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Chapter 4
Chapter 4
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Depending on the type of activity and the passage of time, the cost of an asset in
accounting can be classified in several ways. Proper financial reporting and correct
decisionmaking require an understanding of the different ways in which costs can
be classified. In Figure 4.2 is a list of costs that pertain to both financial statement
preparation and decisionmaking analysis.
For purposes of management accounting, there are three important dual classifica
tions of cost that require some understanding: Expired and unexpired, manufacturing
and non manufacturing, and fixed and variable. These three classifications are
somewhat interrelated, particularly concerning financial statements.
Expired and Unexpired Costs
Expired costs or expenses are the used up value of assets. Expired costs are
always shown on the income statement as deductions from revenue. Expired costs
may be thought of as that portion of the asset value benefitting current operations.
It is helpful to think of expired costs as former assets values. To illustrate, supplies
expense is an expired cost. The cost allocated to supplies expense, of course, is
the used portion of supplies, an asset. The relationship between asset values and
expired costs is further illustrated in Figure 4.3.
Management Accounting
Figure 4.2
Financial Statements Cost Concepts
Direct and indirect
Prime
Joint
Fixed and variable
Manufacturing and non manufacturing
Expired and unexpired
Expenses
Fixed and variable expenses
Manufacturing Costs/Expenses
The difference between a cost and an expense is frequently misunderstood.
Because the terms variable costs and variable expenses will be used later in this
chapter, and also throughout this book, the difference in meaning between a cost and
a expense will now be clarified.
Technically, there is a difference between a manufacturing cost and a manufac
turing expense. The term manufacturing costs usually refers to material used, direct
labor incurred, and overhead incurred in a manufacturing business. Material used,
direct labor, and manufacturing overhead at the time incurred are not expenses; rather
they incurred costs. In the manufacturing process, material, labor, and overhead do
not expire; rather through manufacturing activity they become transformed from one
type of utility to another.
In a manufacturing business, the accountant will debit work in process for mate
rials used, direct labor incurred, and manufacturing overhead. Since work in process
is an asset account, it would not be logical to regard material used, direct labor, and
manufacturing overhead as expenses. Expenses cannot be transformed back into
asset values.
Figure 4.3
Asset Values and Related Expenses
Asset
Accounts receivable
Finished goods
Prepaid insurance
Supplies
Building
Expired
Bad debts expense
Cost of goods sold
Insurance expense
Supplies expense
Depreciation
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Materials
Direct Labor
Work in Process
Manufacturing Overhead
Note: The flow lines denote journal entries at the end of the
accounting period to transfer cost.
Management Accounting
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Date
Accounts
Debit
Dec. 31
100,000
250,000
20,000
50,000
Credit
Materials inventory
120,000
Factory labor
300,000
Example of Decisions
Manufacturing
Material
Labor
Manufacturing Overhead
Commission rate
Media, advertising budget
Salary, working hours
Management Accounting
Figures 4.6, and 4.7 present a type of income statement, cost of goods manufac
tured statement, and balance sheet commonly used in manufacturing businesses.
Certain income statement and balance sheet items have been identified by number.
Fourteen items have been selected. To test your understanding of each cost selected,
categorize the selected costs as follows:
1. Manufacturing
2. Non Manufacturing
3. Expired
4. Unexpired
5. Variable cost
6. Variable expense
7. Fixed cost
8. Fixed expense
Figure 4.6
Acme Manufacturing Company
Cost of Goods Manufactured Statement
Material used
(1)
Direct labor
(2)
Manufacturing overhead
(3)
Work in process
Total manufacturing costs
Work in process (ending)
Cost of goods manufactured (4)
$3,000
4,000
5,000
2,000
________
14,000
1,000
________
$13,000
___
_______
______
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$20,000
2,000
13,000
15,000
3,000
Total assets
8,000
Liabilities
Accounts payable
Bonds payable
2,000
800
200
3,000
(9)
(10)
1,500
500
2,000
Total expenses
Net income
Assets
Cash
Materials
Work in process
Finished goods
Plant and equipment
12,000
Expenses
Selling
Sales people commissions (6)
Advertising
(7)
Rent
(8)
Administrative
Salaries
Supplies
5,000
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
$ 1,500
500
1,000
3,000
10,000
$16,000
2,000
5,000
$ 7,000
Stockholders equity
Common stock
Retained earnings
$ 8,000
1,000
Total liabilities and
stockholders equity
9,000
$16,000
$ 3,000
Management Accounting
Summary
The importance of understanding different kinds of cost in management
accounting can not be understated. Management accounting, as stated several times
before, consists of various decision-making tools. Each tool requires different kinds
of cost information. Without a good understanding of different kinds of cost and cost
behavior, it is highly unlikely any specific tool could be used in a meaningful way to
improve the quality of decisions.
The cost concepts that need to be understood in order to fully understand and be
able to use the various management accounting tools are the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Q. 4.1
Q. 4.2
Q. 4.3
Q. 4.4
Q. 4.5
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Materials
Non Manufacturing
Factory
Labor
Manufacturing
Overhead
Selling
Expenses
General and
Administrative
Executive salaries
Material X purchases
Factory supplies
Advertising
Depreciation, factory
equipment
Freight-in - material X
Finished goods
Supervision laborfactory
Factory labor,
assembling department
Secretarial salaries
Utilities, factory
Material Y purchases
Cash
Management Accounting
Item
1.
Interest expense
2.
Supplies
3.
Insurance expense
4.
Building cost
5.
Accounts receivable
6.
7.
Bad debts
8.
9.
Prepaid insurance
10.
Supplies expense
11.
Prepaid Interest
Expired cost
Unexpired Cost
2.
3.
Salaries of executives
4.
Compensation of accountants
5.
6.
7.
Executives compensation
8.
9.
10.
Variable Cost/expense
Fixed Cost/expense
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