =
6
Y=CF+PI
=
Ae - x + Be - 5x +
ex
6
x
3.
Solve (D2 + D)y = e 2
Solution:
2
p +p=0
p (p+1)=0
P1=0, P2=-1

CF = Ae +Be =A+Be
0
Now PI =
-x
1
D2 + D
-x
x
2
e
306
x
2
e
2
1
1
+
2
2

x
2
e
4
x
4
PI = e 2
3
y=CF+PI
x
3 2
e
4
4. Solve (D2 D 12)y = e 4 x
Solution:
2
The auxiliary equation is p -p-12=0
(p-4) (p+3)=0
p1=4, p2=-3
4x
-3x
CF = Ae +Be
1
e4 x
Now PI = 2
D D 12
x e4 x
=
Since f ( 4) = 0
2D 1
x e4 x
=
2( 4) 1
= A + Be - x +
x e4 x
7
y=CF + PI
PI =
= Ae 4x + Be - 3x +
x e 4x
7
307
5.
Solve (D -2D+1) y =e
Solution:
p -2p+1=0
(p-1) (p-1) =0
p1=1, p 2=1
Here the roots are real and equal

CF = e (Ax+B)
x
Now PI =
PI =
1
D 2D + 1
2
ex
x2 x
e
2
Since f (1) = 0, f ' (1) = 0

Y=CF+PI
x2 x
e
2
= e x (Ax + B) +
6
Solve
d2 y
dx
13
dy
+ 12 y = 2e 2 x + 5e x
dx
Solution:
Given
d2 y
dx 2
13
dy
+ 12 y = 2e 2 x + 5e x
dx
(D2 13D + 12) y = 2e 2 x + 5e x

The auxilary equation is
p -13p+12=0
(p-1) (p-12) =0
p1=1, p2=12
x
12x
CF = Ae +Be
308
Now PI1 =
=
1
D 13D + 12
2
2e 2 x
( 2)2 13( 2) + 12
2e 2 x
4 + 26 + 12
e 2 x
21
Now PI2 =
2 e2x
1
D 13D + 12
2
5 xex
2D 13
5 xex
2(1) 13
5 ex
Sincef (1)= 0
5 xex
11

Y =CF+PI1+PI2
= Ae x + Be12x +
e 2 x 5 xe x
21
11
5.3 SOLUTION OF SECOND ORDER DIFFERENTIALEQUATIONS
d2 y
dy
+ cy = f ( x ) WHERE a,b AND c ARE
dx
dx
CONSTANTS AND f(x) = sin mx or cos mx where m is a
constant 0
INTRODUCTION
IN THE FORM a
In this section, we have to find the particular integral when f(x)

=sin mx or cos m x where m is a constant
Methods of finding PI
Consider f(x) =sin m x
309
Case (i)
2
2
2
2
Express f(D) as function of D ,say (D ) and then replace D with m
2
If (-m )0,then
1
PI =
sin mx
f (D)
1
sin mx
=
(D 2 )
1
PI =
sin mx
( m2 )
Case (ii)
2
Sometimes we cannot form (D ) Then we shall try to get
2
2
(D,D ) that is a function of D and D . In such cases we proceed as
follows.
For Example
1
Now PI = 2
sin 2x
D + 2D + 3
1
=
sin 2x Re place D 2 by 2 2
2
2 + 2D + 3
1
=
Sin 2x
2D 1
2D + 1
=
sin 2 x multiply and divide by 2D + 1
4D 2 1
2D(sin 2x ) + sin 2 x
=
4( 22 ) 1
4 cos 2x + sin 2 x
=
17
1
[4 cos 2x + sin 2x]
=
17
Now consider f(x) = cos m x
1
Case (i):
PI =
cos m x
(-m2 )
Case(ii):
Same as sin m x method
General Solution:
The general solution is y= CF+PI

310
5.3 WORKED EXAMPLE

PART - A
2
1. Find the complementary function of (D +49) y= cos 4x
Solution:
2
The auxiliary equation is p +49=0
p=7i
Here, the roots are complex , =7
CF = A cos 7x+B sin 7x
2
2. Find the particular integral of (D +14) y = sin 3x
Solution:
1
PI = 2
sin 3 x
D + 14
1
=
sin 3 x
2
3 + 14
sin 3 x
=
5
3.
Find the particular integral of (D +a ) y = Cos b x
Solution:
1
cos bx
D + a2
1
cos bx
=
2
b + a2
cos bx
= 2
a b2
PI =
1.)
PART - B
Solve D2 4 y = sin 2x
Solution:
The auxiliary equation is p 2 4 = 0
p2 = 4
p = +2
p1 = 2, p 2 = 2
311

CF = Ae 2 x + Be 2 x
(sin 2x )
D 4
1
=
sin 2x
2
2 4
sin 2 x
=
8
Now PI =

y = CF + PI
sin 2 X
= Ae 2 x + Be 2 x
8
2.)
Solve D2 y = 16 sin 4x
Solution:
The auxiliary equation is p 2 = 0

p, = 0, p 2 = 0
Here, the roots are real and equal

CF = e 0 (Ax + B) = Ax + B
Now PI =
=
1
16 sin 4 x
D2
1
16 sin 4 x
42
PI= Sin4x
y = CF + PI
= Ax + B + Sin4 x
312
3.)
Solve
d2 y
+ 16 y = cos 2 x
dx 2
Solution:
d2 y
+ 16 y = cos 2 x
dx 2
D2 + 16 y = cos 2 x
1 cos 2x
D2 + 16 y = +
2
2
1 0 1
= e + cos 2 x
2
2
The auxiliary equation is p 2 + 16 = 0
p = + 4i
Here, the roots are complex, = 4
CF = A cos 4 x + BSin 4 x
Given
(
(
)
)
1 0
e
PI1 = 22
D + 16
1 e0
2 0 + 16
1
=
32
1 cos 2x
PI 2 = . 2
2 D + 16
1
cos 2x
.
=
2 22 + 16
cos 2x
=
24
=

y = CF + PI
= A cos 4 x + BSin 4 x +
1 cos 2x
+
32
24
313
4.)
Solve D 2 + 3D + 2 y = sin 2x
Solution:
The auxiliary equation is p 2 + 3p + 2 = 0
(p + 2)(p + 1) = 0
p1 = 2, p 2 = 1

CF = Ae 2 x + Be x
Now, PI =
=
1
D + 3D + 2
2
.Sin2x
.Sin2x
2 + 3D + 2
1
.Sin2x
=
3D 2
3D + 2
.Sin2 x
=
9D 2 4
2
3D + 2
.Sin2x
36 4
3D(sin 2x ) + 2 sin 2x
=
40
6 cos 2x + 2 sin 2x
=
40
1
[3 cos 2x + sin 2x]
=
20
=

y = CF + PI
1
= Ae 2 x + Be x
[3 cos 2x + sin 2x]
20
314
5.)
Solve D 2 2D 8 y = 4 cos 3 x
Solution:
Solution: The auxiliary equation is p 2 2p 8 = 0

(p 4 )(p + 2) = 0
p1 = 4, p 2 = 2

CF = Ae 4 x + Be 2 x
Now, PI =
=
1
4 cos 3 x
D2 2D 8
1
4 cos 3 x
3 2D 8
1
=
4 cos 3 x
2D 17
1
= 4
4 cos 3 x
+
2
D
17
2D 17
= 4 2
cos 3 x
4D 289
2D(cos 3 x ) 17 cos 3 x
= 4
325
6 sin 3 x 17 cos 3 x
= 4
325
4
[6 sin 3x + 17 cos 3 x]
=
325
y = CF + PI
= Ae 4 x + Be 2 x
4
[6sin3x + 17cos3x
325
315
EXERCISE
PART - A
1.)
If roots of the auxilary equation are 2,7 what is the solution of the
differential equation?
2.)
If roots of the auxilary equation are 0,1 what is the solution of the
differential equation?
3.)
If roots of the auxilary equation are -2, i, what is the solution of

the differential equation?
4.)
Find the solution of D2 1 y = 0
5.)
Find the solution of
6.)
Solve D2 + 9 y = 0
7.)
Find the solution of D2 + 100 y = 0
(
9.) Solve (3D
10.) Solve (3D
8.)
d2 y
dx 2
16 y = 0
Solve D2 + 4D 1020 y = 0
11.) Solve
2
2
d2 y
dx
(
13.) Solve (D
)
7D 6 )y = 0
5D + 2 y = 0
dy
=0
dx
12.) Solve D2 D 1 y = 0
14.) Solve
d2 y
dx
(
16.) Solve (3D
+ 4D + 4 y = 0
12
dy
+ 36 y = 0
dx
15.) Solve D2 + D + 1 y = 0
2
D + 1y = 0
17.) Find the Complementary function of D2 + 13D 90 y = e x

316
(
19.) Find the Particular integral of (D
18.) Find the Particular integral of D2 3D + 2 y = e x
+ D + 4 y = 10e 2 x
8D + 15 y = e3 x
+ 10D + 25 y = e 5 x
22.) Find the Complementary integral of D 2 + 25 y = cos ax
(
)
+ 10 )y = sin 3 x
23.) Find the Particular integral of D2 + 25 y = Sinx
25.) Find the Particular integral of
d2 y
dx 2
4 y = cos 4 x
PART - B
y(0) = 2 and y1(0 ) = 12
1.)
Solve D2 + 36 y = 0 when
2.)
Solve
3.)
Solve D2 2D 15 y = 0 given that
d2 y
dx
+ y = 0 given that
x=0
(
5.) Solve (D
6.) Solve (D
7.) Solve (D
8.) Solve (D
9.) Solve (D
10.) Solve (D
4.)
dy
= 2 and y=1 when x=0
dx
d2 y
dy
= 0 and
= 2 when
dx
dx 2
Solve D 2 D 20 y = 0 given that y=5 and
+ 7D + 12 y = 3
+ 3D + 2 y = 2e x
+ 12D + 36 y = e x
+D+ 4 y = e
2
2
)
+ 6D + 8 )y = e
3D + 2 y = e 2 x
4 x
317
dy
= 2 when x=0
dx
11.) Solve
d2 y
dx 2
(
13.) Solve (D
14.) Solve (D
dy
+ 4 y = e2 x
dx
)
+ 14D + 49 )y = 4e
2D + 4 )y = 5 + 3e
12.) Solve D2 + 2aD + a 2 y = e ax
15.) Solve
2
2
7 x
d2 y
dx 2
(
17.) Solve (D
18.) Solve (D
19.) Solve (D
+8
dy
+ 15 y = e 3 x + e3 x
dx
16.) Solve D2 + 10D + 25 y = e5 x + e 5 x
20.) Solve
2
2
2
)
25 )y = sin 5 x
+ 100 )y = cos 2x
+ 16 y = sin 9 x
d2 y
dx 2
(
22.) Solve (D
23.) Solve (D
24.) Solve (D
25.) Solve (D
2y = cos 3 x
21.) Solve D2 + 2D 3 y = sin x
+ D 2 y = Sin3 x
+ 4D + 13 y = 4 cos 3 x
2
2
)
2D 8 )y = 4 cos 2x
8D + 9 y = 8 cos 5 x
ANSWERS
PART - A
1.)
y = Ae 2 x + Be 7 x
2.) y = A + Be x
3.)
y = e 2 x [A cos x + B sin x ]
4.) y = Ae x + Be x
5.)
y = Ae 4 x + Be 4 x
6.) y = A cos 3 x + B sin 3 x
7.)
y = A cos 10 x + B sin 10 x
8.) y = Ae30 x + Be 34 x
318
9.)
y = Ae x + Be
11.) y = A + Be
2 x
3
10.) y = Ae 3 x + Be
12.) y =
16.) y = e
2 A cos
3
3
x + B sin
x
2
2
11
11
x + B sin
x
6
6
6 A cos
17.) CF = Ae5 x + Be 18 x
20.)
1 5
2
+ Be
14.) y = e 6 x (Ax + B )
13.) y = e 2 x (Ax + B)
15.) y = e
1+ 5
2
Ae
2 x
3
18.)
ex
6
19.) e 2 x
x 2 5 x
e
2
sin x
23.)
24
xe3 x
2
21.)
22.) CF=Acos5x+Bsin5x
25.)
24.) Sin3x
Cos4 x
20
Part - B
1.)
y = 2 cos 6 x + 2 sin 6 x
3.)
y=
5.)
y = Ae 4 x + Be 3 x +
7.)
y = e 6 x (Ax + B) +
8.)
y=e
2.) y = cos x + 2 sin x
1 5 x 1 3 x
e + e
20
2
4.) y = 2e 5 x + 3e 4 x
1
4
6.) y = Ae x + Be 2 x +
ex
49
15
15 4 x 2
x + B sin
x +
e 9.)
A cos
2
2 19
y = Ae x + Be 2 x + xe2 x
319
ex
3
10.) y = Ae 4 x + Be 2 x
11.) y = e2 x (Ax + B ) +
xe 4 x
2
x2 2x
e
2
12.) y = e ax (Ax + B ) +
x 2 ax
e
2
13.) y = e 7 x (Ax + B) + 2x 2e 7 x
14.) y = e x A cos 3 x + B sin 3 x +

15.) y = Ae 3 x + Be 5 x +
5 3 x
+ e
4 7
xe3 x e3 x
+
2
48
e5 x x 2 e 5 x
+
100
2
sin 9 x
y = A cos 4 x + B sin 4 x
65
sin
5
x
y = Ae 5 x + Be 5 x
50
cos 2x
y = A cos 10 x + B sin10 x +
96
cos 3 x
y = Ae 2 x + Be 2 x
11
1
y = Ae 3 x + Be x
(cos x + 2 sin x )
10
1
y = Ae x + Be 2 x
(3 cos 3x + 11sin 3x )
130
1
y = e 2 x (A cos 3 x + B sin 3 x ) +
3 sin 3 x + cos 3 x
10
1
y = Ae (4 + 7 )x + Be (4 7 )x
(5 sin 5 x + 2 cos 5x )
29
1
y = Ae 4 x + Be 2 x
(sin 2x + 3 cos 2x )
10
16.) y = e 5 x (Ax + B ) +
17.)
18.)
19.)
20.)
21.)
22.)
23.)
24.)
25.)
320
MODEL QUESTION PAPER 1

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS- IV
Time : 3 Hrs
Max Marks : 75
PART A
(Marks: 15 x 1 = 15)
Answer any fifteen (15) questions:

1.
Find the value of i2 + i3 + i 4
2.
If z1 = 1 + i , z2 = 3 + 2i the find 3z1+4z2.
4.
1
3
+i
2
2
Find the distance between the complex numbers 2 + I and 1 2i.
5.
Find the value of (cos + i sin )2 (cos 3 + i sin 3 )3
3.
6.
If x= (cos + i sin ) , what is the value of x + 1/x
7.
8.
9.
If is a cube root of unity, then find the value of 1 + + .

2
Simplify (1+ ) (1+ )
If the mean of the Poisson distribution is 2, find P(X=0).
m
2
10. Give two examples of Poisson distribution.

11. State the normal distribution.
12. Write down the normal equations to fit a straight line y = ax+b.
2
13. Find the area bounded by the curve y = x and x-axis between
x = 0 and x = 2.
14. Solve xdx + ydy = 0.
dy
+ y sin x = 0
dx
dy
y cot x = sin x
dx
2
17. Find the solution of (D 1)y = 0
2
2x
18. Find the complementary function of (D + 1)y = e
2
19. Find the particular integral of (D + 5D + 6)y = 13
2
20. Find the auxiliary equation of (D + 9)y = sin 4x
321
PART - B
(Marks: 5 x 12 = 60)
each question.
21 (a)
Find the real part and imaginary part of the complex number
(1 + i)(2 i)
1+ 3i
(b) Find the modulus and amplitude of the complex number

1+ 3i
1+ i
(c)
22 (a)
Show that the complex numbers (2 2i), (8 +4i), (5+7i), (-1 + i)

form a rectangle.

(cos 3 + i sin 3)2 (cos 4 + sin 4) 2
Simplify
(b) If n is a positive integer, prove that
( 3 + I) ( 3 i) = 2
n
(c)
n +1
cos
n
6
Solve: x + 1 = 0
23 (a) In a Poisson distribution if P(X=3) = P(X=2) find P(X=0) and

P(X=1).
(b) If X is normally distributed with mean 80 and standard
deviation 10 find P(70 x 100).
(c) Fit a straight line for the following data.
X
10
14
19
26
31
322
24 (a) Find the volume of a right circular cone of base radius r and
altitude h by Integration.
(b) Solve
dy 1+ cos 2y
=0
+
dx 1+ cos 2x
(c)
dy
+ y cot x = 4 x cos ecx
dx
Solve
25 (a) Solve : ( D + 36 )y = 0 when x=0 , y=2 and when x=

2
2x
(b) Solve : ( 3D + D 14 )y = 13e

(c)
Solve D 2 5D + 6 y = 2 cos 3 x
323
,y=3
2
Time : 3 Hrs
MODEL QUESTION PAPER 2

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS IV
Max Marks : 75
PART A
(Marks: 15 x 1 = 15)
Answer any fifteen (15) questions
1.
Find the conjugate of (1 + i) (1 2i).
2.
If z1 = 2 + i , z2 = 3 - 2i the find z1/z2
3.
Find the quadratic equation whose root is 3 -2i.
4.
Find the distance between the complex numbers 2 - I and 5 2i
5.
State De Moivres theorem.
6.
Simplify
7.
If is a cube root of unity, find the value of + + .
8.
Solve x + 16 = 0
9.
If the mean of Poisson distribution is 1 state its probability

distribution.
cos 5 + i sin 5
cos 4 i sin 4
4
10. How many values does the Poisson variable take?
11. If Z is the standard normal variable find the value of
f(z)dz
12. State the normal equations to fit the straight line y=mx+c
13. Find the area bounded by the curve
and x axis between
x = 0 and x = 1.
14. Write the order and degree of the differential equation
dy dy
+
y=x
dx dx
dy
= 2 xy
dx
324
16. Find the integral factor of
dy 2xy
+
= 1+ x 3
dx 1+ x 2
17. Solve (D +9 ) y = 0
2
-X
18. Find the particular integral of (D 3D + 2)y = e

2
19. Find the complimentary function of (D -5D+6)y=e
20. Find the particular integral of (D +25)y=cosx

Part - B
(Marks : 5 x 12 = 60)
each question.
21 (a) Find the real and imaginary parts of conjugate of the complex
(1 + i)(2 i)
number
(2 + i)2
(b) Find the modulus and amplitude of the complex number
3 i
(c)
22 (a)
Show that the complex numbers (9 + i), (4 + 13i), (-8 + 8i),

(-3 - 4i) form a Square.
Simplify

(cos 3 + i sin 3)2 (cos 5 sin 5) 2
(b) If a = cos2 + sin2, b = cos2 + sin2, c = cos2 + sin2 ,

prove that
(i)
(c)
abc +
1
abc
= 2 cos ( + + ) (ii)
Solve x 5 + 1 = 0
325
a 2b 2 + c 2
= 2cos2(+ )
abc
23 (a)
(b)
If 3% of electric bulbs manufactured by a company are

defective, find the probability that in a sample of 100 bulbs
exactly 5 are defective.
The mean score of 1000 students in an examination is 36
and standard deviation is 16.If the score of the students is
normally distributed how many students are expected to
score more than 60 marks.
(c) Using the method of least squares fit the straight line
24 (a)
Find the volume of a sphere of radius r by Integration.
( )
dy
Solve (1 + x ) + y = 1
dx
(b) Solve 1 e x sec 2 ydy + 3e x tan ydx = 0

(c)
25 (a)
Solve : (D + D + 1)y = 0
2
-2x
(b) Solve : ( D 13D + 12 )y = 2e

(c)
Solve : ( D + 16 )y = sin 9x
326
+5

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MATHEMATICS III & IV

DIPLOMA COURSE IN ENGINEERING

DIRECTORATE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

Thiru Kumar Jayanth I.A.S

Lecturer (Selection Grade)

This book has been prepared by the Directorate of Technical Education

This book has been printed on 60 G.S.M Paper

[f(x)] f ' (x)dx

F[f (x )] f ' ( x)dx - Simple Problems

(Statement only) Expressions for mean and variance, Simple

3.2. NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

3.3. CURVE FITTING

f(x) = sinmx or cosmx. Simple problems

VECTOR ALGEBRA ............................................ 1

1.1 Introduction ...........................................................1

VECTOR ALGEBRA ............................................ 23

2.1 Vector product of two vectors ................................ 23

3.1 Introduction ...........................................................54

INTEGRATION II................................................ 103

4.1 Integration by Parts .............................................. 103

PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION 1...................... 127

5.1 Random Variable .................................................. 127

COMPLEX NUMBERS I .................................... 163

1.1 Introduction ...........................................................163

COMPLEX NUMBER-II ........................................ 196

2.1 De-Moivre's Theorem............................................ 196

PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION II...................... 229

3.1 Poisson Distribution .............................................. 229

APPLICATION OF INTEGRATION AND

4.1 Area and Volume ...................................................266

SECOND ORDER DIFFERENTIAL

5.1 Solution .................................................................297

direction associated with it, for example, if A is a point, AA is a zero

Negative vector: If AB is a vector, then the negative vector of AB is

BA .If the direction of a vector changed, we can get the negative

figure] If the end point of first vector and

1) vector addition is commutative i.e a + b = b + a .

Multiplication by a scalar : If a is a given vector and is a scalar,

then a is a vector whose magnitude is a and whose direction is

numerical multiple of the other, i.e b = a or a = k b

that a = b + c and b = c + a If a , b , c , d are four vectors, no

If P is any point in the space and O is the

origin then OP is called the position vectors of the point P.

Direction Cosines and Direction Ratios:

Now, sum of squares of the direction corines of any straight line

Any three numbers p, q, r proportional to the direction cosines of

1.1 WORKED EXAMPLES

If Position vectors of the points A and B are

Direction cosines of a are

Find the direction cosines and direction ratios of the vectors

Direction cosines are

Show that the points whose position vectors

AB and BC are parallel vectors and B is the common point of

( 1)2 +12 (4)2

Prove that the position vectors

6i + 4 j + 5k form the vertices of an equilateral triangle.

Now, AB = AB = 12 +12 +( 2)2 = 1 + 1 + 4 = 6

The given points form an equilateral triangle

[By definition of Scalar producer ]